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Leader (1850-1860), 2nd July 1859, Edition 2 of 2, Page 16, -Qfi T FT F, t E APE R [No. 484. July 2,...

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      -Qfi T Ft F, T E Ape R [No. 484. July 2,...

      -Qfi T FT F , t E APE R [ No . 484 . July 2 , 1859-

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      ; . . — ? T— , Hi*Bs V. Wilkinson, And S...

      ; . . — ? t— , HI * BS v . WILKINSON , AND SPECIAL JURIES . < TO THE EDITOR OF " THE LEADER . " Sii , —It is probable that neither you nor the publi < are aware that the above cause was tried on Monday in the Court of Common Pleas , nominally oeforea special jury . ; noxnorethan seven individuals from the special jury list served , the remaining five being taken from the common jury list . The wisdom of our ancestors in providing that well-educated persons , or , at least , those who may be presumed to be such , should sit in judgment on some causes , is apparent . Besides , ought not people to have the quid pro quo ? Why should they be asked to pay a guinea a day to special jurors , if , after all , their cause is to be decided by those whom the law pror vides for nothing . These questions , sir , derive additional importance from the circumstance—which will surprise none who were in court on Mondaythat another jury will yet be required in this cause . May I not hope , however , that , ere this , your powerful aid will be ' afforded , to remedy the evil of which I now complain ? I am , & c , RICHARD HlBBS . Westminster , 1 st July . 1859 .

      Fjfrom Our Speciax Correspondent.] Flore...

      fjFROM OUR SPECIAX CORRESPONDENT . ] Florence , June 23 rd . Evekts hurry on , and jet do not proceed fast enough for our wishes .: There is scarcely any rest for the mind in the perpetual anxiety felt for the ultimate events -which are to decide the fate of Italy . Even in sleep we are haunted by a confused sense of war , disquietude , and / uncertainty . Yet it is scarcely possible for affairs to progress more rapidly than they have done hitherto . Another great battle has been gained by the

      allied armies . Austria seems doomed ; but we must not exult until we see what the seige trains can do against the quadrilateral fortresses . Tuscany remains in static quo till the issue of the war . The Unionist party prevails . Meanwhile there is no liberty of the press ; no newspapers are printed or allowed , except the old Monitore . Nothing of any sort is doing , and all improvements are in abeyance , until the day arrives for Italy to be reconstituted , and Tuscany put upon its right

      footing . Let us hope things will continue as peaceful and orderly as they have hitherto been ; but it is impossible to deny that so long an interregnum is baneful to the country . The early days of a revolution are like the first hours of a summer ' s holiday . The liberated pupils are orderly enough for a season , but as time wears on the boys sometimes get troublesome , and require the restraint of the master . Our summer holiday is not yet come to a close , and as yet there is no insubordination . But all revolutions onen a field insubordination . But all revolutions open a field

      It is the system , not tlie Tope , that we condemn ; and I still fear that , unless some method is taken to eradicate this crcnii of discord , it will continue to work woe to Italy . Perugia ' s ; destiny is sealed for the present . These sad events have -created , a most painful sensation here , and peoj ^ le naturally remark that the Papal Government is the only Italian power which has shed blood in its defence , and that by the hand of foreign and mercenary troops . You know what an independent people they are at Perugia , and will , I am sure , remember the classic type ' of the beauty both of the men and women . They have for ages endeavoured to shake off' the Papal dominion ; and now , when all Italy is pressing -towards freedom , it is really o-rievous that-they ' should be thus cruelly crushed .

      for various opinions . The King of Sardinia has acted most wisely . He has undertaken the protectorate only during the war , having expressly declared that when . it is over the country will be free to follow the course then deemed most advantageous . No doubt the final destiny of Tuscany will be matter of serious debate in an European Congress , and the unanimous consent of the people to any plan adopted must be desired . Sad scenes are beginning to take place in the Papal States .

      Perugia has been roused to untimely revolution b y the efforts of La Parina and his followers ; ana , after a rising of the people , it has been retaken by the Papal powers . Tlie telegraphic wires from Perugia are cut ; but this morjaing a dispatch arrived from Arresszo announcing that after some tours fierce fighting in the streets the Swiss troops gained the victory . They were 2 , 000 strong ; the Artillery fired upon the inhabitants , and a body of cavalry entered the city through Borgo 8 ; Pietro , , and set fire to the houses , and all was confusion and disorder , the Papal troops literally snekinff the

      town , as though it were a place takon by assault . The prisoners have been condemned by military law : some put to death , and many remain in prison . It is said that the troops got into the town through the intervention of the monks , who admitted them by a secret door communicating with the convent of tl » e Dominicans I The fate of Perugia is the harder because this city has dis-Sitched her bravest youth to the Lombard camp , epnved of their aid she is helpless against the troops of the Servut tiervorum . The most tortuous pohoy of the most wily monarch is candour compared www the language and actions of the Papacy .

      Germany. Juke 29th. The Mobilisation Of ...

      GERMANY . Juke 29 th . The mobilisation of the military force of Prussia , by which above two hundred thousand men , a part of whom are fathers of families , have been dragged away from their wives and children , has naturally excited the utmost anxiety for the proximate future , more especially amongst those who ,. confiding in the settled neutrality of Prussia and her apparent unity of action with England , were led to subscribe to the loan of thirty millions of thalers . Notwithstanding the bold tone of the journals there is , as far as I am able to judge , very little inclination to go to war against the French for the sake of Austria , as -is shown by the fact that in those countries where substitutes for military service are permitted , a

      man cannot be procured for less than six hundred . thalers , and rarely for that . A . young acquaintance of mine is now congratulating himself upon his good fortune at having found a substitute for the sum of eleven hundred thalers . Press and people are totally in the dark as ito the object of this mobilisation . It can hardly be intended as a mere parade , still less a " Stand and deliver !" argument directed against France . The instincts of the people are sometimes- wiser than the decisions of statesmen , particularly ' of statesmen who have been bred in courts , and always surrounded by flatterers ; and it is the instinct of the people that this mobilisation is a very imprudent act , unless it is the resolution of Prussia to side with Austria at once . The opinions vented by the press are extremely divergent ; nor were the ministers

      of the peace of-Westphalia , and of the Constitution of the Germanic Empire . Such deductions , unfortunately , plaeed the Spiritual Electoral Princes , and the lesser vassal States , under the foot of Russia . But the people , impelled by a correct instinct , obliged Prussia and Austria to repel the pretensions of Catherine . The treaties of 1815 contain no mutual guarantee , nor ia any mention , made of ibreiffn guarantees in the Federal compact . The Protectorate , ' however , of Germany , whether Germans would or would not ,. was a rooted idea in Russian . diplomacy , and German Governments were met with who were contemptible enough to lend an ear to it in secret . * , i , , In the Secret Memoir , which was brought under the notice of the German Governments in 1834 , may be read the following : — " It would be , indeed , the most abominable ingratitude were Europe , and more especially Germany , to ignore the self-sacrifice made by Russia in 1813 , and which gained her the loud and unanimous applause of Europe . " ( This is in allusion to the pretended burning of Moscow , which the Russians at first denied , but finding the world ready to applaud the act as a glorious instance of patriotism , they now acknowledge it . " J " Under her patronaprc , " the document

      continues " the German Federal Constitution was designed and accepted . For although the Federal States guaran teed to one another their respective professions and constitutions , yet the tacit acknowledgment of Russia ' s guarantee in case the freedom of Germany should be at any time threatened by the ascendancy of any state of the Confederation , remained still an arriere ptm & eif in the minds of all members of the Confederation . " And in another place of the same document : " Thus , all claims upon the Germanic Confederation are contained herein : that in its internal as well as external affairs the Confederation recognises Russia as the protector of tlie Bund . "

      The despatch of Prince Gortschakoff , continues the National , is only a variation upon this document . It casts into our teeth that Germany was saved by Russia ; —commands us to put implicit faith , in tlie words of tlie man of the Second of December;—threatens us with a discontinuance of support and patronage ;—menaces us , in fact , Avith direct force . This is a kind of word which deserves to be answered not by a word , but by a blow . Let this document be received with as many protests as it may , its contents becomes reality . In due time will follow in succession—the remaining wcll-knOwn words will become likewise a reality : Guarantee , Protectorate , Maintenance of Order , Polandtize ( i . e . treat them like Poland ) . The blow . need iiot be given direct to Russia , Louis

      it will reach her if it fall upon her toolj Napoleon . That we are threatened is a compliment . In France , in England , the people count as nothing more : they chatter and think whatever is instilled into them to-day the contrary of that which they swore to yesterday . France is a churl ( rnenseh ) ; England is a churl ; he who lias the two churls under His thumb would do them too much honour by threatening them . The position of Germany , menaced by Russia , by the churls in Paris , and perhaps by the churls in London , is full of danger , but also full of hope . The danger is pretty clear , but not so clear the hope . Some German papers seem possessed with the notion that England may he driven out of her neutral position by their systematic twitting .

      by any means unanimous , if report is correct . Mr . Von Schleinitz , the Minister for Foreign Affairs , and Von Boniii , the Minister for War , were opposed to the measure— -the former upon . diplomatic grounds , and the latter because of tlie confusion—domestic and commercial —which would ensue . Many of your readers have , perhaps , but a faint idea of tlie consequences pf this socalled mobilisation . Let Ihem imagine every Englishman up to forty years of nge being called away from his occupation to be sent whithersoever the Government may decide . Even though living in a distant country , and forced to do so if the Prussian power can reach so far . From every town of Gn-muny , Prussians are obliged to throw up their business , and return to Prussia at their own expense . Tailors and shoemakers have to

      cast aside their needles and their awls and hasten away , leaving' their employers almost crazy how to satisfy the wants of their customers . Not only Prussia itself , but all Germany is disturbed by the measure ; and that it could have * been adopted without a firm resolution to attain some immediate result is opposed to all reason . Last Saturday Prussia moved in' the Federal Diet , that an army of observation should be drawn up on the Rhine frontier . The motion was referred to tlie Committee upon Military affhirs : tliat it will bo agreed to , there can hardly be a doubt , we nil feel that , now the Diet is Prussia ., and Prussia , Germany . The dispatch of Prince Gortschakoff lias been as oil added to names . Had it been the expressed aim of Russia to drive the Germans to desperation , and to exorcise such a pressure upon

      Prussia as to constrain h « r to forsake her neutral position and shako her unity of action with England , a more effectual means could not have been lift upon . As evidence of the feeling which it tins caused in Prussia as well as In all Germany , the following article from the National Ztdtung may perhaps be Interesting to your readers . In their blind rage tne Germans are ready to run a muck at friends and Toes . England ' s neutrality is ns exasperating 1 as the open enmity of the French and Russians . The article la headed , " The Russian Protectorate over Germany . " In social intercourse it frequently occurs that a word , pne single word , clears up or chances tlie relations of two persons towards each

      other . There exist words of thin nature in the intercourse of States . Such n word lias Just been addressed to Germany by Prince GortsohakofF , in his circular of the 87 tli ot May . One hundred and fifty years ago , it germinated in tho . mind ot Peter the Great . For many years it sneaked among the Russian archives : then it cropt forth in public treaties ; then it was casually whispered to this or that German Government ; and now ft Is boldly flung into the faces of tho whole German people . So early no at tho peace of Tesohon , which terminated the Bavarian war of succession , Russia managed to squeeze herself in ns n guarantee , and by a cunning interpretation of the 10 th Article , opened the way to tlie deduction , that thereby aha had also become a guarantee

      Supplies For The French In Italy.—Advice...

      Supplies for the French in Italy . —Advices from Genoa announce that , through the activity of mercantile speculation , ever eager to occupy a new and promising channel , the market is glutted with supplies of various commodities , including more especially coffee and cereals of all kinds . Tlie natural result has been a great fall in prices ; and it would really appear that the wants of the allied armies will soon be supplied more cheaply at Genoa than at Marseilles . As facilitating materially tho provisioning of the surplus and wasteful population which has been so suddenly transported into Italy , this circumstance has great importance . of

      Very Pond Shooting .- —The correspondent of a contemporary writes from Brescia : — " Whilst I was talking to one of Garibaldi ' s Guides an English gentleman was introduced to me by a common friend . At first I thought ho was one of those who had been attracted to tho scene of war by mere curiosity . As his dress had something military in it , I was rather puzzled to know who the gentleman in question was . My friend told me that Captain Pcard was one of tho most gallant soldiers of Garibaldi ' s brigade , that ho had shot as many Auatrians as came in his way , and that he had acted a very important part in tho bloody dramas of Vurcse , San Ferine * , Laveno , and Virle . Ciipt . Peardis a simple and unpretending man , who , like all true Englishmen , hates despotism and

      servitude , Brave as a lion , kind and warm-hearted , he saw a noble cause to servo , and lie left his native land—the land of liberty—to eome hero and fight for it . " It is this gentleman , probably , of whom a correspondent of tho Siecle says ;— " One of the best shots in daribaldi ' s service is an Englishman of fifty years old , who carries a capitul Lancaster rifle , and , aided by u pair of spectacles of which ho stands in need , brings down every Tyrolean chasseur that ho takes aim at . Somebody lately nskod him whothor he had beon attructcd to join the volunteer carps by a strong feeling for tho . Italian cause or by a lovo of sport . Ho answered very coolly , 'Ihavo a great respect for Italian independence , but I am also very fond of shooting . '"

  • Citation
    • Leader (1850-1860), July 2, 1859, page 16, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_02071859/page/16/