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    1160 THE LEADER. [Sattjrday,

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    UK I T I S II S IJ U .i E <! T S A MR ()...

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    THEATRE OF WAR IN" ASIA. (From the Daily...

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    The Polish .Revolution Of Ih.'Jo. This #...

    nesses of a long exile , all the curses of prevailing mate-r rialism and indifference , have assailed us by turn . But we , thank God , did not Hindi . "We have spurned the devil and his temptations . We have seen our beacons one by one disappearing , and darkness prevailing all around us . But ' our guiding star Avas on high ,- far above all temporary events ;• and we never missed it .- There Avas no darkness in our soul . Despair is the darkness of the soul } and we could not despair . We had long ago clung to things immortal : God , duty , liberty , self-sacrifice , ever-Iiving-and-progressing collective humanity . In that common faith we had grasped each other ' s hands , and no darkness could make us loosen the grasp , and nothing will . Depend upon me , God has blessed , not our efforts , but our

    constancy , our long-kept brotherly alliance . In Savoy , in Lombardy , in Home , whenever there has been a summoning for vis to act against lies and oppression , we have been ready to perish together . Therefore- we shall , one of these days ' , conquer together ; and , meanwhile , let our souls , in this commeinoratory evening , renew oncexnore our alliance . Through all my feelings I do commune with you all , my proscribed brothers , and , spite of bodily absence , in faith , hope , and a firm determination of carrying on to the last the sacred struggle for truth and liberty—for the emancipation of our own countries , and for the still higher aimunity of mankind . " jl send a short address to your Polish Central Democratic Committee . Perhaps you will be so good as to read

    it to your countrymen present . And as to the English sympathisers who will be in the room , all that I could have said to them about the actual moment , and about the precious opportunity for reviving an active , regular , Polish agitation throughout England , will be more eloquently said by the friends and colleagues whose names are on your list . But , could I venture to suggest to you and to your countrymen the course I should wish to sec adopted , I would say—Stand up resolutely on the high ground which befits our cause , and the frank straightforward men whom you want to become its supporters . Do not narrow the question to the proportions of an interest . Speak to them of duty . You are sure of having your appeal responded to . There is still lurking within the soul of every

    honest British citizen a spark of the old sacred fire Avhich burned in the hearts of Milton and Cromwell . Stir it up boldly , and never fear . The people for whom Nelson had no other speech than" the concise one— 'England expects to-day every one of her sons to do his duly , ' has not been , cannot , , corrupted- by the crooked , weak , immoral policy of diplomacy , .-Speak to them of duty . Tell them that their actual duty is Avar—war for the purpose of aceerlnining whether Europe is to be given up defenceless to the successive encroachments of despotism , or to be the free , orderly , peacefully-progressing God's Europe—war , for the purpose of solving once for all the problem of ages , whether man is to be a passiA'e slave trampled upon by brutal organized force , or a free a-rent ,

    responsible for Ins own actions before his Maker and his fellow-brothers—Avar , because it is a sin and a shame that interference should be always allowed to despots for evil doing , never applied by the good and free to the improvement or the protection of the nations—war , because it is unworthy of England to stand impassive by a murderous conllict , and to repeat the words of the accursed : 'Ami my brother ' s keeper ? ' War , because nations die from dishonour as much as from tyranny—war , because it is never too late for expiating , and ; m expiation is wanted to the sinful , unprincipled , un-English policy Avhich inimoveably saw—nay , lent , directly or indirectly an arm to - the frill of Poland / the fall of Hungary , the fall of Venice , the full of Rome -Avar , for the ; noble aim of seeing truth t

    and righ , restored , tyranny stopped in its reckless career , nations lmppy and free , ( iod ' s earth smiling anesv , religious and political liberty enthroned , mid ICnglnnil proud and powerful , with the sympathies and blessings of benefited peoples . Tell them ' these things . Tell them I hut had Poland been , had . Hungary been , bad Ilalyheen , war would not ; now be a . nail , unavoidable necessity , a heavy duty lo be fullilleil . Tell them thai there is a . unity of life in mankind which does not allow wrong to bo done op tolerated without I lie consequences falling , . soon or Inle , on tho ¦ whole ; thai as Cholera , conies ( o bid us lo lake care Mint . there should not be abject , lilthy , degrading poverty throughout the land , no \ Vnr coiner ns n i . ear-hing 11 nil , there can be no permanent peace , no mutual dust , no filabilil y of hiiinan affairs , unless justice , right , anil liborl v

    are first made the ground for a . I nie balance of power ii ' i Europe . . And fell ibeni , lasllv , lo beware . YV ;> r is , in ; t ]| ¦ probability , unavoidable . del , il , be for ( Joil ' .-i and humanity ' s . sake , ( he wiiv ( lie one good , true , decisive 1 ml . He for a high principle the last bailie for many general ioiiM t , o come . . Let , it be the war of lOnglund , not of Lord Clarendon and Lord Aberdeen . Let them watch closely the . conduct of t . heir ( loverument ; and let , them not allow English brave blood lo be t ;|> ilt for ( he mere object of achieving a , poor , immoral , Irannilop y diplomat ie conl rivance , leaving I be evil lo grow again out of its root u | rw yearn after , and causes of war lo perpelunle Iliciiiiii'lvcs . They would sin to us , ( o I lieui : clve : i , and to ( he future destinies of England . Eve ; ' yours , " . loMKI'll MazZIM . "

    Tim < l ; iily jouriiiUH make a , great ; point ; of t- ; t : i . tin ; , f , that , tho meeting av ; wi conducted with the iiI . miohI . propriety as if llriti . 'ili anil foreign gentlemen ; ui < l Indies

    1160 The Leader. [Sattjrday,

    1160 THE LEADER . [ Sattjrday ,

    Uk I T I S Ii S Ij U .I E <! T S A Mr ()...

    UK I T I S II S IJ U . i E . TIIK I'ltOVKNTANT A 1 . 1 , 1 A N (!| . J . EVNKV now : mkI then wo are called upon to lift , up om voices , and denounce the progress <> f Popery ; i , l > mail but when that , progress wan firmly nrrented in I Ml !) by the Roman ropu lieaiin , the evangelical world did not lifli up il / ti voice agaiiinC uotling uj ) of the J ' opo again . On

    Tuesday , the Protestant Alliance met to memorialize the Government " on the aspect of Popery abroad ;" Lord Shaftesbury taking the chair , and describing , in a spirited speech , the encroachments and persecutions of the papal system in Holland , Portugal , Spain , Malta , South Germany , and Tuscany : — . In Portugal ^ he said , a neAV code Avas promulgated , on the 10 th December , 1852 , in which Avere these Arords : ¦—' Any one failing in respect to the religion of the country —the " Roman . Catholic Apostolic—shall be condemned to imprisonment from one to three years , and to a fine proportioned to his income . ' Well , so far so good , but observe the definition of the mode in which you may fail in respect to the religion of that country : — - " ' 1 st . Injuring said religion publicly in any dogma , act , or object of its worship , by deed , or -word , or publication , in am form .

    "' 2 nd . Attempting by the same means to propagate doctrines contrary to the Catholic dogmas defined by the Church . "' 3 rd . Attempting by any means to make proselytes , or conversions , to a different religion or sect condemned by the Church . "' 4 th . Celebrating public acts of a worship not that of the Catholic religion . ' " Therefore , at once , you are to be told by this , kingdom of

    Portugal—tins kingdom that , but for the intervention of this country , under God ' s providence , would long since have been Aviped , in more than one instance , out of the map of the world—you , the people of England , are to be told , that of you go to reside in Lisbon , or in any part of the dominions of Portugal , and if you celebrate public acts of your AA'orship in the most simple , the most decent , and the most orderly and e \ en pr ivate manner , you Avill be imprisoned from one to three years , with a fine proportioned to vour incomes .

    " Let us pass next to the island of Malta . Here is a possession of our own , which , under our Government , has attained the greatest comfort and independence . A new code has been issued by that self-government which AA e have- alloAved to the island of Malta , and which , as conquerors , avo might haA'c taken from the island . It has issued a decree , in which it declares that any contemptand , mark you , the definition of contempt is left in the breasts of those persons Avho administer the law—there is nothing clear , nothing prescribed , nothing certain ; but any contempt manifested towards any of the doctrines , rites , or ceremonies of tho Eoman-catholic religion , is to bo punished by periods of imprisonment from three to six , and I think even twelve months . " In March last , the Grand Duke of Tuscany omitted a new decree . This decree contains 300 articles . So diffuse

    is if ., that it is difficult to read it—so complicated , that it is impossible to remember ; but its leading principle is , that words , acts—nay , even thought , is interdicted to those living under the Government of the Grand Duke of Tuscany . Speaking to a Avife , or a son , or a daughter ; or writing to a , relative or friend at home on religious doctrines— -not on controversial—not on polemical subjectsbut on purely religious doctrines— -is , according to the will of the Jesuit confessor Avho advises the Grand Duke , converted into an offence against the Roman-catholic Church , subjecting the person so offending to five or ten years ' hard labour , and in some instances to death—for the penal code has been revived—to death by tho hatchet on the scaffold . ( If ear , hear . ) Is this to be permitted ? lathe

    Grand Duke of Tuscany to exorcise such a power over the British subject ? We do not question the right of an independent country to make lows for its oavii subjects , but we claim the right to prescribe the conditions on which we Avill hold intercourse' with such a country—we claim the right , to prescribe the conditions on which her Majesly'n representative shall lend the sanction of his high authority at the Court of such a Sovereign as the Grand Duke ofTu . Hcany . ( Applause . ) We maintain , that where therepresontalive of the Queen is found , there the British HuhjcH is entitled to protection . ( Applnu . se . ) I say , that il the Grand Duke prescribes tho conditions under ' which foreigners may reside in his dominions , we Avill reply , ' you nre juslilird in doing so , but we Avill also prescribe our condition :: -the conditions on which we will hold intercourse Avilhyon—the conditions on which her Majesty's representative Rhall remain at your Court , and lend von the

    . sanction of his great , name and character . ' ( Applause ) 1 Avill ill . once admit that our course would be far easier if our _ residents in Florence Avern to mark their sense of deep feeling tlmt the sovereign of those realms should be guilty of such ollenccs towards unoffending Protestants ; but , when avo find them paying him reverence with adulation — I speak not , of the due submission lo the sovereign- but of fulsome adulation ( hear , hear ) -and hastening in distfusl . uig rivalry lo Inns the hand Unit is hardly cool after signing hucIi a . decree um ( his ( hear , hear ) - when we lind tlieni pausing with eagerness to gain his countenance , and <<> bask in his lUvour ; when we lind all this , can we won-< ler that the Grand Duke , whose facullieH nre not of a , very . superior order ( hear , hear , mid laughter ) ---should be so far misled jw to belie ve more in tho flattery of those who llmmg to his presence than in the speeches inn . de in an Ms-iomhK'tuieh us this , ami that lie , therefore , foes on from < lay lo day under a religious and a . secular delusion p" .

    At tho cIoho Lord tthaftoffbtiry irniw revolutioniiry : " The business of || , e dny ( should not close without an expression ol hop ,. || U 1 | , om . . | joi , h hereafter nhull not > e limited to Ihe lies of fellow-citizenship , and to one nation ami one , Inngm . g ,. .., „„ . joy Hbould bo to support the spirit ol I rid . esliuitisia all over ' the world ; and I believe if we persevere in ( IiJm eM ' ort , we shall nol , want noble and vigorous nllies on tho other side of the wilier : we shall meet with Mm assistance un , | || l ( , Hynipnfhy of the American nation ; mid if they be with iih , God bo praised , I can Him ]) my lingers ,, i nil the I'owers of Kurope . Why Hbould wo be less bold Mum Kli ZM befh whhP Have wo leis means , lens necestuticH , J ,.,,., hopesP 'Why should we be

    behind Cromwell ? Why ehould we be inferior to « , „ statesmen of 1704 , who demanded and obtained protection for the people who dAvelt in the valleys ? Wh y should we be less energetic than our noble Prime Minister win " in his . despatch . to Lord Stratford , used these m ' emorabS words— ' To maintain the rights of a . felloAv religionist ii a paramount duty from which I will never recede' Tho responsibility which rests upon us is clear , serious " and in evitable ; and , under the blessing of God , we shall not be " found wanting'to such complete means , and to So Morion * a consummation . " ( Loud applause . ) 6 The other speakers were Sir Culling Eardley the Reverend Canon Miller , and other gentlemen well known in their own circles . A memorial to Lord Clarendon , containing the following passage was agreed to :- — ' .

    The committee " conceive that no political complication or difficulty could result from its being made distinctly knoAvn that Great Britain will not maintain diplomatic relations with any State which shall persist in denying to British subjects within its territory the free exercise of their religion , with liberty to possess places of worship for theiroAvn use , as well as places of interment , and to have the rites of baptism , marriage , and burial performed among themselves without hindrance- . or compulsory secrcsy . To demand less than this measure of liberty and justice , as the condition of continued diplomatic relations , Avould seeni not consistent with the high position and moral claims of England . In the case of any alleged offence on the part of British subjects against the Church established in those countries , by the peaceable avowal of their OAvn religious convictions , the penalties affixed by the codes

    above-mentioned , are , it is conceived , wholly unjustifiable , and inconsistent Avitli the admitted principles of international law . " The committee conceive that , if the refusal of any power to comply Avith these righteous demands should lead to the cessation of such diplomatic intercourse , no danger would necessarily result to the trade and commerce of this country , as no ground for war Avould arise out of it , and as- ' the . . Government of the United States finds it quite practicable to protect the American trade -with Europe "b y means of Consuls where they have no resident Ministry . " At the close Lord Shaftesbury took an especial occasion to point out that their warfare was not against the Roman Catholics , but against the Church and the Court of Home . After that he is bound to support Roman nationality .

    Theatre Of War In" Asia. (From The Daily...

    THEATRE OF WAR IN" ASIA . ( From the Daily News . ) The mission of tho two Turkish armies in Asia is to break the circle of iron in which General Woronzoff has for years been endeavouring to confine the Caucasian insurrection . Abdi Pacha , leaving Erzeroum , is to penetrate into the valley of the Rioni , and to march straight before him on to Coutais , and from thence on Tiflis . Selini Pacha is sharged to operate on the coast of the Black Sea , and to restore to fcichamyl his liberty of action and of obtaining stores . In Asia , the frontier territories of Russia and Turkey divide themselves , in a military point of view , into two distinct theatres of operation . It is the high ridge , or rather concatenation of ridges , connecting the Caucasus Avith the table-land of Central Armenia , and dividing the waters that run toward the Black Sea from those which the Araxen leads to the Caspian Sea ,, or the Euphrates to the Persian Gulf ; it is this ridge which formerly parted Armenia from Pontus , that now forms the partition ot the tAvo distinct districts where the war is to be waged . This range of abrupt and generally barren rocks is traversed by vory few roads—the two jmncip al of Avhich are those from Trebisond and Batun to Erzeroum .

    Thus for all military purposes , the hills in question may be considered an nearly impassable , forcing both parties to have distinct corps on either side , operating more or less independently of each other . The country on the shoro of the Black Sea is intersected by ; t , number of rivers and mountain torrcnlH , Avhioh form as many military positions for defence . Both the llunbiians and the Turks have fortified po . ntH on important points . In this generally broken country , ( the valley of the river Rioni if ) the only one Avhich forms anything like a plain ) , a defensive war might bo

    carried on with great Hiiooe .-is against a Hupenor army ( as very few positions are liable to be turned on tlio land side , on account of tho mountains ) , wore it nof , for tho co-operation of the respective / leeLs . I > y a dvancing , and , in case of need , landing troops , upo " the flank , of the enemy , while the army engages him '" front , a lleet might turn all these strong positions , oiw by one , and noutmli . se , if not , destroy , { ortilicalionii which , on nnither Hide of the frontier , are very n > - Hpeetablo . TIiuh the pomuiKsion of the Bliujk ( Sea coast belongs to him who in nia . sfctsr of the Sea ,. _ r »* . *^'"* L— IF 1 J \* A 11 AI * ¥ »»**^ Iff ¦¦ Mil * / IIVM »** , *« -- ~ - ,-.---- - . Hide

    The country in the interior , on the inland *" the mountains , <; oniprinen tho territory in which the JKuphrntea , the Ara , xen , and the K . ur ( Vynm ) , >•« . ! " > ll"" 11 ' rise ; the Turkish province of Armenia , in on Mm <>""> the ItuHHian province of ( Jeorgin on tho oilier nido <>' the frontier . Thin country , too , is extremely nioun-( . ainouH , and generally iinpa , ii : ( n , l > lo to a , riuicn . JOr / oroimi on the part of the TiirlcH , Tifli .-i on <<•»« i > J « -t < ' '"' K . utiHi .-uiH , may lie H .-iid to be tlio two inimo ( lia , to bane of operaXionn , " with the Iohh of which the poMHeMiuou <> tho whole nciglibouring < : oiintry would he nieviUi » v lost . 'Hum tho Htorniiufr , > f Emnoum by Um Kuhiuiuh decided the AHia , ti < : canijiaign of IH' 2 i ) . But what , in tho inu . iedijite lmnis of operation lor « party , will bo tho direct object of operations to ' <

• Citation
  • Leader (1850-1860), Dec. 3, 1853, page 8, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_03121853/page/8/