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    have expressed his intention to resign his office as chie * © £ the monastic community if the diocesan meddled inDaatters which did not concern him . During the last fortnight the mediqal professors and students at the General Hospital of Vienna have been in a state of great excitement and irritation . The Archbishop of "Vienna not long since gave orders that all the persons who died in the various hospitals and in . the lying-in and foundling * establishments should be buried without either post mortem examination or dissection , and the consequence of the measure is that during the last ten or twelve days there has been only one ' subject' in the great dissecting halls of the General Hospital . Vienna was proud , aud had good reason to be proud- of its medical school ; but

    the Concordat has given into the hands of the clergy the power to ruin its reputation . According to a decree of Joseph II ., the body of every person , who died in the public hospitals was to he opened or dissected , as the -case might be ; but the Imperial ordinance has de facto been abrogated by the Cardinal Archbishop of Vienna . " The Pesth Chamber of Commerce and Trade has just published its annual report to the Imperial authorities . In this document vre find the writers stating : — - " The abolition of villanage and soccage has made labour much more valuable . The enormous prices : paid to workmen and labourers , and the new tuxes , weigh heavily on the producing classes . At present , Hungary is unable to dispose of her produce except at ruinously low prices , and there is little prospect of her being able to compete with other corn-growing countries in foreign markets , unless she has more hands to till the soil , and consequently cheaper labour , and a rational employment of machinery and capital . . . . The principal necessities of Hungary are—1 . The abolition of the limitation of the rate of interest . 2 . Improvement in the administration of justice ; that is , redintegration of the market-courts [ like the old English' pie-powdex' courts ] , extension of the sphere of action of the commercial courts , introduction of a commercial code , modification of the bankruptcy laws , permission to the Jews to acquire landed property ^ and , finally , abolition of the antiquated guild system . " The conclusion of the report is as follows : — " Hungary is devoted to its hereditary King and Lord . It sees in him the palladium of its own political existence . It is attached to him by that spell which during so many , centuries madeit hold faithfully , courageously , and devotedly to the Throne . One of the necessities of public life is municipal self-government { h ' urynrliche Selbst ~ Verwaltwny ); but , instead of this , we have an organization wliich , being full of formalities , and bringing with it a vast deal of writing , is not suited to the matters of daily and hourly occurrence . It is , besides , so expensive that it swallow 3 up a great part of the revenue , which miglit be applied to the furtherance of useful enterprises . Certain it is that the results arrived at in all the different departments of the Administration are much too dearly purchased . "Well-arranged municipal and communal laws , which are wished for and needed by the lieges , would be of advantage to the State , and we therefore hope that the last finishing touch has not yet been given to regenerated Austria . " All the members of the Riverain Commission met last Saturday in the Assembly Hootn of the Palace of the Estates , Vienna , and signed the act for the free navigation of the Danube .

    Belgium . , The new Ministry ( a Liberal one ) has been formed . It is thus composed : —M . Ch . Rogier , Interior ; Baron dc Vriere , Foreign Affairs ; M . Frisre-Orban , Finances ; General Berten , " VTar ; M . Tcsch , Justice . M . Pnrtoes , Secretary-General in the Department of Public Works , Is entrusted provisionally with the direction of that department .

    r . The eruption of Mount " Vesuvius on the 20 th ult . carlied up with it the whole of the western cono , so that ilie shape of the mountain , in now entirely changed .. The opening of the railway from Alexandria towards the frontier of Parma , " which is intended , " says a writer fro m Turin , "to connect the Piedmontese railways with the Great Central Italian , and so become the * aain line from the wont of Europe to the Levant and ¦ Egypt , via Ancona , " took place on tho 1 st inst . The -chief Ministers ware present , and a banquet was afterwards given . The utmost enthusiasm prevailed . Tho captain of the Cagliari has been allowed by the -Neapolitan Government , as a grout favour , to receive his e <* od of living murdered Mr . Blundford in the streets of Naplos has been further postponed to tho 4 th inst . Tho younger of the two prisoners , on having road to him a deposition he had made on the previous day , declared that it van false , as it had boon extorted from him by the bastinado . It ih said that tho trial has boon conducted with threat | mpartinlity . Mr . Barber , the Kugliah acting consul , has boon present each day . The laying down of tho telegraph between Sicily and Malta hua boon interrupted on account of the English

    Government , refusing permission to land the cable at Malta . The Archduke Maximilian , Governor-General of the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom has issued an order to the directors of the faculties of the universities to send him every six months a list of the pupils who have distinguished themselves during that period by assiduity , success in their studies , and good conduct . The Infanta Arnalia has died of bronchitis at Naples . She was the wife of Don Sebastian , and sister of the Duchess of Tuscany .

    SPAIX . The so-called ' vindication' of Queen Christina , from the charges brought against her , lias at length appeared . It consists of one hundred and fifty-five closely-printed pages , and is entitled— " Report presented td » ber Majesty Queen Maria Christina de Bourbon on that of the Commission of the Constituent Cortes of 1855 charged with the Parliamentary Inquiry relative to her Person . " The persons who have drawn it up are Manuel Cortina , Juan Gonzale 3 Acevedo , and Luis Diaz Perez , advocates of the Madrid bar . With respect to the question of the Queen ' s marriage with Riahzares , it is vehemently asserted that this did not take place until the public ceremony in 1844 . It is generally believed that there was a private marriage in . 1833 ; and , could this be proved , her Majesty would have to refund a large sum of money received from the Government . This she objects to do , though in denying the previous marriage she tacitly acknowledges that for eleven years she lived with liianzares as his mistress . The authors of this pamphlet announce that the journals must reprint the whole of it or none at all ; and already tlie Epoca has received notice of a prosecution for having made a short extract . ¦¦ ; ¦ V : ' " . ' ¦ ¦' ¦ .. ¦¦ '¦ ¦; ' ¦ ¦ ' ¦ M . Pidal will go to Rome , to take the post of Ambassador , left vacant by his brother-in-law , M . Mon , who joins the new Government . There appears to be a probability of a duel between Signor Guell y Rente and Narvaez , in consequence of the gross insults offered about a ¦¦ year ago by the latter to the former . A challenge ' has been conveyed by General Prim to Narvaez , but it is iiot yet known whether the ex-Premier will accept it . If the fight should take place , it will be of a deadly nature . Guell y Rente has been unable to send the challenge before , owing to his adversary ' s position at the head of affairs . The accouchement of the Queen is expected from day to day . ... ¦ ¦ . ' :. , .. - ¦ - ¦' . '¦ ' ' ¦ „/ . ¦ '¦ ¦ - ' ¦; ' ....- ¦ :

    POKTUGAI . The yellow fever ( if such it be ) at Lisbon is declining . Among the recent deaths-- 'is . that of the Marquis de Soto-Aller , an attache of the Spanish Embassy , who expired after a few hours' illness . SWITZERLAND . Military enlistments haying taken place in some of the cantons fur a pretended British Legion , the English representative has declared to the Federal Council that no such legion is in existence . In the practice of the Swiss Artillery , some balls having fallen on the French territory , the legation of France made a complaint . The Federal Council ordered an investigation , and , the fact having been proved , a punishment was inflicted on the officeT commanding on the occasion , although he affirmed as an excuse that he was not aware of the precise limits of the frontier .

    TURKEY . A circular note addressed by the late Turkish Ministry to its diplomatic agents , and published in some of the French papers , shows that the recent Government was as much opposed as that of Redschid Pacha to the union of the Danulrian Principalities . The attempts on the part of the Church of Rome , of whicli our readers have already been informed , to force upon the Christians in the Turkish Empire the Gregorian or Romish calendar , to which they object , are still being persevered in , and the French consuls are doing their utmost to abet the designs of tho Pope . The Grand Vizier , having been informed of these facts , wrote a letter to the Viceroy of Egypt , suggesting tho necessity of protecting the Christiana in tho exorcise of their faith in accordance with those laws which are most agreeable to their conscience . A copy of this letter hits been laid before tho French consul at Alexandria .

    Tho Journal de Constantinople announces that the Turkish Government have decided upon constructing a line of telegraph from Constantinople to Baasorah , on tho Persian Gulf , passing by Bagdad , and that Mr . Staniforth has proceeded to England to purchase the necessary material . Somo of the foreign representatives at Constantinople havo offered their services to Redschid Pacha , to put an end to tho inisuudoivstiuuling between him and M . de Thouvenol . Redschid is auid to havo accepted them . M . do Thouvenol holds back .

    ouiirccis . Tho new French Minister at Athens , M . do Monthonat , wixa received on the 29 th ult . in private audience by King Otho , when ho presented his credentials . I Io delivered tho usual address , ami his Hellenic Majesty expressed in reply his wannest sympathy towards Franco and tho Government of tho Emperor . M . du Monthonut was then introduced to tho Queen , who received him in tho most flattering manner .

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    STATE OF TRADE . The advices from the various seats of industry for the week ending last Saturday show' the influence on trade of the present financial condition of the country . The demand for yarn and cloth at Manchester has been on an exceedingly small . scale . Short time is being worked . by some of the manufacturers , and it i 9 feared that several mills will be obliged to stop . Manufacturing 1 houses in Birmingham are also suffering ; few fresh . orders are given out , and some even of those in hand , have been suspended . There is an almost entire aDsence of American orders among the ironmasters of Souto . Staffordshire , but there is an improved home demand . The lace trade of Nottingham continues greatly depressed , and there is no improvement in the hosiery business . Trade is sluggish at Leeds , though not so bad as in the cotton and worsted districts . The worsted trade of Halifax continues diill , and short-time working is expending . The same may be reported of Bradford , The Norwich trade in boots and shoes is extremely quiet , owing to the want of advices and remittances from Australia , the caution of manufacturers and buyers , tne great rise in prices , the high value of money , &c . la the Liverpool wool market , scarcely anything has been done in foreign and Scotch wools . The demand fox cotton , also , is small . At Barnsley there has been an improved demand for linen , and trade there is generally in a more active state than in other parts of the country . In Ireland , trade appears to be in a healthy condition . The dutie 3 received at the Bristol Custom-house for the month ending the 31 st of October amounted to 124 , 5 00 £ 14 s . 4 d ., being the largest receipt for tho month of October on record at that port . The mercantile failures continue . The firm of Dennistoun and Co ., of Glasgow , Liverpool , London , New York , and New Orleans—one of the largest establishments in this country connected with the American trade—has been obliged to suspend , owing to the nonreceipt of remittances from the United States . The liabilities , it is feared , will nearly amount to 2 , 000 , 000 / . ; but these are spread very extensively . Tho Western Bank of Scotland , Glasgow , ¦ with , a paid-up capital of 1 , 500 , 000 / ., and deposits supposed to amount to 6 , 000 , 000 ? ., suspended on Monday . The bank has about one hundred branches , and has been established twentyfive years . The failure has resulted from the collapse of several Scotch houses of business having American coanoxions ; and the suspension of Messrs . Dennistoun is said to have acted as the final blow . The catastrophe has also been caused in pavt by Mr . Taylor , tho late manager , advancing tho funds of the bank in tho most reckless manner to concerns which were unworthy of credit , four of which havo latoly become bankrupt . The other failures include the establishments of Messrs . Bennoch , Twontymon , and Rijjg ' j of London and Manchestor , agents in tho silk trado ( liabilities ranging from 200 , 000 / . to 300 , 000 / . ) ; Messrs . Broadway aud Barclay , East India and General Merchants ( liubilitios probably amounting to 200 , 000 / . ); Messrs . Hoge and "Williamson , of Liverpool , corrcsmomlantA of William lingo and . Co . of KfiVf York ; Messrs . Bubeook and -Co ., ' of Liverpool , Glasgow , and Now York ( liabilities , 300 , 000 / . ); Messrs . Dutilli and Co ., of tho American trado in Liverpool ; Messrs . Foot and Sons , silk manufacturer * , of London ( liabilities , 40 . O 00 A ); tho London discount homo of Messrs . Sanderson , S . iudomaiin , and Co ., with liabilities for three or three and a half millions , ( believed to bo

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    GERMANY . A conference ( says a contemporary ) of delegates off the German banks has met at Frankfort . The establishments represented were those of Darmstadt , Hamburg , aieuiragen , Luxembourg , Gotha , Thuringen , Hombourff , Buckelburg , and Rostock . The conference , which was presided over by Prince Felix de Hohenlohe , endeavoured to find out guarantees calculated to reassure the public as to their stability . The delegates decided that the notes issued should be covered by one-third in specie and two-thirds in good bills with , three signatures ; also , that an official return should be published at least on < $ » a month , that a mutual control should be exercised by the several establishments , and that the Governments should be invited to take part in such control . A statement to the above effect is to be presented to the Zollverein .

    . . . . ¦¦ . ¦¦ ¦• DENMARK . - : ¦ ' . ¦" ... France , England , and Russia , it is stated , haeve © ffeited their good offices ' to-. 'bring ; the affair of Holsteia to » satisfactory solution . '¦ . -. . . . ¦ . " ¦' . ¦ Prussia . Titles of nobility have been conferred on Chevalier Bunsen . ¦ . '• ' . RUSSIA . / : : ¦ ¦ . . ¦ ¦ ''¦ ¦ ¦ " ¦ A riot on a very serious scale has taken place at Moscow between the students of the University and the police , owing to an act of aggression by the latter . The affair -will be brought before the notice of the Emperor . Forty Polish refagees have been amnestied . ;

    , ¦ , -. ¦ . ¦ . . . - . -HAMBUK& . .... ... .. There was a perfect panic on the Stock Exchange of Hamburg on the 6 th inst . The financial crisis is also beginning to be felt in Sweden and Norway , and money is becoming scarce .

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    No , 399 , NOTSMBEB 14 , 1857 . ] THE 3 L . E AD E H . -j ^ gy

• Citation
  • Leader (1850-1860), Nov. 14, 1857, page 1087, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2217/page/7/