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of German enabled them to avail themselves of tne labours of one of the most celebrated divines of the Prussian Protestant Church . The Dogmengeschichte , -whichwe have placed first on the list , is here presented to uS in an English dress , and as this translaition is uniformly printed with the English version of his Church History , his Life of Christy his JPlanting of Christianity and Antignostictts , and his Memo rials of Christian Life On the Early and ' Middle Ages , tbo . se "who have no knowledge of German may now also participate in the advantages to be derived from a perusal of works which earned for themselves ? , wide-spreadl European reputation . Dogma and doctrine , are distinct terms in Scriptural language , and , though the first signification of the Greek word is simply tin opinion or a notion , we must not on that account lose sight of the value of the word in Alexandrian Greek , the language of the New Testament and of the Apostles . By them it is always used as equivalent to a statute or decree , as will be readily admitted upon referring to Luke ii . 1 , Acts xvi . 4 , and various other passages .
It is no New Testament idea , least of all a Pauline one , that Christ effected the abrogation of the Law by his doctrine ; for Christ ' s efficiency is attributed in the New Testament not to his teaching-, but to his doing and Buffering . The Apostles were conscious that they imputed not subjective human knowledge , but the contents of a Divine Revelation , arid therefore made use not of dogma . 'but of logos , to designate Christian IJoctrine . Marcellus of Ancyra , in the early . " part of the third century , had already drawn the distinction , and defined this ' . ' word dogma as expressing " something of human purpose and opinion . " - There were two stand-points by which the distinction was not recognised ; namely , that of a harsh supers naturalism , and the one diametrically opposed to it , a rationalism which could find in the New Testament
nothing but what was purely human . On the former stand-point the phrasetdoyfiara © etd was used at » n early period by the Fathers of . the Church for Xoyos ©« os > They confounded the peculiarly human app rehension of divine truth with divine truth as it is in itself , so that each person recognised that truth only in the form that suited his own individuality . Rightly understood , the word dogma is peculiarly fitted to mark the human side in the development of divine truth . History is a thing purely human . No sooner does human culture begin to germinate , than we behold attempts at historical composition . Its office is to impart ¦ unity to the consciousness of Mankind when it has been
divided by Time . It originates in the effort to connect the present arid the past , and in the conviction that the vicissitudes of Time are a revelation of what is eternal and divine . Everything lies within its province , which , though in itself unchangeable and exalted above Time , can be presented in the succession of events-r-every thing which , although divine , can be propagated and' developed by human agency . But such development can only be rendered intelligible by tracing the connexion of one age with another , and the conjunction of each individual phenomenon with all the rest . Such , is the
office of History . It forms the connecting link between two worlds , the changeable and the unchangeable . Hence it has strict relation to practical life , inasmuch as we belong to a higher order of things , and yet in our development are subject to the vicissitudes of time . It is the highest aim of mankind to advance from the human to the divine , and to this the function of History corresponds , leading tis to recognise the revelation of a higher government of the world . To use the words of I ) iodorus Siculus , " the Historian is the Prophet of Divine Providence . "
Neander ' s lovo of truth is apparent in all Jus Works ; a love so intense that it kept him ever back from wishing to advance truth itself by disingenuous means . Tins characteristic is everywhere apparent in his Bpgtnengeschichte , and the Lectures ot which it consists were looked upon by him as the most Important of all his labours : — Hia method is adapted to oxolto cautious deliberation ; for he clearly marks the respective limits of Probability and Certainty , and when Truth is found , ho loves to make it fruitful by protracted contemplation ; but if
genuine Objectivity consiats not merely in confidence of assertion , but in a truthful representation of fact , seldom haa it been attained by on historian in so high a degree . The temptation—ono of the severest—to mpdol history , according to cortain preconceived aims and opinions , whether dogmatic or not , scarcely affected him . Ho had overcome it beforehand by his oblivion of self , and would sometimes may tjtiat nothing seemed easier to him than to let historical phenomena bo taken for what they are TTdrth . . .....
His dovotbdness to foot and truth impelled him to derive his ovidonoos cvud information from tho purest and most original sources , He surrounded JMmself , as it were , with tho" distinctive characteristics of both times and persons , transporting lumeelf into the midst of both , and viewing thorn , as
HHMHMMHHMHHHHMWHH ^ iMBaHHMMM ^ HHMMI ^ MBMWB the great Scotch novelist did the personages of his inimitable romances , face to face ; he penetrated beneath the veil of the past , and was thus eminently qualified by his knowledge of what might have been , to fill up the hiatus where information was wanting in recording' what really had taken place . The work is divided into three principal sections : —I . from the first planting of Christianity to Gregory the Great ; II . from Gregory to the Reformation ; and III . the period which embraces the development of doctrines since the Reformation . Of the way in which Dr . Jacobi has presented the work of his revered friend and preceptor to the
world we have no need to say more than that the verdict of Europe and America has already stamped it with approbation . With respect to the translation , from a familiar acquaintance with the original , we are enabled to bear testimony to its accuracy , and to the fact that Mr . Ryland has wisely not sacrificed , in a book of such great and authoritative reference , the sense of his author to the desire of presenting the text to the English reader in more attractive language than is to be met with in its original form .
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THE CURIOSITIES OF FOOD . The Curiosities of Food ; or , the Delicacies and Dainties of Different Nations , obtained from , the' Animal King ~ dom . By Peter Lund Simmonds , F . H . G . S ., F . S . S ., Author of a " Dictionary of Trade Product ^ " " The Commercial Products of the Vegetable Kingdom , " &c . &c . R . Bentley . Mb . P . Ii . SnvriiONDS has been best known as a laborious statician , the author of the standard work on the Commercial Products of the Vegetable Kingdom , and as the practical director of the classification . in the economical departments of the South
Kensington Museum , and he now makes himself known to the public as the author of a work of entertainment which bears the title of the Curiosities of Food . In rummaging over the stores of South Kensington , and in forming his own . museum , Mr . Simmonds liaust have come upon curiosities enough , and he is welcome to them , but the curiosities of food we would rather learn from his book than by means of the organs of taste , for , not content with such / tors d ' oBiivre of the bill of fare as snails and frogs , puppy dogs and sea slugs , he proceeds to inform us that almost every beast , nice and nasty , has been made at some time or another an article of food .
It is comfortable to know that Musical Jack , monkey , and alligator may , if it comes to the worsts afford us a meal , but the community here will , be quite satisfied to let them be curiosities . We do not think it necessary to consider whether this book is useful because it is very entertaining ^ but Mr . Simmonds hints for the benefit of the traveller and the settler , that it will teach them to be content sometimes with what they can readily obtain , and to avail themselves of many an unusual article of food , which would be rejected under more favour * able circumstances , and with a greater choice for selection .
The author is content to bear forth from the abundant stores which have accumulated during many years of research , and under rare opportunity , a mass of facts which , from . the circumstances to which they relate and from his treatment , keep up the interest of the volume , or wo should have been tempted to ask him for a few philosophical disquisitions , particularly on the topics wliy tho luxurious variety of bur forefathers has been so circumscribed and brought to such simplicity that we have little more choice than beef , mutton , and veal , a few typical fowl and typical fish , and these treated with such scantiness ot resource that each dishis reduced to a specific sauce , and the dinner giver of eight hundred a year and the dinner-maker for eight thousand a year become horrified , and shako tho Times from its political propriety . Why should
this bo , and what have become of the swans , poacooks , ruffs , reeves , blaokbirds , cranes , herons , plovers , mallards , larks , and other dainties , on which mediroval dignitaries rogaledP Why should wo have got down from the run of all tho vintagos of Europe to two wines , port and sherry , leaving Lisbon , Mulaga , Malvoisio , Canary , Ahoonf ., ana wino after wino to oblivion , or to some chance votary of tjio antiquo ? Why should not Mr , Simmonds and tho learned discuss why , in this ago oC invention , so few now artiolos of animal food uro introduced among us , ovon to inako up for tho disappearance of the rank and flic of tho old bills of faro P Here is enough to bo disousaod , but Mr .
Simmonds has not made it a part of his book , though he has shown us how many articles of animal food are available » to us , and when , prompted by the popularity of this volume , he brings out the other promised volume on the curiosities of food from the vegetable kingdom ,: he may still carry tlip subject further , for the curiosities of the" mineral kingdom will afford him but scant matter , as the various earths that are consumed b y savages in Guiana , and the few minerals that can be chemically converted , as sulphuric acid for confectionary and vinegar , will not yield -many chapters to back up that .. on' salti saltpetre , and other condiments , for laughing-gas can
hai'dly be enrolled as an article of foodi It is probable that had zoology been as well cultivated as horticulture has been , considerable additions might have been made to our resources , but the Zoological Society , although cultivating the science of the subject and professing to favour the economic application of zoology , has never instituted exhibitions on an adequate scale , and has paid no real attention to the economic products of the animal kingdom * This has been left to Mr . Simmonds and to the various museums . The Horticultural Societv , bv keening its exhibitions at
chief features , stimulated the formation of other . societies in its own branch , and thereby of agricultural societies , and the example having been set , there has been more activity in this one of the natural kingdoriis . Nearly twenty years ago an economic garden , exhibition , and museum lor botanical products , was begun at the Royal Botanic Gardens in the Regent ' Park , but though the example was there set it was not followed up , but at-Kb w the idea was taken up . and a good economic museum formed . The Exhibition of IS 51 did much for making vegetable products known , and that of IS 61 will have the same results .
Were a society formed for encouraging the economic Utilisation of animals and animal products , very much might be done . The Zoological Society have grown a few hybrid ducks for show , but have let the Crystal Palace and other exhibitions deprive them of the profits of the poultry show , because , we suppose , it was beneath the fashionable dignity of the Fellows ; but a well-organised system of yearly exhibitions would have made known in then several classes , new food animals and food products , wool-bearing animals , silk insects , animal fats « and oils , hair , bristles , teeth , ivory , bone , and numer * ous articles of commerce . The Zoological Society
has had no share in the propagation of the alpaca and the camel in our colonies ; has done nothing for the spread of silk moths ; has taken no care for fish breeding , or for forming oyster beds , and has left to Paris the labours of a society of acclimatisation . Mr . Simmonds , in speaking of acclimatisation , strongly recommends experiments to domesticate the capercailzie and the bustard , which would give birds weighing nearly thirty pounds a . piece . An example of what may be done is afforded in tho case of the eland , of the culinary properties of which Professor Owen gives such a flowing account in last week ' s Times . There seems to be reall y a chance for eland meat , and if so we shall have a teat
to . set off against the hippophagists , for luppophagy has small chance iu England . After all , one reasort why Englishmen show little disposition to permit experiments on their stomachs is that the consumption of animal food in the shape of meat is already of good average } and although tho populations ot Scotland and the west of Ireland have to bo brought up to this standard , the groat improvements in feeding and tho economy of railway transit allow us to meet tho yearly demand , besides tho fact that
we draw upon the Continent for supplies of live and dead meat . Ifc is this copiousness of moat supply which not only relievos us from eating horses , dogs , and oats , as they do from noccssity or choice in Paris , but oven rostriots tho consumption of fish . Tho encouragement of tho iishcrios is much tulkocl of , but tho oncourngoment of Rotting the population to consume fish , frosli or salt , has not boon obtained further than tho oflbots of railway operations iavo inoroasod the inland supply , which thoy havo
largely . Mr . Simmonds has not referred to suoh points as thoso , booauso ho has left for tho time tho grave disquisition of statistics , but there- oan bo no doubt tho ill-fod populations of Europe arc largely beno-( Il ; od by tho increased supply of soa fish , and tho saving of food on railway-ciU'riod oattlo . Soino yoara ago most of tho boasts for tho supply oi Paris wore driven from tho lowlands of Flanders find Holland , and every ouuco of fat workod out of
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142 THE IBAPM . [ No . 462 A Jantjart 20 , 1359 .,
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Jan. 29, 1859, page 142, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2279/page/14/
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