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    of misery , he might naturally think himself in the midst of some beleagured city , where war and all the malignant passions had been doing their worst . What would be his surprise to learn , that these results were not the fruits of war , but of the so-called victories of peace ! What if it were explained to him ( if indeed it could be made intelligible ) , that the haggard faces of the artizans , —this living death , and struggle to maintain the lifespark * little longer , within their emaciated frames—were not the consequences of famine , but of plenty , —that it did not arise from a justly punished idleness , but from excessive industry , —that neither the hand of the conof nature to blame

    queror , nor the niggardliness , were , but only the natural desire of a few capitalists to mend their condition , —would he not conclude that we were taxintr 'his powers of belief , and that it was impossible such things should be ? But what if he were further informed that such crises were of common occurrence , — that the season of trial and suffering , intense and horrible as it had been , passed over without one lesson for future guidance , without inducing a single precaution aeainst a recurrence of the calamity , —would he not naturally regard us as a nation of madmen , unfit to be trusted with the management of our affairs ?"

    Mr . Hole well points out the contradiction of Political Economists , who say that the greatest stimulus in the production of wealth is the advantage which the producer will probably receive in

    return : — ** Yet precisely in that case where , above all others , it was necessary to offer such a stimulus , it has ever been the least regarded . So long as the notion prevails , that the labourer is not to work for h is own benefit , but , in some sort , like the Blave , for the benefit of another , how can just views ever prevail on this subject ?"

    Mr . Hole frankly avows himself a Communist : — " Some of the charges against Association are so absurd or irrelevant , as scarcely to deserve notice . For example it has been denounced as a species of ' slavery . ' To call that ' slavery' which simply requires that each shall be subject to rules formed by a body of men for the preservation of their mutual rights , and to designate that as freedom which subjects large numbers to the selfishinterests of one individual , is a glaring misuse of language . Again , to mix up discussions on the right of property with association , is beside the question . Admit

    the right of the producer to the product , and the consequent right to exchange his produce and to accumulate it , this gives him no claim to rob the workman by means of an overcrowded labour market—confers no title to grasp as much as he can by a system of speculation and commercial gambling . A man s property is what he has produced , no less , no more , and his ' right' of use should stop at that point which infringes upon the welfare of others . How far the rights of property have approximated to this standard , let the present condition of labourers and operatives , male and female , bear witness .

    " Neither does the right to property militate one tittle against Communism . A man has a right to defend his life or liberty when attacked , though his mode of exercising that right may be a question of expediency . If many find themselves jeopardized , they may combine and form an army for mutual defence . Yet no man gives up his rights , —he but protects them in a certain way So , too , he may forego his claim , to the specific results of his industry , when satisfied that by bo doing he shall obtain more than an equivalent Communism among men guided only by low impulses ( the result in part of previous misdirected training ) , and unrestrained by those guarantees which common-sense dictates , might possibly exhibit the results predicted by Mr . M'Culloch . This , however , no more disproves the

    communist principle , than the necessity of using arms establishes the inexpediency of peace . Enthusiasts , living in too narrow a circle of thought , sometimes carry principles to cases to which they do not legitimately apply . Just as it is folly to preach the non-resistance principle to a mad-dog , or to ' Croats' and ' Cossacks ' quite as ferocious , so is it equally absurd to apply the doctrine of entire fraternity to those but partially , or not at all , imbued with its influence and intelligence . To give to the idle the fruits of the laborious , to the Hcnsual the rewards of self-dciiial , would be self-destructive to any system which permitted it . Social equality is not to be brought about by mechanical and arbitrary divisions which would only substitute the animal selfishness of the multitude for the commercial

    and aristocratic selfishness of the niklillo and upper classes . True fraternity arises from a noble and enlightened sentiment of the uses of property , and Commu . ninm , in our sense of that term , will only exist to the extent to which such a sentiment prevails . "' With the following- excellent remarlcM we close our notice of this work , which is published at a price ho low that any one who can buy a book at ull can all ord it : — " The principle of association , or cooperation , is susceptible of every degree of application , from the simplest assistance which two men agree to render each other , up to the highest and most refined combinations . There is

    no such thing as a perfected system of association into which society has but to jump , and from which it shall at . once reap all the advantages . The degree of association of which men are capable depends on the height of moral and intellectual cultivation to which they may have attained . Try to unite the more advanced principles of cooperation with men in a low degree of culture , nnri you will fail . Ah reasonably mi g ht ono expect a nation of navugos to cooperate in making laws or any refined social arrangements . They aro obliged to resign themselves to the control of an individual mind . Hence autocracy is the best government for barbarous people . Ah men reach a higher culture they require qnd obtain

    more liberal institutions . Take , for example , the progress of railway communication . What an immense amount of knowledge now exists upon the subject ! Every department , even the minutest , has been studied and tried by repeated experiments and calculations . Not an exigency arises , but ingenuity is racked to supply it . As soon as difficulties occur they are obviated . But all this vast amount of knowledge could not have existed anterior to the construction of a railway . It was the emergency which developed the resources . No conclave of philosophers and engineers could have prearranged the railway system . The utmost they could do would be to examine the fundamental principles , —to take as much care as possible that nothing entered into the first

    experiment which might mislead them ; and the duty of society was not to stand gaping incredulously at the labours of the discoverers and inventors , still less to oppose them , but to lend its sympathy and aid as far as the object might reasonably appear to deserve it . In the same manner the principle of association must pass through many phases , before its full value , and the right extent of its application , will become developed . Association in production , and association in consumption , will doubtless exist as separate applications of the principle for some time . As practice developes the advantages of the system and exposes its weak points the former will become increased , the latter remedied , until the principle has been carried to the greatest extent to which it can subserve human happiness . "

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    dr . Fleming ' s introductory address . Introductory Address on the Medical Profession . By Dr . Alexander Fleming , Professor of Materia Medica in Queen ' s College , Cork . Hodges and Smith , Dublin . We believe it to be admitted by all , that medical studies have had hitherto a false and vicious direction . In Great Britain , they have not yet brought to society the advantages which they are susceptible of bestowing . And , it could not be otherwise , from the character which medical studies have had hitherto . For instance , physiology , that preeminent branch of the medical science has often been unknown , or very seldom sufficiently studied ; in the medical schools , also , anatomy has generally been hastily learnt and soon forgotten , the medical students only acquiring what was indispensable for their examinations ; and , when they have been established and commenced practice , they bid adieu to science . Not having been impressed with the superiority of their calling , they have remained exclusively absorbed by their avidity to obtain patients , in order to overpower them with drugs . Moreover , many sciences which , although accessory , are essential and indispensable to a complete medical education , have long been neglected . Such , for instance , as natural history , chemistry , mathematics , physics . It must appear evident that to the latter are connected many phenomena which have been improperly called vital , or depending on vitality , and that , for example , the theory of circulation is extremely simplified by a few notions of hydraulics and of mechanics ; in short , the medical science cannot be perfected without a clear knowledge of the great phenomena of nature . The truth is that the science of medicine has too long remained in Great Britain , more especially , a mercantile profession , which has but too often been exercised with a small portion of medical education , experience , and of intellectual capital .

    But a new era has commenced for the medical science and the medical profession . In no instance have we seen that new era which repels the old abuses and places that profession for its highly moral and scientific basis , proclaimed in a loftier , more logical , und more legitimate tone than in the address of Dr . Fleming , Dean of the Faculty of Medicine , Queen ' w College , Cork . The Irish Colleges , despite the despicable opposition of the ultramontane party , will conquer the sympathies of the enlightened laity of Ireland ; they have , indeed , already acquired a great ascendancy , and it could not fail dointf so , if we take , as an example of their superior tendency and spirit , the programme and scientific manifesto of Dr . Fleming . He explains , in a clear and earnest language , the higher and superior course of studies required for the M . D . degree in the Queen ' s University , Ireland , and to he pursued in the Faculty of Medicine , at Cork . But we have been , above all , delighted to see on what grounds he establishes the preeminence of the medical profession ; he believes it to be in the practice of that profession that is found its highest reward ; he says that —•

    " lie who unites in himself the successful practitioner and the upright and honourable man , enjoys a position in society which may well be envied . He ia the adviaer , friend , and confidant , and at all times a welcome visitor of those who posacua his professional services . " And to thi « we inunt add the conclusion of tho uddrcHH , which dwells also on the Miirpuusing morality of the profession : — " Our clujmu on the esteem and gratitude of nien are

    " Thus , gentlemen , estimated by the extent - portance of the knowledge it demands , by its past _ services and present value to society , by the names illuatrious in science , literature , and philanthropy , of which it can boast , yours is a noble profession ; opening to all a wide field of usefulness , and holding out rewards to the most honourable ambition . " Thrice happy , indeed , the new generation that will receive such , lessons of Christian morality connected with their scientific studies and their profession !—noble profession !—if it does now give more time and labour to the poor than all the

    and im freely admitted . It would be difficult to refuse respect to a profession which is indispensable to civilized life ; whose constant occupation is the alleviation of suffering and cure of disease ; which gives more time and labour to the poor than all the other branches of society together ; which exhibits unwearied devotion to the cause of science , and which can cite the names of Harvey and Hunter , of Bichot and Cuvier , of Jenner and Simpson , of Faraday and Alison .

    other branches of society together , what will it be in the future ? We have often thought that the two functions in civilized society which had the most in their power to alleviate , the sufferings of the poor were those belonging to medicine and religion ; but the latter , namely the members of the clergy , but too often evince a disposition to charity and philanthropy darkened , disfigured , often totally obliterated , by sectarian acrimony or religious fanaticism . To the former , therefore , to the members of the medical profession , with their minds elevated by the calm pursuits of

    science , and their hearts trained to the feelings of charity and benevolence , seems to belong , for the present , the most abundant prospects of practical humanity . But to conclude , we can only repeat that this Address of Dr . Fleming is replete with practical , wholesome , and elevated advice to the students of the profession , and that he expounds admirably the superior course of study to be pur - sued in the Faculty of Medicine at Cork . Dr . Fleming , as dean of that faculty , has devoted all

    his energies , talents , and experience to this medical school in the Cork College ; and already , we understand , he may have the gratification to behold the result of his noble efforts ; for , although it has not been opened much more than a year , it has nevertheless a large number of intelligent and zealous students , who will in a few years bear and exhibit the fruits of the new college , which an ignorant priesthood has endeavoixred , and still endeavours , with endless calumnies , to represent as dangerous to the faith and morals of the Irish youth .

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    BOOKS ON OUR TABLB . Quiiili JJora'ii I'lacci , Canninct . Carefully revised from the most recent texts . Quinfi lloritlii . IHticci . Dc Arte l ' oetica . I'latoiiis Phwdrus . Recem < uit C . 1 $ idhum . A . M . J . . Talker . Three of a series of very cheap and very elegant classical texts which Mr . Parker is issuing . There are two classes who will be particularly thankful for the scries . Parents who , knowing that , their boys have only one or two works of each author to rend , need not , therefore , for that purpose be compelled to purchase whole editions of these authors ; and students who are glad to have pocket editions of separate treatises unencumbered with notes and displays of editorial vanity ( not to mention ignorance ) . The rage for writing olla podridas of notes cannot be too strongly discouraged . Only the other day that shameless " conveyer" of other people ' s property , Professor Anthon , gave an edition of the "Anabasis , which he quietly incorporated Mr . Francis Ainsworth ' s " Travels in the Tr ; u : k of the Ten Thousand" in his notes . Literary conscience should have taught him other etiquette ; hut all he thought of watt to give notes , and he gave them ! Mr . Parker ' s classical texts are carefully edited hy scholars such as Donaldson , Hwliium , Pilluns , Major , Ike , and the editors having bestowed all their industry on the text , forbear burdening us with notes . J ' ji-ery one who wishes to read a separate treatise would do well to invest a shilling or eighteen pence in one of these elegant little publications . Tho EcclesittHtival History if Kutcbins I ' timjihilitut . Bishop of . (\ rxtin : a , in I'altntinn . 'i ' i \ iii * l . iteit from \\ n- ( Jrn-li by » bt > Jtcvcrrml (; . P . Ci'ilft " ' , A . M . With N « it < : n ( . circled from tlm ( Million of V : il »; siuH ( Itolui ' o Krclrainslic . il Library ) . II . ( .. Holm . This is the fir « t volume of a new undertaking by the Colossus of enterpri / . e in York-street . —u new Kr < : lcni . iHtical Library — to be followed , we piCHimie , by most of the Christian Fathers . Th < -present is a reprint ol an American translation of Kusebius ; indexed as uwiml with Mr . Bohn ' ri books . It will be a boon to many students ; for , although Kuncbiun is anything but . a brilliant writer , hii » authority as an historian imniedi ifely succeeding the Act * of the Apostles must always be invoked . Tlw free . Inquirer in , S \ -irncn , I ' o- 'itiri . arid Throhi ^ t j . VaWU-A by ( Jirorx" it . Vim ; . WiUson . This litlie periodical lias nltered its type for the purpose of itd < liu <{ mutter « i | tiiit to four |> iigrs extra . We think it a pity , e ' unsideiiiiK th < : small M | iai : e and the lapse of m mouth between emih number , thin the pages should contain anything hut oiiginal matter . . Extracts in « v bo used an illustration )!; nut should not be mud * a atuple .

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    Feb . 8 , 1851 . ] Sf > e ILl& }**?? 131

• Citation
  • Leader (1850-1860), Feb. 8, 1851, page 131, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1869/page/15/