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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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S 0 IBJ 5 B OF THE CQ-OPBBATIVE LEAGUE . The second meeting was held at the graven Hotel * Craven-street ^ Strand , on Tuesday ; April 27 th , at eight . , clock in thV ' even in ^ ance . Mr , Arthur Bromiley , - of Bolton , Lancashire , read a paper 01 ? "Proposals for an experiment intended to determine land ittustj ^ the leading pri ^ ibiple ^ bf social phy % s . ' % . 'NealefEs ^^ oq k tKe chairl , ;^ r .: Bromiley flunks ; tha ^ b , according :, ip the , th eories of those wlio have laboured in the fields of political and social economy * we- cannot understand or explain the various social phenomenawhich requvre solution . He
proposes transferring info ? dciety ;* he great Centre ; of action , and ^ nbt allof ing airy ' -fit the majn central properties to belong jto ipdjviduaisi to start afresh in the Attempt to resolve the socialprbblem . 3 ^ ^ Bromiley supposes ^ " individual ^ and families ^ are dr ^ nyii into cpmf munities , made members of society ; , 'heW , together in social relations , an 4 b 6 up dW ^ duties by the : siinultarieous action ~ of ^ three natural forces : " The impelling forae- ^ itocfcvies , desires , wants ; the -a ^^ t ^^^ w ^^ j ^ i ^;^*^^ ** & « & sive force ^ -the ' equivalent insisted on , bj ^ society fdiv what the individual receives . Mr Bromiley supposes .
that these natural forces , together with the law of dwersit axe quite sufficient to regulate society , if no arbitrary laws interfere with their action . The object of the proposed experiment is to ascertain the actual effect of the forces apart from allarbitarylaws . He says , poHtic . il econoiiiists are deluded when they talk of the business of life being ^ carried , on by exchanges between man and man Iii civilized society ; it is utterly impossible for any naan to exchange the pure produce of his own labour for that of another person . / ,:. „ " . Mr . Broniiley sayi ? that , in trying the experinient ,
great care should be taken toinsure the ; admissionof suitable members . Supposing a' imillipn ^ or half a million of money realised , and three or four ^ thouS ^ id subscribers > ea ^ y to c ^ would be to fix upon ^ pme temporary metropolis where they could hire buildings ,. and be in a good situation for transacting business ; they would also have to fix upon other towns where they might set up temporary branch establishments . They would' then have to set to work to the best of their ability . ,
After entering the community , no one should be allowed to retain any separate property indepejidentof it . An increase of annuity would be allowed upon 1 any accession of property to individuals ; When the society has become well formed in its temporary abodes , ifc ; should then seek a separate and permanent establisninent of its own . After Mr . Brom , ileyha 4 concluded , a discursive but interesting discussion took place . ;; ' HWAN INDUSTBIAi ; POOK ^ LAW WOVIJ ) WOBK .
We have received an important document' from a private correspondent at' Hanley 'in ' the Potteries ,: which illustrates in a remarkable , mapner , the working of industrial training instead of , what la equivalent to ' compulsory idleness in bur workhouses . ' It is called ; "Agricultural Report of the Workhouse School , Stokeupon-Trent , for the Year 1851 ; " an £ is , ad ^ essed to , the Board of Guardians . . , ' , , ; Gentlemen , —We , whose names are hereto attached , most respectfull y bog leave to lay before you our Seottod Annual Report and Accounts , which wo hope ' will be found correct , , ¦'; ••¦ ;
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MISSIONARIES STAEVED ON THE ROCKS ( OE JPA ^ AGONIA , The whole party sent out by the JPatagonian Missionary Society in 7 1850 ^ have ^ perished by starvation on rocks near . Cape Hprn ! The gloomy story pf these deluded men is told partly by . report from . Captain liMorshead ofthe Dido * sent by the Admiralty to ascertain thefate of Captain Gardiner , R . N ., chief of the mission , and partly by the journal of that brave but unfortunate gentleman himself ,,
The mission left England in September 1850 , in the Qcedn Queen , for Picton Island , where they landed on the 5 th of December , 1850 , and pitched their , tents next ;^ day ¦; hut ifadjng the natives , whom they had come so far to oonvert to Christianity , very troublesome , they re ^ embarked until' their boats could be got ready . This was accdiriplished on December the 18 th ; the ship left them on the 19 th , and they started in their two Ijoats , the pioneer and Speedwell , for the opposite shore , on the ; south coast of Terra del Fuego , the natives still proving troublesome . The voyage
wtas very unfortunate ; ' first bnfe boat , and . then the ottie * running on rocjes . At ! length they reached # place ^ ; v $ h $ They ca tted Blpmfield Bfartpiur j and here again the unconvertible natives . were in great ! force , and apparently very hostile , for the missionaries were compelled to " sail once more ; and they bore up for Spaniard Harbour . But the surf and the ^ ormsVdrpve the 'Pioneer on the rocks , ari ^ ir reparably stove in her bows .. T : he party , then took refuge , in a cavernj from which ; the tide-1 ejected ¦ thorn , . and they hauled the JPiotlde * hifrller nto the beach / covered her witli a tent ,
artd ' mat fe a d ^ iriitbry of' lieri ' Next , a high tide carried aWayCopiain -Gardiner ' s books , irioncy , papers , and warm clothing , which last the tido returned to him . Meanwhilo the Speedwell remained higher up the mouth of a riyeiV and we hear nothing more of her . ' ' On tho 28 th of February , Mr . Williams , surgeon ai | d catecliist , was" taken ill , and Captain , Gardiner removed , tp a tent , which , on March iiath , was burnt down * i A voyage was mode , to Picton Island , to fetch Bome lpork bdrie < l there . Stores 'had' been loft at tho Falkland Island ^ and thtt missioriaries lived in hopes of a ship arrivincr witli them , tli ' e ' scurvy now apl
pearcd , and three of . tho mon wore ' very ill . On tho 23 rd of April " they have provisions enough to last for two months , but some are very low } and a fox pilfering from them , they kill him , by putting a piece of pork opposite tho muzzle of a g ]* n attached by u string to the'trigger ; and as they , can pnlyis « "j > P tHreo times a-weok , thoy dine off tlrifi fox , and wait tho remainder ; i altogothoi * thoy appear to have been voij frugal with their Bti ^ p lies . ' I find a rtoticq of five largo fish caught , aW an account kept of tho number of ( Tucks shot , aa their powder having boon loft on board tho » hip , and a flask and a half being nUthcy have , jiho ^ 'keep litifoxi eriiorgenoles . " On the 12 th of May , tiH ^ bttfethd'tUcitoil . short alloWanco , andsupplic ^ only for ;< jh > e «) ^^ 3 fe 2 % ' s < jj ) ap ^ rt for '^ eoial prayej ;
for supplies of foodL The tide washes into their cavern , carrying away their stores , endangering their boat ; and on one occasion Captain Gardiner and Mr . Maidment are obliged to escape from the cavern , and take refuge on a rock washed by the surf , whereoh they kneel down in prayer . June 11 sees two others smitten by the scurvy ; their fishing-net is swept iaway . John Badcock dies on the 28 th , and is buried under the trees at Cook ' s River . The remainder of the tragedy will be best told in the words of Captain Mbrshead , from the journal of Captain ( arardiner v—
"July 4 . —Having been seven weeks on 6 hort allowance , and latterly even this having been curtajled , the party are utterly helpless . Every thing found in the shape of food is cooked and eaten- —a penguin , a shag , a half-devoured fish washed upon theAshore , and even the salted fox , washed out of tKe cavern , is thrown up again on the beach , and used for food . Captain Gardiner writes;— 'We have now remaining half a duck , about one pound of salt pork , the . same quantity of damaged tea , a very little rice ( a pint ) , two cakes of chocolate , four pints of peas , to which I may add six mice . The mention of this last item in our list of .
provisions may startle some of our friends , should it ever reach their ears ; but , circumstanced as we are , we partake of them with a relish , and have already eaten several of them . They are very tender , and taste like rabbit . " July 22 . —They are reduced to living on muscles , and feel the want of food , and sometimes the craving of hunger is distressing to them . Captain ( jrardiner writes ,- — ' After living on muscles for a fortnight , I was compelled to give them up , and iny food , is now muscle broth and the soft part of limpets . '
" July 28 , —Capt a in . Gardiner writes of the party in the other Dpat , — ' They are all extremely weak and helpless ; even , their garden seeds used for broth are now all out . ' c 'August 14 . —Captain Gardiner takes to his bed , but a rock weed is discovered which , they boil down to a jelly , and find nourishment from . " August . 23 . —John Ervvin dies . /' August 26 . —J . Bryant dies , and Mr . Maidment buries them bqth in one grave . " John Pearce , the remaining boatman , is cast down afc the loss of his comrades , and wandering in Ms mind , but Mr . Williams is somewhat better . " Sept . 3 . —Mr . Maidment has never recruited from that day of bodily arid mental exertion .
We give a portion of a literal transcript of Captain Gardiner ' s last entries : *—" Sept ., 3 . —Wishing if possible to spare him ( Mr . Maidment ) the trouble of attending on me , and for the mutual ^ comfort of all , I purposed , if practicable , to go to tho river and take up my quarters in the boat . This was attempted on Saturday last , feeling that without crutches I couklnot possibly effect it . Mr . Maidment most kindly cut mo a pair ( two forked sticks ) , but it was with no slight exertion and fatigue , in his weak state . We set out together , but soon found that I had not strength to proceed , and was obliged td return before reaching the brook on our own beach . Mr . Maidment was so exhausted yesterday that he
did not rjse from his bed until noon , and I have not seen him since , CQnseqiiefltJy I tasted nothing yesterday . I cannot leave the place where I am , and know not whether lie is in the body , or enjoying the presence of tho gracious God Whom lie has served so faithlully . I am writing this at ten o ' clock in tho forenoon . Blessed be my heavenlv Father for the many mercios I enjoy—a comfortable bed , no pain , or even cravings of hunger ; though , excessively weak , scarcely able tp turn in my ; bed , at least it is a very great exertion ; but I am by His . abounding grace kept in poVfe ' ct peace , ' refreshed with a sense of my Saviour's lovo and' an assuranco that all is wisel y and mercifully appointed , and pray that I may receive tho full blessing whiph it is , dqubtle ^ s designed , to , bestow . . ,. " Thursday , Sept . 4 . —There is now no room to doubt
that my dear : felrow-labdurer has ceased from liis earthly toilaj and joined tho company of the redeemed in the presence of tha Loi-d , whom he served so faithfully ; under thesp cirqumstances , jt was in merciful Provideneo that ho left the boat , as I could not ; Iulvo removed tho body . Ho left a Iit ' tlo pcppcrmint-Avater which lip had mixed , and it has been a ' gtfoat coxnfoi ' fc to ihe , but there was no other to drink ; ' foiurihff I might' suffer from thirst , I prayed that tho Lord would strohgthon ino to proeuro some Ho graciously answered iny petition , and yesterday I was enabled tp got out , and scoop up a . suuViont supply from Bomo ih ' afc trickled down at the Btcrn of tho bout . Uy , ivicoub of ono of jny Indja rubber overshoes . What eombinod morciea atn'l roeoivi ' ng at ' . hands of my Heayonly Father 3 blesspd bo Ilia holy name !
, "Prid « 3 , Sept . 6 . —Groat and marvellous aro tho loving kindnosscH of my gracious God unto mo . Ho lms preserved mo hitherto , and for four < lay 8 , although without bodily food , without ) any feelings of hunger or tfiirpt . " TIicr'o last reinarkH are not written bo plainl y as tho previous day ' s , and I concluded that they wpro t | xo last ; hut I find another papor , ' dated Soptombor 0 addressed to Mr : WilHaniH , m »« l written iii pencil , iho wholo being very indistinct and somo j > art « quite obliterated , but'nearly as follows : i—¦ " Myi ) KMt Mit . Witj , iamb . —Thp Lord has Been fit to call' homo another of our littlo cojtnpanv . Our dear
departed . brother left tho boat on'Tuesday aftornoon , and has not since roturnod . Doubt loan he is in ' tho prosorieo of hiN liodeemor , whom ho Borvoil faithfully , x ot a littlo while , and though , . . . i , iho Ahmjghty to sing tho praiHCH . . . throno , ^ neither hunger nor thirafc ; tliough days without food ... Maidmont ' nj kindjiois tb mo ''' . ' . V ' ¦ hoavon ' - ' i •' Your affeotionat «» brother in . . « Aimn F . Gakbinbk . " floptom ^ oir 0 , 18 pi , , Thefo raolancboly purticulara were found by Captain Mwuhewd i who , nftor « .. long and careful search , dla-
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DATE . BXPENDITUEB . ' ' —— _ ^ | . | ¦ 1 ¦ ¦ . i' ¦ ' \ ' [ . Nov . 20 th . To Cost of Seed for tho Land . ' 7 , 8 , 1 » „ Manure for do . . . , 28 , 7 1 0 , » „ Now Tools for Boys . 6 18 2 » Ront and Taxes for Land . . 27 OOi » Coat of Toam Work . ... 1 10 0 Total Outlay . . 71 4 , 1 Balance ia favour of tho Board 11 10 8 , ¦ £ 82 ' 14 : 4
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- -IT . ! : IN" 0 OMB . ' , Nov . 20 th . By Cash for Articloa Sold . . 4 ^ 11 10 Articles for the Use of the ) r , House ...... ;• 5 10 3 " Ditto House Consumption 24 9 0 » Ditto ^ Feeding Pigs . . . 4 i , 2 1 J » Talue of Stock in . hand . . . 4 12 1 £ _ ^ ' . ¦¦ ¦ ^ E 82 l < fc 4 ' ,
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tiift ^ i . may oon Sratuloto tho Guardians and ouraolvea on ] f " ° ofo » r littlo form , although wtf h » wo booh oZ A"n ? und <» groat difficultioe and diaadvantagoa , ' as << Vn * of tll ° latKlwaB in the poflsesoiou of theiffoirig off r ""* ' ; nfl «» e ono portion of the crbpa did htitTptty tno , « n « , *» . ho 8 ame - Agreator bfeadfch of' potdtooa yds "own than waa judicious , and by thia a conoiarirttblo loaa fflSri i . 8 U 8 tainoJ - Tho whole of thi nmV ' iland undor AvZ ? i ° Ultlvatl 0 » * hie year has boea about aix ooros , which bivoa to each boy Wp * bj « of using * itool /(< Ml tte , iw *» # ft ¦ ¦• • ' ¦ ' ' •' . ' »¦ . ¦ . f . v . v ; ; ' : '
about half ari acreij the rest of the boys have been employed in lighter work , such , as weeding , picking stones , Ac ., &c . The charge for manure is grea ^ but this has arisen fr 6 m the exhausted and filthy state of the land . As the ; tools / " will las € for three yeitirB , only one-third of the Yajue falls ; upon , this year , k ; We hope , in conclusion , that the Board of Guardians will , allow , us ^ ; work the land exclusiy ^ y ) ' - ' a 1 Io ^ ed ^ ^^ - ' ^ 4 ^ . ' independently of the adult population of the 1 establishment / That the Board will allow to 1 to have the management of a cow or two , as we consider ifc would ' add ibueh 1 to our knbwledgej as well as beinff a source of , pro ^ t to the . parish . , We thank you , Genflemen , most sincerely , for the , privileges we enjoy 3 and we hope by our good benayiour and , industry , to . . prove odrselyes wijrtHi' of still greater ones ' . ' , We . trust bur exerti ' ons may ^ meHfc your entire apprbbatSon . ' v ' ;
We' beg to subscribe ourselves , your very obedient and liumblfe servantSj' ' Hen ^ Till , William Eoberts , Oliver Price , Benjamin Walker , Eli 'Cook , ' Sarhuel Stonier , John Hackney , William Ddolai £ jomi Wiodi Williitm Boulton , ' Henry Brooks , '! Eredcftrick OartT * right , Jos ' efph Bates , James Eobinson , Beuben Martinj ; Samuel S £ aW , - John Anson , Henty Cyplesi Jplin J " amee ( ,- Joseph BobinsOn , John Eeeves , Thomas Mellor , ChArles MyattjEicharS Shaw . The boys who have signed their iianies above have been whoH ^' or | iartially emp ^ ved' upon' ^ the ^ laii ^ i : ' ' ¦ ' " •" ' ' " wiphikTOL 'WAp'E , ScJiooTniaster . "in reference tp ^ he aboye Eepbrt , the Bosu ^ of Guardians have tp ; express theiy entire satisfactionj and it is . their determination to carry out a thorough system of industrial training , so as to render . th , e boyfifgpodanduseful members o £ spciety . ., . ? ..: ; ' .. ' . . . ¦/ ; -. ; . . ' .. .,,. - . ; .. - , . - .- .... ' . We understand that the project of giving the boys reproductive employment oh the land originated with the working 'classes atrStoke ; but that iiowy as indeed the approviiig note appended to the above report by the iGuardjans makes manifest , many persons belonging to ail classes support , the practice * . : This strengthens the ^ evidence we continually receive front ^^ persons in the cp ttnii ^ y , ' showing that the idea of reproductive emplby nje ^ t is making gre ^ tjway ^ ^ ' '
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.: ' ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦¦ . ¦ ¦ ' ' v . ' .. ' . ' ¦ . ' . ' ¦ ' ¦ . ' . ' ¦ . - ' ' ¦ .- ' ¦ . . ' . ¦ ¦ ' . ¦ ' ; ' . '' . .. ' . ¦' . ¦ ¦'¦ ¦ May 1 ^ 1332 . ] . ; r ^^^ M ' ' - 't ^; AS ^ ^ M ? -
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Leader (1850-1860), May 1, 1852, page 413, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1933/page/9/
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