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Leader (1850-1860), 31st August 1850, Edition Town of 1, Page 534

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      Untitled Article

      veiled to the world . On that day , General , you were sitting , in the name of mankind , in tribunal , passing judgment on despotism and the despots of the world i and , as sure as the God of Justice lives , your verdict will be accomplished . Shall I yet have my share in thi « great work , or not ? I do not know . Once almost an efficient instrument in the hands of Providence , I am now huried alive . With humble heart will I accept the call to action , should I be deemed worthy of it , or submit to the doom of inactive Bufferings , if it must be so . But , be it one or the other , I know that your sentence will be fulfilled . I know that

      aged Europe , at the sun of Freedom ' s young America , will herself grow young again . I know that my people , who proved so worthy of liberty , will yet , notwithstanding their present degradation , weigh heavy in this balance of fate ; and I know that , as long as one Hungarian lives , your name , General , will be counted among the most cherished in my native land , as the distinguished man , who , a worthy interpreter of the generous sentiments of the great American people , has , upon us poor Hungarians , the consolation bestowed of a confident hope , at a moment when Europe ' s decrepid politics seemed our unmerited fate for ever to seal .

      May you be pleased , General , to accept the most fervent thanks of an honest friend of freedom . Let me hope that , should Mr . TJjhazy ( my oldest and best friend , and present representative in the United States ) , in the interest of the holy cause to which you have so generously your protection accorded , addresses himself to you for something which you might , in your wisdom , judge convenient and practicable , you will not withhold from us your powerful support ; and please to accept the assurance of my highest esteem and most peculiar veneration . L . Kossuth , Anc . Governor of Hungary .

      To the honourable the General Cass , Washington . I hope you will excuse my bad English . I thought it my duty to address you in your own language .

      Untitled Article

      ELECTRO-MAGNETISM A MOTIVE POWER . The Americans seem resolved to outstrip the old world in all manner of scientific inventions . Hardly a mnil arives from New York without bringing intelligence of some marvellous invention or other which

      is to revolutionize the world . Unfortunately the greater number of them never get farther than the first announcement . The latest wonder imported from that quarter is an account , which we borrow from the Washington Intelligencer \ of the application of electro-magnetism as a substitute for steam . Professor Page , in a series of lectures which he has been delivering before the Smithsonian Institution states that there is no longer any doubt of the application of this power as a substitute for steam : —

      "He exhibited the most imposing experiments ever witnessed in this branch of science . An immense bar of iron , weighing one hundred and sixty pounds , was made to spring up by magnetic action , and to move rapidly up and down , dancing like a feather in the air , without any visible support . The force operating upon this bar he stated to average three hundred pounds through ten inches of its motion . He said he could raise this bar one hundred feet , as readily as through ten inches , and he expected no difficulty in doing the same with a bar weighing one ton , or a hundred tons . He could make a pile-driver or a forge-hammer with great simplicity , and could make an engine with a stroke of six , twelve , twenty , or any number of feet .

      " The most beautiful experiment we ever witnessed was the loud sound and brilliant flash from the galvanic spark , when produced near a certain point in his great magnet . Each snap was as loud as a pistol ; and when he produced the same spark at a little distance from this point , it made no noise at all . This recent discovery he stated to have a practical bearing upon the construction of an electro-magnetic engine . Truly , a great power is here ; and where is the limit to it ? " He then exhibited his engine , of between four and five horse power , operated by a battery contained within a space of three cubic feet . It looked very unlike a magnetic machine . It was a reciprocating engine of two

      feet stroke , and the whole engine and battery weighed about one ton . When the power was thrown on by the motion of a lever , the engine started off magnificently , making one hundred and fourteen strokes per minute ; though , when it drove a circular saw ten inches in diameter , sawing up boards an inch and a quarter thick into laths , the engine made but about eighty strokes per minute . There was great anxiety on the part of the spectators to obtain specimens of these laths , to preserve as trophies of this great mechanical triumph . The force operating upon his magnetic cylinder throughout the whole motion of two feet , was stated to be six hundred pounds when the engine was moving very slowly , but he had not been able to ascertain what the force was when the engine was running at a working speed , though it was considerably less . The most important and interesting point , however , is the expense of the power .

      Professor Page stated that he had reduced the cost so far that it was less than steam under many and most conditions , though not so low as the cheapest steam-engines . With all the imperfections of the engine , the consumption of three pounds of zinc per day would produce one horse power . The larger his engines ( contrary to what has been known before ) the greater the economy . Professor Page was himself surprised at the result . There were yet practical difficulties to be overcome ; the battery had yet to be improved ; and it remained yet to try the experiment on a grander scale , to make a power of one hundred horse , or more . *• Truly the age is fraught with wonders ; and we can now look forward with certainty to the time when coal will be put to better uses than to burn , scald , and destroy . ' * .

      Untitled Article

      MARRIAGES IN HIGH LIFE . Several marriages have taken place , this week , among the upper classes , none of which would probably have called forth any special description had they taken place at St . George ' s , Hanoversquare , out as one of them was celebrated in the neighbourhood of Brighton , the brilliant ceremony appears to have electrified the reporter of the Brighton Guardian , who indulges in a style of imaginative description , worthy of the best days of the Minerva Press . After a preliminary statement that the " allengrossing topic in fashionable circles , " for some time has been the rumoured alliance between Mies Aueusta Muserave , daughter of the late Reverend

      Sir Christopher Musgrave , of Eden-hall , Cumberland , and Colonel Bonham , of the 10 th Hussars ; the Brighton historian goes on to describe the marvellous excitement exhibited among the population on the morning of the marriage . At an early hour groups of persons , chiefly J emales , were seen wending their way through the fields to Hove Church , where the ceremony was to take place . Long before the appointed hour the churchyard was crammed with spectators , waiting to catch , a glimpse of the two important persons who were to be joined in wedlock . And well were they rewarded for their pains . Here we must quote the local historian , whose attention to the dress of the parties is admirably minute : —

      «? Considerable sensation was created by the entry of Col . Bonham , the bridegroom , and his brother , Mr . E . Bonham . Both are fine handsome men , wearing the moustache d la militaire . The bridegroom wore a blue dress coat relieved with bright buttons , a white waistcoat , trousers of a light grey material , and white necktie . Mr . E . Bonham wore a blue fiock coat , a white waistcoat , and brown barred trousers Alter a short delay general attention was directed lo the arrival of the carriages containing the bridesmaids . These were ten in number , attindunif rmly in white , with pink g < ac 4 polkas , white transpart nt bonnets , and white satin > . uoe 8 . E ch cai ncd a choice bouquet . The ladus acting hs bridesmaids wore—The Misses Harriet and Fanny Musgrave ( sisters

      Untitled Article

      THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH . The long-promised experimental operations for establishing a continuous and comprehensive system of telegraphic communication between Great Britain and the whole of the Contiment of Europe , by means of wires sunk between Dover and Calais , were commenced at Dover , on Tuesday morning , but were

      abruptly terminated by a brisk gale which , sprung up , with a rolling sea , rendering it un advisable to proceed that day . On Wednesday morning the work was renewed under more favourable auspices . At half-past ten the Goliah , steam-ship , rode out to the Government pier with her telegraphic tackle and apparatus on board , under a calm sea and sky and a favouring wind . The connection between the thirty miles ot

      telegraphic wire , one-tenth an men , and encased in a covering of gutta percha the thickness of a little finger , and which was coiled round a large cylinder or drum amidships , 15 ft . by 7 , was then made good to 300 yards of the same wire enclosed in a leaden tube on shore to prevent it from being bruised by the shingle on the beach , and to enable the experimenters as they proceeded out to sea to send communications on shore . The vessel being fully under weigh steamed out at the rate of about three or four miles an hour into the open sea , in a

      direct track for Cape Grinez , twenty-one miles across Channel , the nearest landmark to the English coast , and lying midway between Calais and Boulogne . The wire weighed five tons and the cylinder two . The vessel was preceded by Captain Bullock , R . N ., of her Majesty ' s steam-ship Widgeon , who accompanied the experimenters as a pilot , and who had caused the track of the navigation to be taken to be marked out by a succession of buoys surmounted with flags on the whole route between the English and French coasts .

      The operation of paying out the 30 miles of wire commenced on a signal to the sailors to «« go ahead with the wheel" and " pay out the wire , " which was continuously streamed out over a roller at the stern of the vessel , the men , at every sixteenth of a mile being busily engaged in rivetting on to the wire square leaden clumps or weights , of from 141 b . to 241 b . weight , and which had the effect of sinking the wire in the bottom of the sea , which , on the English coast , has a depth of 30 feet , and varies from that to 100 to 180 feet . As may be imagined , the deck of the Goliahas she sailed slowly over a serene sea

      , way from point to point , presented a busy and animating scene , under the perpetual paying out of the electric line , amid notifications from time to time of its being sunk down securely by its aplomb of weights in its oceanic cement of shell and sand . The whole of the casting out and sinking was accomplished with great precision and success . Owing to the favourableness of the day , the apprehensions of difficulty to arise from the swell of a spring tide or the swaying of a high wind that might have caused the vessel to diverge from its due course and seek shelter in the Downs , had no likelihood of fulfilment .

      Various interesting salutations were kept up hourly during the progress of submerging the wire between the gentlemen on board and Messrs . G . and W . Brett , the original promoters of the enterprise . The only conjectured difficulty on the route was at a point in mid-channel , called the ridge—by the French , Le Colbart , between which and another inequality called the Varne—both well known and dreaded by navigators—there is a deep submarine valley , surrounded by shifting sands , the one being seventeen miles in length and the other twelve , and in their vortex not unlike the voracious one of the Goodwin Sands , ships encounter danger and lose their anchors and drifts ; and trolling nets of fishermen are frequently lost .

      Over this physical configuration , however , the wire was successfully submerged below the reach , it is believed , of either ships' anchors , sea animals , or fishing nets , though it will be curious to know that it withstands the agitation of the wild under currents and commotions that are supposed to be the characteristics of such localities . The remainder of the route , though rougher on approaching the coast of France , was accomplished cleverly but slowly . The following despatch will show how the business was finished : — Cape Grinez , Coast of France , half-past 8 p . m . [ By Submarine Telegraph . ] The Goliah has just arrived in safety , and the complete connection of the underwater wire with that left at Dover this morning is being run up the face of the cliff . Complimentary interchanges are passing between France and England under the Straits and through it for the first time . The French mail may not arrive at Dover in time , but , in a short time , on the necessary arrangements being complete , Paris news and closing prices at the Bourse will be communicated by a mail that sets time and detention at defiance .

      Untitled Article

      THE ENGINE-DRIVERS' STRIKE . A meeting of the engine-drivers and firemen took place at Stratford , on { Saturday , for the purpose of receiving the report of the deputation to the directors of the Eastern Counties Railway Company , and considering what steps ought to be taken . A letter was read by the chairman , embodying the views of the committee , which were , that an honourable compromise should be offered . After some discussion it was resolved that this letter should be sent to the directors .

      The Chairman then addressed the meeting . He was quite sure the public were still in favour of the enginedrivers , and he was very desirous that they should by their conduct keep the public in their favour . { Hear . ) The directors had now got the shareholders to back them in their proceedings . Had the shareholders demanded a committee of inquiry , the case would be different ; but should the decision of the directors on Tuesday—as it might , and probably would—be adverse to them , he called upon them in that event to stand together like men . ( Hear , hear . ) Let there be no individual fear , no skulking or cringing back to Mr . Gooch . ( Hear , hear . ) Might the execration of his fellowhear

      workmen fall upon any man who did so . { Hear , . ) They had taken the step they had done in support of the great principle , that labour as well as property had its rights . He admitted that , " with the greatest kindness , other companies had taken first-rate men oft the foot-plates of their own engines , and sent them oft to work on the Eastern Counties . " The same system was working on other lines , and the engine-drivers and firemen of every other line knew not how soon it might be their turn to be served in the same way as those of the Eastern Counties had been . It therefore behoved them all to look out . The lesson had not been lost upon the men—the country had taken up the question . The engine-drivers on other lines were ready . He did not advise them to fan the flame , but he advised them to

      keep quiet , but be firm—to keep their mouths shut and their ears open . Depend upon it , if any of them backed out and crouched to Mr . Gooch , he would grind them to the earth . The engine-drivers of the Eastern Counties had at present no combination , but they had the sympathy of the whole locomotive world . Ihere was a railway as large as the Eastern Counties , and as many men , who were so dissatisfied with their treatment that they were quite ripe for a revolt ; and , although they might bring a few blacks collected fiom various railways to one railway , let the engine-drivers and firemen of two or three of tho largest railways make a movement , and they would turn the tables and make the directors shake in their shoes . ( Hear , hear . ) A letter had been received by the committee from Leeds that morning , which proved how little was needed to set the matter going .

      At the request of the meeting the chairman read the letter which had been received from Leeds . It stated that a meeting of the enginemen and firemen of all the lines of railway running into Lends had been hold in that town , and that a resolution had been unanimously come to—that if the authorities of tho Eastern Counties did not come to an amicable settlement with the mou they would take measures to stop uvory line in the country ; and they would then teuch Huch locomotive- . nuperintendeius as Messrs . Gonch and Carberry ( the locomotive superintendent ot the York und North Midland line ) how to treat men placed under their control .

      Untitled Article

      534 &t ) e 9 L $ a $ ieV . [ Saturday ,

  • Citation
    • Leader (1850-1860), Aug. 31, 1850, page 534, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1851/page/6/