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SATURDAY, OCTOBER 22, 1859.
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There is nothing- so revolutionary, beca...
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PEACE OF ZURICH. The Zurich Treaty has r...
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LORD BROUGHAM AND SOCIAL , SCIENCE. This...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Saturday, October 22, 1859.
SATURDAY , OCTOBER 22 , 1859 .
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There Is Nothing- So Revolutionary, Beca...
There is nothing- so revolutionary , because there is nothing so unnatural and convulsive , as the strain to keep things iixed when all the world is by the very law of ita creation in eternal progfress . —Dr . Arnold .
Peace Of Zurich. The Zurich Treaty Has R...
PEACE OF ZURICH . The Zurich Treaty has revived the sharp and well-merited criticism which greeted the Villafranca preliminaries . When the latter were arranged , it was felt that they were not worthy of the occasion ; that they sacrificed the glory of . victories , and disappointed the expectations that Italy founded upon the positive promises of France . Then came a period of hope that they were to be understood * in a diplomatic sense , and assurances were not wanting that the Emperor of the French would abstain from enforcing , or permitting to be enforced , their most objectionable conditions . ' Every day Italian affairs have progressed in a manner that does not appear , to have been anticipated by the Imperial negotiators , and v their final document is so unsuited to the present aspect of the question ,, that it comes upon us like an old almanack , or a last year ' s Bradshaio . No one seems to expect that the Emperor of the French will attempt , or permit , a forcible restoration of the banished potentates , and the clause relating to them may have been put in merely to mollify the pride of the Emperor of Austria , who would not like it to appear that he had been so vulgar as to learn anything since his memorable intei * view with his brother potentate . The ten millions which the treaty proposes to rob Sardinia , or Lombard y of , for the benefit of Austria , is the worst looking part of the affair . The sum would have been monstrous if Mantua and Peschiera had been thrown into the bargain , and as it stands is out of all proportion to any just claims that could be made . Whether this part of the contract will really be carried out remains to be seen . Sardinia and Lombardy cannot pay sO large a sum in a hurry , and a , fresh war may break out before the Court of Vienna can rejoice in the profession of so much ass in prasenti . It will be wise , however , not to place implicit confidence , in the details at present given . Paying the interest upon t > en millions of debt , for example , would be very different from coming down with the entire sum . Both Emperors have discovered by this time that there is an Italian people , and it is much to the credit of Lord John JRussell that he has been prompt and bold in recognising their claims . v Austria is doing her best to provoke a rebellion in , Venetia and other pacts of her dominions , and though by the Zurich treaty she joins in recommending reforms in the administration of the States of the Holy Father , she is well known to bo intriguing for and aiding the unconditional restoration of priestly misrule . The French Emperor cannot expeot the support of England unless ne is true to Italy ; and a wise , calculation of his chances will show him that there is far loss danger in doing right than in acting wrong . The Pope is his great difficulty , and it remains to be bq ( si \ whether he will dare to keep up the tone of snubbing the bishops , or whether they will frighten him into action against the free spirit which is rising all through Italy , and uowhore stronger than in the Papal States . Austria he i need not dread , for , according to the , Ost Deutshe i Post , an official journal , she has an army of debts i quite sufficient to ensure her ruin if she should j i
. ¦¦¦ I ¦ III — ¦ « B—— I again plunge into war . It appears that since I 1848 there has been a constant deficit in-the accounts of each year , amounting in the aggregate to nearly 460 millions of florins . Fortysix millions sterling , which this represents , is not an alarming sum to England , but to Austria , developed rather in tyranny and superstition than in industry , it is a serious matter ; and no Govermnent ever stood in a more degraded position than that of the House of Hapsburg , obliged to confess that for eleven years-i-mostly years of peace , for the Hungarian war finished in ' 49—it has been annually adding to its debt , by adhering to a system oT ignorant brutal repression of every aspiration arid quality which could give cither prosperity or dignity to a state . In 1848 , the Austrian income was 122 , 127 , 354 florins , the expenditure 167 , 238 , 000 florins , and the deficit 45 , 110 , 646 florins . In 1858 the income , through increased and burdensome taxation , had reached 282 , 540 , 723 florins , but the reckless criminality of the Government had brought the expenditure up to 315 , 037 , 101 florins , leaving a deficit of 32 , 496 , 378 florins . Such are the charms of " Paternal Government , " and stich the condition of the enemy from which Italy desires to be free . Would the young Emperor * agree to sell Verona , Mantua , and Venetia to their rightful owners for a sum they could afford to pay ? or will be wait till the misery of his misgoverned subjects bursts out once more in revolution , which might not be so lucky as the last for his evil House . If Louis Napoleon is tired of playing the warrior , let him try to negotiate a money bargain ; but he must remember that if Austria is to be compensated for further cessions to the tune of his Zurich arrangements , she ought to be satisfied with Bank of Elegance paper , which is nearly as good as her own .
Lord Brougham And Social , Science. This...
LORD BROUGHAM AND SOCIAL , SCIENCE . This necessity of attending last week to Liord Shaftesbury , whose priority of speech gave him a . prior claim , upon-. our space , obliged us to defer an examination of the peculiar utterances of Lord Brougham . It is pleasant to find a man who has reached his venerable age still actively engaged in j > romoting those questions of social reform that occupied his earlier years . It is true he addresses us somewhat like a man of the past ; and in remembering the past , to which he belongs , we think of Bentham , Clarkson , and and others who furnished him with the ideas and sentiments which it was its greatest glory to expound . We regret that he was an opponent of the life peerage which the Court tried , and abandoned for want of moral courage , in the person of Lord Wensleydale ; and we cannot forget the rashness and want of generosity with which he misrepresented the Provisional Government in France , and drew forth an able vindication from the far sounder and more reliable pen of J . S . Mill . We should also contemplate his closing career with more satisfaction if we could look upon him as the zealous parliamentary reformer he appeared to be before fortune made him a partial Tory and a peer . But with all faults and shortcomings the nation is proud of him , and his public speeches command attention from present merit as well as from memory of the past . At the Social Science Congress , on JLuesday week , he treated the assembly to a homily on electoral corruption and strikes , recommending with reference to the former ovil some of the remedies previously suggested in the Lioadeb , but carefully leaving out the ballot , as not pleasant to the dwellers in the aristocratic sphere to which he belongs . In his denunciation of bribery we fully concur ; but when he trys to make out that everygiver and receiver of a bribe has , by implication , committed perjury , wo are reminded of Dogberry ' a " flat burglary as ever was committed . " If the guilt of perjury were renNy incurred in all these cases , as it undoubtedly is in some of them , no email share of the criminality ought to rest upon the members of the legislature , who maintain a bribery oath , and then , for selfish purposes , surround the poor electors with circumstances likely to induce them to swear to an untruth . We should be very glad to see condign punishment inflicted upon bribers and their agents , but a Gamaliel in the . Social . Science ; sanhedrim ought to have learnt that penal laws i tire at the best bungling expedients , and that i arrangements of preventibn are more philosophical < » nd more serviceable tUftn any apparatus for t
inflicting the vengeance of the law-. We look in vain for any constructive plan for raising the character of electors and elections . His lordships ' notions all smell of law courts and jails , and Unless means of punishment are provided he expects a ¦" grave doubt" to arise , " whether the country would not be injured by an extension of the franchise , if it did not beget a further doubt about the benefit of the franchise already enjoyed . " Af ter this specimen of social science comes another " grave doubt , " whether workmen ought to have the suffrage who live in £ 6 houses instead of saving 20 d . a week in beer , and paying < £ 1 O rent ; and his lordship adds , " It is but too certain that of those who are loudest in their call for the right of voting , a very great number would refuse to pay this very small price to obtain it . A man earning £ 1 a week , which is above the average wages of the unenfranchised , could not consider 1 s . 8 d . a week a " very trifling " payment , and were he to reduce himself to teetotalism , for the sake of occupying a house larger than he needed , and so getting a vote , his conduct would not deserve to be commended , as Lord Brougham ' oddly imaoines . Continuing his curious lesson in political philosophy , his lordship imputed a tendency to sell their votes to all those who have got none to sell , and went on to tell us — " To imagine , as some reasoners do , that clothing these men with the franchise will raise them m their own estimation , and in that of others , and impress them with a sense of their importance in executing that public trust , is altogether too romantic a view for any practical man to take . " Lord Brougham is here employing a logical trick , well known as a " fallacy of confusion , " which may have of ten served him in his forensic days . He excites a horror against the crime of bribery , and then in the mental hubbub , which he supposes he has raised in his hearers , he dexterously turns their indignation against those who are accused of it without a shadow of proof . The ex-Chancellor , as a member of the wealthy class , exclaims , surveying those below—| ' Exclude those men from the suffrage , for fear individuals . of our order should buy them . " He does not see that this is simply a proposal to employ force without morals ; and that the excluded class might say in return— " Make a law to keep those rich men out of Parliament , for fear they should seek to corrupt us . " His lordship treats the strike question with equal shallowness . Here is a specimen : — " The raising a fund to keep one class idle , by supporting them when they refuse to work , except on the terms prescribed by the body—terms , to which their employers cannot , or will not yield , and the waylaying another class coining from the ^ country , offering to pay their journey back if they join in the refusal , approaches very near an unlawful ^ conspiracy ; or if it be not absolutely illegal , is in the highest degree oppressive to the employers , because it deprives them of the ordinary advantages of competition . In the first line there is a misstfitement of facts : the fund is not raised to keep a clnss idle ; wherever it is practicable , the men who strike work in one employ endeavour to get work in nnother ; and in the unfortunate builder ' s quarrel this has been the case to a large extent . The next nusstatement is , that having described nothing but what is legal , he says it approaches " very near an unlawful conspiracy . " He might as well say that earning victuals approaches very nearly to stealing them . There is certainly a resemblance in both instances , inasmuch as the victuals are obtained . The case put by Lord Brougham is one of combining to advise and contribute towards the performance lawful act , and oupht not to be for a moment confounded with combining to force or induce men to commit an unlawful pot . Iheee confusions of reasoning arc like Captain 1 luelUn s p roof of the identity of Maoodon and Monmoutb , because " there is a river in Mudedonand a river in Monmouth . " We should liko to know what bora Brougham moans by the " ordinary advantages of competition , " which he assumes to bo . a right of the capitalists . If . ho means merely that of buying labour at the markot price , there is no objection to it ; but if he demands something further—that tfce market price shall bo lowered by preventing the wen giving each otlior any mutual awpportrT-thon lothing oan be more wrong , In ahutrwr passage ,, til strikes , those which are , for juftt reasons , and lucoced , as well as those which , aro foolish , and
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Oct. 22, 1859, page 13, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_22101859/page/13/
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