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JUSIICE—DOIUIABLE , TJSITERSAI , ETERNAL ! POSITION AND DUTY OF THE DEMOCRACY . , . ,-. the liberty to know , to utter , ana to argue free ' . y accord-¦ t " coa 5 cience , aboTeaU Uberties—MttTos . ifm : most onerous and disagreeable , but indispensable , of duties that can fall to the lot of a public man to perform , is thai of defending the cause of Truth against the madness of popular factions , and ? he chicanery of popular idols . To stand in the laeach and defy the assaults of Tyranny ' s
mynnidO BS—to crave the power of despotism—the mi ght of the p rivileged , and the hatred of the rich , mayand mo 3 t probably will , entail persecution , suffering , death , and even what the masters of the world denominate 'infamy . ' Still the worker , the martyr , so ] 0 Dg as he has merely to contend against the oppressors of the peoplo may console himself with theref loeilon , that the oppressed and the unhappy , for v Iiomhe straggles , bestow their benediction upon his labours , and repay with their heart homage his sacrifices and sufferings . Very different is the position of the man commanded by the voice of D ' UTi , to :
stem the tide of popular folly , confront the rage of fa ction , and to tear the mask from those cheats and charlatans who , by mountebank arts and devices , too often succeed in seducing the multitude from the path of Good Sense to follow in the track of some selfish and unscrupulous ambition . In this world , every good has its attendant evil , and Democracy is no exception to the general rule . The principles of Democracy afford free scope and license to the able and euergetic , however designing and unprincipled , to acquire the leadership of the masses . Hence it is too often seen that Democracy ' s worst enemies are at the head of the Democratic Councils—men who owe
their influence to craft , audacity , and a reckless disregard of the requirements of truth and justice . Under such circumstances it becomes the necessary , however painful , duty of every man who really has the welfare of the people at heart , to unveil and protest against the designs of the knavish speculators in popular credulity . But woe to him who performs that duty ! The very people whom he would save mistrust hig warnings and reward his fidelity with hatred and insult Having dared to raise his voice
against adventurers absolutely devoid of conscience and honour , he finds himself assailed by . the vileat weapons of warfare , and means which he would disdain to employ , even in self-defence , he sees used to cause his destruction . The corrupt will charge him with corruption , the liar with falsehood , the traitor with perfidy , and the misled among tha people will echo the voice of slander , and join to hunt down the defender of their own interests , the trne friend of their own cause .
Thus it has been from tie beginning of societ y , and is even so at this day . Nevertheless the true friends of the people may not , nor must not , hesitate to stand boldly forth and unmask the insidious intrigues of political traffickers , and confront the rage of their misled partisans ; even though their characters be blackened , and their lives martyrised . Rieszi perished under the blows of tha multitude , to whom he had devoted his existence ; and wretches of the same class , prejudiced or paid , insulted the last momentsof Robesp ierre with curses and execrations . May all true men have the strength of mind to Mow , at however humble a distance , in the footsteps of those illustrious martyrs , even though , like unto them , they should be sacrificed b y infatuated ignorance for thek unfaltering adherence to immortal Tmth .
In my last letter I exposed the effrontery of the vary small , though somewhat mischievous , clique who set themselves to the congenial task of buriesqningBosAPARTE ' s coup d ' etat . I showed the audacity and absurdity of their resolutions . I must now invite toe attention of the reader to the fact that the conduct of these men has been from first to last in direct nolaton of theprinciplesof Democracy . The great and leading principle of Democracy is that of the sovereignty of the majority . On this
wiartism is founded—on this onl y can it be maintained . Any scheme of Chartist organisation not based upon this foundation , is a mockery and a he . For yeari past an organisation has existed under the name of the National Charter Association , established in accordance with Democratic principles . By the Universal Suffrage of its members , a body of men had been elected to conduct the affairs of " tho Mdety . Among them was one man , Ebkest Jones , who , not content with the functions assigned to him by the constitution of the Association , must needs aim at making himself the sole lord and master of
the Chartist body . That aim wai treason to Democracy . To effect the end he had in view , he let himself to the task of perfidiously undermining the reputation of hia colleagues , including even those to whom he was deeply indebted for acts of kindnesskindness which would have ensured the gratitude of even a wild Bushman . Perfid y and treason combined -perfidy to those who had befriended him , and treason to that sovereignty which had conferred upon them the same functions that he had been called upon to exercise . A new election took placebut the result
, was not that which the arch intri guer had hoped for . He had willingly gone to that election , and was , therefore , bound to abide by its issue , instead of which fie resigned . The reason he adduced might have been accepteda 8 ajustification , butthathehassince shown ttathecau makehis strai ght-laced morality subservient tohispersonal interest . From thatmomenthe KlpfV TZ ? ? S ? ttbe accredited leaders oftteChartistparty-the colIeagueB whomhehadde-Mrted ^ enowturnedhis attention to tbe eBtablishment ofabod yinnvalrytothe ExeCutive-the MetroT ) olitan
? SvFf T ^ , organised , and f ten . ^ JT * •^ per 8 ed T , the le 8 ™ e head of tte Charter Associate ^ If my 0 UQ desir t 0 Charbsm cancatared , Democracy dishonoured , and Bon aparfa 8 m burlesqued , let him attend the meetings of the above-named Council . I speak of the yet rampant majority . ' Nearl y balancing that ' majority , there » a minority composed of men whose names are known a * creditable to Chartism , and who do their best { in fairness ) to rescue the metropolis from the shame of servile submission to , and criminal connivance with , mendacions mendicity . Througo the Metropolitan Delegate Council , the Council of the Manchester Locality , and the medium of his own publications , aided b y secret letter writing , Ernest Joxes succeeded in getting a very few localities to
sanction his scheme of a ' Conference . ' But that sanction notwithstanding , the convening of the Conference was an act of treason to Democracy . I will not comment upon the unmistakable hostility of the great mass of Chartists , as manifested by their contemptuous refusal to send Delegates to the said Conference . It is enough to remind the reader , that the -fc-xecutive Committee was and is the onl y bodyinvested with legal authori ty to sm mon a delegation of the thartist part y
< r ^ } haTe already commented upon the acfc of the r ^ ° ' . T ° ' > Ineed ouly romatk tnattlie 'Confefl T * , being itself illegal its acts must necessaril y be italf + ™ 8 " lhe uJcase as to me * ° fcers payments , the in' sm , v of the trQmvirate , the adoption of the wK - policy ' ' and the ^ Pudent dictation by ionrnli 8 On S ht t 0 ig 00 " 5 the Democratic ' P ™? , ™ g ™ " * for t 110 benefit of the so-called tmSfe % t r-these were but shameless con-Rations of the original act of usurpation . To ^ ept ae acts of the Conference ia to sanction trea-¦ ua to Democracy . ^ S '^*?^?^ Council convened tho « dentT ' - " *¦* could ta admitted as a prent&g as there are weefcj m thQ
^ £ S TF ' ft ? heffie H Notting-? Con / Ca 8 tle ' Wasgow , and Edinburgh con ™? n MxfSflRKf * t i ? ' the Wngof * it ThS i ^ ho hav emore money than JiSSrS ^ -ss fcJMOT ^ ffitas
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Tho cantonal council of Geneva bas resolved by twentythroe against fifteen votes to subject the property of the Catholic church to state control . A Berlin journal of the 28 th ult . publishes the following : — " Wo receive this day further details respecting tho protooal , signed at London by the five great powers , on the affairs of . Switzerland , and especially concerning thoso of Neuohatel . . This protoool ia dated May 17 . Thepowera jointly engage to insi 9 t , with tho Swiss Confederation , upon a modification of the cantonal constitutions , in so far as they were , altered by the events of 1848 , and eapeoially that the old constitution of Neufchatel , as it existed in 1846 , shall be restored . In case of refusal , an army of observation will take a position on the frontier , and menace Switzerland with a direct intervention . It ia , however , hoped , that the federal government will yield spontaneously to tha wishes of the powers . Franoe , it ia said , has taken a very active part in the preparation of the protocol . " In opposition to the above , the " Suisso" declare * that no Neufohate } protocol has been signed at London .
BELGIUM . The patriotic press of Belgium resents warmly the gross attacks of II . Granier de . Cassagnac , the lackey of tha Elysee , upon the government . Last Sunday the pulpits of eastern Flanders were converted into political tribunes . The priests in that part of the kingdom read to their congregations a circular by the Bishop of Ghent , ia which the people were told that those who voted in support of the present government might look for the ruin of the country , the downfall of religion , and eternal damnation .
CAPE OF GOOD HOPE . THE KAFFIR WAR . —ARRIVAL OF SIR H . SMITH . The Gladiator , steamship , Captain Adams , arrived at Spithead at five o ' clock on Sunday afternoon from the Cape of Good Hope , having on board General Sir Harry Smith , Bart ., late governor and commandor-in-chief of that colony , and Lady Smith . The Gladiator Itft the Cape of Good Hopo on tho ISth of April . There had been some skirmishing with the Kaffirs . Colonel Perceval reports his operations in the neighbourhood of the "' Gulu and Doom Mountains , " as having been highly successful . lie captured 515 head of cattle , and some horses , killing several Kaffirs and one Hottentot . ' Reports had been received from Major-General Somerset , in the neighbourhood of tho Windvogelberg . Tho troops under Lieutenant-Colonel Napier captured , on the 7 th inst . 3 , 120 head of cattle , seventy horses , and 1 , 500 goats , killing upwards of fifty of the enemy—making a tota ^ f 4 , 500 head of cattle takon by the Major-General ' s oolumn in his
nursuit of the enemy from Balfour . " As the sergoanfc ( Hottentot ) and soventeen men of the Capo Corps were bringing the Major-General ' s express during the night to head-quarters , they saw near the small rivulet Golonci a light in a kraal . They assailed the kraal and captured a number of cattle , and then , hearing the lowing of more oattle in a neighbouring kloof , went in pursuit and made a further capture—in all amounting to 198 head and five horses . Five Kaffirs wero killed , and arms and assagai 9 taken . The cattle and horses have been brought to King William ' s Town . " Colonel Napier reports as " the result of his patrol" : — " Three thousand one hundred head of cattle , seventy horses , and 1 , 500 goats were taken from the enemy ; and upwards of fifty Kaffirs were shot . " Major Armstrong roporting thus , reports the result of a Bkirmish : — " The enemy must have suffered severely , and many were Been going away wounded . From the nature of the ground it was impossible to find out the exact number killed . Ten bodies were counted , but I think they must have lost considerably more . "
Colonel Eyre had a desperate action with a strong body of the enemy , in ¦ which Captain Gore , of the 43 rd , ami Dr . Davidson were killed , and several men wounded . Major Tottenham of the 12 th Lsncera , has also had a smart brush with the enemy , in which he also lost some of his men and was very hard pressed by the Kaffirs . Major-General Cathcart , the new Governor , had arrived at British Kaffraria and commenced operations where his predecessor had left off . But nothing can be known as to his success in the field for another mail or two .
WEST INDIES . From Kingston ( Jamaica ) we have advices to the 11 thult . The "Journal" says there will be an unparalleled falling off in the sugar crop . Hatahnah : The sugar market had been in an excited state . Another expedition from the United States was talked of , of which Venezuela was to be the rendezvous . The yellow fever continues to rags with great severity at Demersra . At Antigua the drought continued , as also at St . Kitts . In Martinique the censorship of the presa had aused the stoppage of twoneswpapers .
SOUTH AMERICA . We have dates from Valparaiso to the 10 th of April Cambriaso and several of hia fellows had been executed . Vera Cruz letters to the 10 th ult . state that great excite ment prevailed at the Capital , in consequence of a conspi racy against the government havinz beon discovered .
UNITED STATES . Death of Mrs . Adamt—Important News from California- * Kotiuth and Emerson , &c , die . By the North American Royal Mail-steamer , tho Europa , which arrived at Liverpool on Sunday evening , we have received correspondence from Now York up to the 19 th of May . The Euvopa ' s passengers included Mr . Feargua O'Connor , who has returned to this country . Mm . Adams , the venerable relict of the late John Quinoy Adams , ex-President of the United States , died at her residenoe , in Washington , on the loth of May . A destructive fire had ooourred in New York , by which Swift ' s extensive sugar refinery was totally destroyed . The damage was calculated at nearly 500 , 000 dots . There had been three later arrivals from Californiaviz .
, , by the Illinois , Daniel Webster , and the Sierra Nevada . The Ut « at dates are to the 18 th of April , and the amounfc of specie wai very large . The papers give a favourable aooount of the mining interests , and of the prospects of business in the larger cities . The interior continues to suffer from Indian depredation * . A piece of gold , weighing 305 otnees 11 dwts ., solid and shining , was found near Sonora . This is tho largest lump of pure gold » ver found in California . A recent arrival at San Francisco brought several gentlemen with slaves—one with twelve , another six , another seven , another five , and so on . Of course , they expect to hold them in the free state by the strong hand—as the
orgamo law makes the bondmen free the moment their foot presses the soil of California . New England has done woll for Kossuth in tho expression of sentiment , but better still in the way of " material aid . " Between New York and Boston , on the way through New England , tho contributions and recei pts of meetings amounted to 2 , 430 dols . The Boston receipts have been 5 , 700 dole . ; from West Brookfield , 50 dols ; Bangov , Maine , 200 dols . ; Charleston , 375 dols . ; Lowell , 12 dols . 75 o . ; Lynn , 500 dols . ; and Salem , about , 1 , 000 dols .-making 11 , 530 dols . New England has in two weeks contributed for Hungarian liberty , From Now Jorsoy tho entiro amount reooived by contributions and from meetings was
1 , 020 dols . At Concord ( Massachusetts ) Kossuth was welcomed by Ralph Waldo Emerson , who , in tho course of a charac ^ teristic address , said : — This country of working mon greets in you a worker . This Re . pubhogreets in you a Republican . AVe only sa v , " Well done , Rood imd fiuthful sorvant . " You have achieved your right So interpret our Washington . And I speak the sense , not only of every generous American , but the law of mind . when I say that His not thoso who lire idly in the city called after his nsrae , but those who , all over the world think and net hUe him , who can claim to explain the sentiment of Washington .
Sir , whatBTer ob . ttuction fromselfiihne « 8 , indifference , or from property ( which alwaji sympathises with possession ) , you may en counter , we congratulate jou , that you have known hew to contert ealamitwi into power , exile into a campaign , present defeat into luting victory . For this newcruaade , which you will preach to willing K ™«^ 1 ^ . f fi ? - AmerlcB ' isa » eeQ of armed men . You have got your story told m every palace , and log hut , and prairie ^ i' ^ r ? UBl l 0 Uttlll ? C 0 Iltiuwit - And < «» the . hores of Europe * "J * Amsrica approach every month , and their politics will one day h £ & ? n * £ ??•* £ ? cn 91 , 8 MI 6 es > lfc win filld "S all instructed beforeherfreldom g ° UDgary > and P arties already t 0 KoBsuth responded in eloquent terms , and towards the conclusion of his address
observed—I hive met distinguished men trusting eo much to the operative VSZ ^ J ^ JIM !?™ fln ( i ° l your " P le . that *»* real " - Jtai 7 . p ? £ * . J throuUhout the world merely by their 2 Erf 3 tef $ Z ™ t ° ™ thin S tb 0 !( l gentlemen have di . regarded in their philanthropic reliance ; and that is , that the sun never yet made its way b y HseVf through ' well closed ehutter . and doors ; they must b » drawn open , that tho bloisod rays of the sun aZJJUZrt ' -J V £ yet heard of a d « P ° * "ho had yielded to t ? £ ZM ? T w ° i - P ground « f Concord itself is an ™ 7 0 '' ' Tb e d p ° « and shutters of oppression must bo 2 ?« 51 S « £ I ? ltrtVb' ? t , bleMed wysof jour institution , may penetrate into the dark dwelling-honee of oppressed
huma-On the 18 th of May KoasutU visited Albany , and was received with great enthusiasm . Governor Hunt addressed Kossuth m a very excellent speech . Kossuth replied in a very few words . He was unable to deliver a lengthy speech in consequence of suffering under very serious illness and downright physical prostration . A report of Kossuth ' s great speech at Boston uppenra in our fifth page .
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FRANCE . Yistorlkgo— Cauagmc and the Belgians- " Fusion" and Confusion—More Son-Jurors- " Vi ve la Eepublimu !"
[ From our oten Correspondent . ) Paris , June 2 nd , 1852 . You win be Jad to learn that Victor Hugo has iujt concluded his work on tho coup d ' etat . It may be anticipated that it will be worthy of the great name of its author . Very probably you , in London , will he able to get sight of a copy m advance of ua poor Parisians , between whom and the author stands the barrier of the Bonapartean-polioecensorship . "But where there ' s a will there ' s a way ; " and as copies will be secretly circulated , I do not despair of sharing with you the enjoyment of the great poet ' s " slashing exposure of the brigand , already " damned to everastiag fame . "
That precious rascal , Cassa ? nac , ha 3 ngain been playing the part of bully ; this time on a more than ordinarily presumptuous soale Of course receiving his inspiration from lead-quarters , he a few days ago undertook the task of lecturing the Bel gians on their liberal tendencies-ao oftensive to the occupant of the Elysee . The Belgian elections commence on the 8 th inst ., and Monsieur Granier de Cassagnac intimate * that unless the electors displace the present liberal majority in the Chamber of Deputies , KaT&i °% 0 U " ? i . Te"geance of the newly-installed eagle ! Waen it suits their purpose , the tools of the French SrfSSEJW ^ rt m 3 te $ " elecfc of Universal Suffrage ; but in the case of Belgium , it ia by the same knaves deemed a crime that in 1848 amen extension of Se SS KT 0 OmPIlshed b ? the Belgian Liberals . The most bigotted sections of the population are , of course ! the most Consemuve , and to their prejudices and pass ' onS the , Y ° / . ? ? ler a J PPeals to elect a reactionary mainritv
Bfsaaa .-sfts . vjssStS Bagnac . It is amusing to nota in the same article an attempt to . impress the nngrateful Bel gians W : th asenBeof the blessings of French rule , which once they enjoyed (? In ^ ? H ° tbe ™ td waB £ in S" ^ d " myuncle '' ruled the roast over the greater part of this continent . Ho insists that the Flemish part of the populate has a commercial sympath / " ith the L l ^' . _ JL ,, remainder »* naturally allied to them pr ^ x
^^ S ^ s ^^ ft / Jaiffl ^* *^* - *! XScoft * ?« £ - ¦ eOl - ' ' Tile mosfc able and 3 ^ 5 ^ -f tKKV&WJt
master-Daily ot tnis humiliated count ™ t « = -r V - a ^ sgsasssSsSS ^ jxras a ^""* -- ??** Ever and anon there is much fnd » n « im .. in > j the long-projected " fusion" of t 5 Ctr . ° ? ™ Dg SSKignfE&S
TvorKing men as too s , and would not ca . W much pro " letanan blood might be shed as lonir aa thoii . « oiBo » r « J , j » : »«^ te&S £ S 3 the reigning usurpation . e v » u . « uoutvauM , eeu The utter and complete failure of the mia . inn nnnR ^ a j f « De Heckewu , has been the caU e 0 ° mucTSflSS the By ^ to , Whether he W ? 3 admiS toTSnce bj Sioholas , ia a question fiercely debated , but is of no iS portance , as certain it is that that poten ate and his brother despots , or rather his lieutenant , , have made up their mlnd 8 as to the couneto be puwued by them in tbe presence of aU probable eTentualities ; that course I indioS ia Biv last letter .
The" Moniteur" has been instructed to dmv fho truth of the report , thaiithe « Prince President "^ disS to exercwa an influence over the Spanish Govercmen
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hostile ta the Spanish Constitution . The "Moniteur " might have spared itself the trouble ; the denials of its master are like his oaths-the acorn of Europe The non-jurorS increase and mul tiply . I could send you a batch of names , which would occupy almost a oolumn of your paper of additions to those who refuse to take the oatb . General Leflo's refusal is as decided aa that of the other proscribed military chiefs . After recounting hia services , he says t— a "w ow I ? jhne any necessity that 1 should recall to you how , betrayed tC ^ L ^ ^ , " ^ ' *»*• Mh * a »>? the Aawmhly it / elf , I was arrested in the night , taken to prison , " coafined In / secret cell . subBeqnently kept a prisoner at Ham ; ffriajafterftur days of wspense , brutally thrown on the d . ck of an BngM ' sfeaiaer , with an order aot to return to France under irenalty of . transportation donbtlesBto Cayenne or NoukahWa' «» ui > i ! wtBiuon ,
This ahominable projeription has not ceased , and , inthe absence otjuages whose existence has now hecome an impossibility , you have reckoned for the justification of your violence upon my oath . That oath I refute to take , . On Friday last thirteen political priaonew were sent from Troyes to the fort of Bicetre , near Paris . When the prisonera armed at the railroad station they raised a cry of " m C ? ct j ^ P « w' 3 «« . '" whioh was answered by the crowd outside . The gendarmerie immediately advanced and arrested six \) f those persons , who were marched off to prison . Arrested by the officers of a Republic for crying Live the Republic ! But this incident proves that the Republic still reigns in the hearts of the people .
. _ ADDITIONAL IKIELLIOBNCE . M . Petit , a landed proprietor , residing at Batilly , in the Loiret , was arrested on the 27 th ult ., on a charge of having taken part m the disturbances of December last . He was transferred with other political prisoners to Paris . ErnestPreveau , who was sentenced to death by the courtmartial sitting at MouUnsfor the trial of political offences , has appealed . The " Gazette de Midi" announces that Madame Lafarge , who has been for some years confined in a maim de santi cm . Jiemy > nas received a free pardon , The " Akbar" of Algiers says :-We have receired
favourable accounts of the expeditionary column which , under the command of General MacMahon , left Constantina to carry on operations m Kabylia , in the direction of Collo . The Cherif Bouseba vainly endeavoured to oppose the march of our troops ; he was vigorously repulsed on all prints . Sixteen villages or hamlets were burnt . The loss of the enemy , in Killed and wounded , is estimated at 180 . On our aide we have had fire men killed and sixty wounded . The journal "De Turin" has been prohibited from entering France . The " Courier des Nantes" hxving been m , " for PUu'iahing false news , " has been aoquitted ; This may be considered a cheok upon the public
prose-AUSTRIA . General Discontent—Another Loan . Every possible means ia adopted tooonoeal tha real stato of feeling in the different provinces from the knowledge of the inhabitants of the capital ; but , in spite of preventive measures , the truth sooner or later finds its way to us . A general and deeply rooted sentiment of discontent prevails , from which even " the tried and faithful Tyrolese " are by no means exempt . It was reported in Vienna on the 25 th , that telegraphic despatches had been received from London , announcing that M . de Brentano had closed a five per cent , loan of £ 3 , 000 , 000 with Messrs . Rothschild and Baring .
MOVEMENTS OP THE AUTOCRAT . The Emperor of Russia left Berlin by a special train on his return to Warsaw on the 26 th of May . Daring his stay at Potsdam ,, the Emperor paid very close attention to teohnical milit <» y affairs . On Mondoy week he had trial mule on a large scale with the needle musket . Though , ho had hitherto been of opinion that this weapon was 'not adapted for practical use by troops of the line in general , he was foroed to admit that the performano « s witnessed very much surprised him . The range of the needle ijusket , and the rapidity of loading and discharging it , were extraordinary . The evil , however , is said to be that the musket so easily gets out of order . A trial was also ra&do with a peculiar bullet , which , shot from a musket , explodes on hitting its mark , and ia very effective for
setting fire to houses , or blowing up the enemy ' s ammunition waggons . During the late war in Holstein these ballets were used , and enabled the Prussians , at the distance of nearly iralf an English mile , to set a thatched roof in flames with a couple of musket shots . On Tuesday last the Emperor gave the court and the chief military authorities a sample of hia far-famed mastership in the practical execution of military evolutions . At eight in the morning he put hunBelf at tho head ol a regiment of cuirassiers in the great exercising field , and after beginning with the simpleat movements , proceeded to foats whioh excited as muon astonishment as admiration . The King , in order to return the compliment , took in person the command of the first regiment of foot guards , and exercised it before the Emperor . The EmpreBS will go to tho baths as soon aa ner health enables her to undertake the journey .
GERMANY . Frightful Distress—Emigration—Prussian Industrial Exhibition . ' Order reigns in Germany , " and the results are seen in the misery of the people , and the flight of all who can command the means to emigrate . In South Germany the distress of the population is daily increasing . The last remains of the harvest have disappeared . Persons who cannot bring themselves to beg , atarve in silence . The weaving establishments are completel y idle . The last remnants of household furniture are sold to procure subsistence for a day . Tho fact ia , that the subatance of the country is eaten up by enormous standing armies and
rovalist robbers of various kinds . The German " Exodus " rivals that of Ireland . As an example it may be Btated , that the parish of Niederfischbaoh , in the Duohy of Nassau , has emigrated in its entirety to Amerioa . All the immovable property of the inhabitants , woods , mtadows , gardens , fieldB , buildings , and oattle were sold by publio auotion . The "Weser Gasetta" Btates that numerous arreata took place on the 24 th ult ., at Bremen , in . consequence of the discovery of the statutes and rules of an association called the League of Death , together irith poignards , pistols , and other weapons . The prisonera had been takon to the Hotel de Tille , and great exoitemont prevailed in the
The Prussian Induatrial Exhibition was opened on the 28 th ult ., at Breslau , tho capital of Prussian Silesia . The President , M . von . Schleinitg was present , supported by the heads of the civil and military provincial departments . The day was observed as a general holiday . The building has been called a Crystal Palace , but its roof ia of slate .
ITALY . . A letter from Florence of the 26 th ult ., in the "Opinione of Turin , announces that the Marquis Ferdinand Bartholommei , one of the leaders of the constitutional party , had been arrested on a charge of having circulated political papers issuing from a clandestine press . SPAIN . The coup d ' etat , or , more properly , the suppression of parliamentary government in Spain , is not abandoned , but only adjourned . Tho young Queen appears mora decided than ever to effect this sort of" reform . " PORTUGAL . The Cortes bad met on the 20 th ult ., but made little progress in consequence of the difficulty in forming a House of Deputies , from tho absence of members . The Count das Antaa , chief of tho revolutionary junta at Oporto , in the year 1847 , is dead . His funeral has beon conducted with much pomp and attended by large numbers ,
SWITZERLAND . Affairs of Fribourg—Reported Participation of Ae British Government in a conspiracy against Switzerland \ The meeting of the inhabitants of the canton of Fribourg , promoted by the Sonderbund party , took place on the 24 th Ult ., at Poiieux , a village two leagues from Fribourff , on the road to Bulle . Accounts differ greatly as to the number of people present ; but it was evidently much leas than the promoters of the meeting expected , as the most exaggerated estimate does not exceed 14 , 000 . The meeting was opened by M . Vuilleret , an advooate . M . von der Weid and others spoke after him . The programme was adopted unanimously , and a provisional committee was appointed
, of which M . Charles , now in prison at Fribourg , was named President . The other leading members are MM . Vuilleret , Presset , Von der Weid , Monnerat , and Col ; Perrier ; A re » olution was added , demanding the liberation of the persons arrested by the government . The federal commissioners did not go to Posieux . But they were present on the same day at the Bitting of the Council of State at Fri . bourg , and the " Narrateur , " government organ at Fribourg , states that they declared that the federal conatitution was no less menaced than the Fribourg constitution by tho meeting at Posieux . The government has arrested all members of the provisional committee on whom it ha » been able to lay bands . Later intelligence reports the liberation of all tbe prisoners , m compliance with the demand of the federal council .
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IMPORTANT FROM INDIA . THE BURMESE WAR . Pall of ilartaban and Rangoon—Gallant Defence and great Slaughter of the Burmese - Frightful Hno , \ A British attacked 6 Cholera—Graphic Description of tin Fight by an eye * witnm . ° "f . To wn Edition of last Saturday contained a brief notice oi mo important news from India , announcing the actual commencement of the new Burmese war , and the capture oi jv iartaban and Rangoon by the combined British foroe , naval and military . \ y e now ' ptoceed t 0 thc details :-
,, " Bombay , May 3 . thfi , r ,. ! ,. VI mOTnin g the olectric telegraph announced Rinaonn ?« ' if ^" ty ' * steamer of war Battler , from SKinaS , ? , ^ ° , Vlca-Admiral Austen flying , that minus of t £ ? - ° o boari 1 ' W »» Posing the sea ter-Setakini nf Sn Sem ! l Phore , . the steamer signalled 14 th and thPht ? ° nand M « W > an the former on the commanded by Lieutenant- Colo / ol £ K £ c B of the 18 th Foot , and consisting of the right w& if that JeS ment , the right wing of her Majeltys sofh the , MadSs regiments quartered at Moulmein and the arti lery Tho capturo of Martaban was a work of comparative facility the troops having landed under a protecting fire from the mw , led byjier Majesty ' s ship Rattler , and advancing rapidly , in conjunction with the artillery , unon thn wm £ < nf
the enemy . The whole operations lasted , we believe only some four or five hours , when the place was ours . ' After its capture the troops re-embarked , and proceeded to the Rangoon river , where they and the Madras troops joined the Bengal foroe , and the operations against Rangoon commenced . On Easter Sunday , the 11 th , the emira squadron proceeded up the river , not intending , however , to commence operations on that day , but the steamers towing the transports up having taken them higher up than was intended , they came within the range of the river battones of tho Burmese , which immediately opened upon them , and a reply was inevitable . A teriifio cannqnade was then commenced on both sidos , the steamers opening their broadsides on the river face of the Burmese works on both banks of the river , and entirely demnlishine them .
both at Rangoon and Dalla . Her Majesty ' s ship Serpent then proceeded up to Kemmendine , upon the works at which place she opened fire , but the return was so severe , and the enemy ' s guns so well served , that the brig was obliged to haul off , and send down the river for aid , when two war steamers were sentup to her assistance ; With these tne Kemmendine batteries were silenoed , and a landing having beon effected , the enemy deserted the works , which were occupiad by sailors and marines from the ships , and . European troops . During the cannonado and shelling on Sunday , besides the destruction of tho Burmese works oa the river face , the enemy suffered great loss by the explosion of their powder magazine , a shell from one of our guns falling on it , and causing it to blow up with a terrific sound . On Monday , the 12 th , tho landing operations commenced , , | W * , - - , -,,.. „ _ vw ¦_ *^ p * W «» W WWftB * ' VVtll ftU W * # W V *
tne troops effecting their debarcation under tho protection of the ships' guns , and all the boats of the squadron being employed in effecting the landing . Here the brunt of the work commenced , as it wag necessary , soon after landing , to attack , and capture a strong stockade , a short distance m shore , where the enemy fought most gallantly , and ^" ed considerable loss to our force . On Tuaeday , the 13 th , there was a pause , which was occasioned by the unavoidable delay in landing tho heavy guns from the ships , the last of which did not arrive in the camp , if we may so call the bivouac of the troops , till midnight on the 13 th . Un tne Ma , in the morning tho entire force broke ground , and advanced towards the great Pagoda atookade , throwing out skirmishers , the Burmeso also fighting well in their fashion , and knocking over many of our men . Nothing , however , could check the advauce cf our soldiers , seconded by a a tremendous fire of artillery , and they advanced rabut stedil
pidly ay towards thc Pagoda stockade , taking some minor oneB in their forward movement . At length , towards noon , it wts resolved to deliver the general assault , which was made by all arms with the greatest spirit » nd intrepidity , on the north-east angle of the Pagoda hill and stockade , when tho enemy gave way and retreated at all points . They never expected that " the assault would have been made at thi 3 point , and a gato was actually found open there , through which our troops rushed in and instantly occupied the place , when all the fighting was concluded by two o ' clock in the afternoon . All arms behaved splendidly , but we have especial pleasure in recording the gallant and praiseworthy conduct of the 40 th Kative Infantry , who did not rest satisfied with performing 1 what they had agreed to do / but lent a hand to everything , guns , working parties , « fcc . " The following is the official report of thekilkd and wounded on the side of the British : —
Killed . Wounded "Officers 2 H "Rankand file 15 114 "Lascars 0 4
"Total 17 132 . " Two of the officers reported dead , viz ., Major Oakes and Major Griffiths , died of coup de soleil , or Bun stroke , a £ the heat waa intense during the fighting . FURTHER PARTICULAKS OP THE FALL OF UAMABvr- ; " The enemy were in considerable numbers lining the mud wall which runs along the bank of the river to tha large Pagoda , and as soon as the two steamers came oppo » site the wharf each opened a sharp cannonade , whioh waa returned with good will by the enemy , both with guns and musketry . The fire from all four steamers was moat effec « tive ; the Rattler and Proserpine , from being so close , must have caused many casualties , and the practice from the Salamander and Hermes waa admirable ; even at the distance they wero , every shot told . Too much praise cannot be given to Captain Brooking for the noble manner in which he worked and fought hia beautiful little vea-Bel , tho Proserpine .
" When the landing place was cleared of the enemy , the troopa , which were at hand , were landed from tho steamers , and most gallantl y drove tho enemy before them , following them up tho hill , and from position to position , meeting with considerable opposition from their musketry , but immediately driving them from , and getting possession of , theip guns . Tho town was at the same timo cleared , tho first to make his escape beiDg the Governor . The plaoa was entirely in our possession a little after eight a . m ., but tho last of the troops did not return to the big Pagoda , where the general had established his head quarters , till
about one p . m . " The loss of the enemy ib not known , for they removed all their dead and wounded ; bufc it must have been considerable , for the firo from tho Bteamers was very sharp and continued for some time . " Thus fell Martaban , an easy conquest , notwith 8 tanding the various and exaggerated reports of its strength . Oa the morning of tho attack the garrison consisted of 3 , 000 men , who were evidently unpropared for our rude visit . They had been hard at work for fifteen or twenty days pre « vious , cutting down jungle and olearing away houses , but we vrere too sharp upon them , and disturbed them in the midsi of their preparations . "
LATER PAMICOURg 05 IMS . IALL OJ JUKQOOH . "April 11 . —The fleet wei ghed anchor at eight a . m ., and proceeded opposite Rangoon . The steamers had all taken , up their positions , when a fire of cannon and musketry waa opened upon them from the Dalla Bide , and immediately afterwards from the southernmost stockade at Rangoon . The ateamera lost no time in returning the &to , which continued for one hour and a quarter . A shell from one of tha Bombay steamers exploded a mine or magazine in the right stookade , and shortly afterwards tbe enemy ' s fire was silenced , and orders were given to cease firing from our ships . All the stookades appeared to be filled with men . A detaohment was sent to attack the Dalla stockades , consisting of a detachment of European infantry and seamen , who carried it immediately , losing ono officer , Ensign Arm « strong , her Majesty ' s 51 st Regiment . On the morning of the 12 th tbe trooDS disembarked .
The 2 nd company 5 th brigade Bengal Artillery landed at six a . m ., and put together their guns , and were ready to prooeed by eight o ' clock , when the advance was made , headed by the li ght companies of tho 51 st Foot . On coming within 850 yards of tho first stockade , Brevet-Major Reid with two 9-pountler guns and two 24-poundor howitzers unlimbored and came into action , firing shrapnel and round shot . Tho praotico was excellent and most effective It was instantly returned by a well-directed firo from tha stockade . The enemy fired rather high at first , but after a few rounds they obtained our diutsince exactlv . Just as Major Reid ' a ammunition was expended , Brevet-Major Oakes , of tho Madras Artillery , brought up two 24-poundcr howitzers , and continued the fire till the order for taa storming party to advance was given , nnd the stockade was earned without any loss . Before tho mivance of the storming party a gunner of tho Bengal Artillery , and one of tho woundcV y * eroklllcd afc their guns , and two
'The following day ( the 13 th ) waa devoted to bringing up from the ships supplies of ammunition and other tores , and on the morning of the Hth the army advanced to the oftft ! ™ &T T edil V tely on having the bivoS ? monceAn K ^ * ' ^ Ma f tho »« " >» try com . th , rii ?^ oth , and on our reaching an opening in the rising ground all around us two stockades concentrated H , m . » ° n l eir - $ uns BP ° n us and did us some slight ! aamage . On arriving at a distance of 800 to 1 , 000 yards from the Great Pagoda , four 8-inch howitzers , which had ueen dragged up from tho rear by the seamen of the fleet , were brought to bear upon it , and continued to fire till aoout one o clock , when the order was given for the stormt ? Tt * advance . headed by her Majesty ' s gallant 18 th Royal Irish . It received little molestation till it commenced the aBcent
of the steps loading to the Great Pagoda , when it was received by a discharge from two guns and from hundreds of muskets and matchlocks . The three first who ascended wero Lieu tenant-Colonel Coote , and Lientenanf Ad ] uUnt Doran , of her Majesty ' s 18 th Royal Irish ^ and Captain Latter , and I regret very much to add that * ft first officer was severely , and Lieutenant Doran mortall ? wounded . Poor fellow ' . he received aevon wounds and expired m half an hour deeply and ainceS ylegrVt ed b } every officer and man in the regiment , and most deservedly so , for a nobler fellow and more gallant and amiaWe JoiS never lived . No other officer was killed , and the 1 return **? wounded have not yet been received from SSita m ^ mm ? sssrwsi * ^ 4 Ja . Bengal , and Montgomery , of tho Madraa Artillery ; tho
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Mark the argument with which these men supply our enemies J Observing recent occurrences , they may , reasonably enough , say to the Chartists : — . 'If you had the Charter—if you had the Republic—if the sovereignty of the majority were the accepted law of the commonwealth , you would be willing to follow any dissatisfied adventurer intent UDon establishing his dictatorship under the forms , but in violaktion of the principles of Democracy . ' Doubtless , thereareextremef cases in which resistance to the
decisions of Universal Suffrage may ba palliated—to wit —' Insurrection of June , * for that was an uprising for bread , for life , but no Buch reason can ha adduced in support of the Manchester coup a " etal . The weak ness of the Executive , and the divisions of the Chartist party constituted no sound reason , for the Conference' was summoned , not to strengthen , but to further weaken , or rather , to deBtroy the Executive ; and its acts must necessaril y increase the divisions previously existing .
If Democracy is to triumph , Democrats must exhibit by their acts , their faith in tho principles they , profess . It is artfully insinuated and circulated that the question at issue is merely one between certain individuals , and rival newspaper * . That is a foully false representation . The queition at issue is between Democracy and dictatorship—between the interests of the Chartist party and the mercenary egotism of a would-bo despot . A h ypocritical howl is raised against what is termed my indulgence in personalities , and that , too , by those who are leagued
to * crush * this journal—who shower upon my head every variety of abuse , and plot my destruction by every available means . This canting howl will not turn me from the path of duty . It is with reluctance I Bet aside other questions of immense importance and interest , and which I would much rather discuss ; hut the Democratic cause to which I have been wedded bo many years , is too dear to my heart to tamely allow that cause to be exposed to the scorn and contempt of those who cannot hut exult at the abasement of our party and the degradation of our name .
In my last letter I promised that this week I would discuss 'the course to he taken by those true and earnest Democrats who desire not their owh aggrandisement , hut the attainment of the People ' s emancipation . ' I refrain from that discussion , aB I understand the Executive Committee { not tho Triumvirate , ' ) have determined to take counsel with old and well tried friendsas to the course to bepursued &c , and I would not wish even to appear to aim at influencing their decisions . My ambition is not to lead , hut to serve the cause in every way that will best conduce to the triumph of the eternal principles upon which it is founded .
Another word—I daily receive letter * declaring the general disgust and contempt feit towards the concoctors of the covp d" etat . But while good men remain contemptuous only , the cause is being irreparably damaged ; seeing that while they are quiescent a few misled men are allowed to masquerade as tha Chartists ofthk andjrf . th at locality . But enough tbe question is now in the bands of the Democracy . " Our principles have been desecrated , and it is the duty of every true Chartist to repudiate the insult . He who now falters in the performance of this duty will incur the repro ach of abandoning our good and holy causa to the ruthless hands of political charlatans .
L'AMI DU PEUPLE .
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i ^ ~~ ¦ ; ^ —> w »^»^—— M M ^^ M . L 8 o . 5 . MM , SATDBDAY , JBBE 5 , 1852 . ^ rsr ^ r "
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), June 5, 1852, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1681/page/1/
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