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    flpSSti ^ . Ifcbrrifcury devotes to smoking : — ^ ; ^ has long heen a * ol ^ o ^^^^ ^ on ^ o ^ you ^ " t « n no mention of the ne ^ e ^ ^ W ^ . commentators bring this ^ mporary , founds whole scene 8 ^ n ^ ij | dnunas ; but thi , ^ ofsu ^ cl ^ o ^ ng w 2 "S 3 i ule Sng before » wSl" left London . He does nTeith ^? ntion ttSoductiO n ^ f fcrfcs ftom Italy . It cannot be answered that toumS ^^ ot Btoop to notice the foUies of the day , since we have shown that SESJXdrew his manners entirely , and almost unidealized , -from his own age , and maS ^ f alse hair , masks , pomander * , fardingales , and all the latest novelties . . ^ T&e poets caUed it fit only for TOtten-lungedchimney-sweeps , the habit blackening the teeth and poisoning the breath , used by watermen , colliers , and carmen , who spit and beslaver every pUe& Cob epitomizea this dislike with ranch humour , and in a manner that King James himself would have appreciated . . - —^ T ^ * " *

    Bofcadil would answer by strongly exhaling a whiff of smoke and declaring that , by that air it was the most divine tobacco he had ever drunk . Gallants delighted to take tobacco ^ the lords ' room , over the stage , and then go and spit privatel y ^ St . Paul a ^ - " ' - ¦ " ¦ ¦ ¦ At the ordmary , before the meat came smokmg , upon the board , the gallant dteir o * ut his tobaceb-hox , and ladle for assisting the cold snuff into his ^ nostrils , tongs for'holdirighot coals , and priming-iron ; all this artillery , if he were rich or foolish , of « old and sUver , was very useful to pawn when current coin ran low . His whole talk was of different varieties of tobacco ^ which he knew better than the merchants , and of the apothecary ' s shop where it could best be bought ; then he would show several tricks in the way of taking : it , as the whiff , the sniff , and the Euripus . At the theatre he smoked and displayed his cane and pudding and > all his varieties of tobacco , and . > from thence would repair to the tobaeco ordinary ; his talk there is whether nicotine or Trinidado is sweetest , which pipe has the best bore , which . turns ¦

    blackyand which broke in browning . -- ., ; The poor laughed at this luxury of driving smoke throBgh the nose and sealing up all with filthy roguish tobacco ? they smiled- to see the smoke come forth of a man's tunnels , little thinking that it was destined some-day to be the . favourite narcotic of the poorer classes . ' - i In a second edition we advise Mr . Thornbury to strike out all those passing Sentences of depreciation of present times which do not spring from sincere conviction . That he should prefer the age of Elizabeth to that of Victoria is quite conceivable , ; but in expressing such a preference it will be w ^ forliim to consider how he words it . He may . regret the picturesque dresses of Shakspeare ' s age ^ but he should not exclaim : — . Alas ! for the jetting plumes , the jaunty cloaks , so unpractical and impossible , yet bo fitting the time and age—before men were all tradesmen and London a mere

    workahop- —before chivalry had died out . Because he cannot really believe London is nothing but a workshop , all men nothing but tradesmen , and all chivalry extinct . If men no longer cut down avenues of oaks to line a satin cloak , it is because they are more sensible of tfce betteruses to which avenues of Oaks may be put . Again when he says , " The noble was inore friendly with , his butler than now , when their dress is alike , and the onet jus certain , to be coldly insolent * and the other vulgarly familiar , ' he ' m either } wxtanfl without thought , or in entire . ignorance of actual conditions . Noblemen are not coldly insolent to any persons , certainly not to their servants ; if insolence is ever observed , it is from the butler to his lord . Writers are seldom aware of the extreme in judiciousness of saying what they do not mean ; even an absurdity , when sincere , carries a certain force with it , but improvized opinions and stereotyped phrases are always betrayals . ** We shall return again to these volumes for a pleasant detail or two ; meanwhile we commend them as very pretty gossip about a very interesting age

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    GUSTAVUS ADQLPHUS . The History of Gustavus Addlphus , and of the Thirty Years' War , up to the King ' s Death . By bT Chapman , M . A . Longman and Co MB , Chapman collected ii "Store of excellent materials for the biography ot Guslavns Adolphus , and has made good use of them . His narrative is ample , rapid , and derived from many sources inaccessible to the ordinary . UnglisJi reader—the Scandinavian records , the English State Paper Office , the works ot Swedish , German , and Danish historians . Some of these , writing-of tmstavus Adolphus from the point of view of extreme Catholicism , have disparaged ins military genius , from hatred of his religious dpinions ; others , equally fanatic in a Protestant sense , have crowned him as the one great captain ot the Imrty Years' War . Mr . Chapman has been solicitous . to restrain every prejudice that might interfere with an impartial exposition of the character and acts ot the Swedish kin * To estimate his capacities as a general was easier than to

    estimate m > motivesffe a prince and politician . WaUensteui , his rival and his foe , pronounced himthegreatest soldier of his age ; Napoleon ranked him among ( Weight best generals the world had seen . His success was not irregular and aMd ^ itkl , bu |' uniform and , so to speak , systematic . But the Germans , and Croinwell , and foe French , and even the Danes , have ascribed to him an lnorcunatelust of power . Richelieu and the Catholics havo doubted the purity of his rjrineipTes of toleration . Mr . Chapman does not claim for him any superior religious liberality , nor does he deny the charge of ambition , though he argues , with justice , that the ambition of Gustavus Adolphus was not the violent and lawless ambition that has tempted other conquerors to ravage and enslave the world . It may he conceded that he did dream of establishing a dynasty of Sweden on the throne of the German Empire ; that he proposed not only to atieilthe princes of the Catholic League , but to subordinate them to liimselt ; ovwi \>

    arm vUOugl * It IS always t * Uimuiuu q _ ucowxu , n uuw i ** i . u »* *** b »» vww j ^ .- *™ iTbe permanently successful , when opposed by great military and political allianoes , it may be belieyedthat Gustavus , liad he survived the battle ot ± jtttzen , wbold have Brought . the Thirty Years' War to a termination very different from th ^ peaee of Westplialia . That battle , which cut short his careeiydid not put nemSt at bnoe to Iris influence on the general mind of Europe . WaUenstein s r * fc £ » tmir forces carried with them the terrors of the dead king , who left , under thfe SoSand pf hia own generals and those of his allios , seven well-appointed armies-in the field , and conquests extending over nearly two-thirds of Germany , •^ ts l&MfcttSd most considerable mere . He had exhausted the powers of *^ kei « Kfe 0 e »^ iiat ion sci ^ oppressor ; aUJjiurope waa weary . £ the , oonfliot that was turning a vast aud fortilo region into a wudernesa . SomelaJWWtias tad been utterly ^ ruined—almost utterly depopulated . himi h ^ ffilfiK ^ t ^' ftnd ^ Bertea houses in Nordheim and Gottnigen

    sobers , with r ^ jp . ^ to hold Gustavus Adplphus responsible ; though they , of course , had challenged the war by their gigantic schemes of religious ^ reaction , and perpetuated it by their obstinacy ., . To Gustavus , pn ... the . other ,, hand , jit was , mainly owing that mitigations of political despotism j ^ ere introduced intothe ; Palatiiiate ; that the rights of the Protestatitfii ; were placed Trader fair securities ; that the Thirty Years' War , indeed , Was not , in its results , as durmgits continuance , a curse to Germany and to the nGrtK ^ Tungdoms . To his-lidm&nity ; ? : also , if was due that the Swedes and their allies did ; not retaliate the' cruelties of ' -the Imperialist troops . They wereforbidden to molest women or children , to slay the wounded or to refuse quarter , to commit unnecessary ravages , or to pillage such tonus as consented to pay a moderate ransom . Even at Erankfort , though the Swedish soldiers , embittered and infuriated bv

    the ruthless sack of Brandenburgi converted thewvictoryiinto a ^ slaughter , eight hundred prisoners were taken and spared ; only one unarmed citizen was . killed , and that by his own fault ; no woman suffered violence . At Magdeburg , a , month after , when , the Imperialist triumph . was complete , the horrors that followed were long the reproach of lie German army . The nohle Tilly , it is true , may be exonerated from the enormous crime ^ but his discipline was lax . He did not , in imitation of Gustavus , dash sword in hand among his troops , and punish even plunderers . Indeed ^ he was less habituated than' his great rival to act a personal part in battles and sieges . As he told Marshal Graxnmontj he gained several decisive actions without firing a pistol ; while Gustavus laboured m the field , galloped' with his cavalry when it charged the most formidable noints of the enemv ' s line , and was , at once , a trooper and a general .

    His military dispositions were consummate . At Leipsic it was the opinion of most generals of the period that he could kot have failed after his arrangementof his troops in front of the Imperial army : — . , The shallowness of the files seemed , indeed ,, to render them , less able to resist an impetuous charge than those of the enemy , which were twice as deep . But the courage of the troops supplied . the place of material solidity ; and the files being so comparatively shallow , artillery made less havoc among them . Tnen , again , the division of the army into small maniples , with considerable intervals between each , gave space for evolutions , and the power of throwitig ' the troops with rapidity wherever their services 6 T support might be found requisite during the vicissitudes of the engagement . The' quaint old author of the " Swedish Discipline" sums up in this way the merits of the king ' s neTir order of battltf :-- _ _ __ ..... . ., . make thi that

    " Upon the sight of it on the map yon will readily s judgment : one part so fences , so hacks , so flanks another—is so ready to second , to relieve another , so apt either to send out succours or to receive into their hinder warda or ranks any of their former fellows that shall happen to be overlaid , that the whole army looks like some impregnable city with its bastUes , its towers , its bulwarks , and several retreats about it , so that well may the men be killed , but very hardl y shall the whole order be routed . And of this we have experience in this battle , where there was not , that I can find , any one regiment put to flight but Collenbach ' s only . The less marvel then , it is if ' God with us' and this order of embattling , invented by this new but royal captain , gave so full an overthrow to the eldest and best general m the world . " '' ¦ : * . Mr . Chapman ' s history , however , is by no means a military \ fork . It includes evert point of political interest associated with the career of Gustavus . After a brief but luminous summary of the events that took place in bweden from ot brustavus

    the death of the great Gustavus Vasa to the accession . Aaoipnus , he devotes a chapter to the account of his youth , his education , his early exploits and indications of character , his love of the beautiful Ebba Brahe , whom he lost by an act of inconstancy , and bis comfortless marriage with Jideonora or Brandenburg . Mr . Chapman here sketches the portrait of Gustavus : — He was at this time stil l slight , tall , and well proportioned , with fair and almost golden hair , a beard inclining to brown , an aquiline nose , and a countenance whose jpale gravity was tempered with great sweetness of expression . In , addition to these advantages of person , and to what in female estimation was perhaps a still greater charm , —his reputation for enterprise and bravery , he was remarkably eloquent , and spoke with the frankness that belongs to constitutional courage , and the ardour whiclj an exquisite sense of beauty , moral and physical , kindles on the tongue . After the king ' s death , Mr . Chapman writes : — form that had

    In his latter years , indeed , he no longer possessed the graceful belonged to him when he was the ardent and favoured suitor of Ebba Brahd ; but the alight inclination to corpulency that grew with him as he advanced towards middle aee detracted prohably little , if at all , from the commanding dignity of h . s person . His countenance to the last retained its captivating sweetness and expressive variety . It was a countenance of which the most accomplished pencil could give in one effort only an inadequate idea , and which Vandyke—to whose portrait of the king none of the engravings which I have seen , probably , do justice-has represented only in reP This is an excellent history , worthy to be ranked , with the best foreign bio-Kraphies of Gu ^ tavus . It is more authentic than MauviUons , more impartial C GfrSreJs , old incomparably better tlian the English compilation by Harte . .

    ^^ 3 ^ d that ^ IHLB ^ MW ^ The inhabitant * of Hetfje were reduced to a quarttoof th ^ former numbers ; those of Augsbfnjgtrom eighty to eighteen thousand ; the soldiers mutilated the peasantry * the peasantry the

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    THE DOCTRINE OF INSPIRATION . The Doctrine of Inspiration : Being an Rn ^ iry Concerning the lf ^ mbillity ^ jnra ^ and Authority of Holy Writ . By the Rev . John Macnaug ht , M . A ., Oxon ., Incum EntorSt . Chrysostom ' B Church , Everton , Liverpool . Longman and Co . Evedentjct a great change is taking place in the minds and spinte of many teachers of dogmatic relfgion in the present day ; We have « l ™ ft h g ? £ notice the vast advances towards a free and liberal interpretation of tie Bible made by such men as Professor Maurice and Mr . Jowctt and wo have no doubt that numbers would be ready to accompany them in their mil 1 heresy had they the courage to front the indignation and censure of the arcn include

    oracles of church authority . We have now to m mo ™> r ^ opinions of another priest of the national church who not w ^ j ^ X science that the Scriptures are infallible , ha 8 - had the boWoe « i to f «» o ^ ttte doubt even to the end . undaunted by "" 7 inferences he was compelled ^ draw , and unawed by « uch talismanic terms as " ^ > n 8 pirat . on and canon icity . ' The result obtained bv this process is that Mr . Maonaught fi ^ J JJ mind more at rest , and declares hunaelf ready to maintain <^ ;; comers , that the authority of the Scr . ptures , s ^ fA ^ lerm errors of the ca < ie . Mr . Macpaught very cleverly argues that the num ^ . . eT ^ . ' astronomical , geological , historical , chronological , and moral , V . ))?" Sr ^ mWe ^ t oncie \ gftihst its infalnbUity and ¦^ " VS ^« 'Sr «" cording to the general acceptation of that term ; whilst its canontctty

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    -iSSL ^ , - - — - ~>—^—^ ^^ ih ^ JLiMLjidM . ^ . _ ^^ sst ^ M ^ dM ^ . ^

• Citation
  • Leader (1850-1860), June 21, 1856, page 596, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2146/page/20/