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Leader (1850-1860), 30th July 1859, Edition 1 of 2, Page 884, Untitled Article

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      -was played tit one of the concert-rooms most frequented by -working men . I should mention , lhat , in order to prevent competition with the theatres , it is forbidden to sing any portion of operas or plays at the concert-room . But when the orchestra played in the overture the air of the celebrated refrain the audience restored the original version , and sang " Guerre auxAnglais" instead of the milder authorised form of " Guerre aux Tyrans . *' The overture was encored , and the persons most conspicuous in this patriotic movement were

      individuals disguised in plain clothes . If this were the spontaneous expression of ill-will on the part of the Marseillais towards England it would not be worth notice , ' "but it is the deliberate and premeditated act of the Government , through its agent , the Prefect , to excite the people to vociferate " Guerre aux . Anglais" and that in a town which is largely indebted for its prosperity to English trade and English capital . Whether the Emperor has decided upon changing his policy towards England , the next few ¦ weeks will probably determine ; but that such is his intention is the belief of the population generally *

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      , ' ' ¦ i 884 THE LEADER [ No . 488 . July 30 , 185 &

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      THE ZURICH CONFERENCE . The conference of the three powers , France , Austria and Piedmont , will most likely take place at the end of July , and be probably of short duration . Austria does not want a congress , and her journals even refuse to " admit certain very natural consequences of the engagements undertaken at Villafranca by the Emperor Francis Joseph , For example , they combat the idea of an Italian confederation as impracticable , and they oppose themselves to all reforms in the Venetian territory which may have the effect of " Italianising" that province . The Ost DeutscKe Post states that the Emperors of Austria and Frances will establish " exclusively between themselves" thet conditions G £ -peace , and that the negotiations of France and Piedmont , will be a subsequent and separate affair . The Austrian Government , says a letter from Vienna , has received a declaration from the King of the Two Sicilies , that he sees no reason for refusing his adhesion to the proposed Italian Confederation . It is said that the recommendation of Austria iufluenced the King in making , this declaration . A project of confederation for Italy , drawn up by Count Wale vvski , han been already communicated to all the Governments interested . It contains a provision for a federal army , and appears to resemble the Germanic Confederation in certain points .

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      THE VILLA FRANCA TREATY . The Journal de Mayence gives this as the text of the treaty : ¦— . ' Between his Majesty the Emperor of Austria and his Majesty the Emperor of the French it has "been agreed as follows : — ¦ The two Sovereigns will favour the . creation of an Italian Confederation . That Confederation shall be under the honorary presidency of the Holy Father . The Emperor of Austria cedes to the Emperor of the French his rights over Lombardy , with the exception of the fortresses of Mantua and Peschiera , so that the frontier , of the Austrian possessions shall start from the extreme range of the fortress of Peschiera , and shall extend in a direct line along the Mincio as far aa Grazip ; thence to Seorzarolo and Luzana to the Po , whence the actual frontiers shall continue to form the limits of Austria .. The Emperor of the French will hand over ( remettra ) the ceded territory to the King of Sardinia . Venetia shall form part of the Italian Confederation , though remaining under the crown . of the Emperor of . Austria . The Grand Duke of Tuscany and the Duke of Modena return to their States , granting a general amnesty . The two EJmperorB -will ask the Ijoly Father to introduce indispensable reforms into his States . A full and complete amnesty is granted on both sides to persons compromised in the late events in the territories of the belligerent parties . Bone at Villa-JOanca , the lltfa of July , 1859 . "

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      EXCITEMENT IN ITALY . Every letter received from the Duchies and the Legations brings additional accounts of the discontent and the ferment which prevail among the people , and of the determination not to submit to tlio rule of their ancient tyrants being reimposed upon them . On the 20 th inst . tlio Municipality of Florence assembled to express its desire that Tuscany should become part of an Itnliah kingdom under Victor Emmanuel II . j or that , if reasons of haute politique rendered this impracticable , tljat a prince of

      King of Piedmont . The Monitore Toscani > i& urging the people , both of tovrn and country , to arm to the last inau sooner than receive back as their ruler " the vanquished of Solferino . " The Grand Duke of Tuscany has decided to resign in favour of his son , who is to grant the constitution of 1848 and adopt the tri-coloured flag . This would seem no unreasonable manner of settling existing difficulties as far as Tuscany is concerned , but at first the Tuscans are likely to scout the idea . It must be remembered , however , that , although there is a prodigious clamour just now against the Grand Duke and his family , they are not entirely without partisans in that country .

      According to a telegram received from Florence the Tuscan Minister of the Interior has published an official report . The result of the deliberations on the question of annexation of Tuscany with Piedmont has been made known from 141 places , including Leghorn and Florence . The result shows 809 affirmative against 15 negative votes , representing the wishes and interests of 1 , 135 , 863 inhabitants . The result of the elections of members of a special assembly is also favourable to the independence of Tuscany . iWhen the assembly shall have received the members from the other towns it will give its

      vote . At Parma , Modena , Florence , and Bologna , the people are assembling for moral resistance , while the cry "to arms" rises all over the country . Deputations from the Duchies are praying the King of Sardinia that their votefor the . fusidne , unanimously expressed in 1848 and confirmed in 1859 j should not be set aside . In Rpmagna a Provisional Government is organised , in open hostility to at least the temporal sovereignty of the Pope . : Within a week or a fortnight alt this revolutionised Central Italy will have more than 50 , 000 men under arms . General Mezzocapo already musters

      10 ^ 000 men , mostly natives of Romagna , regularlyorganised under Sardinian colours . Garibaldi , at the head of 10 , 000 Cacciatori delle Alpi , to whom the Cacciatori delle Apennini and Cacciatori della Magra will be added , will leave his posts in the Alpine fastnesses , and the youths who are now frantically rushing to arms at Parma , Modena , and everywhere , the adventurers of all Italy , will join him at Bologna , as they joined him at Rome in 1849 . In one word , Central Italy , utterly powerless against France and Austria , and still more against their combined forces , will not , if driven to despair and allowed time , perish without a struggle , and it is but too strong if only menaced by such forces as its late rulers can bring into the field .

      Chevalier Fnrrini , Governor of Modena , has , by order of Kincr Victor Emmanuel , withdrawn the Sardinian authority , and has published a proclamation , in which he remits the Government to the members of the Municipality . The populace assembled in crowds , and proclaimed the Municipality , by acclamation , Dictators of the country . Farrini has accepted a provisional regency , in order to maintain public order , and reunite the representative Assembly of Modena ,. which-is to pronounce on the future settlement of the country . Perfect order and general confidence prevails . '

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      PIEDMONT AND LOMBARDY , One of the first acts of the new Sardinian ministry will be , it Is said , to put an end to the present dictatorship , to convoke the Chambers , and to present to them an electoral bill applicable to Lombardy . A dissolution will afterwards take place , in order to effect ,, in the new Chambers , the complete fusion of Piedmont and Lombardy . The King will reside , and the Parliament sit , in alternate years , at Milan and at Turin . Thursday being the anniversary of the funeral of the late King Carlo Alberto , a grand ceremony took place at Milan to celebrate the samej which was attended by an immense concourse of the population . The troops maintained perfect order * The populace of Lodi , not having been informed

      Switzerland . He is in a withering ill-i-umour ¦;; his staunchest friends hardly venture to address him .

      of the arrival of French troops ( for whose reception fdtes had been prepared ) , were so irritated against the Municipality that they compelled the members to resign . The King has appointed a Provisional Municipal Committee , A Turin letter says :- ? - " With the exception of Piedmont and Lombardy , and of what belongs to Austria or Naples , Napoleon must now lord it all over Italy militarily and in all probability civilly also . Italy passes at one stroke from the Austrian to the French thraldom , and Piedmont is already fully aware of the extent of freedom that will be allotted to her . People who see Victor Emmanuel privately find no words to describe the poignant grief , the burning wrath , by which his honost soul is consumed . Count Cavour has exerted himself to the utmost to form the new ; Ministry , and lias at last left : Turin for his country seat , whence ho will soon proceed to

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      GARlBALIXL Garibaldi ' s head-quarters are at Lovere , on the Lake of Iseo , and on the 15 th . lie was summoned to Brescia by General La Marmora , with : whom he dined , after a long confidential interview . A letter from Brescia states that twelve new regiments of infantry , and from eight to tea battalions of riflemen , are to be raised immediately , making the present force thirty-four regiments of infantry and from twenty to twenty-two battalions of riflemen . Garibaldi is now contemplating a move from the Alps to the Appenines—from , If or them to Central of about 50000

      Italy . There will be a gathering , volunteers in Romagna . Garibaldi ' s corps joined to that of Mezzocapo will form an army capable of securing the independence of Central Italy , at least against any merely Italian force . A letter in the Nazione of Florence states that Garibaldi , after the news of the preliminaries of the peace ,, went to the King ' s quarters , to give up his commission and those of all the oflicers of his corps , but that Victor Emmanuel would not receive them , and that consequently Garibaldi and his oflicers have retained their rank . The King told him that , as a Piedmontese general , he was not at liberty to give up his commieciAn

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      THE PQPE'S PROTEST . In his proclamation to the population of the Romagna , subjects of the Pope , M . Massimo d'Azeglio has said , " God has made man free in his opinions , political and religious . " This shocking heresy has not escaped the watchful eye of the Holy Father , who has stigmatised it in an autograph letter to the Cardinal Bishop of Albano . After inviting the faithful to return thanks for the cessation of the war the Pope says : — "To continue our prayers is a necessity , inasmuch as divers provinces of the States of the Church are still . a prey to the men who are

      intent upon demolishing the established order of things ; and it is with this view that in our days a foreign usurping power proclaims that God hath made man free as regardeth his political and religious opinions , thus denying the axithorities established by God , upon earth , and to whom obedience and respect are due , forgetting at the same time the immortality of the soul , which , when it passeth from this transitory world to the eternal one , shall have to answer unto the ull-powevful and inexorable Judge for those religious opinions ; then learning too late that there is but one God and one faith , and that whoever quittetfi" the ark of unity shall be submerged in the deluge of eternal punishment . "

      A letter from Rome , of the 23 rd inst ., states that M . de Mcneval , aide-de-camp of the French Emperor , had arrived , bringing a letter from the Emperor , insisting oncertain reforms , substantially the same as those ineffectually urged by the French ambassador in 1857 .

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      RUSSIA AND CHINA . AcooriDiNa to the Sfc . Petersburg ; official Gazette , a treaty has boon concluded between Russia and China , and ratified by the two Emperors . Tho treaty contains twelve articles , and is signed at Tientsin . China grants to liuasia leave to send ambassadors to Pekin , promises protection to Christian missionaries , and authorises a monthly mail service between Kiachta and Pokiu .

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      ItasaxAN Power in Itajt / v . -- following lottov has boon received from St . l ^ eteraburg ;—•• Although the war in Italy was approved by us , in many respects , on account of the unfriendly fooling which prevails hero against tho Austrian Government , our Emperor himself has always entertained a friendly feeling : towards eaoh belligerent , Several versions are current relative to the mission of Count Paul Sohouvaloff to tho French head-quarters . The « wo

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      WAR EXPENDITURE . The Moniteur of Tuesday contains the following — "It is endeavoured in England to attribute to France the . causes of the English national burdens , but the English people are deceived merely in order to further the national defences . The exaggeration of our armaments is to justify the considerable increase of the English budget for the army and navy . A comparison of the budgets of France and England will show these considerations to bo erroneous . " Since 1813 the array expenses of England have increased by 20 Q millions of francs , making for I 860 a total of more than 650 million francs ;• while in France the army budget for 1860 does not much exceed 463 million francs . " We , therefore , ask whether it is to France and to her extraordinary armaments that tho heavy burdens which weigh on tho English people aro to be attributed , or whether these enormous expenses and taxes , which are the consequences of thoao burdens , must not be attributed to other reasons ?• "

  • Citation
    • Leader (1850-1860), July 30, 1859, page 884, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2305/page/8/