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xustancT ) , and shall enable them to -mate their voice - heaidand respected in the Bund , where their most un-XSifXK are diseased . " To effect these objects Professor von Lasaulx , a member of the Chamber , anc . one of the leaders of the Catholic party in Bavaria , haf nroDOsed—*' 1- That a Supreme Federal Court for secvJag the political rights of the different states shall be formed ; and , 2 , the organisation and convocation o 1 a national representation , in order that deputies of the people may be heard iis well as the representatives oi the princes . " . . The Queen of Spain has been indisposed ; but has recovered . The assertion that she has had a miscarriage appears to be incorrect . TheQueen of Spain arrived at Madrid on the 30 th oi September , and the Cortes assembled the following day . M . Bruil , Minister of Finance , read the Budget of 1856 , and different financial bills . The cholera is again raging . It is stated on good authority that sums of money have been sent to the Carlists of Catalonia by the Fillifcusters of the United States , who , it seems , count much on the success of a rising in Spain , and are confident of being able to treat with the Count de Montenaolin for the transfer of Cuba ! The brigands are still having it all their owe way in " Smyrna . A Government courier has been robbed of 2000 Z . near Magnesia , and he and two of the guards were skilled . The bandit Luka , who is a Croat , has . sworn that he will avenge the death of Simon , and that the first person he catches whose ransom is not paid within four-and-twenty hours , shall be impaled or flayed alive . Endeavours are being made to capture this ruffian . — The Smyrna fig harvest this year has proved unusually abundant . Much indignation has been excited among the French in Egypt at the extraordinary conduct of Said Pacha , the Viceroy , in announcing his intention of visiting Erance , starting on his journey , and then putting back for no better reason than that he was sea-sick ; a reason the more extraordinary , as this ^ ery man was Admiralin-Chief of the Egyptian fleet for fifteen years ! On his Kighness ' s return , one of his police-officers jocosely said that the Pacha had been to Sebastopol and taken it . This came to the ears of Said ; and , having sent for the -man , he told him that , if he had not the power to take ¦ Sebastopol , he was quite capable of ordering him five hundred lashes- ^ which were accordingly administered . The Austrian Minister of Finance ( says the Times Vienna Correspondent ) has" come to an understanding with M- Isaac Pereire on the subject of the statutes of the Mortgage Bank ; but the question as to the amount of capital with which the new institution is to be endowed has not yet been settled . The premium on gold has fallen two per cent . ; great activity prevails at the Mint , -and the process of coining is carried on by night as well as by day . The house of Kothschild will find the necessary funds for the Mortgage Bank . The security will . probably be State domains of the value of 150 , 000 , 000 of florins , with the right to bring them into the market . The Opinion * Turin , in mentioning the appointment of General Winspeare to the Directorship of War at Naples , states that he has a brother who is a general in the Russian army , and that he is well known for his Philo-Russinn opinions . Cholera is rapidly decreasing in Northern Italy . Lord Stratford de Redcliffe , it is said , refuses to recognise the restoration of Mehemet Ali Pacha to power ; ¦ and , in an interview which he had with the Sultan , he used , according to report , language so unbecoming , and even eo brutal , that the Sultan had a fit in consequence . The reigning Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha has left Paris for Coblentz , at which city there is at present a sort of congress of German princes . Kossuth , Mazzini , and Ledru Rollin have published in the National of Brussels a long manifesto addressed to Republicans . They declare that the moment has arrived for European democracy to constitute itself into a powerful unity , and to act . The fall of Sobastopol thoy regard as the beginning of a general war , the end of which must be favourable to the peoples ; aud the document concludes with the words , " Organise yourselves , and dare 1 " The visit of Baron Prokesch to Paris is stutod to be purely that of a private individual . He has , however , been presented to the Emporor . The Emperor of Russia ' s late visit to Moscow , aays a letter from St . Petersburg , was in order that ho might •? ' pray to the God of Russia in the first capitul of the empire , in which he was born , to bless his power and the holy combat of the orthodox Church in the Eust . " At the moment the C » ar entered the cathedral , the Metropolitan of Moscow delivered an address M of fanatical raving . After alluding to the prayer for victory , the Metropolitan concluded with the folloivuig inexplicable observation : — "Wo address to tha Lord another prayer : it is to boo you soon with the auored . sign of ithe saints , the oyown of your father and your ancestors , amid the benedictions of Heaven and of Russia . " Hho Nart / tevn Bee . has , lately published several articles on a book on the war in 1812 , in which it is attempted to bo nhown that it was the Are of Moscow , and no-t cold . ¦ and ( hunger , which destroyed the invading army . The obj « ot of tbifl . i / Bito persuade the ltuwiau reader . tluit tho
; 3 abandonment of Sebastopol was premeditated , and will - certainly turn to the advantage of Russia . , The Governments of Austria and Belgium are at this I moment engaged in a dispute ^ about the right of posj session of a church at Rome , Called the Chiesa dell ' Anima . Belgium claims it because it was founded in I 1400 by a Belgian named Jean de Fister . Austria , on F the other hand , pleads her possession of Belgium for > centuries , and the fact of there existing no treaty or ¦ article of a treaty by which she renounces her right . When France annexed Belgium , she also took possession of the Chiesa dell' Anima , and subsequently the Holy ! See recognised the right of Belgium . Cardinal Brunelli has been appointed to examine into the matter . ¦ The Austrian Government is said to have made a proposition to the Porte that the powers of Prince Stirbey , the present Hospodar of Wallackia , whose authority expires in May , 1856 , in virtue of the convention of Balta-Liman , shall be prolonged for another period of seven years . The Paris Prefect of Police has issued a decree , ordering that , on and after the 16 th of the present month , butchers' meat shall be subjected to prices fixed regularly by the authorities every fortnight . In the shops established in the markets , meat is to be sold at ten centimes , at least , per kilogramme below the fixed price . . Great disgust is being created in Prussia at the unscrupulous conduct of the police , which , though not so bad as that of the sbirri of Naples and Rome , is sufficiently irritating . This force was originally intended to be an exact counterpart of the London police ; but it has gradually assumed a more military character . It appears that members of the body have lately been instructed to draw up lists of electors , and to go about from house to house , demanding that the owner shall vote in favour of the ministry at the elections . If the Prussians have any spirit in them , they will resist such insulting dictation . -1 i- so f- sd it [ t i- it 11 le h
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THE ITALIAN NIGHTMARES . The presence of English and French vessels in the Baj of Naples seems to have imposed a certain check on th < savage vagaries of the King of the Two Sicilies . Th « beatings , the torturings , the illegal imprisonments , and infamous extortions of money from the pockets of inoffensive beings , have considerably lessened ; and the people are left to breathe awhile . But the calm is only treacherous . Mazza , it is said , has been employed by the king to organise the armed lazzaroni , and has told them that he is still in fact their leader , and that they are to be faithful to his cause , which they are to hold themselves ready to defend . Such , at least , is one statement ; but , according to another , Roberti , the new Director of Police , has disarmed the lazzaroni , and placed them under surveillance . Of the two assertions , the former , we ate afraid , is the more probable . Roberti is said to be a pious man- The phrase is so often misused , that a misgiving comes over us on hearing it ; but let us hope that he is pious in the best sense of the word . The Naples Correspondent of the Morning Post says that , as the dismissal of Mazza has not been officially communicated , the demands of England are not satisfied ; and Sir William Temple is determined to uphold his country with spirit . The affair , therefore , is not yet settled ; and the King goes on fortifying with preposterous industry . " The diligence from Rome to Naples , " says t \ wDaily News Correspondent , " lias been stopped by brigands between Terracina and Cisterna . The brigands were three , the passengers , conductor , and postilions , twelve . Notwithstanding , the pttssongers were relieved of a little of their superfluous cash , until the greater booty waa discovered of 1500 piastres . The robbory ia suspected to have been a plot concocted at Rome , with which the conductor perhaps had something to do . From Rome to Porto d'Anzo , the omnibuses are guarded . " The Tiines Neapolitan Correspondent states that he has the following from " one of the most temporate and unprejudiced men in Naples : " — " Since 1848 up to May , 1854 , 839 persons had boon condemned to different punishmonta for political orimes . Of 47 of those condemned to death , 2 G were commuted to the Ergastolo , und 21 to heavy irons . Among the condemned were 67 prieats , and 84 of the prisoners had died . This liat , however , gives no account of the nombor of persona arroatcd by tho police , and routined in cuatody without trial , und oven without examination , directly in violation of tho penal code , which ia aa explicit on this subject a . s tho Habeas Corpus in England . In tho civil courta , bribery ia so openly recognised that no advocate would think of undertaking a cuuao , be it ovor so good , without firat recommending Ins client to make a propitiary offering to tho judge , and ho would hardly dare to plead at ull if tho oppofling party was in any way under tho protection of tho police . " Such is tho condition of South and Central Italy . If we turn our oyos to tho North , under tho rule of Austria , we find matters nearly as bad . Tho Auatrians behave witli the greatest brutality to the Milanese , and frequently call them in public " boasts , " " cowards , " and " assassins . " The people , in consequence , will not mix with the oflicora , and in the pita of tho thewtrea a y e _ e / r I r [ . i , i i ! : . i , '
space is left vacant between the Austrian soldiers on the one hand , and the populace on the other . Tb , e castle on the Piazza d'Armi is now very strong , and the guns in its towers completely command the town . The citadel on the hill near Verona is nearly completed ; and we should despair for the Italian people , if we did not know that the oause of justice and right possesses immortal strength and immortal hope . It is stated ( says a letter from Rome in the Official Milan Gazette ) that the Pope lately received a letter from the Emperor of the French , in which he was reminded of the stringent reasons which render a series of reasonable reforms necessary , such as were recommended in the letter of August 18 , 1849 , from the then President of the Republic , delivered to the Pope by M . Edgar Ney . The measures recommended were— -a general amnesty , the secularisation of tho administration , the Code Napoleon , and a liberal government . It is added that his Holiness replied , that he -was not averse to granting his subjects certain reforms calculated to secure the peace of the country without sacrificing either his dignity or that of the Holy See . To this reply it is rumoured that an answer has been received which has not proved palatable to the Holy See .
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_^^____ OUR CIVILISATION , A Crimean Hero Mai > with Drink . — Upwards of three months ago , a soldier named William Maynard , who had returned - from the Crimea badly wounded in the battle of Inkerman , where a rifle-ball carried away the bridge of his nose , his right eye , and a part of his temple and cheek , entered a Catholic chapel under the influence of drink , and made a murderous assault on a policeman who turned him out . Mr . Norton , the magistrate , learning that a conviction would deprive the man of his pension , and making allowance for the effect whichdrink had made upon a constitution weakened by injuries , continued to remand the case under the hope that the policeman would recover . A certificate announcing a partial recovery has been given in , and Maynard , who has been out on bail , is therefore discharged . The constable is still weak , and the surgeon states that the kidney is injured . Maynard ' s counsel has given a sovereign to form a fund for the officer ; Mr . Norton has added another from his own pocket , and a third from the poor-box ; and it is to be hoped that the public will increase the amount . Our Marriage Laws . —A case , illustrating with sad reality the imperfect nature of our marriage laws , and the species of civilisation which springs from them , was brought forward a few days since at the Lambeth police court . A " reverend" gentleman , named David Edwards , is married to a lady who was formerly a schoolmistress , but who is now nothing more than a victim to the fantastical cruelty of this Christian clergyman . She is reduced to a condition of feverish nervousness , and , unable to endure the slow torture any longer , summons her husband before tho Lambeth magistrate to answer a charge of ill-using her and threatening her life . At tho police-office , she stated that all she wished was to be allowed to take away a portion of the household goods , and to reopen a school in some other neighbourhood . She added , that she would not trouble the " reverend" gentleman for a shilling , but , on the contrary , would support him out of her income of 40 ? . a year , and what she might make by her school . Edwards did not . deny his wife ' s statements , but refused to comply with her requests . In vain did the magistrate urge tho necessity of compliance : Edwards remained inexorable , and the summons was ultimately adjourned to a future day to sco what time and reflection might do . But it is only too clear that time and reflection will have no effect upon a nature so hardened in its guilt or so confirmed in its moral disease . As well suggest time and reflection to the St . Giles ' s ruffian who Beats tho wretched woman in his power , oa to the " Reverend" David Edwards . It is a case for tho law to interfere ; but tho law will not interfere . Tho Jaw will calmly hand the wife back to her legal torturer called husband , who , as long as ho docs not commit any poaitivo assault , will have full liberty to purauo that course of conduct which has already led to " nervousness , " and which in tho lapse of a few moro inontha will very probably load to some affection of tho mind of a nature far more serious . A Tmiuc my Whouwaim . —Alfred Rostock , a journeyman shoemaker , and a woman named' Kirk , woro charged on Saturday at Worship-street with a most extensive robbory of boots and ehooa from tho promiaca of Mr . Ruddock , tho employer of tho male prisoner . Tho suspicions of Mr . Ruddock having been excited by tho mysterious disappearance of portions of his stock , a detective policeman was stationed on tho pi-omisos to watch . Ho secreted himself in a shed which commanded a full viow of tho promises , In a little time , lloatovk , whoso time for commencing work was not till conaulorably later , walked up to a small workshop « t tJio aiao m the warehouse , which ho entered , and , afor ^ "' /''"'" f there a . hort time , crept cautiously out . JjJjJ ^ So about him , and then made hi * way to ^ ° *« " » ' ? m \ ^ dbtf ^ z& vzs&'S&'is
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October $ , 1855 . ] THE I / . E A D E R . 85 , 5
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Oct. 6, 1855, page 955, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2109/page/7/
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