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may be explained with apparatus almost as cheap and simple . To take one instance—the fundamental property of the lever ( and , I may . say , of * lie . ¦ whole science of mechanics ) may be demonstrated by a foot rule , ' a knife , and a few leaden balls of equal size . Tlie other mechanical powers which are resolvable into the lever maybe explained with almost equal ease , for , after all , the principles of practical men must require to be unfolded by figures and instruments . " . . . ... Lord Stanley , after referring to the prizes which resulted from the competitive examinations , said : " These honours are a sample and foretaste only for the more substantial distinctions which later life a , ffords to those who are competent to obtain them . You whom I address are Lancashire men ; you
know the conditions of life in these swarming regions of the north , where every man , rich or poor , is a ¦ worker , where fortunes are made with hardly less rapidity than they are in America or Australia . You know how false is that belief—sometimes entertained in ignorance , sometimes it may be professed to be entertained with a noble purpose—the belief that England affords no scope for the social improvement of the working man . I believe that one of the most important volumes that could possibly be written , and when it is written ought to find a place in every hamlet , almost in every cottage , would be a biographical record of a few selected instances of those" eminent and illustrious persons , who in various occupations and departments of life have raised themselves from the ranks . Many a story might be told in such a volume whicU would cheer the courage
and buoy up the heart of the struggling operative in his most distressed hours . But you need no such yolume to recall to your recollection the fortunes and fame of the elder Stephenson ; you do not require to be told of the rise and the wealth of Arkwright ; and , above all , in these' districts , and meeting here , you know well what was the origin of the family of Peel . "
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THE GREAT EASTERN . The great ship arrived safely at her moorings at Southampton , on Saturday , where she is to remain for some time as an exhibition . There was a procession of the mayor and corporation of that town to present an address to somebody or other on board the ship , and , after much speech making from different persons , Captain Harrison briefly spoke . ' He was too h : ijsj > y to ' say-t ' . » al he was now in a-pla . where he could lay down his head in safety . With the assistance of Air . Bowyer , whom he considered a very clever pilot , he had brought the ship into port j but now he had been once here , he should have no hesitation in bringing the ship in alone . .
The great expectations thut had been formed of the performances of the vessel arc , it seems , likely to prove unfounded . A contemporary remarks : — "We have undoubtedly aright to expect that the advantages which the" Great Eastern holds out should be exceedingly grunt , for those advantages are bought with very considerable sacrifices . ITirst , thero is the diflicultv about harbours ; the size of the vessel excludes her from New York , Boston , and
the St . Lawrence , and sends her to Portland , a small town upwards of a hundred miles from Boston , 340 from New York , ami moro than 200 from Quebec . The celebrated harbour of Sydney , in Australia , would be unable to receive her , ami bIic would not be able to approach Calcutta . Not only docs this interfere with her choice of it port for permanent traffic ; it also exposes her to danger , by rendering it impossible , in case of injury , to find refuge in ports in which smaller vessels could lie securely .
Another sacrifice must bo the great consumption of coal , nml the very large number of the crew , whiuh impose a very heavy expense before profit can bo realised or , loss avoided . " Such , a vessel , if she makes a fow , voyages without being filled up , would severely drain the resources of her proprietors , and must , indeed , mtiko every trip moro or less a gambling enterprise . All thesu drawbacks wore , no doubt , carefully considered by the projectors , and they'believed sufficient
that the vessel possessed advantages quite to counterbalance thorn . Tlwy believed that they had constructed a vessel which would bo able to carry fuel lor a voyage however long , would attain ft apot'd nevor before dreamt of , and would pass over a stormy ooean with nn ease and a steadiness which would abolish the dUVerenco bctweon sou and land travelling , mid effectually deliver the fortunate inhabitants uf Uiis floating island from the Inexpressible miseries of sen-sickness .
The minor point of total immunity from sea-sickness must , . we fear , be given against the Great Eastern . The recent experiment was made with tho ship comparatively light , but tlion it was also made in soaa very diilVrcnt , at least , as Tar as the size of tho waves and tlie amount of motion are concerned , from the stormy latitudes of tho ( South Atlantic and tho Southern Indian Ocean . Setting the one against tho other , we think we may fulvly conclude that ,
though the Great Eastern will make fair -weather of seas that would materially derange the equilibrium of smaller craft , she will in a heavy swell roll considerably , and will pitch not a little . We think it most probable that she will be easier that } -any vessel now afloat , but we cannot regard this conclusion as certainly established . These are , however , subordinate questions compared with that oh which , after all , the success of the experiment principally turns—the speed which she will be able to attain and keep up during a long voyage over a stormy sea . It appears to be easy for the Great Eastern , without putting forth any great amount of power , to run about ten miles an hour ;
but it would also seem that with her paddles and screw pushed to the utmost which they can at present realize , and with a light breeze permitting fore and aft sails to be set , the Great Eastern cannot exceed fifteen and a-half knots , or less than eighteen miles , in a narrow sea like the entrance into the Britisli Channel . We . fear that this will reduce the speed of the vessel to a point which will render it ver y difficult for her to carry coal with anything like a certainty of ; being able to reach India without calling to take in fuel . In fact , the speed of the Great Eastern does not appear to be greater than that attained by several vessels now afloat , and her advantages over other vessels ,
therefore , mainly consist in her being able to maintain the speed foi- a much longer distance , and , from the diminished relation of power to burden , being able to-carry goods at a lower freight . The vessel seems to be defective in propelling power ; A light wind , we are informed , has very little effect upon her , and it is pretty obvious that neither her screw nor her paddles can at present be driven at the rate required . Of course , we are well aware that every increase of speed beyond so considerable a velocity as that which the , Great Eastern has already attained can only be gained by an immense sacrifice of fuel , and
that it by no means follows that because three hundred tons a day are ' sufficient , for her present speed another hundred tons of coals a day would increase that speed by one-fourth , one-sixth , or . oneeighth . This is the problem which the managers of the vessel have to solve . Will they increase their speed , and by so doing diminish their capacity for making long voyages without coaling , or will they content themselves with , their present speed , and the possession of a vessel which can undoubtedly cover without stopping at least thrice the distance which can be rim by any st . amcr now in existence ?
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NAVAL AND MILITARY . At Colchester a private of the 37 th regiment named Drake , was caught in tho act of pilfering from a comrade , and when placed in the guard-room ho committed a second felony . For these offences he was sentenced by court-martial to receive fifty lashes , which were inflicted in the presence of the men of the 10 th Depot Battalion . The prisoner , although a young soldier , bears a very bad character . He sustained tho punishment without the utterance of a word , and was afterwards removed to the hospital . The French preparations for the Chinese expedition are actively going' on . About 8 000 men are expected to be scut off in the first fortnight of next month .
The lucftnow Herald says that Goolab Singh , brother of the Atarec rajah , is so well pleased with tho consideration shown to him by Lord Canning , that he expresses his readiness to proceed to China in command of a regiment of Sikhs , if allowed to take part -with the avenging army now on the-way to punish our treacherous foes . We oro perfectly satisfied 10 , 000 Siklis would readily vplunteei- for this service if the sou of one of thdr oldest sirdars was so honoured . It is , " perhaps , not gencrully known that the father of Goolab Singh sacrificed hi * all to screen some Sikh soldiers from ' punishment , whiclr , according to our . laws , he considered they deserved , but according to their time-honoured customs lie could not permit them to suffer . These
soldiers had by some accident killed a French officer in the ' service * and this fact whs concealed by the old sirdar , iwid ultimately led to that final issue on tho battle Held when tho ICIuilsa arniy was" almost annihilated . It was in those torriblu struggles that tho high eiisto native soldiors of our own army fought so bravely and showed bo many instances of devotion to their officers , and It was the recollection of those nets of devotion that made those officers u nwilling to suppose such inon capable of treachery . Tho Grenadiers of one regiment , deliberately sprang forward ami reccivod the sword cuts aimed at their " oflloers , thus sucrifluing themselves with a devotion which would have done honour to the soldiers of any
army . The trial of the now French iluld-piecos , to which iho groovotl principle has been applied , wont off to the groat satisfaction of all parties . Tlie distance allowed for trial was 2 , 000 metres ; the target
consisting of a pole , surmounted by a little flag , was scarcely visible to the naked eye , and yet to the utter surprise of the oldest artillerymen amongst them all , in spite of tlie high wind , every shot told ! The ceremony ended by the departure of the two batteries , which had executed the manoeuvres , at full gallop , amid the loud shouts of triumph from the soldiers and the tremendous cheers of the spectators . It is proposed to give the Cuirassiers of the French Garde Imperiale breastplates made of aluminium ( says a Paris correspondent ) , which would certainly be very light , but I am not aware how the new metal compares in strength with steel . An aluminium cuirass lias rather a holiday sound .
A court-martial assembled on Monday on board Her Majesty ' s ship Impregnable at Plymouth foi the trial of Lieutenant Marcus Patrick Costello , oi the Diadem , 32 , screw steam vessel , for having been drunk on the 28 th of October , and incapable of performing his duty . Tho prisoner pleaded " Guilty " to the charge , and in extenuation said he attended a ball on shore on the night of the 27 th of October , and attributed his being intoxicated to this circumstance , and not having had rest for the night . He had drunk but very little , but , having received a sunstroke some time baelc , a small quantity of liquor took effect on him . In reply to the Court , the prosecutor said the 'prisoner was not offensive , but , on the contrary , his demeanour was quite respectful . The Court sentenced tile prisoner to be dismissed Her Majesty ' s service . - .
At a time when the-performance of the Great Eastern , especially as regards speed arid consumption of fuel , is watched with so much interest , the following statement of the result of several trials of a new screw steamship , the Thunder , cannot fail to command attention . Apart from the high , rate of speed attained ( 1 ? statute miles per hour ) , the extraordinary saving in coal marks an immense step in the science of steam navigation . Messrs . Dudgeon and Langley , of Mill wall and Deptford , have just completed the screw steamship Thunder , for Messrs . Apcar and Co . and Captain Durham , of Calcutta , and under the directions of the latter gentleman , for the navigation of the China seas against the northdimensions follows
east monsoons . Her are as : — length between perpendiculars , 240 feet ; beam , thirty feet ; 1 , 062 tons ; her engines are of 210 nominal horse power ; diameter of cylinders , fifty-five inches , stroke , three feet . She is fitted with all the best improvements , snclt as belted cylinder , expansion gear , separate thrust , boilers that , consume the fuel and heat in furnaces and tubes to the point that the remainder escapes up the chimney , and heats the superheater to the temperature of 300 degrees without regulation . A trial trip was made with her on the 3 rd inst ., when she ran the distance between the Nore and Mouse lights in thirty minutes , against tide , being at the rate of at least seventeen statute miles per hour . The Messrs . Dudgeon on the following day had her under weigh fur several hours to with
test her consumption of coal . Whon working steam at 19 lbs pressure , and using full expansion and superheaters , the engines made fifty-four revolutions per minute , regularly , vessel steamed over fourteen knots per hour , and the . consumption of Duffryn steam coal was 820 lbs . per hour , or , as near as possible , one lb . per indicated horse power per hour , being the greatest result yet obtained from the steum engine . The vessel was designed by Mr . John Dudgeon , under the instructions of Captain Durham . The engines made by J . mid YV . Dudgeon , and the ship built by Mr . "Langley . She has ( lie most airy accommodation of any vessel of her class . -Government , we believe , havo talcoli her « s a ship for the conveyance of invalids to tho hospitals in tho Ohineao expedition , for which her easy motion and airy decks eminently fit her . » .
___ , „ . „ Tho establishment composing the gun factories in Woolwich Arsenal has this week'been handed over to the direction of Sir William Armstrong , C . 13 ., qnd tha resident superintendence of Mr . John Anderson , late inspector of machinery . Great preparations are made for manufacturing rifled ordnance on Sir William ' s principle , calculated , according topresent arrangements , to bring out , at tho lowest computation , 1 , 000 guns a your , with the prospect of a considerable addition to that mini bur , in case of actual demand . . A number of oint-iron guns Will bo made in the factories and by tha trade for experimental networktermed
uae to bo encased in a kind of , a " chomistt , " composed of wrought iron , which it is BuuffiMtcd will add to the ondurunoo of the inner motnl of which tho gun is cast , and render it sufllaiontly strong for the purpose A no now department has received instructions to bring out as speedily as- possible a batch of 40 G-pouhder rifled guns to carry tho olon « ated shot for field service in China , to be transported overland . It is stated that , as a noae ^ sary consequence in tJ » O whole oi' the gun factories being employod for the manufacture of Sir William ' s guns , tho ehot and shull foundries will be ultimately handed over to the
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ifc » -Jiria . Sav . 12 . 1359 . 1 T HE IE A P B R . 1311
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Nov. 12, 1859, page 1241, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2320/page/5/
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