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    feet sovereignty of the Porte , they are working out the problem of their true relations to each other ; and in the meanwhile , the secondary problem may be worked out : What shall be the relation of Turkey to her territories ? It is absurd to talk of a Greek element in Turkey , when that Greek element is represented by a kingdom almost unable to reduce itself to order under an alien monarchy , or by the mere traders scattered about the indented shoreB , and so demoralized as to be incapable of organizing themselves . It is absurd to talk of " a Christian State , "

    when the Christian provinces of Turkey could onl meet to treat each other like the men of Cadmus . It is not in a State , that Christian Turkey can develop itself—it is a congeries of separate and heterogeneous States , in different conditions , with varying degrees of civilization , which must be further cultivated before they can act together . They might act together before they could be united in a political whole . They might be federated before they could be consolidated . All this might be done under the shelter of the Turkish Government—indeed , is doing . When the Christian populations of

    Turkey have grown to a sufficient size , the doom of the Empire will have arrived * and the Saracen palace will fall by the growth of a tenant too large to contain it . At that time , probably , the Oriental Switzerland of separate States—each under its own Constitution , will arise by natural growth ; and it will then be time to determine what relation the more purely Turkish provinces shall have to the rest ? What shall be the toleration * which the Cross shall extend to the Crescent , in return for the tolerance already shown for the Cross , before the Sultan had parted with the seimetar of his forefathers ?

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    AUSTRIAN LOANS AND LOANS THAT PAY . Austria again appears as a borrower , or woiildbe borrower , and proposals arc made , here and there , to take the opportunity of retaliating upon Austria ., through her finance , for the wrongs she has ' committed upon ' humanity . In other words , it is proposed to crumple rip Austria , according to Mr . Cobden ' s recipe , some years ago . We doubt , however , the ability of moneyed men for

    the purpose . Mr . Cobden , himself , upon explaining his crumpling theory , at the Edinburgh meeting , said that he intended , in part , to rely upon the power of an armed navy to blockade the ports of Russia ; so that the apostle of peace positively relies upon the armed power of Europe , for accomplishing his pacific purposes , and not , altogether , upon the loan-refusing plan . Austria has used the members of the 'Jewish race with

    great severity , and a political suggestion is thrown out , that the Jews should refuse their assistance to the new loan . It is expected that even the liberal member for London City , Consul-General for his Imperial Majesty of Austria , would join in the refusal of financial aid ; but we have no faith in the action of moneyed men , on political grounds . Sin never sticks to silver , gold knows no infection , and profit does not

    depend for its amount upon moral considerations . . " Even if Ifciron Lionel de Rothschild were to refuse direct help to the Austrian Exchequer , the oflect might be the same to Austria , for , in finance , there is a lnanoouvre , as available an in ordinary commerce — we mean the triangular trade . . ' Rothschild might refiiHo a loan to Austria ., but , perhaps , might lend money for Greek purposes , to any available financier . Hay to a , l 3 a . lta . zzi : and the distance from Ualtazzi to

    Vienna , is not great . The real chock upon these- loans to Austria , is the state of Austria herself , and her finances . !<\> r Nome yearn her credit has been of the worst . The imperial Hank of Vienna suspended its cash pay men In long ago . The paper currency of Austria , i , s ho depreciated , jus to vitiate the nominal value of her payments , and the Government has , on more than one occasion , boon obliged to accept nominal loans , an from the Duke of Modena , to conceal the refusal which its necessities had

    entailed upon it . With fur larger territory Mian ours , Austria can barely support a national deb !; , amounting to about a hundred and thirty millions ; but we need not be surprised at the bare E . vcliemierof n , State , which suppresses the libertics mid industry of zi . ll tho rueeH subjected to its rule . Add to these notorious facts tho important one , in addition , that none of the financial statements put forward by Austria are in the slightest degree to bo trusted ! and wo understand the

    reason wiry the bankrupt Emperor is continually appearing in the market for petty loans , sometimes to meet refusal and sometimes to raise the wind , on terms of nominal interest , but notoriously on far moi * e ruinous terms . It is much to be doubted whether an Austrian loan would really pay the lender ; if it should it is hardly worth while , for so paltry a prize as simple interest , to gamble in the fortress of an empire rotten to its core , political as well as financial . If Englishmen have money to spare there are hundreds of enterprises that are at once safer

    and more profitable . It has become of late years a common custom to lend money upon the strength of " quotations" in the market , that is to say the private individuals who form what moneymen call the public , and who have money to invest , suffer themselves to be guided by the fashion of the day ; and because stock-jobbers are gambling in shares of a West Diddlesex , or a loan to a South American republic , the widows of half-pay officers and other persons wanting an income out of a certain capital go into the market and buy . They may buy , but they are generally sold in these transactions . The Stock Exchange can no more run against the laws of political

    economy than the Thames can turn upon its course . That investment only is thoroughly safe which is based upon production , or which is immediately used in increasing the wealth of the world . The more directly that effect is produced , the more complete the return for the invester . A good railway where there is really a large amount of traffic through wealthy districts , or one not expensive to construct and calculated to call forth a good amount of dormant wealth , like that through the JNTorth American provinces ; a well - directed steam navigation between wealthy communities , such as that of the Peninsular and Oriental Steam

    ^ Navigation Company , or some of the new Australian lines , or Cunard ' s ; a well considered and well managed acquisition of an Irish estate ; English insurance , either as proprietor , or insurer ; a group of substantial or well-built houses in a wealthy and pleasant part of England , or a flourishing town ; a thoroughly ¦ well-managed estate in England—these are but examples of n list which mighi . be carried to a much greater length for the investment of money with something like a certainty of return at a considerable rate—these

    are the loons that pay . When the invester is doing something to increase the wealth of America , of England , of Ireland , he is employing persons with benefit to themselves , to give him a proportionate share of their returns , and while he is doing good lie is placing his property in the most 231 'ofitablo and safe hands . When lie is lending money to a bankrupt Emperor , who is bolstering up rotten finance with loans—who uses the money to oppress many nations , to keep down the freedom of industry—then the lender is doing ill , and is staking his money on tho desperate fortunes of a tyranny condemned .

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    HAIL COLUMBIA IN JAPAN . In order to appreciate Commodore Perry ' s entrance into Japan , a , preamble is necessary—the prcambulation namely , of the Dutch superintendent . Japan lias exceeded even China in its cxclusivcncss towards foreigners and in £ lie fantastical mixture of common sense and nonsense , which appears to regulate its customs and government . It is well known that the country is under the government of si , potentate called Emperor ; Avho is so sacred that he cannot intermingle with

    mortal ailairs , and nothing which he touches can be used by any profane mortal ; hence ho is retained in u species of holy imprisonment , and for tho dress , furniture , or utensils of daily life , is fobbed oil ' with the cheapest manufactures of the island . His government is carried on by a ^ iogoon , or military lieutenant , who really possesses all tho power , and exercises it with a paternal despotism approached only Iry China . The Dutch arc admitted , on a , species of sufferanco

    most peculiar . At Dozima , near Nagasaki , a small island 1 ms been artificially constructed to place the ouInhIo barbarians upon ; it is walled oil from the town , and no Japanese boat must approach it The European residents aro limited to eleven ; tho only Japanese permitted to remain amongst , them after sunset are women , " who have forfeited the first claim of their sex to respect or esteem . " Hall . ' canto children jito removed / And .

    m short , the iiluropcan residents aro prisoners in tho strictest , souse of tho word . Even tho Op perhoofd , or President , can only make n tour in tho island under tho most ludicrous restrictions .

    He . must ask permission , and is then given in charge of an interpreter with subordinates and police-officers , and an agent who manages the expense . All those persons are attended by their own servants , and every official may invite as many friends as he pleases . Thus swelled to regimental numbers , the party is permitted to ramble the streets of the town , ana to visit the tea-houses , —at the expense of the Dutch ; whose alien hospitality is severely taxed .

    On rare occasions the Dutch President is permitted to visit Yeddo , the capital , for the purpose of conveying homage and tribute in the shape of presents . He is conveyed under guard or a grand police-officer , with an expensive retinue , and placed in a sort of honourable custody ! During this visit the grandees of the capital bribe the guards to admit them to see the curious animals from Europe ; and in those interviews the Japanese are reported to evince a curious intelligence . The Opperhoofd is allowed to reside a certain period , for the sake of interviews with

    the Ziogoon . After due waiting , he is permitted to be glorified by admission into the presence of that potentate ; escorted hither by a large train , bearing the presents . The interview is a most elaborate affair . Once in the presence , the Opperhoofd pays his compliments to the silent Ziogoon ; is pulled by the cloak , told that the audience is over , and is carried out ; the whole passing amidst the stillness of death . At another audience the Emperor sits behind a screen , and an interview goes on by the medium of an interpreter ;

    direct communication being impossible . A Japanese grandee never speaks direct to a Dutchman , but through an interpreter . At the two audiences which the President has every year with the Governor of JNagasaki , a regulated dialogue is repeated between the President offering compliments and presents , and the Governor graciously accepting , after which the President goes

    into another room and pays a separate visit to the secretaries , also with set compliments . In short , a Dutchman must live in a prison ; walk under a police guard ; travel in custody , supporting the surrounding mob , at his expena 6 ; must speak according to book ; must prostrate himself ; must abstain from addressing a sacred Japanese ; and must admit himself an inferior being for tho privilege of being permitted to trade .

    So much for the Dutchman : now for the American . Commodore Perry entered the bay of Yeddo , sacred town ! with two steam-frigates and two war-sloops , the steamers being the first ever seen in Japanese waters . The town of Uraga was appointed for the interview ; a nobleman of the third rank came to ascertain tho object of the expedition ; and on the fourth day an officer of the highest rank was appointed to receive tho Commodore . Tho Commodore was

    asked , indeed , at first , to go to Nagasaki , as tho proper point from which to negotiate with the Japanese Government—Nagasaki , tho residence of the Dutch ; but lie replied that to ask him io proceed thither would be an insult to his Government , and it was not pressed . On the sixth day , the Governor and the Deputy-Governor , with the Commandant of the Forces , conducted tho Commodore to the landing-place ; soldiers wero arrayed on tho shore in grand force ; the Commodore was received by tho first councillor of the empire and another prince ; to them the credentials were delivered , and an official receipt was taken . If tho Japanese had before negotiated only through subordinates , it was not so with

    Commodore Perry ; his only personal interview was with that first councillor . After tho interview , however , tho Governor and Deputy-Governor were treated to a trip on board one of the steamfrigates , and the Governor afterwards exchanged presents with the Commodore : tho Japanese dignitary ' b superiors waiving tho old rule wlucJi forbade officials to accept presents . Thus did tho vigour of Commodore- Pony enable him to lnalco a firofc stand upon Japanese ground ; breaking through their little rules , as Gulliver broke through Hie n > * ek-thread . Perhaps nothing better illuHtttUH Sh . i mode of taking possession than the fash , am Ln which tho Commodore landed and

    marched , •„> tho house of reception , tlio American colours flying , and tho band playing " liaH Columbia . " " , Holland has boon long trying to obtain and muintain a footing in Japan . Comniodoro I erry plants his foot there in state , mid upon ormamy with tho dignitaries of tho island . America i »« received other tributes not Ices etiilcmg to tno

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    • ' ' 1018 THE LEADER . [ Saturday ,

• Citation
  • Leader (1850-1860), Oct. 22, 1853, page 1018, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2009/page/10/