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Leader (1850-1860), 3rd May 1856, Edition 1 of 2, Page 413, Untitled Article

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      iuaMMWe ^^ 'titafr j ' ^ SS ^^ flWSfflw ^ ^«^ &hfedt , ^ iiC ttrtl&dM ; ^ Vote for . ^ iiK , £ he ^^^ n ^ l ^^ O ^ mioK ^ nQ t , * $ & **> & 'matt fcfifi Wr <* w qppos&iU tp criticise the . , act ? of f cSKH * N # the result . of a di ^ on . , " l £ » '« utf sf *» . * S # aateT ^ s W ^ ssfN 1 i 6 w * fe ^ % Sove *? - raefit ^ e'&uia ^ , # - # ^ artist " ttffte £ a » e . i&o ^ ertinent -of-, I ^ rd ( ^ t > erd § en , wnic&' ^ a # ^ e ^ re ^ tolS ' t he OTtongest , Government we y ^ RuW . " tt ^ e $ & > && Tttemb er ^ ( Messrs . punlop , f < 3 raulurd , * aria ' ' C&watfy had made these charges of fiction- but such " small "' fleer" did riot represent the feeling of the county * fHias * a < bad « ill at stake at Sebasto « ol , y « t * h& co ^ ad . defend . the GrjnMS ^ and ai ? the same * to * ; iy » rade A 8 ita 3 &nG * ; while the : English Government , ^ ith alMhft resom # ea < . o £ thi&oeuntey at their command ,

      . ciw ld notf fiend , silB . 'ftOO or . 20 , 000 ! men to * id General ^¦ jHlanM . i ^ fti tif they . did not ' send men , did they send ¦ Xftpney 2 : ! ^ ftt ift «» gle , ipia »! tr « . ^ -Was all the money . w ^ nfejd . ^ &afcas | » pol ? z ' A . Tttrkishfloanhad been raised ; what was done with thatjnooey , ? N-ofaopiastare - went to Kara . If it was not furnished to Turkey in time , why was not the loan proposed before ? But , what need of a I ^ ft n ? a '' T * i » J OSiWi « 5 * -m « ffH * Hivef subscribed £ ne mdney . The > pre 9 e \ ri A'&nfliiaira'ebji h ^ p tSageatK ^ se iV ^^ o ISofadttct the ' war wWVifeo ' ur ; haVlthe ^; db ^ so ? ' . ' . Tp'bere % * b 'their ' foreai , gh < : br ttMbfirenergy proved ? General Williams t&d the Governnient ; on the ' 5 th 6 t March what wSS wanting'to SaVd-Karal " ' How did they treat the re-^ ueat ? i-It waS tossed from Office to office . ; . v ^ as that energy ? Ttt < Tuiy , the War Minister assured the House ^ f Lords that Turkey was able to protect herself . Was that foresight ?

      : ( LordJomr Russell conceived that the Government had acted with perfect wisdom in declining to order the Turkish troops to leave Balaklava and Eupatoria without the consent of the Allied Generals . He congratulated the Government on the conclusion of a just war by an honourable peace ; and severely criticised the . factious conduct of the Opposition , which , after opposing ( and almost successfully ) the Turkish loan asked for last year , now turned round , and said , " How wanting you were in foresight and energy ! What the Turkish Government wanted was men and money ; and you didn't accord them either the men or the money . " In conclusion , Lord John remarked : — " I think that the position in which we now find ourselves is in a great measure due to the principles of our constitution . It was said by a noble Lord in another place , that in the war now happily at an end the principle of representative government was

      on its trial . I can hardly agree to that statement , because I think that the principle of representative government had already been subjected to shocks as severe , and had always been triumphant . ( JSear , hear ) . This war , however , is another triumph to that principle . ( Hear , hear . " ) We end the war with our finances unimpaired ( hear , hear ); with our trade uninjured ( hear , hear ) ; with a spirit as high as it was at the commencement df the war ; and this , sir , proves to me that , a representative form of government is as great a tower v of sfcren&th in war as it isi ' a cause of prosperity , in peace . ( Isoiid cheers ) . The free expression of public opinion may cbo 4 « at times some injustice , and I . myself . have somewhat sn&fered from it ; but it is inherent in free institution ' s , and those institutions have , I believe , deserved increased admiration and gained fresh lustre from the contest in which we have been engaged . " ( Loud cheers ) . ¦ ' ¦ ; .... , ¦

      _ , Lord Paimbrston admitted the ability of Mr . Whiteside ' s speech , adding ; ' ''It was a speech , however , which those who saw it—I say saw , ' not heard , it ; ( a laugh ) — must admit to bo a speech exhibiting as much of bodily activity ( laughter ) as it did of mental power . But that Bpoech , ' however 'creditable to , his powers , bodily and mental ; did not do credit to tfro judgment by which it was conceived . ' * ' The services of Lord Stratford de Redcliffo had been great , and the attack made upon him was fierce and unjust . ' The object ot the war was not t& defend Asia , ' but to strike a blow at the heart of Russian powcir at Sevastopol . The full of Kara was attributable tb the misconduct of tho pacha of Erzeroura , and Everything that could bo done by tl » o Government of this country lia ' d been done . Tho censuro attempted to b «' put on the Ministry waa for doing their beBt to capture Sebastbfool , and . for succeeding .

      Mr . Whitksidk having replied , tho House divided at a quarter to one o ' clock . For Mr . Ker Soymor ' a amendment 62 Against it 461 Majority against 899 For the motion 17 C Against it < M 3 Ministerial majority 127 SCIENTIFIC ANI > LITBiRARY SOOIKTIKS . Mr . Hutt obtained leave to bring in a bill to amend 6 th and 7 th Victoria , c . 3 ( 5 , to exempt from county , borough , parochial , and other rates , land and buildings occupied by scientific or other litttrary societies . The House adjourned at five-ftnd-twenty minutes to two o ' clock .

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      Th& ^ tifica ^ ons ; of Treaty ot ce ; were exchanged at Paris on Sunday , tAt tfcree o ' clock on tnat day ,, a sitting &f the Congress ; took place aj ; ijbe jVlinJatry of Foreign Afiairs , under ; the presidency of Countf Waiewski . Austria was represented by Baron Hubner ; Franco , ' by Count ^ Walewaki and Baron de Bourquen ey ^ Great Britain , by LordGowley ; Proissiaiby B ^ rtde Hatzifeld f Russia , t > y Count Orloff ajid BarioWBrtitiinow ; Sardinia , by Count Villamarina ; , # n&Turkey , by AaU Pacha and Mehemed PjemilBey . The Plenipotentiaries dre-w- up a procei . ierpal . ot ; the exchange of the ratifications , and all theTmeinbers present affixed . their signatures to the document .

      , ; The textof the Treaty , witfrits va-nousvannexes , has now been published officially ; but the . Treaty does no * differ fi ? om what was published last week by the Daily NtHcs , and reproduced at fbll in these columns . 'Jfhe missing articles , hoHVpverv remain tb be added . They are as follbW , ' iticltiding the Fourth , Which -wras left incomplete ' ;—r . ; a *" 4 . ^ -Tni ^ i 5 , Majesties the Queen of the tjnited Kingdom df Gfrbi ' t Brita'iti ^ n ' dVTi ' eJana ^ tJ ^ ygmp ^ gj . p raie French , i ^ e ^ fiing ' ot Sardinta , and the Sultan , engage : to restore to nts Majesty the Emperor of ' all the Ruflsi ^ s ^ ftte . towns ' andp . ortsof Sebastopol , Balakjava , # amwscn , Eupatoria , K ^ ftih ; Y ^ nikale , Kmburn , as well as all d ^ er territories occupied by the Allied troops '" " ' 1 / ' u

      5 ;__ Their Majesties tlie'Qneeri of the HTnvtedlEUng dom of Grriat Britain and Ireland , the Emperor of the French , the Emperor of all the Russias , the King of Sardinia , and the Sultan , grant a full and entire amnesty to those of their subjects who may have been compromised by any participation whatsoever in the events of the war , in favour of the cause of the enemy- It is expressly understood that such amnesty shall extend to the subjects of each of the belligerent parties who may have continued , during the war , to be employed in the service of one of the other belligerents . 6 . —Prisoners of war shall be immediately given up on either side .

      7 . —Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , hia Majesty the Emperor of Austria , his Majesty the Emperor of the French , hia Majesty the King of Prussia , hia Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias , and his Majesty the King of Sardinia , declare the Sublime Porte admitted to participate in the advantages of the public law and system ( concert ) of Europe . Their Majesties engage , each on his part , to respect the independence and the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire ; guarantee in common the strict observance of that engagement ; and will , in consequence , consider any act tending to its Violation as a question of general interest . ¦ 8 . —If there should arise between the Sublime Porte

      aridone ' or ' more of the signing Powers ttriy misunderstdnding which might endanger the ' maintenance of their relations , tho Sublime Porto , and each of such Powers , before having recourse to the nse of force , shall afford the other contracting parties the opportunity of preventing such an extremity by means of their mediation . mediation .

      ADDITIONAL AND TRANSITORY ARTICLE . The stipulation of the convention respecting the Straits , signed this day ( March 30 th ) shall not be applicable to the vessels of war employed by the belligerent Powers for the evacuation , by sea , of the territories occupied by their armies ;^ bnt tho said stipulations shall resume their entire effect as soon as the ¦ ttva'Cua ' fion' shall Determinated . ' ' '"

      THE CONVENTIONS . The Conventions comprize : — I . — -A Convention between the Queen of England , the Emperors of Austria , France , and Russia , and the King of Prussia , " signing parties to the Convention of the 18 th of July , 1841 , " together with the King oi" Sardinia , who , " Wishing to record in common their unanimous determination to conform to tho ancient rule of the Oiiojcpan Empire ; according to which the Straits of the [ Dardanelles and of tho Bosphorus are closed to foreign ships of war , so long as the Porte is at peace , " have resolved to renew the Convention of tho 13 th of July , 1641 , with the exception of some modifications of detail which do not affect tho

      principle upon which it rests . " The first article of this new Convention declares the renewal , with the consent of the contracting powers , of the conditions above indicated . Articles 2 and 3 make exceptions in favour of " light vessels under flag of war , which shall be employed , as is usual , in tho service of tho missions of foreign powers ; " and " light vessels under flag of war , which each of the contracting Powers is authorized to station at the mouths of the Danube" ( the number not to exceed , two for each power } , for the purpose of

      exev . ating ^ ' th e regulations relative to the liberty of thtffcwetfi ** ^ ; ; Jtli i ^ k Convention between the JEmperor of Russia and the Sultan , limiting their naval force in the BlackSfeaV ituisia ' ahd Turkey " wishing to regulate by common agreement the number sad the'force ' - 'of the light vessels which they have reserved to themselves , tp maintain in the Black Sea for the service of their , coasts , liave resolved to afgn a special convention ,. " The Second Article

      of tibts dqqument declares that " the high contracting parties reserveito themselves each to maintain ig ^ that sea six steam-vessels of fifty metres in length at the line of floatation , of a tonnage of eight hundred tons at the maximum , and fourlight steam or sailing vessels of a tonnage which shall not exceed two hundred tons each *" . OH . —* Convention between England , France and BHS 8 ia ,. rrespecting- the Aland Islands , -which states that—* - ¦ : :

      „ . . _ " His Majesty the Emperor of all theBuasiaa , in order to respond to the desire which has been expressed to him by their Majesties the Queen of the United Kingdom •* Great Britain and Ireland , and the Emperor of the French , declares that the Aland Islands shall not be fortified , and that no military or naval establishment shall be maintained or created there . "

      MARITIME LAW ,. "TJe ' fclaratiori respecting ' maritime law , signed by the plenipotentiaries of Great Britain , Austria , France * Prussia , Russia , "Sardinia , and Turkey , assembled in Congress at Paris , April 16 , 1856 . " The plenipotentiaries who signed the Treaty of Parw of the 30 th of MaTch , 1856 , assembled in conference , considering : " That maritime law , in time of war , has long been the subject of deplorable disputes ; " That the uncertainty of the law and of the duties in such a matter , gives rise to differences of opinion between neutrals and belligerents which may occasion serious difficulties , and even conflicts ;

      " That it is consequently advantageous to establish a uniform , doctrine on so important a point ; " That the plenipotentiaries assembled in Congress at Paris cannot better respond * to the intentions by which their governments are animated , than by seeking to introduce into international relations fixed principles in this respect ; " The above-mentioned plenipotentiaries , being duly authorized , resolved to concert among themselves as to the means of attaining this object ; and , having come to an agreement , have adopted the following solemn declation : " 1 . Privateering is , and remains , abolished ; " 2 . The neutral flag covers enemy ' s goods , with the exception of contraband of war ;

      " 3 . Neutral goods , with the exception of contraband of war , are not liable to capture under enemy ' s flag ; " . Blockades , in order to be binding , must be effective ; that is to say , 'maintained by a force sufficient really to prevent access to the coast of tho enemy . "The governments of the undersigned plenipotentiaries engage to bring the present declaration to the knowledge of the States which have not taken part in the Congress of Paris , and to invite them to accede to it . " Convinced that the maxims which they now proclaim cannot but be received with gratitude by the whole world , the undersigned plenipotentiaries doubt not that the efforts of their governments to obtain tho general adoption thereof will be crowned with full snecess .

      " The present declaration is not , and shall not be binding-, except between those Powers who have acceded , or shall accede , to it . " Done at Paris , the 16 th of April , 1856 . " [ Here follow the signatures . ] THE PROTOCOLS . Protocol No . 1 has reference to preliminaries ' . Count Buol having proposed that Count Walewski should have tho Presidency of the Conferences , as being not only in accordance with precedent , bat

      " an act of homage to the sovereign whose hospitality the representatives of Europe were at that moment enjoyiqg , " the suggestion was unanimously agreed to . It was afterwards settled that the Protocol signed at Vienna on the 1 st of February , of this year , in which tho contracting Powers recorded their adhesion to the bases of negotiation , should have the value of formal preliminariesof peace . An armistice to the 31 st of March waa also agreed to .

      At the sitting of February 28 th ( reported in Protocol No . 2)—" Upon the first paragraph of the first point , Baron Brunnow remarks that tho word ' protectorate' improperly describes tho position which had been acquired by RuHsia in tho Principalities ; tho Russian Plenipotentiaries hud pointed this out at the Vionna Conferences , and had obtained the aubatitution of another term , in order to restore to tho action of Russia ita true character . Baron Brunnew demands that the interpre-

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  • Citation
    • Leader (1850-1860), May 3, 1856, page 413, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2139/page/5/