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Gotobee 1, 1853.J ^B^r: ( ;LEAB ( EE: 95...
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' :,'. ' ¦ ¦ .:, :..., .. ¦' . l^MiMfa.
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,'W'o »hQ.uUi.«lo our utrocsL to oncoura...
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"Mr g arnet Caster. Age? Fifty-four. AVh...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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„.. .( ; Comtk-S Philosophy Of The Scien...
¦ fconsfeYvva &^ ori ginalii / a inonster—that . the deformation existed potentially m the pritoitivS g ^ i ^^ a ^ d ' ' ^ Isidore Gfeonroy StVHilai ^ ¦ ' will fmd ' ipa & y '/ of tH ^ ' ^ geriitf ^^ gu ^ eMiBsV ^ l ^' - ^ yii been tfrdni time to time ad ^ iiri ^ d in favicnir ' odP" t lie primitive deforinily of / the gerini The tiiii'd ' or "Pd & itl ^ e ' 6 orice |> tidii df ]^ p { g ^! ne ^ is , ' or' gradual org ^ riicdeyelopnient in a ^ rdi ^^ ^ thMc &^ existent gtinafe ? ' antl By ' dotoideHi % ^ mdnst ; era as sliriple' cases' of ' organic deviation , * hasy'withtihe M : of " ^ bteby ;^ t ; HiM ^ ^ at laVir : of * afirested ^ i yelopment , ' made ' monstrosity a b ¥ aifc $ ot positive ' enibrvoi ^ gy . .. , '"'¦ . -.. ' ..,, ; Tttus Sye'haVe ; i ^ oc £ s ' ange , r , ' or , ^ e , JDeyil '^; lust ,. Representing .. the Theological gpirit ; 1 PotetiUdi ¦ pre-existent , germs ., rcwepenting . i \\ e ; , Metaphysical spirit ; and , f
jfinajly , ~ % rtrest of ^ development / jrepresentipg theFpsitiye spirit . / , - . : "" llavirig multiplied ^ jcajfnptes from , . Sei ^ ace ,, Jet jme ;; clese -these illustrations by ( one from Politics . ' So completely are men in the Theological and Metaphysical stages , with respectjtofthe ^ Science of Soeietyjitliai ; , ignoring all" liiWs and . conditions of growth and deyelopmifnt , , they almost universally believe in the absurd notiom of a political cJtanye being , wrought , by , an alteration , in the Groyernmenti or by the , adoption of some" scheme . \ E * or example , they believe that to make society Republican , we must adopt the forms of a Republic ; not seeing that when these forms of government ,-are $ *»« # ; to , agnation , instead < $£ ffrdioin ( f , ' put of the ; national tendencies and / ideas ,, tib \ ey , ar & . ; ni ^ rely ne \ y r naule 3 . y , giveai ; . jfco old . realities . ' Tihe belief is < a jremniuTjfc , pf , tb §| olditheological * # & echam , ieatl c /? naoption ^ 3 y . hich ¦¦¦ : supposes > mea to-be external to the social organism , instead of being an integral portion pf iti . We must replace this mechanical : by a" dynamical > i conception , and understand that the social organism has its'laws of growth and development , like the human organism .
" And here , .. let ; , me illustrate ,, Comae's , fundamental , ^ a ^ y of Evolution . by , an analogy taken froHi ' . the human prgan ^ sm ., To dq this , it will ., be necessary , first to explain one ' of tJtie Jawspf Embryology ., . <; " ,.... . * , - , ¦> ,.. „ .,, . . .... > : v . ..-.., "Everyfywiion , ts successively executed by two ( sdtfietirnes wore ) prgapts : of uoiiich one isprjim ^^ ive , transitory , provisional . ; ¦ ¦ { the other , secondary , definitive , permanent . , . ,.., _ . . . - ; ,, . . : ; " -. ; , r ,.. ,. ~ ¦ :, - '¦ , . '¦ . •; ¦ > , — - ¦'• ¦ ' ¦'¦ .. .. ¦' . < : ' ¦ '¦ ¦ . r '' - ; ¦ . . : ¦ ¦ . - . : - . ¦ ¦ : ? . ¦ . ¦ ' , ' ¦ ' ¦ " Tiieiie is . always ,, a ., relation , t | e ; fcween .. these two organs , - ^ -a relation not ; only of function , but of development and duration , . -The provi ? ip < ial . . qrgan ,, ; first . , ; supplies the place of the permanent organ , then coexists v / ith it , during the earlier phases of the latter ^ s evolution ;' andy finally , when'the permanent or >» an has acquired due
deyeloiimen ^ . tlieprovisional organ either , ; ceiises its function altogether * or performs it incompletely . jSpme of these pi \ oyisioiial , organs , such , as milk , teeth ,, and the down which is afterwards replaced by hair , separate themselves from their successors , falling away to make rooiii for them ; Others are absorbed , and become diminished to a'rudimentary condition or mere zero : such ' are tlie branchiae , alwdys present iix tadpoles , and now known to x » cxist- ' with the ' . lungs of many of'the higher vertebrata ; such , also , are . the . optic . lobes of tliB brain ,. at first tlie principal organs 6 f the . encepliaion , but whiqh gradually . diminish , an the qerebral i hemi 3 pher > e 3 develoj > e , and finally present the rudimentary conditi on observed in , the hu ^ nan , bmui as the corpora quadrigemina ; such , also , are the iliymus gland and the foetal tail , which disappear , and the renal capsules and thyroid g land , which diminish .
"Again , in the development of the embryo we distinguish three forms of circulation entirely diflereVit the first form of circulation is coincident with the formation of the , blastodernm and the ; umbilical -vesicle ; , tlie second form commences with the firsfc appearance of ; the allantoid , and development of tho . placenta j the third form with the development of lungs , intestines , and organs of relation , Those three forms , be it observed , arei jchar ^ eterized by the creation , of new . vascular system ^ , and the atrophy ' of those which preceded them . . ¦ ,. .. ¦ " These" examples might beiriuitiplicd , but it will be enougli to sum up the resalta of embryological research ' bn' this' pbiut iti the two following propositions : — " 1 J That everything whichis pi * itriili > ocs , > is only provisional , at least in tlie lii ' glier animals ; and everything that -is ^ ermanant % as only ieeii established 'secondarily and sometimes tertiarilt / . . ,, , . ¦ ; ,, ... , . ,. ; . ( ,
" 2 . That , consequently , the embryo of the higher animals successively renews its organs dhd it ' s cliaracthHsiics , throttgh d series of metamorphoses which give it permanent conditions , nbt only different , hut evenilircctly contrary to those which it had , primitivel y , * ' , ¦¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ . < . ¦ . , - ¦ • ¦¦ ¦ ;¦¦ ' '¦ . ' " Npw , jf ^ m ong , the innimieriible strikid < r : analogies between the development of tlie . Hunian and the Social Cjrganism it seems to mo wo .. input place thi ^ law . of provisional development . The three phases , Thoologic : )! , Motunhywjcal , and positive , tlirough wluch Humanity necessaril y passes in . its' growth , represent the Vrimitive , Trahsitdry ; and Permanent | ihasV \ s' 6 f ' the orgiuiisnV . The avuilogy ia jHTfwt in nil ita detnila , and I invite'the tttudent' to follnvvoat its ' Various a ' piiilc ' iitioiw .- lie will their , arrive nt ' . tho'fuU'convkitidn ' ofiwliat'caii otily here be indicated , —nainely , tliut tliO / Thoolpgical nnd , Mota ]> hy ^ icii ) l phases are jprovixional organs in the development of Humanity . " , ., ..., , , ,. „ ' ,., m ,...-.., . ..: . t :. i * ....-. ! ¦ i .. ¦ . '• . i- 1 - . -.- . , Th 6 second shall be" a rectiflcatiori 6 f a common error respecting ; the inability of . animals to convert inorganic inattcr directly into their own substance : — - ; ¦ ' , ; ' . -, " ' ' " . ' . ' . " . ' . '' , " ' . ' . , . ' . "It may bo \ ye \\ here to state , one pf the funtmicii . tul laws of assinului !(> n , which we owe / 1 believe , t f iI ' CheVrcul : — , r ,, ft There is an intimate relation hc . Uocen the chamioal composition of an aliment anil the orgdnisni which it nourishes . - ' ' ' ' A plant or lin anitirml'iiiny 1 ) 0 ' hourfalicd In two ' waiH 1 'rit , wlion' littnc'hod to th « naront ; a « seed or embryo ; 2 nd , whoii-Atiparntod'froih the piiWuit , find' dhiwiiig its food from tlie Hurrouudiug medium . Oil aiuilyzing the proximate , principles coiitainod iri the ^ cd / oV < -gg , Avki'liiul tli ' e ' m iKilo ' iigfng ' to the principal typi-H hiilwcqw'ftntl y foSiiid in tho' devolApc-d . lieingl ; . 'Aiid if- ^ i , n pii ^ ing-fnnii pviniirouH l ; o " m ' iuuiiiifoi ' oitHtiTiimYils—^ o oxahWnd tho younjr Anjihal , ii ^ rtiierenaj '( o ' . tluiliiilJc w . ljic ' h for « long wltilcj ibrniH ii . s « ii » tir vi \)( . , { , < iorreH ])<) nd «) ii ' ico'l > otw < - >' cn tho nliVnehii and th ' c fltriifltiiril . '" '? l'll « i iwiiiiiliii ! li » ) f ) riiicip i ^ M ^ - " of niinc " nr < V ^ iifitcul U > : <« nil ) ine' molecule u > vnolceule with 'th ^ . 'principles— . ( ixn . ci ' ly ' corivKjJoniling or "HulojrduB—already existing Hi tho orgafw i . Vi ' oV iu « to nmrnHlii ' ' '
" if wo cbhHidi * 'the 'plant' fibi ) aWil . ed"frftVn 'Jt ' A <' ^ iron ' t ' an ( l ' i ; lui iunuisi ' l m'pariitiul from ; ft * , piircnt ; w 6 dutoct at Once « l <* ftj > ital ( iml-ihcMon l / i tlinii- power Of aHHiniil ' at ' ing niuttftticA fi ' oiii the citeJ-nal world . ; Tlio l Auni ) Hfrnplor Hi ' itfi " orgiuiiza ^ oiii ' w abjo t ^ awiSniiltito ' wiitiir iuiil gan ' ; ' on " . HicJ pthcr hltn . l , the' injjmu-o ncccHHiiry for itn ' coinpiot < i ilovolopm ' ont prtteaitou ( ii ^ atilc ma ' t (; 6 r ^ wore or leoa uitcrwi " at tho lnqmont ' -yf cntmuoo , p - ' ^ . v . ' ... ' .. ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ' _• - •¦¦¦ ¦* - ¦ : t . - i .. 4 . * ri .., i .. „ ,.. _ ,. ,. , : -, i . .
. ^ parsing , from ^ ejp lant fro the animal , ^ ye observe that the more complex the organization , the more complex are the aliments which , nourish , it , and the more ^ rialogbus are their proximate principles to the principles of the organs they sustain . Thus Via see that plants are nourished' by water , carbonic acid , and other gases ' and organic matters " ' ( m the shape of manure , that is to say , reduced to simpler and inore soluble-principles );; Ton . the contrary , ' animals ; more complex and more elevated in the organic scale need : matters more complex in proximate principles , and consequently more varied , in properties . , . "A slight ' modification , of ; " the foregoing statement is necessary , and one which leads me to correct an error almost if not quite universal ; the error , namely , of supposing that A ' himal ' s are distinguished fVoAn Plants by their inability to nourish themselves directly with . the > . materiala furnished by the external world . That Plants ; can " convert , inorgpirtic substances . intotheir own . substance ,, but that Animals have no such ^ power— -requiring , the intervention of plants lor that purpose , is a proposition to be met with as beyond a doubt in every book on physiology .
'" The proposition is erroneous ; it is too absolute . The portion of truth it contains is this ¦ : ¦ aiiunals cannot nourish themselves solely by materials taken directly fiSini the inorganic world , in , the way plants nonrish themselves by the air , water , apd . alkalies direc ^ yfutpished them ^ : , , . . ; " But does this mean more than ' . that complex structures , by reason of their complexity , cannot be built up in the same way as the simple ? If animals were nourished in the same way and on tlie same materials as plants , we should not find such immense differences between them . " Ordinary experienc ** is sufficient to show— ' -when once the idea is started and
the . , old assumption ^ which men , have received unquestioned , is questioned- —that animals , ; besides converting' organic substances into their owti tissue , do also convert inorganic substances intp thoir ; own tissue with a precision , and an abundance ' scarcely " surpassed' by plants . They take the oxygen directly from the air to vitalize their blood ; ' they take the water directly from the spring ; they take salts in their food arid put of it ; they take np iron , and various mineral substances , indirectly , if you will ^—* . *¦; , in their food' ; 'but , nevertheless , if you deprive the food pf its inorganic substances the animal will perish . ' Nay , ' we see by the example of Birds that , chalk is necessnry to life . In M . Chossat ' s experiments , pigeons were deprived of all chalky substances not actually ?! jz . the corn he fed them with . At fh-st ttiey fattened and grew heavier . , At the end of three months they augmented their quantity of drink—as ranch , as eiglit times thoir previous quantity . They suffered frorii diarrho ; a par insitffisance de jyrinci pes calcaires . Finall y they died , being utterly unable to sustain life-without a certain-amount Of chalk . '
. i" Every physiologist kiiows the large proportion of inorganic substances in the organic tissues ; especially water and phosphate of lime . Water forms nearly eighty per cent , of our bodies ; arid there is no evidence that any portion of this water is formed 'in the body . " ¦ Wo have only to consider what the Law of Assimilation is , to see at once the real nature of ¦ ¦' ¦ the proposition respecting Animals and Plants . The Law of Assimilationdepending on-thechemical ; relation between- aliment and structure , it follows thaf ;' : the more ( complex the ,. structure the more complex must be the food : hence the reason why Aniinala cannot nourish themselves solely .-wish , the aliments which suffices for the simpler structures , of Plants .
: The gradation - is As follows : —The simplest plants need only anorganic substances ; the higher plants need those substances , and also certain meroganic substaiicefl , the debris of organic matter- *—manure . Tlie lower animals need anorganic , lperpr . gaiiic ,. and teleorganic . substances—rair , water , salts , plants , & c . The higher animals also need the ^ e , but in .. difierenfc i > roportions—with greater i > reponderance oF the teleorgaiiic in prpportjon as the organization of the animal is inore complex—( Herbivora ' , Carnivoraj . So-that we must modify Comte ' s definition of animals , - ' orgiUvized bciiig ' s liouriKhod by niclttor ' s which have once lived , ' as distinguished from PlantiJ , ' * orgtuiii ! ed b'oitigs-nourished by matters which have not lived , 'and insert the . w . ord mtiinlu into the definition , >
" l . ollovynig out tlus Law of Assimilation , we Hoe tho reason of the results obtained by Magendie—viz ., that no organic sulwta-ntte will by itself sullice for aliment ; nor , indeed , will all the organic substances together suffice if deprived ol tlie other proximate principle ' s —/" . e ., the inorganic . It is obvious that the body , which is composed of three classes o ' f principles , cannot be nourished by an aliment containing only one , of , the » u . Hence the fallacy of Liebig ' s celebrated argument rcspoctiug tho non-nutritive properties of gelatine—an- argument , moreovor , in direct contradi c tion witli the principles he has hinisclf laid down ; gelatine alono in not nutritive , nor is albumen alone , nor fat , alone , nor salts alone .
¦ " h mally , it is owing to the relation between Aliment and Structure that tlie organism separates the . food into % wo portions , onq of which it absorbs Into its interior , the other it rejects us unfit lav une ,, And wo truce the operation of the sttino law in ., tl ^ e formation ' of tho Hpeeial t , issuen . The blood i . s the blastema from which , one ami all select their npurioUinont ; but eiush Hdocfcs that only which beurs thoduerolatipnto . it / ' ;
Gotobee 1, 1853.J ^B^R: ( ;Leab ( Ee: 95...
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"Mr G Arnet Caster. Age? Fifty-Four. Avh...
"Mr g arnet Caster . Age ? Fifty-four . AVheu I am twelve , sold by un c ^ e j 'ipiig . vyid my ^ roUicr , to n-luto man , and put in ship ' s hold . —Know w . lyit w . ^ itu hm «) going to do with inu' { iCxpevtud lie was going to cut inc . , p ! ° Xi # ^ W "O ; f *> od lirat tl » reo-. days of tlie voyage ; we wonder if wlato W VKPi « g , tp , eaJt ., n ^ , Jjo . ino , fke « p uh fat . Fourth < Jay olYurod corn to eat ; JW V' " . t it o , W ) Oi ij ^ Buying , , * we no fatten to make nice dish for white jnau / ti u <;^ ! lf jucl , <; , I JNo , tl ' unk -what 'come of uh if they eat us . Think wo bo no n ^ orp . Wo pay , * ' coiuvstv if thoy eat uh > wo bo in white umu ' a belly V Jack ! r ? v-k t , ,,,.,,.,. , ; ,..: , ,. , . ; ,, , " ^ Where we thiulc wo go to when wo die ? To tho ground , and then all ove , r I Am iv , Cluiatmu now , and know other than that . Well , 'it was couU ^ biq to tjunk it nil . over ! Uncle no aeU ' ino , if ho think him ronst—• i"ck f juol ^!—Wiittt him mil ma for ? Kvovy onq aell Jiim Uq emu Think
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Oct. 1, 1853, page 19, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_01101853/page/19/
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