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    THE LEADER .

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    The " short and successful " campaign of the French armies in the Italian peninsula ,. and the treaty which crowned their efforts have been followed by a declaration from their sagacious leader of his intention to reduce his armaments , by sea and by laud , to a " peace footing . " What amount of military and naval force is comprehended in this somewhat vague expression , ' the people of this country—as was well said b ^ Mr . Disraeli , on Thursday—have some interest in ascertaining . It can scarcely be forgotten that only six years ago ,

    the navy of England nearly trebled that of France ,-both in ships and in men ; but at the present time her fleet , of the most improved build , and furnished with every appliance of modern science , equals our own in tonnage and in the number of . guns , while her reserve of seamen is numerically superior to ours , and the armament of her vessels i $ brought up to the perfection of modern improvements in gunnery . The French army , the superior strength of which was tacitly accepted as a sort of

    counterbalance to our own preponderance at sea , has , meanwhile , been greatly increased within the same period , and in its equipments and arms is undoubtedly the rirst in the world , commanded by energetic and ambitious young men , who have of late years , in the Crimea and in Italy , gained that experience of warfare which seemed alone wanting to make them perfect in their profession . This magnificent force , the French Emperor declared , just previously to the outbreak of hostilities in Italy , was merely

    the peace establishment of the empire , and lias only since that period received the xnecessary additions to supply the losses of the war . What Louis Napoleon , therefore , may consider to be merely a moderate and necessarv force xnay justly bo considered by us as of sufficient magnitude to be capable ,. on the shortest notice , of overrunning any neighbouring state ; and it behoves us to keep up our " peace footing" by land and by sea , in such a proportion as will secure us from the danger or dread of a surprise .

    The- note of preparation is sounded for the triumphal entry into . Pai'is , on the 15 th , of the chosen corps which are to be the representatives to their admiring compatriots of the victorious army of Italy . Tlxc Emperor having , at the head of his favourite Turcos and Zouaves , received the victor ' s laurel crown from the hands of hid faithful Parisians , will , wo learn , retire to the peaceful retreat of Biarritz , to meditate on the . vast imjji'ovomonts and peaceful enterprises which ho has m store for his French subjects and his Italian

    rangenient of the peace . After the negotiations at Zurich , our ministers must examine the treaty settled there before taking part in -any congress ; nor . will this country engage in a congress on Italian matters unless Austria consents to become a party to the discussion . The time for a eonfederation of the Italian States his lordship thinks has not yet arrived , however desirable that arrangement might be ; but there is hope that an opportunity may offer for the influence of this country to be favourably exerted , at no distant period , in . the cause of the independence of the people of rangenient of the peace . After the negotiate

    Italy . The defence of the country has at length been taken up in earnest , and the Government have consented to the appointment of a Commission , not only of officers , but also of civilians , to consider what steps ought to be taken in . order to ensure us against the panics which are a periodical . disgrace to the nation . Church rates will shortly be numbered among the things that were , though the indefatigable Mr . JNewdegate did his utmost to hamper the measure for tlieir abolir .

    tion . Other church matters have also occupied the attention of Parliament , under the . head of " Spiritual Destitution , " in the course of which debate the Bishops of London and Oxford agreed that the Ecclesiastical Commissioners want closely looking after . The High Sheriffs' expenses are not to be curtailed , and the j avelin men in all their state are to continue to dazzle the sight of the provincial population at assize time . Sir Charles INapier has tried to obtain an inquiry into the notorious iobbery at Greenwich Hospital , but has

    been refused ; and Messrs . Spoouer and L / onmgham failed in an . attempt to cut dowa the grant for the National Gallery . In the Lords , the venerable Lyndhurst sharply but with dignity rebuked the flippant sneers of Mr . Bright ; and Lord Brougham , ever earnest in the cause of enlightenment , has made an admirable speech on education , in which , among other valuable suggestions , he pointed out the necessity for a supervision of middle-class

    schools , Lord Brougham , too , has been again active 111 the noble cause of the abolition of slavery , and the deputation which ho headed to tho colonial secretary , on the Coolie abuse , has produced a ministerial promise of inquiry to be made at home and abroad into that iniquitous system . The necessity of fostering the volunteering spirit , will , it is to bo hoped , bo insisted on by tl » e commission which has undertaken the question or national defenoo . For want of proper

    onoourage-< n-eat naval power , they will not negleet those tardy precautions -which the . possibility of a disagreement with our powerful neighbour has at length forced upon them . The condition of the Italian States seems to be more hopelessly involved since the publication of the peace of Villafranca than before the commencement of the war . Tuscany , Modena and Parma have boldly expressed their determination to resist the restoration of their former rulers , and are arming , to preserve their newl y acquired liberty . The inhabitants of the Legations have declared they will have no more of clerical mis-„ . „„ . ~^ r ^ v ^ , * 1 ^ win not negleet

    rule , and like-their . felloyr Italians , appeal to Victor Emmanuel to remain faithful to the great national cause which he has taken up . In Central Ital y a powerful army is collected under JMezzocapo , whiefa will shortly be joined by the renowned Garibaldi and his gallant followers , and will then be powerful enpu ** h to resist any Italian force which may be brought against them . Yet France and Austria have guaranteed their dominions to the Pope and the expelled princes . Will these new allies be Garibaldi and the

    found fighting together against Tuscans ,, and against the cause for which Xapoleon invaded Lombardy ? If it be the intention of the French to interfere in arms , it is to be hoped thensettlement of the question may not be delayed until the national party has grown , so strong as to involve another bloody struggle on Italian soil . The abdication of the Grand Duke Leopold in favour of his son will scarcely solve the difficulty as regards the Tuscans ; nor will the reforms tliwirit nnmi the Pone bv the French Emperor

    satisfy the subjects of the Holy Father , unlcss ^ they have a more satisfactory assurance of their iulWment than they can find in the former policy of their self-constituted protectors . # We have foreign news of a different kind this week ' , which is both interesting and important . Tho Eniperor of China , we learn , has signed a treaty with the Czar of all tho Kuesias , which provides that the latter shall have a representative at the Chinese court ; that protection shall be granted to Christian missionaries ; and a regular mail service is to bo established between the Kussian and Chinese dominions . While British

    influoneo is being brought to bear upon this semicivilized state from the sea coast , the Russians are thus Advancing from tho north , and the result will no doubt bo , tho gradual opening up of . tho trade and resources of China to the enterprise of Europo and America . From this latter continent tho mails of this week bring intelligence of a terrible outbreak of the slave population in Venezuela , which has produced most bloody fruits already , whilo fresh complications have arisen in " tho dismal story of Mexican' anarch }'* The most prominent tho extraordi

    naent the patriotic flame in some parts or tjae country has only faintly flickered , and at length , gradually expired . In other p lace * , I' ^ cr , Bristol , for instance , the movement ifi gttflwi ng strength and has boon supported with a spmt " 7 publS ^ cll ? " again deteriorated . thi * wook , and among curiosities of medical opinions , wo note one loomed doctor exposing , tho malaria and prejudice to public health occasioned by the Serpent no , while' another proclaims that larger sewer tho T hames , io bo innocuous , notwithstanding Us nolciiowloiUjed unsayouvinoBs . Vo close our record with tho melancholy remark that our list of crimes and casualty is unusually heavy tin ' s week ; and tho assize uitclhgonco contains no loss than four convictions for murder .

    inoidont in the Now York news is - nary sequel to tho Sioklca tragedy—the perfect reconciliation of the husband and hjs wife after a preliminary negotiation , disoussod stage by stage by the publio and tho press of the American metropolis . ' The most important parliamentary event of tho week has boon Lord John Russell's * tatomont on foreign adlurs , from which wo aro glad to learn that tho neutral policy of tho country remains still undisturbed 5 ana that , notwithstanding the overtures which have boon mado , tho British Government lms steadily refused to interfere in the

    arprotC-gwB . Tho pacific mission of the empire being so distinctly Shown by recent evonts , tlio Moiiitouv feels callad upon to remonstrate with this country for our warlike preparations , which , it says , are miite unnecessary , and only tending to imperil tho peace of the world . English ministers and the English peoplo , however , nro < i uitq n-eo . in ' their own consciences from any intention of attacking Franco or any ol'lior colonies or commerce ; and as they see vast preparations mado on tho other side of the channel , winch can Only bo intonded for a deadly struggle with a

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    reviewof the week- ¦ ' \ ffl ^ i- ^ ::::::::::: t : It P ^ PP ^^ $ ? ^ l ^ il ^^^^ homs onteM-igence . page War Expenditure - . , fftl The ^ attonal Defences Commib Gilbert Marlowe ., « W wmm , sfp =: | iiSi i = Sri ::: ! General Home News t *> 3 indiaa Progress .. •¦•••••• Vi on "" SSO . ¦ Money Market and Stock Jix-« mBia » » xei *«« hcb .. TIacPetxtaonforCompensatxon .. S 8 G QR , qINAL CORREg pONDENCE- r »^^ iiepori ""^ Reduction of the French . Anna- THEATRES AND ENTERTAINMENTS- Germany 892 f ^^ S ^ ares * I" : " - ' . I ' .::: a «« ThfT ^ atv ' of Vuia ' Franca ' . ' . ' . I' : SSi Koyal Italian Opera-Pardon de LITERATURE- Joint-Stock y Co mpanies & *«¦ fl , & ; fe& ::::::::: g r M ^» ; : ; :: ; :::: ;^ I IKS&aa g ::::::::::::::: S . ¦ §^ SgS 3 ar ~ " :::::: % Piedmont and Lombardy .. 88 * J . ostscripi ~ T ~ T those !

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• Citation
  • Leader (1850-1860), July 30, 1859, page 879, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2305/page/3/