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dtym Cnmrnl.
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the food consists of seven-eighths straw , one-eighth hay , with turnip-tops or wurzcl leaves , cut into chaff , with a similar addition of linseed compound . The compound is thus made " : —Fill the furnace with water to within six inches of the surface , and , as soon as it boils , after damping the fire , strew in by hand one-fifth of linseed meal to four-fifths- of water , and stir it' thoroughly till well mixed . To do this properly , two persons must be engaged—one to strew the meal , and the other to stir at the same time . After simmering gently for five or six minutes , a strong jelly will ho formed ; then put into the largo tub , or on the bam
floor , about three bushels of the chafl , and add enough mucilage to wet it ; mix , and ram well down ; then add more chaff , mixing and ramming as you proceed . Throw a sack or two over the mixture , and in about two hours it is ready for the cattle . If it is wished to push the cattle or sheep , barley or pease meal may be added , with . Swede turnips , carrots , &c , cut small . With respect to the feeding hours , it is Mr . VVarnes ' practice in summer time to give eacli beast lialf-a-bushel of the compound at five a . m . and three p . m ., feeding the remainder of the day with the chaff peculiar to the season . In winter he also commences at five a . m . by
giving eacli beast half a peck of the compound ; and continues these small feeds until they are nearly satisfied . At seven and nine a . m . they receive lmlf-a-buslicl of cut Swedes each ; at eleven another small feed of compound is administered ; at one and three p . m . more Swedes are thrown in , but very little at a tune ; and at six the animals are treated to a good feed of the compound , and then left for the night . Water should be given sparingly . The best \ Aa \\ is , probably , to keep a vessel of clean water constantly before them , and it will be found that very little will be used . A piece of rock salt should also be placed in eacli manger .
We believe that Mr . Warnes litters his cattle entirely with straw and flax chaff , so that the manure is always fit to go to the field without much further preparation . The animals trample down the chafl' into a hard mass , and it is never removed until they are fat and sold off . No ill efiects on the health of the cattle appear to follow this plan , which seems to us to he quite perfect , except that we should employ the flax chaff unsteeped for some better purpose than litter . This , as Mr . Warnes is a flax steeper , lie cannot do . But he will , we predict , learn to do so in due time .
The profits to he derived from tins system , or a parallel one , of feeding , appear almost fabulous , as will be understood by an example from , of all places in the world , tVie county of Cornwall . A farmer , attending the annual meeting of the Cornwall Agricultural Association , in December , 1847 , stated that , in 1846 , he bought an indifferent lot of eight Devons for 98 ^ ., or Y 2 , l . 5 a-. a-hoad , and commenced feeding them on the 11 th November . He sold them on the ensuing 15 th of March , when they had cosh for feeding , and realized as follows : — Cost of feeding eight . Dcvous for four months . Tail barley , 7 i -quartern , at 21 s . . . X !) 0 0 Tail peas , 7 \ quarter .- ; , at Ms . . . . J . 'J 10 0 . Linseed , < 'i quarters , lit . 5 (! . v 8 8 0 . LVtO 18 0 Additional fxnl . Ono bushel unearned hay , ono half cwt . of chaff , mid one bushel of white carrots or swedes , each , per day ; valued at - 10 13 <) . CM 0 O The cattle sold for . . . £ 17010 4 Deduct , cowl , price . . . 1 ) 8 O () £ 72 1 O 4 The lot thus paid for keep £ )/ . l . v . Wd . each . Tliis return for lour months is tolerably good , seeing that the expense of keeping each beast was only 5 / . 5 , v ., after purchasing linneed at . >(> . v . per qunrfer , instead of growing it on the larin . The value of the manure is not reckoned ; but it wan , of eour . se , considerable . Other lot » of cattle wen ; fed with equally good results upon home-made eakcti thus manufactured : — 2 ' . ilba . of ground Unwed were stirred into 21 gallons of boiling water , with 84 11 > h . of rye meal , and two handfulH of Halt . After being well stirrtfll for a quarter of an hour , it wan poured into tin moulds , foririing cakes of 7 11 ) 8 . eacli . Thews quantities would make : 5 (> cakes , which a man and two children could manufacture in half an hour . Koch beaut received ono of these cakoa per day , and , in addition , got a bushel of chaff or hay , mixed with a weak linneed liquor , composed of 12 lbs . of ground linneed , and 240 lbs . of water , which , boing well boiled together , wan poured over 50 bushels of the chall " . The feeder also pi vo each fatting beast three-quartern of a cwt . of Bwedes per day , in three toedu . It wm found that ihio compound wa » fully eqnnX to
the best oilcake , and had the merit of costing about 41 . per ton instead of at least 101 . Had the linseed been grown by this Cornishman , and had he used the unsteeped flux chaff in place of a portion of his hay , his profits would probably have been increased by fully one-third . Therefore is it that we urge the executors of the late Mr . Donlan to leave the country in a state of expectation no longer than is absolutely necessary for the completion of their arrangements . They have a public duty to perform , and we invite them to execute it with as little delay as possible . The culture of flax can receive no strong stimulus in this country until more economical means of preparing it are within the reach of our farmers . These means arc said to be at the exclusive disposal of Mr . Donlan ' s executors ; and we trust that , in the course of another month , we may have the satisfaction of winding up our remarks on this subject by a publication of full particulars of the patented process .
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WAE-snirs made useful-ii * peace . If her Majesty's Ministers belong to a policy of the past , and are reactionary in their sympathies , they are also not afraid of innovations ; and one which they have just initiated promises well . Her Majesty ' s ship Hercules , of 72 guns , is placed at the disposal of the Emigration Commissioners , to be fitted up , under their inspection , for emigrants to Australia , and she is to bring back timber , for the use , we presume , of her Majesty ' s dockyards . Employment of this kind is perfectly compatible with , the primary use to which , war-ships are applicable , and it is one which , by rendering them serviceable in the intervals of war , practically diminishes their cost . That it can be reconciled to the dominant oeconomic principles of the day nobody will pretend ; but her Majesty ' s Ministers for the time being will probably reconcile it to practice .
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There is no learned man but will confess he hath ™ profited by reading controversies , his senses awaked and ms judgment sharpened . If , then it be ¦ nmh ^ r for him to read , why should it not , at least , b ^ tofit for his adversary to write . —Milton . "JJ-waoie
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" THE TRUE PRINCIPLE OF CONCERT Itf RAILWAY ADMINISTRATIO N . " ( To flic Editor of the Leader ^ SiB , —Agreeing generally with your very excellent remarks on "Concert in Railway Administration" I must beg to differ with you on one special point of your argument . I take the liberty of doing so on the grounds , that , before the evils attendant on the present railway administration can be removed , the real cause of those evils must be discovered . When this is done and not until then , can the true principle of "concert " be applied to the advantage of all parties concerned the workers , the proprietors , and the public . I think , then , that you are scarcely warranted b y the circumstances in stating as a " fact , " that " the traffic on the London and North-Western Eailway overcrowds that line , compels the managers to send trains too large , or too rapidly after one-another . " Now the trains which are started the most rapidly after one-another are usually those of the greatest speed . And railway statistics will show that accidents by these trains are but units compared to those occurring to trains that are more slow of speed , or those having the greater amount of time between the'departures . The real jwactical working of a railway train , when in motion , rests with the driver and fireman on the
engine , and the signal-man and points-man on the road . And the reason that there are fewer accidents by the trains I have mentioned is , that every man is compelled instinctively to feel the extra dangers and responsibilities attendant on fast travelling , and that extra caution , activity , and attention are required of him , and lie gives them accordingly . The slower trains aro not considered to be attended with such great risks as in the other case , and the men have no interest , and little else to make , or cause them to feel , the necessity of the same strict attention ; and hence wo may account for the difference in the number of casualties in the two
cases . That the line is overcrowded I believe will be found to be equally erroneous . And , after some years' experience in the practical working of the line , 1 would venture to aasert that oner-third might he added to the present inline with equally ay much safety and certainty . The extra , traflic consequent on the Exhibition of Lint year will bear me out in that assertion . I' 01 " be it remembered , that , throughout the whole of t'liit busy time , with all its extra pressure upon the time and attention of the railway-servants , not one accident of a serious nature ! occurred on the main line of trains of the London and North-Western Railway .
It i . s true that during that iinio there was considerable inconvenience ! to passengers , occasioned by the '' lay of trains , in consequence of the unusual nunibeTH <> be accommodated . Hut for this evil , re-suHing from the want of room , and oilier arran ^ ementf , at the van <> ' ^ stations and termini , time ) and experience would li » taught the remedy . With thiH drawback the f ««< ' IS patent , that , nearly rioubln the amount of tnillic «»<* conducted , without injury to any one , during th <» HUU 1 " merof 18 f > I
. . Why , Limn , ho marked a frucrioin from . 1 K ; ci , < 1 ( : I ^ j ' j that extraordinary epoch of railway travelling r ' why the frequent ' neriouH accidents that have liu ]» IM ! U "' Hinee that time P When 1 have shown that lb <» j' «" iimnt is absent that iiwuml the safety of the travel "' during the Exhibition , it will easily be ween how to » " ¦ - count for the difference . Hand It wan ft national ambition thut succeso should « tto all that related to th « Exhibition , it « contributor «" » n
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876 THE LEADER . [ Saturday
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IMMORALITIES OF THE MARKIAGE LAW . Not a word needs to be altered in the subjoined letter to the Times . The one fact for us to note is the appearance of such a letter in that great organ of received opinions . It is not the first , neither is it the least striking of its series ; neither , we venture to predict , is it the last . The subject upon which it touches has long been demanding such utterance as it is beginning to receive within that forum of discussion ; and we sliall hear more of it . " Sir , —You are always ready to rouse the general ear if a clear ease of grievance can be made out . Let me tell my tale , —no solitary ono , 1 fear , or there would be less need that it should be told . A poor man married , and had half a dozen young children , but the mother forsook them and her husband . Not only bis wife was gone , but his cook , his netrse , bis laundress , and bis housekeeper . To feed his little ones be must be away in the fields all ehiy ; so lie found a clean indusf rious avohhui to come and tend them , nnd , for awhile , all way well . " Could this last ? You have told me what the poor man's dwelling is—those eight , and two small rooms ; answer me . " Neighbours whispered , the district visitor passed by the door , the clergyman rebuked the offenders , and withheld all village charili . ^ . ( Do not blame him , the ; poor , who were a credit to his parish would have blamed him sorely bad he done otherwise . ) !) uf , Christmas and Kastor bring no lnden baskets to gladden the poor little one's who live with 'that horrid woman . ' Tim man would marry bin companion if he ; dare , but trial for bigamy stares him in the face" A . divorce ! How can lie hope for it , ? His rich neighbour , who can better keep bouse without a wife , can buy one , but not he ! < Might , this ho to be ? "A Lady . " llow f re > R , ir . i , K . — " You must flatter e > r frighten the inferesl , or the self-love ! of men . Mesn are ! assess or monkeys , who only jump for nuts , or ski ]) about in fear of" the whip . " - AV ^ . svr ' . v Afirf /< r ~ ine for September . National Lovm . —JY 1 once saiel to niei , " I have ! known women of all countries . The Italian we > - iiinii only be'lieve'S in the ) . sincerity of her lovesr when \ h' is ready to commit a , crime for heir ; the Knglishwoman when he is disposed to be downright mad in her behalf ; nnd the I'Yeiichwomnu when hei is disposed to render lfnnnelf silly and ridienloiiH for her mike . " /' Va . vcr ' . y JUxrtja-inc for September . A < Jjonti ; k i-iinir ..- — Madame do Tene-in , with the nuave'st manners in the world , wan an unprine-ipled woman , capable of anything . On one occasion , a friend was jiraiMino- heir gentleness . " Ay , ay , " miiel the Abbe Inihlcf , " il slid had any object wlmteyer in poisoning you , undoubteelly nhe would ehoose the hwcc < , cm 1 < and the least disagreeable ) pennon in tho world . "—JbYiwor ' s Magazine i ' ov Hout « inbwrt
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[ in- this department , as all opinions , hotvetee ext ™ , ™ , AKE ALLOWED AN EXPRESSION , THE EDITOR NECEsWr HOLDS HIMSELE RESPONSIBLE TOE NONE . " ] ° a- "ULX
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Leader (1850-1860), Sept. 11, 1852, page 876, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1951/page/16/
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