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is may fall on men whose sacrifices to sustain JL burden may not be merely those of comforts , luxu-• or accumulations , but of daUy necessaries for bod y and mind . ; , In any case ' however > we m fc for tlie P resent that our taxation absorbs one-sixth of our in-JlSStli * - _
1 C and in whatever way we turn the matter , it C -ll still come to the same thing . The effect of the Proposed change of system is to bring us face to face -f ] the fact . It is worse than useless to disguise it the obscure and complicated devices of an indirect taxation . __ _____
pew nations have paid so little as one-sixth of their income in taxation , including all its forms , although e of them have paid taxes approaching to ours in absolute amount . As to our own experience , we had , in 1799 , income-tax of one-tenth above 200 £ . per annum , and at duated ra ^ es down to 60 ? . : this yielded six millions , while the total taxation was thirty-five and a half millions- The incomes returned in 1801 , down to GQl ., .. mounted to 74 , 676 , 894 ? . ; add what we may for
evasions exemp tions , and incomes below the taxable limit * fc still appears that the taxation at the beginning of the century was at least one-third of the income . In 1 S 03 the income-tax was fixed at one-twentieth ; but the whole taxation reached to thirty-eight and a half millions . True , those were years of war ; but this at least is clear , that a tax on property which , on the average , should take only one-sixth of the iucome , to the exclusion of all other taxes whatever , would be far
less burdensome than a tax of one-tenth or one-twentieth , accompanied by other taxes of six or ten times its own magnitude . Having referred so much to income , we must add that the relation of taxation to income is necessarily talcen into account in considering the effect of taxation on the general wealth of the nation , but that it does not supply the rule for apportioning taxation amongst the individual members of the community . We have not space in this article for showing that our taxation * even at its present rate , leaves us large collective annual savings .
Our tables have been calculated on the supposition that we have but one tax , and that an annual oue on property . Such a tax , to meet our present expenditure , would be a rate of 11 . Is . 7- ^ d . per cent , on all property . Two devices , consistent with our principles , may be proposed for reducing that rate—a personal tax iiiul a large tax on all successions . The first at one . shilling per person per annum would raise only 1 , 350 , 000 ? ., mid at three or four times that amount , would not get
nil of tho necessity of relying chiefly on the tax on propert y . A large tax on successions , ably advocated l > y Mr . , 1 . S . Mill , is a property tax paid under arrangements equivalent to the operation of ii reversed life assurance ; practically , it would bear with great ^' verit y where successive lives on the same property v short . Kven if it were raised jus hi < jrh as would '" ' consistent with not defeating its realization , in lurgo Minis , iintl ni ] on ^ ; u ( crvu ] S ) fVoni the name property , * ''I 11 l ' lVill l > Vhni » v ) lr / iwti . r . w ,. » . »»» v *^ 11 r . 11 .. > i t w . 1 i 1 / 1 /»/ 1 lit W ii u : ai propert ( t ) included in it
y now exempwere , ils ' <¦ ought to be , f , iu , ch - wi - msoum , UH 1 Ht still be tho iiiiniu l lax . Reserving , then , these points , we < lo not neiu disturb our table , or our reasonings founded "ii it . 1 \ " \ ° ' " ¦ I-V " t 7 -i < L > Uw «» "H' » fc of fcl" *! requisite rate , s —j' / ., or more than half , is absorbed by the interest "J "ttn"K «» ionL of the National Debt . In spite oi ] ( . tlmt (> an l )( ' Slli ( l I" tho contrary , " debt , " in " * "" "J »« well as private ulTair . s , " is not only an inlri ' ru ' < IU ' ' > UL ! l nihlIllit ' . V : " luul ofa 11 tin ; olyurtH the ri l ( " ' sll () lll < l propo . se to itself , few are so important , as H !!" , S |' a "< l Htl ! 1 Mlr « Nl' ellbrts to reduce Its own . If , ils ^ " ' ieve , Hixt y millions of direct , would bo nioro Inn / > '"" tl-i " "' ' () f ill ( Iir «!( - ' taxation , we might , < 1 " '" Mte some sensible impression on its amount , "I ' thT "' ° < M ° ° " l > ms «' n < ' '" -live men . Kxolu . sivo ' ) i (( 1 ( U ' " "' < l"t nc ( . . s of <) , „• del , ! ,, our taxation would be . j , ; u . ( i . , ' ' " '' l ( ' W ( 1 '" direct , mid , therefore , iin-( o rrc ¦/• UH . ' < l l ' ' •<> »' , asy underKtiuiding mid ,.,. _ . ' .. 1 OI 1 > ' * ' wou'l ( 1 occasion little dissatisfaction and ai 0 ( l ' » coi , t ,. nt nil t ongoing tiibloH Hhow by whut small imposts , if
only they were equally spread over all property , taxes may be entirely obliterated , which have been subjects of deep and long-continued complaint , and which by the partiality of their pressure have been undeniably injurious and severe . The following table illustrates this point , which , however , will require further discussion : — Kate per 100 £ . per arm . Matters affectedby required to replace present taxes . and abolish the said taxes . Household consumption , exclusive of s . d . drinkables 5 7 £ Drinkables 6 7 ^ Successions ( real property now exempt ) . 0 11 Commercial operations , considered as distinct from the subject matters of commerce 1 11 £ locomotion 0 7 £ Means of discussion , information , and publicity 0 7 \ 16 3 We have confined ourselves in this paper to general views of the position of our taxation under the proposed system . Assessment , and the bearing of the system on classes , and in special circumstances , will occupy future papers .
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THE PEOPLE ' S PAXACE AWD THE EELIGIOTTS \ T 0 ELD . A well timed , moderate , and sensible pamphlet has recently been published under this title on the Sabbatarian agitation against the promised charter to the new Crystal Palace Company . We had hoped that the indignant voice of public opinion had silenced that nasal clamour ; but a report has reached us which we would fain consider as unfounded , that Lord Derby , harassed by the Sabbatarian skirmishers , sent out by the Earl of Shaftesbury , begins , with his now proverbial pliancy , to hesitate about granting the promised charter to the new Crystal Palace , unless the building be entirely closed on Sundays . When this outrage on sound feeling and common sense was first announced , our readers will remember that the Leader denounced its folly and its cruelty : for the rest , we may add that the pith of the pamphlet to which we have alluded , and which well deserves attention ( as it is written in an eminently religious spirit ) was contained in " A Plea for Sunday Reform" which appeared in our Portfolio more than a year ago .
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T 1 IK MORALITY Ofc' WOMAN'S RKHITS . ( To the KdUor of tho Leader . ) Mit . I ' jKADioit , —In your recent observations upon the Woman ' s Rights Convention in America you say , that " hud the law the rigid , oi" compelling men to pay for the support , of illegitimate children , infanticide would be diminished , or entirely cense . " Hut its good ellect would be ( carried much further . Illcijriil connexions
would be more effectually checked . I he lnw which gave women the rights of equality would tend to clear our land of thu miserable , abandoned , vagrant ; , and criminal juvenile population whom no one euros for and who care for no one . 1 ' crimps even the law which elevuted tin ; Woman to her just , position , would in ho doing elevate the Man ho much in his moral state , that , tho laws to enforce education , now ho evidentl y incumbent and approaching , would not , lie needed .
The laws I mean which must , give support , to ragged and reformatory , and industrial schools , or b y whatever name we cull thoyo institutions which aro to supply the
faults of educational schools—the faults of social tieswhich the want of this education has been so long engendering in our country . Can we doubt that bywhatever sanction we give to raise the worth and dignity of the human race that now exists , by so much shall we secure the increased worth and dignity of the succeeding race who are entering into the world as the progeny of the present . Por it is the peculiar property of morals that they raise not only those who act them , but those towards whom they are acted . What is the argument which you and all rational men make use of in advocating the giving of rights to the people , to the whole of the adult males—is it not that in thus
doing you will give them also duties ? and is not this argument identical for women in truth and in power ? I have lately visited a reformatory school in one of our cities , in which out of 30 boys lodged and fed , the master tells me that almost every one is illegitimate or turned out by a step-father or mother , or having parents in prison , and the consequence is that most have been in gaol seven to ten times ; and while the causes , bad family-ties , and bad education , are so strongly pointed out by the evidence of such schools , shall we only look to the remedy , not to prevention ? I remain , Sir , your humble servant , S . Bath , October 11 th .
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DISUNION AMONG POPULAR LEADERS . ( To the Editor of the Leader . ) Deab Sib , —Please to be so kind as to allow me to tender my sincere thanks and regards to Mr . Thornton Hunt , for his manly forbearance towards his calumnia tors—for I cannot call them less—for depend upon it , a man who can truly say , ' it is my rule never to defend myself / is calculated to exercise a very beneficial influence , both in the present and the future , over the movements of the people . I am a poor man , but I have often said that I would contribute half of my week ' s earnings towards making a fund to be divided amongst the Chartist leaders , on the condition that they would be at peace amongst themselves for a period of two or three years ; but now , when a leader like Mr . Hunt , whose usefulness time alone will tell , comes forward and states tho above rule of his conduct , I think that there is good cause to be thankful , for it is , in my opinion , a true sign of calculable progress ; and if the people only countenance such conduct , as it ought to be countenanced , our time henceforth will notbe taken up by personal bickerings , that have so long been the bane of every Chartist movement ; but by true union in word and action , until we finally triumph over every obstacle , and obtain those political rights for which we havo so long yearned and struggled . Yours ever , dear Sir , in the cause of Eight , G . G . Bingloy , Oct . 18 th , 181 ) 2 .
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October 23 , 1852 . ] THE LEADER . 1019
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[ iN THIS IHCl'AHTSnCNT , AN AI , I . OPINIONS , IIOWltVKll KXTKKMK A 11 H AM . OW i ; i > AN KXl'KUHHION , THU JCDITOH tf UCUHUAUUiY HUMIH JUMNKl . l'' KHHrOWSIlU-K I'Olt NONJ ' -. J There im unlearned man but , will eonfefia he hnt . h much pro I it . ee I b _ v remlun M : <> iit . rovi : raicH , lu . s fjenne . s awakened , and ins jiidi ^ nieiil . . sharpened . 11 , I , hen , iL be prolil . iihlc for him l , ( i read , why idiould it , not , ,: it ' , leaut , be Loleruble lor his advi . TMiiry l . o writ . e .- Mii . toiv .
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NOTICES TO CORKESl'ONDENTS . C . W . W . ' b leltor , in reply to our temperanco contributors , declined . We prefer to insert tho coniinuniciitionti tiyaintt tho view taken by "Ion , " mo that the discussion may not bo considered purtiiilly conducted . " Ion" will probably oiler a few remarks on the lot tern wo have inserted . Mr . II . J 3 cii 1 'm letters admit of no reply . Their insertion would , wo believe , discredit , the cause they profess to represent in the cyeH of all ri j ^ ht-tliiiildii ^ and generous men . " Tho War of Ideas , " nddroHHed to the . Anti-Nlavery Lenders at homo and abroad , by Ion—Letters to tho " Open Council , " on " Tho Umpire , in J'Yanoe , " and the " Jtclution of Woman to Political Reform" —unavoidably omitted thin week .
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WiVKS AT A Puic . HiiJM . An Oregon correspondent of the Commercial Advertiser , in speaking of the famous Oregon hind law , which gives a mile square of land to every actual settler married before a certain ( lute , says that it set the whole ; country astir , and everybody got married that could . Tho scarcity of marriageable women , however , was Hiieh that , in some in-Htunces , girls of 14 , 1 , 5 , lil , and even 11 yeiir . s of ago were married , in order to necuro thu land perquisites ! — JY < to York Herald . A Dandy Indian . —The young Indian , liko tho young Kuropeiin , is apt " to break out as a , dandy . Ho ] mints and greases hiiiiKolf with titudious euro , mid dallies elegantly with his pipe and tomahawk . Ho aspires to possess a looking-glass , and when he getn one , < lrusses by it more than seven times ii-cliiy . H in , however , not only a vain thing ; it is serviceable to him in the prairie , . since by Hashing it ugitinst , the sun , bo can make signals visihlo by distant friends before his own dark body is < o he described ; and that , on nmny eritienl occasions , may be a property that makes fclio looking-glass u valuable friend . Mr . Sullivan estimates , the smoking power of Mie Indian at GO pipes a-day ; but , his tobacco in diluled with three times its quantity of the dried bark of tho red willow , which makes it hotter to tho mouth , but diiniiuHhuM itb mjdtttivo cttbcli . — Diokenb ' Household Words .
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Leader (1850-1860), Oct. 23, 1852, page 1019, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1957/page/15/
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