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    the main road in repair . The province of Auckland , in New Zealand , gives a bounty of forty acres of land to ' a settler . In' India grants of even a thousand acres may be obtained in healthy districts suitable for tea or coffee plantations , with one-fourth of the land exempt from tax for ever , and the remainder at a small and gradually increasing land tax . So that India presents much greater advantages to the emigrant wishing to become a landed proprietor or cultivator on free terms , The grant of free passages to the colonies is much less liberal than is supposed . In New South Wales bounty emigrants can only be nominated by settlers resident in the colony , and must be mechanics , domestic servants , or labourers , and the bounty does not exceed 121 ., so that the difference

    materially assists the settler . In Natal , too , there is scope for sugar-planting , coffee-planting , cottongrowing , and the arrowroot cultivation . All these require some capital—sugar-works considerable capital—and coffee-planting some time of expectation before the trees bear . A steerage passage to New York can be got for 51 . or 8 / ., and to Quebec for the like sum ; but this cheap passage is no consideration for the emigrant , who looks out for the land of promise arid pays more . To the Cape or Natal he can get for 121 . or

    157 . ; ' to Melbourne for 15 / . or IS ? . ; to Sydney for 15 / . or 18 / . ; to South Australia , 17 / . to 20 / . ; to " Western Australia , IS / , to 20 / . ; to Tasmania , 177 . to 25 / . ; to New Zealand , 26 / . ; and to California , 30 / . The cost of a steerage passage to India , Ceylon , or Hong-Kong , is IS / , to 20 / ., or about the Australian standard , and when emigration flows freely in , on account of the number of ships on the berth , a Calcutta passage will cost no more than a Melbourne one- Once ^ India , a young man has better chances than in . any other of our colonies .

    Were the Emigration Commissioners to £ ive information to Messrs . S . W . Silver and Co . to include India in their Emigration Guide , or enterprising shipowners to advertise " Emigration to Indiansteerage passage 18 / ., " there would be no want of passengers to India , and au effective emigration would take place .

    has to . be paid by the emigrant in Victoria . . Like regulations prevail in South Australia ; some free emigrants are sent out , but the majority are bounty emigrants . The like regulations prevail in Tasmania . The Cape of Good Hope sends out some free emigrants , but for Natal , bounty emigrants alone are sent out , and they have to repay the amount of their passage-money by yearly instalments . These are the only colonies to which there is assisted emigration , and this is limited to domestic servants , agricultural labourers , gardeners , country masons , bricklayers , blacksmiths , farriers , ¦ wheelwrights , sawyers , and for South Australia a few miners . A preference is in all cases given to married men of the labouring and mechanical classes .

    It will be observed that domestic servants , agricultural labourers , and most of the others named , are not the classes most desired in India at present , so that for the classes for whom there is really an opening in India there is no more encouragement in any other colony , but they must in all cases pay their passages , as they will if they go to India . Now comes the question , What is the position of the men with small capital and some energy , or the men with a trade 6 f luxury , or the men with energy , industry , and good character only going to one of the other colonies or to India ? In Canada ,

    of these classes there is only a scope for the man with small capital , and he can do -little as a shopkeeper , for in all the best towns business is already a matter of connexion and large capital , and everywhere the old settler has advantages . In the new settlements the small shopkeeper has not customers enough to get a living . Farming is therefore the mala chance , and as a man can get more land than he can cultivate for four or five pounds , and can his to buna tner

    get neighbours mm a lognouse , e is no labor to be got , for every labourer of the first year is a farmer of the next . The position of the farmer is therefore in mo 3 t cases that of the cottier , unless he has some special advantages from a great town springing up , and his being able to turn to market-gardening or dairy farming . As to getting employment as a clerk , or foreman in one of the Canadian cities or bailiff on an estate , the sons of the shopkeepers take everything that comes in the

    way . The Australian colonies present much the same prospect . Melbourne , Sydnqy , Adelaide , Geelong , Hobart-town , Goulbourn , Launceston , or any of the towns , require of the shopkeeper as much capital or credit as in London , and there is no chance of getting employment in a counting-house , warehouse , or shop . Stone-breaking is the employment the applicant gets if he is very lucky . Gold-digging is an occupation precarious enough , but that

    requires some small capital to got to the diggings and find a month ' s provisions . As shepherds , thore is a field for any kind of men who can learn the work , and in time he may get a flock of his own after many years of discomfort and hard labour . Indeed few know flio hardships by which the comfortable settler attains to a position of ejase . The Australian Legislatures are right : what they 'want is men with capital , married agricultural labourers , and woman servants .

    New Zealand does not afford gold-diggings , and the emigrants are chiefly agricultural ana pastoral , so that the settler must bo either employer or labourer , and whatever his brains , without oapital , till lie has oapital the lot of the labourer must be his , as many a young man knows to his cost . In South Afrioa shopkooping is on the same footing as elspwlierp j fanning is on the same terms of oapital , or the power of holding on till tho ground is covered and crops oomo up ; and there is employment in herding cattle and sheep . There is , however , there , Caffre labour available , which k . '

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    The East Indian . Railway meeting was held oa Thursday . We have referred to the proceedings elsewhere . . The important intelligence has been received that the submarine cable across the Gulf of Manaar , between India and Ceylon , has been laid , and trial signals sent . The line from Kurrachee to Bombay was completed on the 19 th of September , and will be soon opened to the public . As Scinde is under the Government of Bombay , this measure is of the more interest , while it will enable the merchants of the growing port of Kurrachee to get early English advices from Bombay on the mail touching there .

    It will be taken as an evidence of the increase of engineers in India , and a most gratifying fact for the progress of the country , that for the situatioi ^ of Superintendent of Repairs under the Municipal Commissioners of Bombay , which we are sorry to say is likely to be given to the assistant engineer in the garrison engineers' department , there were three candidates : Mr . G . D . Dempsey , late architectural engineer to the Great Indian Peninsular Railway and a well-known writer on engineering , Mr . R . C . Rowlands , C . E ., and Mr . James Rose ,-surveyor and builder .

    The inconveniences of the silver standard are severely felt in India , and although some members of the Government , and the less enlightened Hindoos , are opposed to a change , the best authorities require an assimilation to the English standards . We trust the time will not be long before the rupee and florin are made identical , and the rupee decimalised . Constant inconveniences arise from the present standard . The Bengal and Bombay official returns of the trade of 1857 do not show such bad results as were expected , but nevertheless the revolt did seriously interfere with trade , and this year will inflict a further loss on India and England . Bengal indigo , sugar , gunny , hides , mustard-seed , and saltpetre , all show a falling off .

    NOTES ON INDIAN PROGRESS . There is little news from the northern hills . What we have chiefly refers to the gallant capture by Mr . Knox of the Sepoys who escaped from the Cashmere Rajah , and were laid hold of near Spiti , one of the dependencies of Kulloo , on the borders of the Chinese territory . This feat was accomplished by one Englishman , at the head of a party of Sikhs , many dsys ? march from Simla , among the rugged peaks of the western Himalayas . From the southern hills we have gratifying progress in the annual report of the Conservator of Forests in Madras , -which gives much interesting information of the progress of English settlement . His forests are being rapidly cleared by the coffeeplanters . In the Sissipara , Perambady , and Sumpagee passes vast clearings are being made . In the Coonoor Ghaut six large plantations may be seen , and in the Wynaad there are above thirty large holdings , which the commissioners expect will from year to year increase . The coffee-plant has succeeded admirably in Mysore , and there are patches of cultivation in Madura and even in North Camara . The conservator expects that the rich valley of the Koondhas will be brought under coffee cultivation . He reports very favourably of ! Mr . H . Mann ' s tea plantation near Coonoor , in the Neilgherries . There are now about two thousand vigorous plants , a small plantation as compared with Assam , Darjeeling , or Kumaon , bufc quite sufficient to test the plant under a planter so intelligent and enterprising as Mr . Mann . A supply of workmen ia now wanted for the manufacture .

    The progress of the conee plantations has necessarily directed the attention of * the conservator to the effects on the forests . He is altogether favourable to the cultivation , but he is taking measures to preserve the timber trees , the teak , ebony , and peon trees , and likewise the fringe along the crest of mountain ridges , to maintain the climatic operation . As these mountain crests are not suitable for tho growth of coffee a restriction on their cultivation can do no harm . From Optacamund we learn that attention is still being given to the establishment of a Lawrence Asylum for- the children of English soldiers ; but the committee are by no means agreed as to tho basis of constitution . This is much to be regretted , aa auch an asylum is much wanted , and would do great good in the Madras territories , and increase the resources of Ootakamund .

    Assistant-Surgeon F . S . B . F . do Chaumont proceeds to Darjeoling to take medical chargo of that station . One of tho hill corps , which have rendored . suoH efficient eorvice during tho revolt , 1 ms received distinguishod honours . Tho Sirmoor Battalion is to bo named tho Sirmoor Rifle Regiment , with tho word " Delhi" on an extra regimental colour , ana the appointment of one colour havlldar per company , ana an extra jemadar to carry tho regimental colour . From tho growing port of Akyab , in Burman , we learn they keep up their newspaper , tho Rising Star , but have only one compositor , as the other lias been drowned . Tho paper is now publishod only once instead of twice a week . The distance between Allahabad , and Cawnporo , now opened , by the East Indian Railway , has beon run in three hours and , a quarter *

    The cotton export from Bombay , it will be seen by the Cotton Supply Association with , pleasure , has , in the last official year , greatly increased . The export to England in 11357-8 was 229 , 907 candies , worth , at the official value , 3 , 133 , 603 / ., and to China 376 , 646 / . The quantities are largely above the average of the foregoing'five years .

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    1166 THE LEADE B > . [ No . 449 , October 30 , 18 . 58 .

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    The Gal way Line of Steamers . —So far as the Galway Atlantic Steam Company are concerned , a satisfactory explanation , with respect to the advertised tonnage and steam-power of their vessels , has been published in the City Article of the Times , from Messrs . Bake , Adam , and Co ., the Company ' s ship-brokers and agents . Messrs . Bake and Co . state that they are

    responsible for the advertisements , and they plead custom as an excuse for giving the gross tonnage and effective steam-power of the Galway vessels , instead of the registered tonnage and nominal power . We have referred to the advertisements of other ateam companies , and find by a reference to the " Shipping Register" that what Messrs . Bake and Co . state is the case . In addition to this , they say that , according . to the custom which they have adopted , they have in some instances under and not overstated the efficiency of tho Galway line steamers . "Wo consider with tho Times , that tho custom itself is " bettor honoured in the , broach than tho observance ; " but it is a pity that rivalry ami jealousy should have seized hold of so poor an oxeuso ht to command tho

    for attack . The Galway line oug suffrages of every well-wisher to our mercantile prospects and greatness . Eventually it will extend tho commerce and develop tho resources not only of Ireland , but of Liverpool and Southampton , and every trading port in tho United Kingdom . We aro sorry to see narrow-minded and short-sighted accusations so industriously and eagerly disseminated . The Galway Company can well afford to keep within the strictest limits of correct and reliable assertion , whilst it would hotter boeoem older and long-established companies and shipowners to refrain from ovil and hostile insinuations nnd accusations against a young and flourishing undertaking ; which Government has warmly rccogniaedi « ' » } vltu which euoh important interests and magnifiqont projects

    are bound up . — Beacon , . . \ Coiu'er Minks of South Australia . —The principal copper mine now being worked is that of tho liiura Hurra , which pays at the rate of 400 per cent , pox annum to its original shareholders , tho oro yielding cm an avcrnge 22 to 24 per cent , of copper . Tho Ivapum •}» of which tho working capital is only G 0001 ., it Is snu , produces at tho rate of 25 , 000 / . per annum , and _ # ives only U per oont . of coppor from tho oro . At ^» \" bors ' e Mine , an entirely private enterprise , thoavoragu yield is equal to that of the Burra Burra . 1 ho ion Lincoln , already proved'to be 'highly productive ana rich in yield , now lies inaotlvo , from tho opftthy <» w » two

    present private owners of the land , moro »•» - " , - " groat promise nro now lolnff opened up . u " ' " North Rhino of South AwXraUa , givos , on » P ' ° ° about 200 tons , an average yield of 27 to 00 per oont . of coppor 5 and-the other , tho Bon Accord , nl «» 0 «« J ^ yet returning , Rtvoa good Indications of oarly j lcw . Mining Journal

• Citation
  • Leader (1850-1860), Oct. 30, 1858, page 1166, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2266/page/22/