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Leader (1850-1860), 3rd May 1856, Edition 2 of 2, Page 5

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      Imperial Parliament. "" —? Monday, April...

      tempered justice with mercy : he had spoken against the Government , and intended to vote for them . The course pursued by the Opposition was not factious , it being the duty of the Opposition to criticise the acts of Government irrespective of the result of a division . " If , " said Mr . Disraeli , " we had desired to upset the Government , we could have found an artist from one of the back benches to * do so . Rather more than a year ago a fine artist upset the Government of Lord Aberdeen , which was , we were told , the srtongest Government we ever had . " Three Scotch members ( Messrs . Dunlop , Craufurd , and Cowan ) had made these charges of faction ; but such " small deer" did not represent the feeling of the country . Russia had all at stake at

      Sebastopol , yet she qpuld defend the Crimea , and at the same time invade Asia Minor ; while the English Government , with all the . resources of this country at their command , could not send 18 , 000 or 20 , 000 men to aid General Williams . But if they did not send men , did they send money ? Not a single piastre . Was all the money wanted at Sebastopol ? A Turkish loan had been raised ; what was done with that money ? Not a piastre went to Kara . If it was not furnished to Turkey in time , why was not the loan proposed before ? But what need of a loan ? The Cabinet might have subscribed the money . The present Administration had pledged themselves to conduct the war with vigour ; had they done so ? Where was their foresight or their energy proved ? General Williams told the Government on the 5 th of March what

      was wanting to save Kars . How did they treat the request ? It was tossed from office to office . Was that energy ? In July , the War Minister assured the House of Lords that Turkey was able to protect herself . Was that foresight ? Lord John Russell , conceived that the Government had acted with perfect wisdom in declining to order the Turkish troops to leave Balaklava and Eupatoria without the consent of the Allied Generals . He congratulated the Government on the conclusion of a just war by an honourable peace ; and severely criticised the factious conduct of the Opposition , which , after opposing ( and almost successfully ) the Turkish loan asked for last year , now turned round , and said , " How wanting you

      were in foresight and energy ! What the Turkish Government wanted was men and money ; and you didn ' t accord them either the men or the money . " In conclusion , Lord John remarked : — " I think that the position in which we now find ourselves is in a great measure due to the principles of our constitution . It was said by a noble Lord in another place , that in the war now happily at an end the principle of representative government was on its trial . I can hardly agree to that statement , because I think that the principle of representative government had already been subjected to shocks as severe , and had always been triumphant . ( Hear , hear ) . This war , however , is another triumph to that principle .

      { Hear , hear . ) We end the war with our finances unimpaired ( Jiear , hear ); with our trade uninjured ( hear , hear ) ; with a spirit as high as it was at the commencement of the war ; and this , sir , proves to me that a representative form of government is as great a tower of strength in war as it is a cause of prosperity in peace . ( Loud cheers ') . The free expression of public opinion may cause at times some injustice , and I myself have somewhat suffered from it ; but it is inherent in free institutions , and those institutions have , I believe , deserved increased admiration and gained fresh lustre from the contest in which we have been engaged . " ( Loud cheers ) .

      Lord Palmerston admitted the ability of Mr . Whiteside ' s speech , adding , " It was a speech , however , which those who saw it—I say ' saw , ' not heard , it ( a lauyh ) — must admit to be a speech exhibiting as much of bodily activity ( laughter ) as it did of mental power . But that speech , however creditable to his powers , bodily and mental , did not do credit to the judgment by which it was conceived . " The servicos of Lord Strutford de Redcliffo had been great , and the attack made upon him was fierce and unju . st . The object of the war was not

      to defend Asia , but to strike a blow at the heart of Russian power at . Sebastopol . The fall of Kars was attributable to the misconduct of the Puchu of Erzeroum , and everything that could bo done by tho Government of this couivtry hud been done . The cenauro attempted to be put on the Ministry wns for doing their best to capture Sebnstopol , and for ( succeeding . Mr . Whitiwidic having replied , tho House divided at a qum-ter to one o'clock . For Mr . Kcr Soymor ' s amendment 52 Against it '' ^ l Majority against « J 09 For the motion 17 ( 5 Against it M 3 Ministerial majority 127 SCIISNTIiriO AND IJ » T 1 CHAICY HOOIKTIKS . Mr . IIutt obtained lonvo to bring in n bill to amend ( 5 th and 7 th Victoria , c . iW > , to exempt from county , borough , parochial , and other rati ' H , land and buildings occupied by sciuiitiiiu ' or other literary Hocie . tics . Tho House adjourned at uvc-nnd-twenty minutes to two o ' clock .

      May 3, 1856.] The Leader, 433

      May 3 , 1856 . ] THE LEADER , 433

      The Treaty Of Peace. —?—The Ratification...

      THE TREATY OF PEACE . —?—The ratifications of the Treaty of Peace were exchanged at Paris on Sunday- At three o'clock on that day , a sitting of the Congress took place at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , under the presidency of Count Walewski . Austria was represented by Baron Hiibner ; France , by Count Walewski and Baron de Bourqueney ; Great Britain , by Lord Cowley ; Prussia , by Uaronde Hatzfeld ; Russia , by Count Orloffand Baron Brunnow ;

      Sardinia , by Count villamarma ; and Turkey , by Aali Pacha and MehemedTDjernil Bey . The Plenipotentiaries drew up a proccs verbal of the exchange of the ratifications , and all the members present affixed their signatures to the document . The text of the Treaty , with its various annexes , has now been published officially ; but the Treaty does not differ from what was published last week by the Daily News , and reproduced at full in these columns . The missing articles , however , remain to be added . They are as follow , including the Fourth , which was left incomplete : —

      4 . —Their Majesties the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , the Emperor of the French , the King of Sardinia , and the Sultan , engage to restore to his Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias , the towns and ports of Sebastopol , Balaklava , Kamiesch , Eupatoria , Kertch , Yenikale , Kinburn , as well as all other territories occupied by the Allied troops 5 . —Their Majesties the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , the Emperor of the French , the Emperor of all the Russias , the King of Sardinia , and the Sultan , grant a full and entire amnesty to those of their subjects who may have been compromised by any participation whatsoever in the events of the war , in favour of the cause of the enemy . It is expressly understood that such amnesty shall extend to the subjects of each of the belligerent parties who may have continued , during the war , to be employed in the service of one of the other belligerents .

      6 . —Prisoners of war shall be immediately given up on either side . 7 . —Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Rritain and Ireland , his Majesty the Emperor of Austria , his Majesty the Emperor of the French , his Majesty the King of Prussia , his Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias , and his Majesty the King of Sardinia , declare the Sublime Porte admitted to participate in the advantages of the public law and system ( concert ) of Europe . Their Majesties engage , each on his part , to respect the independence and the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire ; guarantee in common the strict observance of that engagement ; and will , in consequence , consider any act tending to its violation as a question of general interest . 8 . —If there should arise between the Sublime Porte and one or more of the signing Powers any misunderstanding which might endanger the maintenance of their relations , the Sublime Porte , and each of such Powers , before having recourse to tho use of force , shall afford the other contracting parties the opportunity of preventing such an extremity by means of their mediation . ADDITIONAL . AND TRANSITORY ARTICLE . The stipulation of the convention respecting the Straits , signed this day ( March 30 th ) shall not be applicable to the vessels of war employed by the belligerent Powers for the evacuation , by sea , of the territories occupied by their armies ; but the said stipulations ahull resume their entire effect as soon as the evacuation shall be terminated . THE CONVENTIONS . The Conventions comprize : — I . —A Convention between the Queen of England , the Emperors of Austria , France , ; uul Russia , and the King of Prussia , " signing parties to the Convention of the 13 th of July , 1841 , " together witli the King of Sardinia , who , " wishing to record in common their unanimous determination to conform to the ancient rule of the Ottoman Empire , according to which the Straits of the Dardanelles and of the Uosphorus are closed to foreign 11

      ships of war , so long as the Porte is nt peace , have " resolved to renew the Convention of tho 13 th of July , 1841 , with the exception of some modifications of detail which do not affect the principle upon which it rusts . " The first article of this new Convention declares tho renewal , with the consent of the contracting powers , of the conditions above indicated . Articles 2 and 3 make exceptions in favour of light vessels under flag of war , which shall be employed , as i . s usual , in tho service of tho missions of foreign powers ; " " light , vessel *) under flag of war , which each of the eoiitrncting Power * is uuthoriv . cd to . station at the mouths of the Danube" ( tho number not to exceed two for ouch power ) , for the purpose of

      executing " the regulations relative to the liberty of that river . " II . —Convention between the Emperor of Russia and the Sultan , limiting their naval force in the Black Sea . Russia and Turkey " wishing to regulate by common agreement the number and the force of" the light vessels which they have reserved to themselves to maintain in the Black Sea for the service of their coasts , have resolved to sign a special convention . " The Second Article of this document declares that " the high contracting parties reserve to themselves each to maintain in that sea six steam-vessels of fifty metres in length at the line of floatation , of a tonnage of eight hundred tons at the maximum , and four light steam or sailing vessels of a tonnage which shall not exceed two hundred tons each . "

      III . —Convention between England , France , and Russia , respecting the Aland Islands , which states that" His Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias , in order to respond to the desire which has been expressed to him by their Majesties the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , and the Emperor of the French , declares that the Aland Islands shall not be fortified , and that no military or naval establishment shall be maintained or created there . "

      MARITIME LAW . " Declaration respecting maritime law , signed by the plenipotentiaries of Great Britain , Austria , France , Prussia , Russia , Sardinia , and Turkey , assembled in Congress at Paris , April 16 , 1856 . "The plenipotentiaries who signed the Treaty of Paris of the 30 th of March , 1856 , assembled in conference , considering : " That maritime law , in time of war , has long been the subject of deplorable disputes ; " That the uncertainty of the law and of the duties in such a matter , gives rise to differences of opinion between neutrals and belligerents which may occasion serious difficulties , and even conflicts ; " That it is consequently advantageous to establish a uniform doctrine on so important a point ;

      " That the plenipotentiaries assembled in Congress at Paris cannot better respond to the intentions by which their governments are animated , than by seeking to introduce into international relations fixed principles in this respect ; "The above-mentioned plenipotentiaries , being duly authorized , resolved to concert among themselves as to the means of attaining thia object ; and , having come to an agreement , have adopted the following solemn declation : " 1 . Privateering is , and remains , abolished ; " 2 . The neutral flag covers enemy's goods , with the exception of contraband of war ; " 3 . Neutral goods , with the exception of contraband of war , are not liable to capture under enemy ' s flag ; " 4 . Blockades , in order to be binding , must be effective ; that is to saj-, maintained by a force sufficient really to prevent access to the coast of the enemy .

      "The governments of the undersigned plenipotentiaries engage to bring the present declaration to the knowledge of the States which have not taken part in the Congress of Paris , and to invite them to accede to it . " Convinced that the maxims which they now proclaim cannot but be received with gratitude by the whole world , the undersigned plenipotentiaries doubt not that the efforts of their governments to obtain the general adoption thereof will be crowned with full success . "Tho present declaration is not , and shall not bo binding , except between those Powers who have acceded , or shall accede , to it . " Done at Paris , the 16 th of April , 185 G . " [ Here follow the- signatures . ] THE PROTOCOLS .

      Protocol No . 1 has reference to preliminaries . Count Buol having proposed that Count Walewski should have the Presidency of the Conferences , as being not only in accordance with precedent , but " nn act of homage to the sovereign whoso hospitality the representatives of Europe were at that moment enjoying , " the suggestion was unanimously agreed to . Jt was afterwards settled that tho Protocol signed at Vienna on the 1 st of February of this year , in which tho contracting Powers recorded their adhesion to the bases of negotiation , should have the value of formal preliminaries of peace . An armistice to tho 31 st of March was also agreed to . At the sitting of February ' 28 th ( reported in Protocol No . ' 2 ) —

      " Upon tho fii-Ht paragraph of tho first point , Baron Uruiinow ramnrkn that tliu word protectorate' improperly described tho position which had been acquired by Russia in the I ' rincipnlitioii ; tho Rushuiii PloninotenlinikH had pointed this out at tho Vienna Conlerliiicut ) , mid hud ol ) tain « d tho nubhtitution of another term , in order to wntore to the action of ItiiNMia iln true character . Huron Brunnow demands that tho interpre-

  • Citation
    • Leader (1850-1860), May 3, 1856, page 5, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_03051856/page/5/