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Rome , pronounced at first his acquittal ; but through the efforts of the Africans , and their union with the Anti-Origenists , it was at last accomplished , that the doctrine of Pelagius was formally condemned as heretical ; and after the year 418 , the doctrine of Augustin became the prevailing one , at least
in the western churches , " &c , &c . At some future time I propose to communicate farther notices of this useful work ; and I regret that I cannot gratify the theological student with larger portions of it , without making too great a demand on the pages of your Repository . J . M .
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Sir , Heidelberg . It is difficult to accommodate the terms of a language like the German , which is only surpassed by the Greek in fitness for exact verbal distinctions , with adequate and familiar English expressions . The foreigner feels this the more , because the metaphysical philosophy of Germany has scattered its vocabulary over almost every department of literature . I shall connect , with some terms that are in frequent use , brief remarks and quotations , which are intended to illustrate the sense in which they are used , as well as the manner of thinking of some men of eminence on several interesting questions .
Ideas , Objectivity , Subjectivity . —When impressions have been received through the senses , they are taken up by the understanding , and represented according to its innate laws of conception . Ideas are the result of this cooperation . That which is given by sensation is Objective ; that which is given by the understanding is Subjective . This is Kant's resolution of ideas of sensation . Hence he maintains knowledge a priori . The idea of causality , which is not given in sensation , must be given by the understanding . Thus Hume ' s scepticism opened the way to the idealism of Kant .
Sense , Understanding , Reason . —This is Kant ' s well-known distribution of the human mind . In this partition Understanding was wronged , and Reason was enriched and aggrandized at the expense of Understanding , Understanding has at length obtained a hearing , and is likely to be reinstated in all its rights . But that impartial justice may be administered , and both parties go out of court well satisfied , it is thought that a rich domain will be adjudged to Reason . That it may feel no degradation in being
stripped of some of its exclusive titles , it will be declared for the future sole proprietor and lord paramount of the ground of moral judgments . The rest of the ancient estate of universal truths is to revert to the old possessor , and the shade of Locke will be appeased . Objective Unity , — When several impressions made upon the senses are united into one ooject of perception , as when a ball is felt to be hard , round , smooth , and white , in the language of Kant the understanding is said to construct them into an Objective Unity .
Absolute Idealism , vulgarly confounded with Absolute Idiotism *—When we say of any man , that he knows himself , the subject and the object of knowledge are the same in a very intelligible sense . With the absolute idealist this is true of all knowledge . The mind makes its own objects ; it has none without itself : thus , if the mind knows what it is about , knowledge comes first and the objects afterwards ; because it gives them out , or creates them , and has no other objects It would be more correct , perhaps , to say , that its knowledge is without an object ; and this is so much like knowing nothing , that the disciples of this school , which is now that of Hegel , ( and it reckons a great number of disciples of different ages , ) ought to be the most
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102 Letters from Germany .
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Citation
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Monthly Repository (1806-1838) and Unitarian Chronicle (1832-1833), Feb. 2, 1831, page 102, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/mruc/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2594/page/30/
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