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    Churches—in short , on the authority of infallible tradition . If the Church of Borne decides that these modern miracles are true , good Papists will believe them , for the same reason that good Protestants believe in the speaking of Balaam ' s ass . When the miracle of the winking Madonna is as old as that of Balaam ' s ass ( supposing , which God forbid ! the world should grow no wiser ) , it will be equally respectable . In endeavouring to wriggle himself out of this painful dilemma , the contortions of the Protestant advocate are absolutely ludicrous . At one moment he talks as liberally as a French

    savant , and the next buries himself in a cloud of the vaguest mysticism . He is alternately a saint and a philosopher—a Methodist and an infidel , " and hashes together the rationalism of Strauss and th « maundering of John Bunyan . If Popery be a " lie , " surely this sort of Protestantism is a " sham ; " the time cannot be far distant when men will discover that their belief must repose either on their internal convictions or on external authority , and that it matters little whether their Pope is enthroned at L ambeth or in Rome . Ever faithfully vours , Fred . J . Foxton .

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    THE PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATION . Bolton , August 11 , 1831 . Sib , —No one can be more anxious than I am to begin at once to take active measures for the removal of social grievances ; but at the same time I am far from being satisfied with the principles and modes of action already proposed or adopted . There is much in some of the schemes , no doubt , that is good and true ; but in none of them have I yet been able to trace the operation of one grand overruling principle throughout , and none of them , therefore , appears to me to be free from inconsistencies . " With respect to your own principle of concert , I most cordially agree with you , so far as to wish that the whole business of the world were so conducted ; but desiring this , I think , is no more than desiring harmony in music . You aim to produce concert in the one case , as you would endeavour to produce harmony in the other ; but , according to my notions , these are not , properly speaking , principles . These are principles which , if followed , will occasion concerted action , just as there are princi p les which will

    lead to harmony in music . A principle , therefore , ought to be something that will guide us in practice , requiring only to be properly applied to give the right solution in all cases to which they belong , just like the mariner ' s compass , which to the skilful sailor ever indicates the path that he wishes to travel ; but when you merely say that there ought to be concert in the * division of employments , you give us no clue as to the mode of proceeding , and consequently different parties adopting it pursue each a different

    method . Now , I wish to submit to the judgment of your readers and of yourself a principle , which to my mind appears perfectly satisfactory and conclusive , capable of the strictest proof and admitting of the widest application ; and if it abide the test , as I expect it will , I hope that it may soon be made the subject of experiment ; not indeed at first on a national scale , for that would be impracticable and not to be thoug ht of , but on one sufficiently large to demonstrate its merits and carry conviction to the most reluctant . In thia letter , however , I must do no more than merely state the principle in the briefest possible manner , leaving it to be more fully developed in future letters , if you will now and then favour me with space for their insertion .

    It is a most obvious and well-known fact that no one can make for himself the things that be requires for use and comfort , or supply himself with any kind of good by bis own isolated efforts ; in fact , that what a man can do immediately for himself is but the smallest fraction of whi » t he has need of . Supposing the natural constitution of our own race had been otherwise , and each man bad boen created an independent self-sufficient being , able to satisfy bis every want by bis own unaided labour and skill , the identical produce of his labour would have come direct to himself for bis own use , whether much or little ; but where then would liave been the divine institution of society ? As human nature is constituted , however , there is but one way in which a man can obtain the full value of bis labour , and that

    is by first parting with nearly the whole produce of it to the community , and by throwing it , if I may ubc the term here , into hotchpot . By the division of labour what each man does is only a part of one great whole , and by itself taken separately in altogether useless , or rather it has or can have no independent existence ; but by the united labours of all , u hind of useful articles , comforts , necessaries , and convenience !! of every kind in created , adapted to the circumstances of each . In this way labour naturally mixes itticlf together , and the produce of each person ' s labour becomes umalgamated and ho thoroughly mixed up in one mass that it can neither be separated nor distinguished from the reBt . Now here , by a nuturul necessity , we have a fund of wealth created by the . whole community jointly , und therefore belonging to all jointly . How then , oughf it to bo

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    distributed ? Justice surely dictates that since each person cannot have the very produce of his own labour , he should receive its value out of the joint fund . With regard to the mode of distribution , we must of course adopt that in each case which is most conducive to the enjoyment of the things to be disposed of ; thus some things are best enjoyed m common , while others require exclusive possession . With respect to the profits of land and natural produce , they too are inseparably mixed up with the produce of labour , and in their distribution must follow the latter , which indeed is the only method agreeable to justice and sound reason .

    Following out this a rgument , I might prove that things in the course of production , or that are only fit for , or are set apart for purposes of that nature , are public property , and should be managed by public officers ; but when things are fit ,, or have been rendered fit for personal use and enjoyment , they ought then to be distributed for that purpose . I might also demonstrate that the doctrine of exchanges , which is , that the commerce of the world is to be carried on by exchanges between one man and another , as held by some political economists , is a pure fallacy ; but want of space compels me to omit the consideration of these questions for the present .

    We have seen that the wealth of a community is , or should be made up of the joint contributions of all its members ; and that each is entitled to the value of his contribution in return ^ which he should be allo wed to take in that form and manner that best pleases him . Now , since all are bound to contribute in one way or another , and since it must be for the good of society that each person should contribute in that particular branch of labour and in that station which is most suited to his natural taste and capabilities , it is of the highest importance that no hindrances or obstructions should be allowed to exist in the way of any man ' s attaining his proper place and po ltion

    in the social body , and so serving the community to the utmost of his power . But if we examine existing systems we shall find that they abound in obstacles of this sort , which seem to be mainly the result of one great error , namely that the community does not take upon itself the disposal and management of its wealth , as I have already shown that ior other reasons it ought to do . It can therefore neither place the best and most suitable men in offices of trust or authority , nor in most cases adequately reward the services of its members . By this means it often becomes immensely difficult , if not impossible , for a man to exert his talents in the best while at the

    way for the benefit of the community , same time the recompense that should stimulate his exertions , is diminished and rendered uncertain . By our wretched contrivances we are interfering with and impeding the operation of a great law of Heaven ' s creation ; for we have abundant proof that , but for these obstructions , talent of every kind would find its true position , and rise to its proper level as readily and as surely as Avater rises to the level of its source . In the struggles of genius , in the desire of all men to exercise their peculiar powers , in the general recognition of talent by the world , and its frequent success in spite of obstacles , it ia easy to perceive a force which in the absence of obstructive causes would in

    all cases prevail . The benefits of government and legislation are no less parts of a nation ' s wealth than the more substantial articles of commerce , and this same principle of contribution is therefore equally applicable ; and I trace the failure of some promising schemes to the neglect of this principle in this department of industry . To manage well the whole wealth of a nation , or community collectively , requires every spark of wisdom and knowledge which the community can command ; and every one who can aid in thia matter should be invited and encouraged to do so , as well as remunerated for his pains , if he succeed in doing

    anything worthy of it . It is necessary , not only to have officers of different ranks to superintend the different brunches of the public business , but these oflicera , including the highest or king , must be governed by public opinion , or rather b y the public wisdom , and this must be created by the joint contributions of such us are able , publicly sifted and fairly canvassed . This at once does away with what in called the principle of representation , which assigns to a select few the duties that properly belong to , mid can only be duly exercised by , the public at large . How the latter in to discharge those duties 1 hope to show in a future letter .

    Whatever be the form of government , public wisdom and knowledge , or public folly and ignorance , must necessarily be supreme ; we have onl y to choose which it shall bo ; the one is freedom itself to the individual , guiding him always into the path that he wirtlu-H to iind ; the other is hnrsh and tyrannical , forcing him into a path that ib not bis own . To obtain the one , every one must bo ullowed and encouraged to contribute according to his ability : to bo cursed wich the other Yon must suppress talent , and bring forward dulnesH into action , or allow chance to settle tho matter at its own discretion . Inpauatok .

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    Sept . 20 , 1851 . ] ffif > * ILt&Xltt . 903

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    AFFAIRS OF THE LATE HARMONY HALL ESTATE . Bational Society-office , 23 . John-street * Fitzroy-8 quare , August 19 , 1851 . Sib , —In answer to the letters of Mr . Pare and Mr . Finch , appearing in your paper of Saturday last , I beg to say it was understood and stated at the Rose-hill meeting , that Mr . Pare was Mr . Finch ' s agent . It has never been before denied . The " persons" who sent the petition are as stated " the Central Board , " who agreed to the petition unanimously , and the officers signed it . Mr . Pare knows who they are . The " unworthy" attempt of the Board is simply to state facts , which neither Mr . Pare nor Mr . Tinch attempt substantially to controvert . The " extraordinary course" pursued by the " authors of the petition "the society—has been to be quiet several years and give the trustees the fullest chance . They are now

    going to take another extraordinary course—to endeavour to bring the society ' s affairs to a close . The Board had discussed the idea of the petition , and prepared the draft , before Mr . Finch ' s difficulties were known or dreamed of . As Mr . Finch thinks the investigation had better be made by the House of Commons , it is to be hoped he will assist in getting the inquiry—that will be the time to have all explained . If the lessees had allowed the sale to go on , or the bona fide offer which I made at a general meeting of members , viz ., £ 10 , 000 ( my friend understanding that Mr . Finch would give £ 10 , 000 for the property ) had been accepted , I think all would have been right . Requesting that you will have the kindness to insert this letter at your earliest convenience , I remain , dear sir , yours faithfully , Thos . Whitakeb , Hon . Finan . Sec .

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    BRITISH FUNDS FOB THE PAST WEEK . ( Closing Prices . )

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    Satur . Mond . Tues . IVedn . T / iurs . I-rid . Bank Stock .... 2154 , 3 per Ct Bed 97 3 p . C . Cmi . Ans . 95 J « JGJ W iK )? 'J 5 j 95 J 3 p . C . An . 1 . 726 . 3 p . Ct . Con ., Ac . i » G 96 j 'JG <)(> «<> i 3 { p . Cent . An . 95 g 984 New T ) per CtB . —— - Loner Ans . , 1860 . 78 ¦ " ¦ lnti . St . 104 p . ct . ¦ 2 ( 53 ' -21 O 4 - •>' Ditto Honda .. T > 7 1 > 48 p 48 p 48 p Ex . Bills , lOOUf . 48 p 40 p 47 p 41 p 41 p 47 p Ditto , SHU . .. 48 p 40 p 47 i > 47 j > 41 p 47 p Ditto , Small 48 p 46 p 17 p 47 i > 44 p 47 p

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    1 O 1 UUGN FUNDS . ( Last Official Quotation during the Week ending Friday Kvening . ) Austrian 5 per Cents . 81 Mexican 5 per Ct . Ace . 26 | Belgian BdH ., 4 $ p . Ct . 'JIJ Small .. .. — Brazilian 5 per Cents . ' . » 1 ' Neapolitan . > per Cents . — BuciioB Ayrea 6 p . Ct » . 55 Peruvian ' \\ per Cents . — Chilian 6 per Cents . .. 101 Portuguese f > per Cent . — Danish 5 perCenta . .. 102 4 per Cts . 32 $ Dutch 24 per Cents ... 59 < Annuities — 4 per CentH . .. 92 ] Unst-dan . 1 K 22 , l \ p . CU . 101 \ Ecuador Honda .. 3 Span . Actives , 5 p . Cta . ~ ' 0 j French 5 p . C . An . atParii 92 . 15 Passive .. . > » , 3 p . Cta ., Juljll , 5 t > . 00 Deferred .. —

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    CORN E X C II A N G E . Mauk-i . ANK , September li ) . —Supplies since Monday small Wheat dull , at Monday ' s prices . Barley inquired for on fully last terms . Oats ( id . per quarter dearer . IleaiiH and 1 ' eaa without alteration . Floating cargoes in alow request . Arrivals from September l /> to September 19 . IgriglMh . Jri « h . Foreign . Wheat .. .. 6020 ¦ <>^<> Barley .. .. 010 H 7 <> Oats 60 700 iMH > Flour .. .. ' 2790 1 !) 2 <)

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    OUAIN . Mnrk-liutn . H .-jit . 1 'J . Wheat , It . Now 35 h . to 3 Gk . ^« I > 1 « *!*¦ ' !!! ' Fine 38 -40 WI . Uo ^ - ^ Old 30 M Holler * - ~ " _ - » wi . iu , ja = 40 «<;;;;; . " «*»• - % . .. r , U Ji ^ rio VNVw « - « i . j-i- <*» » ; :: ; n zTi lia l , r .-, __ aH roli . i ., 1 20 — 31 M , V . « «» -M l ' 0 ^ A « < a 0 - " ril ; u ^ ::::. " . ' w - ™ iii ° al -a 5 t

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    MONEY MARKET AND CITY INTELLIGENCE . Saturday . Foreign intelligence is alleged to have produced the variations in the English funds this week . Consols receded on Monday from the closing price on Saturday , ¦ which was 95 £ 96 , to 951 i i on Tuesday they advanced again to 95 ! 96 ; but on Thursday they receded to 95 $ i . The closing price yesterday was—Consols , 96 J . The ? fluctuations of the week have been : —Console , from 95 £ to 96 ; Bank Stock , from 212 to 213 , ex div . and Exchequer Bills , from 44 s . to 47 s . premium . Foreign Securities show a tendency to decline , and net much business has been done . In the official list yesterday the bargains comprised : —Equador at 3 ; Mexican , for money , 26 i and 26 ; Peruvian , foT account , 89 j and 90 ; Russian Four-and a-Half per Cents ., 101 {; Sardinian Five per Cents ., 80 J ; Spanieh Three per Cents ., for money , 36 $ , 4 , and 3 ; for the account , 36 . J and J ; and Dutch Two-and-a-Half per Cents ., 58 | .

• Citation
  • Leader (1850-1860), Sept. 20, 1851, page 903, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1901/page/19/