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laughing -stock of the first Napoleon , they fell into the trap luid for them , and dispatched to Varese a little army which would have had plenty to do at Palestro or Novara . Garibaldi ' s success paved the way for the splendid victories of Palcstro , which present a happy combination of valour and skill . Without more precise accounts of the position of the Austrian army than we have yet seen , it is not easy to say whether the passage of the Sesia , and carrying the entrenchments at Palostro , Casalino and Vin za ^ lio enabled the Sardinians to dash through the right wing of the Austrinns , or whether their centre was shattered
of an Italian struggle for the noblest of objects , assisted by a neighbour and an ally . The auspices under which this arduous contest begun were not such as commended themselves to English minds ; but with the elevation of the Italian element , English sympathies will be summoned forth . Now , except in a few houses rendered dismal by the cold shade of the aristocracy , " or in offices tenanted by persons largely'involved in Austrian securities , one unanimous feeling prevails—hearty admiration of Italian heroism , coupled with ¦ fervent
wishes for its ti-iuniphant success . In Germany there are conflicting forces at work , and it is an anxious task to watch the directions in which they may be combined . A large section of the German people are as mad as the British " Dog Tearem , " and ready to plunge at once into an absurd and needless war . On the other hand , the commercial cities are endeavouring to recall their countrymen to a little common sense . The Prince of Prussia has resisted the invitation of Austria to rush into immediate hostilities with France , and he is known
to be influenced by the traditions of 1 < rederick the Great ; but he is afraid of revolution ; and the violent radicals , clandestinely stimulated by the Jesuits , furnish him with some grounds of alarm , and put' smaller sovereigns into an undignified " funk . " Most of the little courts are connected with Austria , and their nobles have sons or brothers in the Austrian army . These circumstances all tend to make it difficult for Prussia to remain neutral ,
and any further exhibition of Austrian sympathies by the English Court are exceedingly likely to bring on a general war . Such a war is , - iiv fact , becoming necessary to preserve the minute princes of Germany against movements for unity and freedom , and many of them will not seruple to resort to the meanest tricks , in order to excite their subjects' fears of French invasion , and divert their minds from the practical consideration ¦
of domestic reform . The naval preparations of France indicate a . desire for a speedy extension of the area of the war ; and the powerful squadron of Admiral Bouet , which is expected to put to sea on the 15 th , is said to be destined for operations on the Adriatic ... Both French and Italian statesmen distrust our diplomacy , and fear to encounter the perverse meddling of Palmerston almost as much as the manifest hostility of Malmcsbury . What Italy salvation
desires , is to be left to work out her own , with the smallest possible quantity of French aid . If the rest of Europe will do its duty and be cjuiet , it is not probable that the French will attempt to maintain an army in Italy as large as the national Italian forces will speedily become . This would afford a far better guarantee against Bonapartist domination than any hostile confederation of sovereigns , who , under pretence of protecting states ft-oni non-existent dangers , would everywhere combat against popular right .
THE ITALIAN VICTORIES . TiiK . week has been fruitful in results that promise to influence the success of the great struggle for the liberation of Italy . The personal safety of Garibaldi may be a matter of little doubt , but in a strategical point of view , his movement has succeeded admirably , and induced the Austrians to send a considerable force in pursuit of him , when a little military common sense would have induced them to let him alone for the present , and concentrate all their efforts in obstructing the advance of the allied forces . Following , however , their hereditary tactics , which made them a
and pursued . Be this as it may , the victories open the way to another strategical battle , which , if successful , would compel the enemy to make a rapid z'ctrait to their fortresses , and leave Milan , with its adjacent territory , in the hnnds of the patriot troops . Every oncounter which has taken place hns raised the character of the struggle by the just prominence which the Italian clement has assumed . At Montobello it was tho Italian cavalry which bore the brunt of tho fight and carried on the honours of tho day . In tho north it was Garibaldi and the
Italian volunteers , whose accurate and dnshuig movements won brilliant victories and occupied tho attention of a fur larger Austrian force ; and now at Palostro it was tho Sordinian division , led by tho King in person , who frooly shared tho . clangors to winch his subjects were exposed , which has achieved tho greatest success that a sinjflo battle could bo expected to produce for the Allios . In making thewo remarks , wo must not ho understood us undervaluing or denying tho giilJunt deeds of tho French ; but \ yo rejoice to find that tho war id assuming its legitimate ! character , that
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WHY m DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT A FAILURE ? Br the latest accounts from America wo learn that Mexico is again a prey to civil war and anarchy . It has hardly known any other condition for the last ten or twelve years . Nor are the other American republics—though some of them , as Chili and Peru , have been in abettor condition—now in the enjoyment of much greater peace and prosperity than Aiexico . Only Mexico , for a short time , has had a foreign enemy to contend with , and all their disorders arise from internal causes . For forty
years they have been independent ; for forty years , nearly , tho mother country has cca . sod to hums * them , and tho whole ' of that time they have striven in vain to establish good government . ' hoy Jiavo generally laid down tho broadest dctnocrutw principles na tho basis of their inntitution . s , and the people , considered as n whole , Imvo boon at liberty to do as they liked . r J hoy luivo a fertile soil , a find olimuto , plenty . «>< room for population to inoifiwo and lor industry to exorcise it * productive power , but t hoyhavo been continually the prey of wiim-liy , and it ' » »« ««;'"« whether they are more populous and wealthy now than half u century ago . Nor arc , they the only example of tho failure of youy ln to nelnovo their woJiiiro l » v democratic institutions .
Tho "rout French revolution is another example of tho muno I ' uot . In Franco tho multitude , with t , ll tho knowledge tjicn extant to guido them , had 'completely' tho' whole power o't tho btato
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show , are much in the condition of children looking at another peep-show of a . terrible battle between the Carthaginians and the Romans ; and in reply to humble inquiries . of which is which , receiving the obliging information , " You pays ytfur money and you takes your choice . " Who , for example , knows how to class Lord Palmerston ? True as a needle to the pole he . turns into office , but how he turns out is another question very difficult to solve . Is it true , that if the Court lose their present advisers ., they wish Lord Palmerston to be Premier rather than Lord John Russell ? If so , why ? Is the noble lord more germane to their affections from having grown more Geirnan in his politics ; or is he reckoned the best Liberal
to hinder the march of Reform ? Upon home questions we know pretty well what Lord John Russell and Sir James Graham desire ; but do we know enough of their foreign policy to feel satisfied that it will advance continental freedom and keep the British peace ? The good dog " Tear ' " has shown symptoms of hydrophobia , and uttered dangerous yelps . Mr . Gladstone , having written in favour of Constitutionalism in Italy , may discover in his quaint and crotchetty mind reasons for assisting the House of Ilapsburg to put it down . Last session he admired boroughs that were rotten and small ; now he may discover that keeping the working classes outside the pale of the constitution is the most philosophical method of
letting them m . Again , who knows what the Manchester school will do ? — - whether they will , honestly try to coalesce with other Liberals , so as to form a working parity , or ¦ play such antics as to-render cooperation impossible ? At Birmingham Mr . ,. Bright was ridiculous- —discontented with the army and navy , assaulting the yeomanry , knocking down the militia , and blazing away at rifle clubs as if they were infidels assailing the Holy City of Cotton and Smoke . We do not desire to see Liberal leaders trotting off' upon hobbyhorses , like " children on broomsticks . Their duty is union upon grounds that are -practicable , and for objects that can be attained . ' .
PARLI A MENTARY CEREMONIES . No doubt the British public implicitly believe in the tedious process of Parliamentary swearing now going on in the Palace of Westminster . Were honourable members to proceed to business without the precedence of that ancient formality , they would of course sell England to the Pope , or conspire for the restoration of a non-existent pretender . Soon , however , they will proceed from vows of loyalty , that nobod y questioned , to deeds of business , on which diversity of opinion will prevail . Quaint and curious are some of the preludes
to actual operations ; and on Wednesday the House of Lords had its spectacle as characteristic of our venerable constitution as Epsom Downs . Mr , Denison , the new Speaker—re-elected without opposition—humbly presented himself at-: their lordship ' s bar " to submit himself with all humility to her Majesty ' s gracious approbation . " The Lord Chancellor was commanded to assure him that her Majesty " was fully sensible of his zeal for the public service ; that he was amply sufficient for his duties , and that she " most readily confirmed him" in the position to which he had been elected . Then the new Speaker— -gravely
believing all thq venerable shams required of his high office , and evidently fearing that our amiable monarch would work herself up into a fit of Elizabethan wrath , and employ a gold stick or asilverstick , a thick stick or a , thin stick , for the effectual remedy of refractory members—did gratefully bow himself , and humbly petition , on behalf of the faithful Commons , for " freedom from arrest , " that " their servants might not be molested ; " that is , that their cooks should be permitted to rule tho roast , and their butlers to uncork and distribute the gratonal
Champagne . Moreover , he asked for freedom of speech , a favourable construction of all their proceedings , and tliat if " any errors occurred in the discharge of their duties they might bo imputed to him alone , and not to her Majesty ' s faithful Commons . " , All this her Majesty wna pleased to ^ rant in tho most complimentary and constitutional forms ; and tho House of Commons , which assembled to tho number of some fifty members , was , in its turn , graciously pleased to cry " Hear , hear . "
i Wo Jiorjc the now llou . so will do somo good , though , if it failsj we fear constituencies will not bo so obliging as to throw all tho blame . upon tho Hponkor , but call each honourable represent alive to n . Hopuruto and , wo trust , sharp account . According to tho published lists , the " Liboralu" have a working majority over tho " Tories , " but ; it is not easy to diu ' orhninnto ono from the other ; and tho people , looking at their Parliamentary peep-
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OFFICE , NO . , CATHERINE-STREET , STJIAN'I > , W . C .
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SATURDAY , JUNE 4 , 1859 ,
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There is nothing- so revolutionary , because there is nothing so unnatural and convulsive , as the strain to keep things fixed when all the world is by the very law of its creation in eternal progress . —Dr . Arnold .
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I—«——»^—^^—i ^——^ WM—B^——¦—Public Affa . rs . ] THE EEADEB . 697
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NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS . No notice can be taken of anonymous correspondence . Whatever is intended for insertion must be authenticated by the name and address of the writer ; not necessarily , for publication , but as a guarantee of Ins good faith . It is impossible to acknowledge the mass of letters we receive . Their insertion is often delayed , owing to a press of matter ; and when omitted , it is frequently from reasons quite independent of the merits of the communication . We cannot undertake to return rejected communications .
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SUBSCRIPTION TO " THE LEADER . " ONE GUINEA PER YEAR , UNSTAMPED , PREPAID . . ( Delivered Gratis . )
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), June 4, 1859, page 697, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2297/page/13/
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