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    NORTH AiaUGA.*

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    1 7 VR . ENCH colonization-in-Algeria ' is a subject of curiosity and interest to the reflective and political mind ; and it is , therefore , not to b& Wondered" afc that the question whether France did in reality exist on the . southern shores of the Mediterranean ,. should have-exi ' -i-ted the enterprise of Mr . G . Wingrove Cooke , and formed , to him an adequate motive for an annual ' . vacation nimble . The remarks and observation ot such a traveller merit-the most serious attention . The French have nosy had thirty years' possession of that fruitful' . soil , which Carthag-iuians ,.. Romans , Vandals , Saracens , Turks , found it impossible ^ to retain . They , have spent some eighty millions ; of money iii conquering and keeping-it . -. 'The policy of the French has been elaborntelv described and canvassed , both

    by M . Etnilc Girardm and M . Jules" Duval , whose artn-les on . the subject inthe Revue , des Deux Jlondes have furnished 3 Ir Cooke wit hmaiiy arguments , facts , and comments , in relation to thetopic . Moreover , as he remarks in \\ h introduction , the Spanish expedition to Morocco has given it a ¦ new interest , for that Algeria , before its conquest , - ' was . almost . the exact , counterpart of Morocco . "If Morocco ever shall be conquered , the history of the conquest of Algeria will serve for the history of the -conques tof Morocco . It is iiilnibited by the same races , it has the same divisions of seaboard , tell , and desert ; it will be . de-fended with the same obstinate fanaticism ; it willrequire the > nine Sacrifice of life aiid . treasure , the same display of courage , endurance , and military skill , anil the same persevering devotion of the resources of a powerful nation . It will be also as expensive and as unproductive as a colony . " . the note to the book

    These few words give , as it were , key- . Mr . CVoke niakes out ' that there is at present an annual balance of £ 2 , 100 , 000 jurainst the colony : rm expense wliich must go un from , year to . year , and longyours ., must , in 'his . opinion , elapse , before the immigrants will enable the home Government to tax . 'theni at all , still -Joss- 'to . tax them to the -amount of two millions and n half sterling . Nevertheless , lie . concedes that the work of colonization has been bravely done . " Algiers is a French city . It is lit with n-iis and peopled ' by Parishms . The roads aro sis safe as our roads over Ilounslow Heath j . ' aml a circular letter from , the authorities in Algiers will protect a traveller among the wild tribes which toad their sheep and oxen in \ ho Tell or the Sahara . " Algiers is subject to earthquakes ; a great one is expecteil ^ every sixty years , —the last is now overdue . Should it c . o-me , the French town could Hot resist it for ten minutes , while tlio pas .-: iges of

    Moorish Algiers are so constructed as to withstand vc . ry severe shocks . Tho Jnrdin d'Easiii appears , also , to Mr . Cooke an o . ypeu sive phantn-y rather thnn ' a ' promifUMg experiment . One point ' of commendation exi s ts . There is no religious fanaticism encouraged . Jl'he- Prencli judiciously leave the Mohammedans thftir mosques , and forbid the Jesuits to preach to thorn . Iho missionivrius are only allowed to force Christianity upon tho utteutiou of tho former by dint of deeds of charity and love . Tii . e Jew's lire not oppressed , and -the , female sex ave emancipated from absurd customs that are daily becoming obsolete . Tho Kabvlos will yet yivo . the French much ( rou ' , mul Will . with other local iiK > oi ;» vo , nitm < . 'os , require to be subdued . At present , tho Fi'tiimh have advanced no further than their predecca ^ -rn ; they

    ¦ hiivo strongly ontrenchod themselves in Africa , ami no mom Progress , if any , is slow , very slow . There is littlu to intimule thut the next twenty years , will do more than tho past twenty years have clone . Colonization in Africa f tiII consists only of a low rui-i ? oa * es scattered over uncultivated solitudes . Individual entoqirino does littlo ; tho Slate is required to assist in . a disproportionate nitnmer , and tho ngrieulturiat tills with Fi ' cnoh taxes . It is not without regret that wo aro compelled to omit the anecdotes , incidents , and sketches of manners nnd ndvi'iiture . s with which Mr . Cuoko lms varied hU ginve'r narrative . Our traveller iui : a while lived with the Arabs , and luva written much on thoir customs which is both curious and amuninjf . Still belter aro his rolloi-tions on tho men nnd thoir dwell iiig-pi uoofl ; but hi * poiu'liwio-iifi nppoar tho same , Unit whatever the uilvautnjjos they tiro lost to the l-rencli .

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    ment , the professorships had been reduced to the lowest number possible , and the , professors had been most , miserably remunerated . The Marquis JtiDOKFi has been indefatigable in his labours of . every kind , in connection with education in all its various ramificationsthe endowment of libraries , museums , laboratories , and similar institution ' s . It should be well understood that the object kept hi view in all instruction , whether in the gymnasium , the lyceuni , or the university , has been twofold—classical and technical , academic and social ,... ' theoretic and practical . United with the dead languages , are commercial , agricultural , and all other .-practical studies . While the range of subjects taught in the universities will . be far more varied than heretofore , and the professors in consequence much more numerous , the salaries will be greatly augmented , and will , it is saidr amount to about 4000 /' . each " on an average—a respectable sum for Italy . Nor has the Minister of Public Worship been idle . If we examine the different legislative acts relating to religion which have recently emanated from the Central Italian Government ,-we-shall- see that they are of no unimportant nature or extent , whether as to the reforms actually wrought , or the principles of religious liberty and equality which they embody . The fact that these changes have been made when people ' s minds were engrossed / with anxious expectation , has prevented them from receiving from the public that attention which they deserve . A glance at . what . has been done niav serve to give an idea of what still remains to do before religious liberty and tolerance are perfected . The temporary Government has had to consider four subjects in its spiritual and ecclesiastical provisions : the attainment of that independence-for-the State , y » at self-irovernnvent and liberty of action of which the late suicidal , anti-national , and bigoted Government liad deprived it ; to arrange for the orderly and decorous performance of worship , and to provide for the'wants " of the clergy- ' . more effectually than was done by the 3 L 6 rkai ; s-e Government , wliich , though devoted to Rome , was far from being religious ;; to g-ive legal sanction to tho lofty / princi p les of social justice and true civilization , involved in the equality of all religions forms in the eye of the law : to release territorial . proper ly froiii the obligations of " mortmain , wliich the reforming laws of the jfast century relaxed , but did not annul . The Provisional Government satisfied , all these demands , or intimated its intention and desire to do so , and we shall gladly see that the opportunity is afforded for following out ; its noble programme . Any principle or power which serves to lessen the pretensions , and weaken the influence of Ruine in the Peninsula , must be hailed with rejoicing . We look upon . ' llonie as even a greater grievance than Austria to Italv . A battle or a campaign may chase the double-beaded eagle beyond ' the Alps , but Jiome 'is not to be conquered by cannon balls or driven out at the point of tlie bayonet . Its dominion is rooted in the political constitution of the country . Iu the midst of the State sand of society it has its own state and society , its forces ever organised . Even on the Exchange , and amidst the iluctuations of territorial proprietorship ,, its . influence , or rather the weiglifof its domination , is felt . Toil depree-of Government , Kome opposes its Imlls , and apostolic letters . To nullify tlie action of the protects , it sets in ; motion the reaction' of the bishops . For the secular tri-1 ) ' nnnls it substitutes the curia ; for . political statutes , the calendars « f the Church . Ovevstepping its own boundaries , it penetrates the halls of palaces , thence proceeds to houses and fields , which , if belonging to convents of friars or nuns , it is not possible to alienate or dispose of for any length of time , without its placet , be . the contract useful or noxious even to tho cause of the-Oharity itself . The Government began its noble and arduous work of religious reform with the abolition of the Concordat of 1 . 351 . So long 1 as this oixisted , no good was possible , no evil remediable . Any one who Las examined the conventions of April 25 , 1 S 5 . 1 , must % be convinced that the concordat was the most signal monument of the hypocrisy and ignorance of the late Government , the most complete triumph of the policy of tho Curia , and . of tho . cunning of ANT . oif , a 2 j , rJi , Tho cardinal ' doacon did not caro to . destroy any lurge portion of tho Tuscan ecclesiastical legislation . Ho contented himself with waging 1 war against principles ,, convinced that tho ' -rest would naturally follow . Tho object followed by Home with tho inost persevering obstinacy from JIildkdrani ) to tho present day , is the attainment of BuproniHCy over all political authority , and tho recognition of its claiins to dominate over overy established power at pleasure . This was fully coiicoded to it by the concordat in question , but happily it no longer exists . Tho country vindicated its olienclotl dignity , tho State onco more obtained its lost independence , and the provisional . Government availed itself of its power to promulgate salutary ""' decrees . In liberating tho State from , tho Autonollhui Church , tho Government had no small difficulty ' to contend against . It hadto roassuro tho scruples of those who wore acouatonu ' d to identify X ' oligion with Rome , to meet and answer an almost overwhelming " amount of uccusations of infidelity , ournity to the clergy , jmtl auticatholic tendencies . Its first caro was to neulralixc uueh chargop , by decreeing a large incroaso iu tho sum , aununlly appropriated for the oxpensea of worship , the niaint ' oiiance of ecclesiastical fabrics , and tho reinvestment of funds cfniployeil- for charitable purposes . While it . ( Wired t . o ' pvov 6 ibsolf winoerely CV . tholio , it waahud ut tho snmo time to make it clearly understood that it favoured alike all forma of belief existing in the Stnto , It obsthmtoly rofusod to re ' - foriu tho oilioo of Inquisitor according : to the wish of tho Koinan Curia , and rewolved to protect all religions not opposed to the common rights tvnd security of civil oitis&onship . To render homage to the grajul dojccina of inoderu civilization , liberty of oonscienco , in the mouth of January , tho Govornmeiib grunted an anmuil sum of ¦ dLO . OOO Iu o for tho Jewish worship . 'Though « U non-cathoUcs are

    extend its prt ) tection to the Jewish race as well as to all the other dissidents from Roinsittism ., By following- out an enlightened system , in nothing more strikingly manifest than in the recent regulations in reference to education and religion , Tuscany has been preparing for the grand transfoi-niation which should make it a part of the new national kingdom ; All the old theories of Italian municipal jealousy and hatred have been effectually put to the blush , and whatever the destiny which awaits Central Italy , the improvements effected during- the past year must result in permanent advantage .

    treated by law as equal to Catholics , yet the Israelitisli faith must be looked upon , as one quite apart and distinct from all others . It is important in consequence of the " numbers professing it , on aceouuti of the lengthened period during- which- its followers have been established in the country , and as having for ages been recognised by the Government—especially from the time of Feedinand I . dei Medici downwards , —and permitted the full and free exercise of its faith . It was , therefore , only just and reasonable that , in this new era of liberty , equality , and true progress , the State should

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    328 The Leader and Saturday Analyst . [ Apto 7 , 186 . 0 .,

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    * Conquest anti Colonisation i \ f Xortfi Jfi'lca , l ) olng tho sul »« tiinco of ( v serleB of Lotfcora from Al&orin , pubHahoil iu Tho Times , ami now by poimiBslon oolleoted , with Introiluotion and Supplement , contuJniiiK « " « . J »^ recent Fronoh ami other information on Morocco . By Gbokuh N > i > uhotw Cooicn . Win . IMnqkwood St Sons ,

    North Aiauga.*

    NOBTH . AFKICA . *

• Citation
  • Leader (1850-1860), April 7, 1860, page 328, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2341/page/12/