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    Nov. 17, 1860] The Saturday Analyst and ...

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    GARIBALDI'S WORK, SO ME of our contempor...

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    MR. BRIGHT ON SOCIAL SCIENCE. MR . ¦ ¦B ...

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    Nov. 17, 1860] The Saturday Analyst And ...

    Nov . 17 , 1860 ] The Saturday Analyst and Leader . 939

    Garibaldi's Work, So Me Of Our Contempor...

    GARIBALDI'S WORK , SO ME of our contemporaries are enjoying the pleasure of depicting Garibaldi at rest , after the close of another act of his noble drama of a patriotic life ; but whether the popular chieftain is at his little island farm , or at the head of the army of Naples , his brain is equally busy , and his mind equally intent upon the completion of his great design . He tells his countrymen that in March he shall require a million of men , and if the telegram speaks truth , he has followed his promise of assisting the Hungarians by giving cannon and arms to Colonel Turk . In point of fact , no one knows better than Garibaldi how much more has to be accomplished

    before Italy can be consolidated , and the reign of peace and internal development really begin . There can be no diminution of expenditure and no cessation of military preparations until the Austrian question is decided , and either the improbable event occurs that the Hapsburgs are once more triumphant , or -what is more likely , until their power of doing mischief is completely destroyed . The approach of winter will serve to allay fears or expectations of a great struggle occurring during the present year ; and as every day that passes brings Austria nearer to a national bankruptcy , the postponement of the conflict may possibly be equivalent to

    its avoidance altogether . Theie is of course the supposition that Francis Joseph may repudiate his pecuniary arrangements at the very moment , and for the purpose of plunging into war ; and it is worth remembering that a great part of his loans is held by Dutchmen , whom he would not object to cheat . Moreover , most of the materials of war exist within the Hapsburg dominions , which can furnish food , clothing , iron , sulphur , and charcoal , in return for the paper pi'oniises whose currency is enforced . Whatever may be the

    intentions of the Austrian Court , the preparations for war continue with unabated vigour ; every day witnesses some addition to the Quadrangle , and both shores of the Adriatic are ready for attack . It would also seem as if Fiuvsreis XL lingers at Gaeta in some expectation of assistance which the House of Hapsburg dare not afford directly , but which might come from a collision between Austrian and Sardinian troops . Our opinion is against this supposition , but it is difficult to assign any other meaning to the obstinate stand which the ex-King is making , and which is calculated to induce a useless , highly

    criminal waste of hie . Garibaldi has managed his Neapolitan business with admirable skill , and he will act wisely if he stands aloof from all the political questions of internal administration , and bide his time for another patriotic and military move . As a European incident , few things are more important than the union of Naples with Sardinia , and the acceptance of Victor Emmanuel by universal suffrage ; and GaKibaldi has immensely advanced the cause of national democracy by the dignity and simplicity with which he gave freedom to nine " millions of people , and handed a crown to their his

    elected king . Victor Emmanuel , too , has played part well , and those who think humanity is higher than kingcraft , will delight in contemplating the essentially popular character of the movement , and also to find in Garibaldi the model Republican hero who despises ease , luxury , and wealth , and seeks to be rich only hi doing his country good . If the Italian leader hnd allured himself into the courtier , or the newfangled man of title , the moral value of his career would have been lost , but as it is , we reverence the old Roman simplicity attending the popular hero and wonderful chief . The way in which Garibaldi has been singled out for admiration and

    praise is both satisfactory and hopeful , for the man , is the especial representative and embodiment of the virtues which are most necessary in a period of revolution and transition , and opposed to the peculiur deflections from a sound standard that characterize our present industrial state . We look at France , and with every disposition to make the best of the Empire , und acknowledge the services its foreign policy has rendered to Europe , we cannot help feeling that the success of the audacious crime

    Empire is a sort of apotheosis of fortunate and . Franco in her difficulties could , only raise a Napomson , Italy has given the world u Garibaldi , who , without pretending to the skill of the French Emperor in , dexterously balancing himself upon the tight-rojje of despotism , has recalled men to « better faith than the mere worship of success , and taught them the old lesson , that there is a mighty power in a pure unselfish heart . Wo do not know any man of our times who has done bo much to raise the moral character of public lenders , and

    wish that we bad a few Gaiudaldis tit homo . How far Cavour is really hostile to the plans of Gaj & ibaldi the future must show , but we believe the discrepancy is far more in appearance than in fact . 3 here is ,

    however , one thing that will test the quality of Victor Emmanuel and his * ministers , and that is how they act in the question which Garibaldi has just raised—that of arming the people . Notwithstanding the large population who now own the Sardinian Sovereign as their king , Italy cannot expect to cope with Austria by means of her regular army alone . Garibaldi is not far wrong when he asks for a million of men , and not half their number could be maintained out of the State revenues , or entirely withdrawn from industrial life , without occasioning too great a pressure to be borne . Nothing but a , well organized Volunteer system , which will make the citizens soldiers , can fully answer the demand . No doubt while the union is still unconsolidated

    this course -will have its dangers , but they cannot be compared to the far greater perils of leaving the country too weak to withstand the shock of Austrian arms . Europe has the greatest interest in seeing Italy strong , and the day that she has the million armed men recommended by Garibaxdi , she will cease to be in danger from the meddling of France . Venetia must be rescued ; and , ultimately , Rome must become the governmental city of a united Italy . Nothing short of this consummation will give a fair chance of keeping down jealousies and gratifying aspirations ; and if Lord John Russell can do that verv difficult thing for a Whig—stick

    closely to the spirit of the admirable statement he has just expressed—En gland will assist in the completion of the design . We rejoice in the universal praise which all the world accords to Garibaldi , because the general prevalence of such sentiments of admiration cannot fail to benefit the Italian cause , and because no honour which opinion can bestow can equal the merit of the man ; but while we join in the general chorus of " Glory to Garibaldi , " we are not unmindful that others have done their part also , and that , not to mention other mimes , Italy would never have reached her present position but for the labours of men so opposite as Mazzini and Cavoi ' . r .

    Mr. Bright On Social Science. Mr . ¦ ¦B ...

    MR . BRIGHT ON SOCIAL SCIENCE . MR . ¦ ¦ B RIGHT having received a letter from a Blackburn manufacturer , complaining of the ignorance of the working classes in . regard to their own interests , as manifested ia " strikes , " has replied in a letter , in which he discusses certain principles of political economy , and the question of what share the citizen should have in the making of those laws by which he is governed and taxed—raising

    points that go to the very core of social science . On the subject of " strikes , " ho tells his correspondent that it is not to be expected that the workmen should be wiser than other classes ; and we know well , he says , that other classes have , whenever able to do it , enforced combination prices , and endeavoured to make a scarcity of tho articles in which they have dealt . The fact is , Mr . Bright considers that there is

    a lamentable ignorance of the laws which ought to regulate labour and trade , and that tho study of political economy is totally neglected in the education of the people . We have quoted Mr . Bright ' s exact words as reported in the newspapers . That there is a lamentable ignorance of the laws which ought to regulate our societarian arrangements in general , labour and trade inclusive , we hold to be an obvious fact , patent to every one capable of seeing below the mere surface of things ; and that the study of political eoonomy , which is simply a written description of the workings of a has ten

    portion of our present ; sooiotarian arrangements , a - dency , by showing the badness and misery-producing character of some of those arrangements , to indirectly bring about improvement and reform , we also hold to be certain . But we do not believes that tho mcro study of a mero written description of how wealth is produced , und ia distributed in the present atato of things , is calculated by direct means to make that state better . Political economy shows us that ( whatever individual employers may hold in theory about workmen being entitled to enough wages to live upon , and to be paid what their work is really worth , notwithstanding for lesstho actual iucfc in pniotioe

    their readiness to soil it ) is that wages are regulated by what ia called the mw oi supply und demand . That is , if tho labour market is overstocked , ii' there are , for example , in confluence oi a Redundant population , fifty workpeople competing lortlmty situations , wage * will not only be forced clown to a m ™™™> or starvation price , and tho employer ' - pro it proportionubly increased , but so . no of tho workp ., opJ « will be yr . thout employment and consequently without the means of subno co altogether . If , on tho oihor hand , tho labour market ghould happen to be unde » tooked-4 f , for example , there should bo fifty SSuation 9 for only thirty workpeople , then tho opnipeti-

• Citation
  • Leader (1850-1860), Nov. 17, 1860, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_17111860/page/3/