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n *. c^ffl MVC rSM'tji ^
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bv force of cunning instead of by arms . We get Si and then a glimmer of light as to the re * U causes and objects of those bloody and devastating wsi of early times , In 876 , on the death of Lewis , Kinff of Germany , the whole country north of the Elbe which now began to be known as Saxonia , was ' plundered and wasted by the Danes and Sclavonians . These appellations were , m ancient * imes very ill-denned . They were applied to all the people dwelling between the Elbe and the Baltic sea The Obotrites— -a Sclavonic tribe—occupied the banks of the river Trave and the country of Mecklenburg . The Wiltzi—another Sclavonic tribe —held Pomerania . These facts are worthy of note as bearing upon the origin of the English people , or
Anglo-Saxons , as it has become the nonsensical fashion to call them . According to ancient chronicles , the Sclavonians must have held possession of a large extent of coast-land ; and a glance at the map of Germany will show that deep In modern Saxony there are , many towns bearing names of Sclavonic origin . The conclusion I draw from this is , that the Teutonic element did not force its way from east to west , but vice versa ; this , however , requires separate treatment . In 982 , a certain Herrmann , Ghermann , Wehrmann , . War-man , ' -or Warrior Billings , ' or Billungs , is Duke of Saxonia . One cannot help thinking of Billingsgate on reading this name , and might ¦ be induced to
imagine he was a leader of some of those English , ¦ or , if the learned of the age will have it so , Anglo-Saxon , adventurers , who , according to Eginhard , the son-in-law and secretary of Charlemagne —and , therefore , an authority of more weight than . generally belongs to ancient chroniclers—crossed the sea from England , either from love of adventure or necessity , landed at a spot called Hathe ' , and in a short time conquered and established themselves as lords in the country of Thuringia . This Duke of Saxonia , Billings , made a treaty with the Obotritety who . left him . in peaceable occupation of the country called . Holsteih , ' w . hii . \ h' he ¦ proceeded . to ¦ cultivate . Biit ,. after Billings' death , the Obotrites
again seized upon the country , devastated it , and even i > lundered its chief town , Hamburg . In 1065 , just a year before . the invasion of England by the Normans or'Nar . dm . en-, as I have found the name -written , Holsteiri was again devastated , and in 1072 was obliged to acknowledge itself tributary to ruco , chief of the Sclavonians . At-last , 'however , according to the annals of Hil ' derhei . m , the Obotrites met ' with such a crushing defeat from an army of Saxons , at a place called Smilbw , that they were entirely driven out of Holstein . and never got a footing there again . " Magnum , the leader or Duke of the Saxons , was the last descendant of Billings , suid ,, dying without an heir , the Emperor of Ger-¦
niany granted the dukedom , which included Holstein , to Lothar of Suplinburg , who gave Holstein to Adolph of Schauenburg . JLothar , being afterwards elected Emp e , presented the dukedom to his son-in-law , Henry of Bavaria ; but the successor of JLothar , Conrad the Third , took it from him , while at the same time , Albert the Bear , of Brandenburgh , drove Adolph of Schauenburg , out of Holstein , and get Henry of Bnrdewick in his stead . In 1139 , A dolph recovered his earldom , which he colonised with people , from other countries , and encouraged them to devote themselves to husbandry and the breeding of cattle , as likewise to fill the ponds with fish . This is so tar worthy of note as tending to
confirm Adam Brcmonsis , who describes those countries as lying waste and uninhabited , except on the banks of the rivers . In 1179 the Duke of Saxony was attacked and defeated by the Emperor of Germany , and deprivod of all , excepting his hereditary possessions , which comprised the present Brunswick and laineburg . The Earl of Holatein , who considered himself as the vassal of the Duke , resisted ; but the Emperor threatening ' an invasion with an overwhelming force , he at length submitted , and acknowledged Holstein to bo a fief of the Empire . While , in 1 , 201 , Otto , son of Henry the Lion , was contending with Philip of Swabia for the imperial throne , Canute the Sixth , King of Denmark , set up . a claim upon Holstein , and his brother Waldcmar , who was
Duko of Schloswig , invaded the country and conquered it . Ifcro we have the first union of the two countries of Sehleswig and llolatein . Wnldemnr , Duko of Sehleswig by inheritance , and Earl of Holstoin by conquest—which conquest was confirmed to him by the Emporor Frederick the Second—in 1212 , became King of Denmark . Waldomar died in 1241 , leaving the kingdom of Denmark to his son , Erie , and the dukedom of Suhloswigto his younger eon Abol . This Abol married a daughter of Adolph of Schauenburg , late Eftrl of Holstoih , and had . a son who afterwards became , King of Denmark , thus uniting the countries of Sehleswig and Holstein ¦ more closely than before . After many divisions of the territory , through conquests , marriages , &a , ana the circumstance that in Denmark females were
not excluded from the throne ; while on the other hand the Salic law ruled in Holstein , we find the lands of Sehleswig and Holstein , or the greater part , in the possession of the old Schauenburg family . In 1417 the King of Demark , who had meanwhile become King of Sweden , made an attempt to get back Sehleswig , which he declared had been usurpec by the Earl of Holstein ' s son . A war ensued , and the Danes laid siege to the castle of Gattarp , but the result was very disastrous to them , for , by a treaty concluded at Wardingburg in 1434 , the King of Denmark promised , not only to leave Sehleswig in the hands of the Holstein house , but also to surrender all lands which in times of yore appertained
to the Dukes of Sehleswig . This is one of the great points in favour of the Germans . In 1459 , the Earl of Holstein and Duke of Sehleswig died without issue . But prior to this event , in 1448 ; , a new dynasty mounted the Danish throne , in the person of Christian , Earl of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst , nephew , on the maternal side , of the late Duke of Sehleswig and Earl of Holstein . On the death of the Duke , Christian set up a claim to Sehleswig and Holstein . He was opposed by Otto of Schauenburg , the nearest male relation . In the end , Christian was elected by the nobles of Sehleswig and Holstein , while the city of Hamburg agreed to do homage to him , and to
bear the same . relation' towards liini as it had done to the late Duke and Earl Adolph , and further , that after his ( Christian ' s ) death they would acknowledge as Duke of Sehleswig , and Earl of Holstein , that one of his sons who , with the consent of Hamburg , should be elected by the Landestdnde or Assembly of Notable * . King . Christian accepted these conditions , ami made a caj > itulalton , a . s it is termed , with the prelates , nobles , and inhabitants of the two countries , according to which , " the reverend prelates , noble knights , worthy towns and inhabitants of the land , Sehleswig arid Holstein , -which should be for ever united , agreed to do homage to him , not as King of Denmark , but as an elected lord of the said
country . " I have not been able to get a sight of the capitulation itself , and have taken the foregoing extract from M ., Dathe ' s E . sqai sur I' Histoire de Hambourg , published about the commencement of the last century . This is the agreement of 1460 , upon which the Germans ' Jay the chief stress as to the inseparable union of the two countries . But now comes a point which the Gernmns overlook , or regard as of no importance . In 1473 , Christian paid a visit to the court of the Emperor Frederick the Third , and , while there , obtained from the Emperor the elevation of Holstein into a . dukedom , and thereupon declared the capitulation he had entered into , while it was an earldom , null and void . The Xubeck resistednd the
towns of Hamburg and , a former sent deputies to the imperial court to procure relief from certain onerous burdens under which they suffered by the power which the deed of investiture gave to the Duke ofllolstein . I cannot say what powers these were , but I presume it took away from the country the right of election . because , when Christian died the notables of Sehleswig and Holstein were not summoned to elect his successors , John King of Denmark , and his brother Frederick , who held possession of the two duchies , as a matter of course , andgoverned them jointly . The chronicler Krantz says of this , in the spirit of prophecy , as it has proved : " Maximum posleris perplcx-ionem iiivuxissa "
In 1605 , Denmark , owing to the discontent of the people at the mismanagement ^' the country by the nobles , who had plunged it into the depths of misery and disgrace by uimiecessful war , became an absolute monarchy ; but if the deed of investiture did not annul the capitulation , this could not affect the duchies , more especially not Holstoin , which would retain its ancient system of government and political independence . From this period till 172 Oy the pro * - vincos wort ) subjected to divisions , and changed hands entirely soveral times , but pnly temporarily , the King of Denmark being always regarded as tho rightful possessor . In 1720 , a decisive settlement was . eomo to , the result of the war between Sweden anil Denmark , which was terminated by tho treaty
of peace made at Friedrioksburu , through -tho mediation of England and Frunce ., It was there arranged that Denmark should never more be disturbed in tho possession of the Ducal Gottorp sharo of Jho Duchy of Schloswig . In consequence of this treaty , Frederick the Fourth , by a patent divtod 22 nd August , took full possession pf the Duohy of Sohloswig , with tho exception of tho " Glncksburg land , " and summoned tho inhabitants to do him homage . By this treaty it is seen how Franco and England aro concerned at present in tho Sohleswig-MolsteSn uffuir , Tlioy are pledged to support the King of Denmark In his possession of Schloswig , and it ' it be insisted upon that Sehleswig and Holstein shall bo for over united , then , of course , in both . Here is the rule . The more the Germans strive ana aruuo to show that tho two
are inseparable , the greater they render the difficulty . Since this settlement , little or no alteration took place in the relations of Denmark to the Duchies , nor was Denmark ' s right to them , nor his government of them , called in question , till the agitation , consequent upon the declaration of Christian the E }' glith , in 1846 , began . In 1846 the King declare d his intention of forming a thorough union of all his states to prevent their being divided on the death of his son , who was childless . The intention , being to abolish the SaKc law , which ruled in Holstein
and thus guarantee Holstein to the crown of Denmark . This was very ill-received by the people of Holsteini and some parts of Sehleswig , and called forth protests from several princely houses , whose hereditary claims upon the duchies were thus jeopardised . In 1848 the King of Denmark decreed the complete separation of Holstein from Sehleswig , and the incorporation of the latter with the pure Danish dominions . The cause of the Duchies , or rather of Hoistein , was taken up by the popular party of Germany , which party then comprised , it may be said , the whole body of the people . The Holsteiners , spurred , on and assisted by the Germans , resisted the command of their Duke , the Holstein civil
King of Denmark , and the Schleswigwar ensued . The troops of the confederated princes were put in motion against the Danes , as the Germans thought , but in reality they were ac ting exactly as they would have done without any popular pressure ; for ,-by the 26 th Article of the Federal Compact , they were bound to support the King of Denmark , or rather Duke of Holstein , a member of the band , against his rebellious subjects . They , did as little as they could against the Danes ; but , of course , the troops could not always be restrained , because they were really in . ¦ ' earnest . In 1850 , a treaty of peace was signed by Prussia on the one side , in her own name and in the name of the Confederation , and by Denmark on the other side , as also by of the
the English ambassador as representative mediating power . By this treaty it was concluded that everything should remain as it was before the war ; and by Article 4 it was concluded that the ¦ King of Denmark might , according to the federal compact , claim the intervention of the German confederation for the purpose of re-establishing his _ legitimate power in Holstein . In consequence of this , the Holsteiners were left to their'o ^ h resources against the troops of Denmark and the Germanic confederation . Before . this treaty , perhaps , was heard of by the Holsteiners , the Battle of . Idstedt was fought , in which the Danes were victorious . Nevertheless , the Holsteiners showed a . bold front , and were only deterred from continuing the war by the threats of Prussia and Austria , who put an army of
50 , 000 men in motion against them . Further remarks upon the question , which , as your readers well know , is still a very open one , I must defer . What I have given will serve as a bird s-eye view of the whole matter , in its origin , progress , and present state .
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On Monday evening we attended a highly pleasing lecture at the theatre of the South Kensington Museum , on the Italian Majolica Wares , by Mr . T , C . Robinson , F . S . A . We leave to others the task ot arguing for or against the absolute beauty which some enthusiasts think they can porceive in the colour and sometimes grotesque designs presented by those wares . The figures upon thorn , notwithstanding that tho name of Raffaelle is often coupled with them , aro not always well drawn : the foreground often impossible;—the perspective nowhere ; and the face frequently recalls the spoilt glazes oi modem Staffordshire . The perverse industry of eenorations of middle-age housemaids has , however ,
loft so few specimens to our time , that tnougli Italian manufactories ore hard at work producing fae similes—and Staffordshire produces something bettor—some of tho warrantnbly original objects aro now Valued at fifties . and hundreds of pounds , and the admiration of connoisseurs and possessors Is intensifying with tho scarcity of tho property . On Monday night were disposed , on a horseshoo table before the lecturer , vases , tazzas , bottlos , and plattors . -Behind him wore suspended plates ot all sizes : blue , orange , and ruby in colour ; anil *> v <* ^ 80 wore largo diagrams representing tho potters marks . Ti , A ,,,, rutnr fiiilaraed upon tho history and uses of
pottery , and of tho ware under notice , trorn the Fifteenth century to the days of Mlnton , who revived , nn <] , as wo think , improved it . The difficulties attendant upon the manufacture , of which the orinoinal is tho rapidity with which tho outl nes of Sr a ? ig » must bo traced upon the - biscuit , " wot with oroamy glasjo , immedkvtoly before its second firing , to avoid the running of the colour , I'lio lecturer meirtionod that tho secret of tho rub / colour died
N *. C^Ffl Mvc Rsm'tji ^
< dhw Juris
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^ To 466 , February 26 , 18594 THE LEADER . 277 ^
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Feb. 26, 1859, page 277, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2283/page/21/
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