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Northern Star (1837-1852), 1st August 1846, Edition 2 of 3, Page 7, Met.av<tholt Death seom Lockjaw, — On Wed-

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    • /orr iin j^&ement&
    • Met.av<tholt Death seom Lockjaw, — On Wed-
    • 1115111/ Hll iuviie 11 1111 Ut3 ill/ # Extraordinary Death of a Miser.—On Monday nintif Alfr. Tnoanfi Pntrna I./tM „.. ?«;«i,/\af .1 IIia
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      *Ana J Will War, At Leastin Wards, •Igov...

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      REVELATIONS OF RUSSIA . * SO . IV . \ fe now proceed to give a few extracts from this auth or ' s most startling account of the COBROTTtOH OF THE WSSlAJf OEFICIAIS . The causes which not only limit the power of the Uus . rian eargeror , bnt , prevading the whole edifice of Russian r irilisation , render all real progress difficult , and dissolujj ^ probable , are to bt found in the unblushing venality to corrapiion of all who wear the imperial button , and of all who are employed in any capacity , high or low , in WJ branch of the adminUtiatioiL . From the door of the emperor ' s ante chamber , from the high officials of Ins cosrt do wn to the sentinel » t his gate , every man is an extortioner and a public robber , and all are united intme vast conspiracy , to deceive the onl y mourn the etspire who cannot be bribed—the possessor of it . It has been cynically said , in allusion to the foibles of human

      nature , "that every man has his price "—a sweeping assertion , which we once deemed only to be true hy giving a wide latitude to the meaning these words immediately convey , and supposing that every man may be influsncid to some dereliction of conscientious duty , by the possible combination and agency of his passions / feelings , and affections . But in Russia it h a lamentable fact , tbat this epigrammatic sentence bears a literal and universal application , for " every man has his price in money , " The minister , the judge , fee general , the admiral , the long list of subordinates which complete the links of this chain , down to the petty cfcnotiiifc , the seijeant , the boatswain , the boutuschn & , and the executioner , must all be included in the censure . From high to low , all equally cesspire to rob the government by their peculations , and the public by their extortions , making the power with which ttx arbitrary system invests them , down to the last refraction of sob-delegated autho 3 § ty , a matterof notorious purchase .

      This censure is certainly of a wholesale character , fcnttfae scepticaltave only to read tta to becormnced thattiieieis lie & e or no exaggeration in = £ fee aibave sweeping condemnation . There are tteee principal modes tif extorting bribes , ~ wfnch are practised from th e cabinet iniillsttr down-to the watchman ia the street ; by the direct threat and practice of-oppression , by the-sale of'fewrars , or by ¦ withholding the performance tff a duty \ nvil bribed . The reader should be at once irifofffied that all this peculation !? carried on in fliefece-df alaw'V & ieh dooms to

      degradation the highest authority in the empire , if only < sonvictea-ef receiving a present . Iris also carried on in the fete of severe examples mow sai then made by -different emperors . Bnt these examples . 'being in frequent * nd capricious , are considered hytirosetfieyare intended toditer * s amongst the ^ ceiderits of life ; if ever 80 fteguentiy repeated , the reotedhabite of a century and 3 h ^ , the bnposabihtj of maintaining even the decencies of lifcvathout them , wodS prdbablyrender the Russians only more cautions In-concealing ' iheir ddinguencies . Tfithoct their ever dreaming -of altogether avoiding

      -them . Even the energetic Titer the l & rst , who spared no blood , no cruelties , who tore through the very bonfio of Tjttcral affection when he ^ ha'd a favourate objest to -cany ; the man who « ut-6 Sheai 3 s with his own hand , who put to death two thousanS of his revolted'Streliteers , and aUowinglheir heads to freeze to thetrunfe irom which they were dissevered , left them , the five -months winter through , =-a ghastly row of corpses , vifear--fel example of his vengeance ; the man who doomed ana wrought the deatli -0 ? Iris'first-born—even this terrible

      ^ Peter utterly failed ia his a ttempts to stop thewsnality -which we can atlesst" trace back thus far . Ia vain he denied the prayer -of his favourite empress , the wife of the Sweeflishtrooperrandtore Item tier sMeher & vourite to break him on tfee wheel , and inflict corporaVpunishxnent on his sirter , ¦ because they had sold the -imperial fevonr , We learn from' ^ forberg , the chaplain of the Sweedish Achilles , that , notwithstanding these examples , Peter ' s chief favourite , "aieaehicofij could not resist a hribe from Ifazejjpa , to Jail the suspicion -of-tiie Tsar , and cloak the imedltated rebellion of the Eetman ' s

      rascals . Punishmentfcasbeen-Brovedto be futile in correcting this depraved state of things . Here are two Instances : — A fire took place in Croastadt , in the summer , and ll was found that-fcere wa ^ not a horse on the island i which it is situKted , although the police master had for jears charged for the > ieep ofa large number - he was degraded to a ( private saSor . The very instalment of lis successor beean by theextortion of a bribe .

      Two years ago ? tbd banc surveyor in tfeeaaortgagmg department was applied -to by an aide-de-camp of the emperor's , to valce a house he intended pledging to the bank . The scrreyor observed , "My charge is 2 , 000 roubles ( £ 90 ); pay them down , and I will ^ ive a good valuation witbontlookisgat the place , otherwise it shall not be Tsduedst allfor-weeks , and nndervalnsd then . " Ihe aide-de-camp reported the afiair to the emperor ; the surveyor was sent tolhe-igalleys . Three dajs after , in the same office , = & -similar demand was made to a fresh applicant .

      It is the doty of the secret police to'ferret out caseaof pubUc « srrujfti « n , but the secret police have ioogreataniaterestin-eonservingthe present order of things" to do more than hunt jdton a few individuals -wl » ha , ve -rendered themselves obnoxious in some other way . 'The sort of justice 4 o-be had fit the Minis of & is body is welliUustrated-by the following Instance « f double refined villaisy . A poor noblemanthadhetn carrying on a JEWsnit for several years , when he-reeeived an intimation ? from the secretary of t & e tribnral . that unless he paid over 10 , 000 roubles i ££ A ) to ; the president , the ease would bedecided & gaifcsthlm . The unfortunate litigant , who could notraise as many-pence , bethought him of applying to Count Benfcen 3 orf ,- » he chief of the secret service ,

      whom be hadbeen -IeStohelieve was personally anxious ¦ to make an example of some of the delinquecIsland who -is one of the four « r < 5 ve men holding office in the empire , . who are deemed incorruptible by the common rumour—. ts at least , if the Itoaais utterly disbelieve ia the -existence of an unlimited integrity , of whom-. they say , - * ' We do not think even such a sum would -boy him . " -The party referred to vBexi the Count to fareash him with an unquestionable proof of the venality of the president of the Court Of Appeal ; and for that purpose proposed that he should be entrusted with the amount of the tribe demanded ! , -in-actes privately marked . He

      undertook that those notes-should be found on the ^ presi-¦ deEfs person . The Count consented . Since ttbe . good -old times of the rdgn . of AleEander , neither the-sacretaries , vice-presidente , aioa-psssidents , ( the pacties . who in : ths courts of law receive all bribes affecting the immediate decision of civil or . orimical cases , ) ever make their targsia or receive any -money before a third . party . "Their £ tead of the auger of "Sicholas even occasions them -to . TCSortto many preca « tioas < isnnerl y not dreamsd-cf ; andiikSus instance the prestdest declined receiving = the anoncy ia his house , but proposed fhat the litigant should invite-hiai to dinner at a-tavesa which he indicated , £ nd there pay over the amounfcto him .

      Itmtst here be observed , that it is not unusual > in Satsiaifor the judge to be thus treated . Let the reader is ^ g ice tie Lord Chancellor of England taking a whitebafe dinn « r at Greenwich vriQioneof the parties in whose eis £ he was about to decide , nnd witft whom he had only ; this jtrafesxonal acquaintaitse ! Hswever the judge ' s ' proposition . was acceded to , . and liis host caused an officer -of . genda rmerie to be £ tati < med in an adjacent closet . The-. president made his app ( . a ? . t 3 ce ; he signified , iy the aetiop . c £ his fingers , that their pecuniary transaction had Jiatter precede th egasteonomie enter ! ainment-£ he host accordingly gave him orer a small roll of banh ¦ aotss , the president counted them in a . vary business . Iike traj , an <* tossed ihem . into his hat . As this was not -vei 4 uitess *« afactscy . in * bebo V e that hie guest would

      finally transfer ithjs money to his person , ibis Amphitryon deferred giving ithe signal for the apearance of the secret police agent , and they sat dawn £ c dinner . At this momentsasieqse knocked ; it was the president ' s nephew , come to him-nth some trifling message from his lady . The judge gavehim a brief answer , # od borren him out . At the concksion of their dinner is was prenaring to depart' hehs ^ Jiu lled on hisshubf , and pnt his V it on his head ; wh « n „ p . Bthe preconcerted signal , the aR C 6 T of gcBdarmerJeTOshed into theapartzneat with an orde 0111 CoontBenkendtKftwhosedictnmevery dignitoprV i theempiremastohexjfei search hisperson . "Do not trouble to $£ & rch him / said thexcited

      give vo nrself the - ' e noblema n « " 5 , ffll fiad sbe bank notes ia bie h * J X hepregjjent smiled blandly , .-cad took his hat off at once' itwa . " empty ; when bisjjefhew went out , he had takentmhis andeUhftt inU ^ a tLof hisown ! The judge thusnotonly . voided the trsp laid / orhim , bat secured the halt , and dm . * l y punished the Reformer ; firstly , by deciding the case against himj and secondly , because , nothavingsobstatu tiateu tts chsffiCj % t v » as obliged to refund the ten thou *™ " roubles fldYJWsedby the police . Can any one doubt tha . - ^ is worthy jnip & iter of public justice had received a pt . rate hint fi 5 om «« mt BenkendoriPs officeS

      The Emperor Alexander" knew K « str ^ k well , " If they onlylaiew , " said he , " where to AS * Eeb . ouse i them , they would purloin my liu e-of . Jb & tfle-sh ^ s—if they could do it without -waking me > tfcej »» cld I steal my teeth while I slept . " This public -venality is the great ulcer wha'b . is eoni Cnnally sapping the strength of the Russian military 1 power . Onr author ' s remarks on this subject 8 f £ I most important ; we give the following extract : — Iu the multitndinonsres imenta of the line featured over ( different governments , thousands of men and thousands c of horses are paid for by the state , which have never « existed . This indeed is a comparatively trifling e » il , * fce « wsse experience has p roved that whenever the frame-1 * ork ;(< sdres ) ofa regiment is in goed order , however E mjdeol y it * blanks may be filled by recruits , it very ]

      *Ana J Will War, At Leastin Wards, •Igov...

      speedily becomes at effective arif its fall complement had never been diminished . But it is whtnever these ill-fed soldiers have to be moved a few hundred milei , even within the limits of this interminable empire , that their sufferings fearfully increase . Whilst in quartan , the superior authority squeezes from their allowance of rations , pay , and cloathing , the very utmost . that will allow him to make , with his patient and uncomplaining men , such an appearanceas may cover his responsibility , and he has generally calculated with minute nicety the extreme limit of endurance ; but on a inarch , his subordinates , removed from his own surveillance , immediately

      pursue the same system on a body of which previous rapacity has already exhausted the vigour . Officers of all ranks , whoever , in short , has the charge for even half the day of any detachment , great or small , immediately makes his bargain with the contractors who should furnish provisions , the peasantry on whom the troop are quartered , the landed proprietors , or their agents-, and if only for agood dinner and abottle of champagne , the officer winks at the curtailment of the rations of Ms company , In fact , the soldier might often drop from inanit ion , if he in his turn did not extort from the peasantry what the regulation gives him as Msright .

      The navy suffers equally with the army from the effects of this insatiable rapacity on the part of the officials ; this assertion is amply illustrated in the followingextract : The Emperor Nicholas having been made acquainted , whilst grand dnke , with Hie glaring malversations which took place in the naval arsenals of Cronstadt , some time after hfe accession , suddenly sent down a commission , who placed the imperial sealon everything , and prepared to commence on the following day the labour of inquiry . That night the arsenals were destroyed by fire ! But

      eve * the consuming element could not destroy the long , accumulated evidence of fraud . On clearing the ruins , a number of cannon were discovered , which , on reading the inscription wn them , were found to belong to a manof-war which had been lost a short time before in the Gulf of Finland , and as it had been reported / with all her guns andsteres on board . It was therefore evident that her own officers had taken her out to sea for the purpose of sinking her , having ; previously left all the valuable part of her armamentand provisioning on shore for sale .

      We mast refer the reader to the wtrk itself for additional illustrations . Two'chaptcts are devdted to " St . Petersburg aud its inhabitants , " and these chapters are so interesting that , if we could gratify * onr own inclination , we should quote them 'entire . The veil vhich has hitherto covered the real rottenness of that enormous sham St . Fetershnrgh Is raised , and the "lath and plcster encampment" of the Tsars stands revealed in att its veritable weakness , Our autlor ' s admirable description of the "public buildings-of the Northern

      icapital , and his Ufe-like portraiture -of the several classes who throng its streets , presents us with a panorama of Si . ^ eterelurgh never'before equalled . As we read vre Teel ourselves eye-witnesses of the scenes describes , -and satisfied thtft 'what is pictured before us is the reality of fact . It has been well said that " where anarchy has -slain its units , despotism has slate Tits myriads . " The rebuilding of the " Winler'Palaefe" alter its destruction hy fire , shows something of the systematic murder wrought by despotism , peacefully and * silently , for its own selfish ends .

      "In lSS 7 the Winter P & htce . which had fceen erected by the labour of eighty thousand workmen , and which its owners had been eighty years ia adorning , fell apreyio the flames of-a-democratic element , which does-aot respect the houses of princes , and was in a few hours reduced to ashes . Nicholas determined that it should he rebuilt , and decreed that the re-building [ should be the "work of one year , tmuno more . Even the remonstrances of architects were of no avail , the Tsar had wiHed it , and this burlesque of Omnipotence must be Obeyed . The superintendence trf the work to be accomplished ' was entrusted to one of the most base and-nnscrupulous of the autocrat ' s tools ; how he fulfilled Ms mission the following extraei'will tell : —

      Armed with an impenal incase , he went to wotir ; all the best-artisans and labourers in St Petersbuvgh-were forced into the service ; fresh relays of six thousand at a time , night and day , succeeded each other . How many were altogether employed , the author never heard / but the mereQuantUy of qnass drank by them , to cool their burning blood , in the overi-iike temperature to -which the reoms were raised to Sty their walls , is something astounding . The-reader must not , however , fall into the error of a Mrs . 'Malaprop , whom the author once heardobserve , on hearing of the immense sums paid for the onions consuraefiby the builders of the Egyptian pyramids . "If it cost so much for greengrocery , what must their butchers *

      and fishmongers' bills have been I" The quass formed the largest item of the reward of these workmen ; because the government pay in these cases is slow , subject to deductions which no one-dares dispute , and 'because most of those employed have cogent reasons for-never claiming it . Large numbers of these men daily fell ill ; many filed , poisoned by the smell of paint , the'beat , and the carbonic acid ffas and vapours ; but their places-was immediately supplied by -others . On this subject the author-roust quote , because he can add nothing to ,-the powerral words of the Marquis de Custine . He says"Xtrastheseunfortuuate-men had to undergo a difference *? temperature of from 50 to 60 degrees , on entering-and leaving this abode of death , transformed ; by means Of their sacrifice , into the seat of vanity , magnificence , and pleasure . 'Labour in the mines of-the Ural itf-less injurious to tixe , yet the workmen employed at Petersburg were - no malefactors . 'I' have

      been tolc , that such of these unfortunate peopl & es painted-the interior of the apartments that were most heited ,-were obliged to wear ou their heads a kind of glass cap ; that they might retain the use of their senses , in the burning temperature--io which they were doomed the wlrgle time they were at-work . We shouM'be thoroughly disgusted with the arts , the gilding , tbclttxuiy , and all the pomp of courts . -if such work could not'be performed iu a more efficacious manner . Nevertheless , the sovereitm was called father hy all these men-sacrificed before his face , for an object of mere imperial vanity . * S 2 thousand woviimen were constantly- employed . 'A considerable number died every day , inubthe place of ti » e victims was instantly supplied by other champions ,-who filled the chasms , to perish in their turn in that inglorious breach ; thedead were unseen- ;—and the only object of so many sacrifices was to gratify the whim of one-man .

      Tho order-of the emperor at least was fulfilled ;< he sat triumphantly again on the throne , in the hall in-tbe palace whkh"the flames had devoured one short year before . Bufcthen began some disagreeables and some dangers . An atrocious odour -pervaded some of the apartments- ; it seemed as if the dead bodies of those who had perished in the work was festering within them . On examination , it was discoveradthat a quantityof coarsewool , which had been placed between the flooring and ceiling « to intercept the dense vapour which « he joint heat and damp had given rise to , was rapidly

      putrifying . Againy the famous hall of € t . George was just prepared for some great festal occasion , on which tfae emperor , the imperial family , and three-fourths of the great officers of-the crown were to be united within it , when the ceiling -. sM fell ' in with a tremendous crash . If its beams and rafters had held a day -or two longer , the motion and vibration occasioned hy so large a crowd nasi inevitably hare . brought it down upon their heads , asd avenged on them , as Sampson did cpon the Philistines , the sufferings xf the poor artisans who had been forced to raise up tiiis-monument ofa despot ' s vanity .

      • "It is said that the soil of St . Petersburg is in many parts fatbomlessbog , and that ike piles rather float than directly sustain the buildings -. above them ; asd'A is well known that aprevalence of west winds such : ss , ifrare , will probably occur once in a century or twe—would suffice to -raise the waters of the Gulf of Finland high enough to sweep away thedevoted city . " The possibility of this catastrophe is ielieved in by raare persons than * Ma anthor , as witness the following views of Komi and Skemner : —

      "Ti , e £ jissian capital , " stye the latter , "has oiled the nations with wonder by its sadden rise ; is it to fill them with greater wonder by its j « t more sudden fail 1 Shall the peoud monarch of the sorth hear it said of hk darlins « at , asit was said to the repining prophet of thegourd , which had made him so exceedingly glad— « U came up in a eight , and perished-in a night 1 '" The marquis obserces— " The ancients bm' * with indestructible materials , beceath a conservative ^ cf ; here , where the climate destaiyseverything , are raised up palaces of wood , houses of planks , and temples of * tucco . It is true the Russian woritmen spend their Itees in remaking

      during summer what the winter has undo ** . Noting resists the influence oftbit climate ; those edifices which appear the most ancJea * were reconstructed jesterdaj . Stouetasts here iwlongeirthau the H ™ and « mrtar in other climes . * * * These popular solitudes are pespled with statutes aud basso-relievos to perpetuate historical events , without remembering that in HH 8 C 0 UBl ? y monuments endure fiean less than therecoilectioM . of the past . * * * This city , with qa & yii of granite , is a marvel , but the palace of ice . in which the Empress £ 2 izabstk held a banquet , was no less a wonder , and lasted as long as the snow-flakes-those roses of Siberia : "

      " The idea /' sajs Kohl , " that thU beautiful youthful city , with all its swgnificent creations , if doomed to des . tract ion , is really *» M . " * "At any rate , we need Mtbe surprised if jtohl by the newspapers , some morning , that Fetershnrgh , which suddenly rose like a splendid meteor from the marshes of Finland , hae diiappared « a iuddenly , like ttje ignttfatout which haunts such tUuationi . " Bfafc the Russian capital is exposed to other storms —mo . " * l * ad £ 0 litica !* -the hurricane wrath of uprisen na tions ;—St . Peteiitwgh is tospUj likened to an encampment ,

      *Ana J Will War, At Leastin Wards, •Igov...

      became , if on a Russian territory , it isnot yrt even new in Russia . The country ; surrouading it is still principally peopled by Tinns ; the opposite bank of the Neva is Finnish ground ; and the frontier of the grand duchy of Finland itself , where all hearts beat with Swedish sympaihieB , 18 only about ten miles removeol . As the Moslem turns towards the torabof his prophet , so do the regrets , tiie reminiscences , and even yet the hopes , of the Finnish people , turn towards Sweden , the body from Which they have been recentl y and violently dissevered .

      In Sweden there can scarcely be found man , woman , or child , in whose breast the loss of this barren province does not rankle . Never In the dark ages did the universal enthusiasm of the west pant to recover the holy sepulchre , as the Swedish nation does to regain its lost Finland . Sweden and tho Russian empire now stand face to face , like David and Goliah , indeed , but who can tfell whether the march of future events and western policy may hot put into Sweden ' s hands the fatal sling . St . Petersburgh is not only menaced by the storms which may roll upon her the waves of the Baltic , but also by those , no less fearful , which the policy , the interest , the abhorrence , or all combined , of civilized nations , may raise against the Russian empire , and she stands exposed to bear the full brunt of the first serious attack directed against it . There are , therefore , more reasons than one why a century hence there should be no more traces of the capital of Nicholas , than is to he found in our own day of the royal village of Attila ,

      We earnestly trust that the generation is already in existence that shall witness this consummation so " devoutly to be wished I "

      Poland's Regeneration. We Gave In Our La...

      POLAND'S REGENERATION . We gave in our last number the Address of the Democratic Committee for Poland ' s Regeneration to the Electors of France . The "Address" was published in the Mferme and National . ( Paris Journals ) of the same day , ( July 25 th . ) In theMforme , the V Address" was prefaced by the following introductory remarks : —

      TO THE ELECTORS OF FRANCE . ( From the Mfornie of July 25 . ) Here is , Gentlemen , a most noble petition , addressed to you from the other side of the channel : we are entrusted to transmit it to you , and we accept this mission wilfingly ; we hope above jtll that the Independent Press of Paris and of the departments will assist os in onr endeavour to forward it to those to whom it is directed . A sufficiency of bad thoughts and of noxious councils have-reached us from that 'country , and have been followed with too much-servility . Ton will judge with us , that whilst Governments boast every day of their cordial harmony , and their alliance in bad pursuits , it is well that nations should in their turn exchange with one another their generous inspirations and fraternal foresights .

      Read then what they have written to you from London ! Perhaps by thinking that the arena , in which you are about to enter , has for attentive and carnal spectators all the nations of Europe ; you will from this reflection derive a little of that energy of which you . stand in need . Not mere idle words , 'Gentlemen , arc expected | firom vou , but serious , very serious actions , which may survive a remembrance of the great epochs of our "history , and which require 'from you a strong determination . The point is to 'know whether the Electoral body will be _ satisfied "with the fruitless demonstrations to which those whom they have selected , restrict themselves every 'year , with that worthless protest which your'Chamber of Deputies htserfrat the opening ef the session in their address tothe throne , perhaps only because there would be much more courage required to leave it out than to continue it . *

      It is , gentlemen , 'the English people , who address you by the organ -df their most sincere .-representatives—those who undertook the task of defending the popular interests against the aristocracy—those who have already caused the old supporters of the old institutions and old privileges to retreat before their power and-fheir number—those -who . to-morrow , perhaps , will'be masters ; who 'no-doubt would be so even now . ' -had not the statesmenTvho conduct the English Government avoi 8 efl a-certain defeat by abandoning the battle field on the very eve of the struggle . Read , therefore , whatthe EnglishDemocracy write to you ; consider what is thought and -expected of you abroad . Attach some importance "to this judgment , because . 'for political bouips , as well as for individuals , the -judement of foreign countries is but too often , by anticipation , the'judgment of posterity .

      You are privileged , and a very limited number . You are 240 , 060 , and we are : 35 ! 000 ! OuO of Frenchmen ! Do you'thirik that'tnis formidable power will much longer continue to sacrifice its interests , its rights , and its affections , in behalf of all these misdeeds , which tie system to-vihichyotf belong impose upon it ? Aristocracy , born only yesterday , uprisen only this mnrning / from the rariks of the ? French Democracy , listen to another democracy which reminds you of your real origin , emulatethe example of another aristocracy , which'has defended itself longer than you will be able 'to "defend yourselves '! The privileged of England have succumbedto the people in a question of material interests . 'Privileged of France , unite vyourselves with the people in aques- ' tion of national honour and futurity .

      Address "Of The Polish Esiles In France....

      ADDRESS "OF THE POLISH ESILES IN FRANCE . TO THE ELECTORS OF FRANCE . ( From-the ' Reforme of July 28 , 1840 . ) Citizen Electors , sons of the two great revolutions , and legal representatives of France ! 'Whilst you are about to accomplish-a duty of the * highest national importance , think of ^ Poland ! We will not speak to you of those sympathetic ties which since centuries exist between France and Poland , both destined to fulfil the same mission at the two extremities of'Europe ; nor of those battlefields where iheiFrench anil Polish blood * was shed for the same cause , -nor of that triumphal arch on which Poland is represented amongst your roost splendid national'illustrations , nor , lastly , of that martyrdom she-suffers with such great-courage . You know the long and glorions confraternity of the

      two nations . Your hearts are-trembling wub ; joy at ¦ every hope of Poland- ; your-souls mourn ai every suffering of your aorthern sister . Not "long ago did not France give to'her solemn proofs of a profound and universal sympathy , inculcated by the past , and cemented by the BMuilatity ofsofial principles *? 'But we will remind-you . -Citizen Electors , that the ¦ actual state of Europe cannot last for a long time ; there arejio ties between the nations and their-governments ; too much injustice , too much oppression weigh on civilieed 'Europe- ; < the Slavonian nations , and at their head Poland , meved by ( ideas of liberty , equality , and Independence , prepare themselves continually for * terrible straggle . The last events of Poland , their democratic character , and eveo-the excessive fear-of-the northern governments , have consolidated the mutual responsibility of

      nations . We ,- « thcrefore , askyoH , whether'France , if she i » - -tends'to remain faithful to her civilizing mission , is not bound to lUten to -Chese oppressed nations , to -tender'to them incessantly her band , and to show them that the spirit of K 88 and 1830 has still conserved-all its power ? To-dayyou enjoy peace , to-morrow you may be in war . Who will then be yoar allies ? Will it be Sussia , 'Prussia , Austria , or P-oland , Germany , and Italy ?

      And if-so , is it enough to make mere declarations in beharf of Poland : to grant a generous hospitality to her exiled children , and to pntest every year ag-aiBst the cruelties she undergoes ? No , Citizen Electors , do . your best , thatyeur representatives , * nd through them , yaur government , may understand , that the independence of Poland is a necessity -widen a near futurity will resolve , and that therefore the action of France ought to show itself energetioaJ and powerful in this national work . This we expect from your enlightened patriotism . The Delegates of the Polish Democratic Eukiration .

      * For Fear Of Outraging Popular Opinion ...

      * For fear of outraging popular opinion and feeling [ Ed . N . S . 1

      Met.Av&Lt;Tholt Death Seom Lockjaw, — On Wed-

      Met . av < tholt Death seom Lockjaw , — On Wed-

      Nesday Evening, At Seven O Clock. Mr. Ca...

      nesday evening , at seven o clock . Mr . Carter held an inquest at the King and Queen Tavern , High-street , Nearington , respecting the death of William Bradley , jun .. aged twenty-three year * , the son of Mr . William Bradley , residing at No . )§ , Newington Butts . The deceased left home on the morning of Friday the 10 th instant , on horseback for the purpose of proceeding to Camden Town , and white on the way home at a rapid pace the horse stumbled and threw the deceased over its neck with great violence . He was raised up by the foot passengers and taken to his home , where he was seen by Mr . Hicks , a surgeon , who discovered that he had received a . severe lacerated and contused wound of the knee pan . Mr . Hicks immediately applied the

      necessary remedies , under which he progressed until the following Thursday , when the inflammation appeared to have subsided and the wound was nearly healed . On Monday , the 20 th , he was much worse , and the family became alarmed . Mr . Dicks was sent for in great haste . On his arrival the deceased complained of stiffness in the jaw . It was then discovered that symptoms of tetanus or lock-jaw had come on . Everything that medical science suggested was adopted , and up to Thursday last the deceased appeared to be improving , which gave some hope 11 his friends of his recovery . On Friday very unfavourable symptoms came on ; he continued to get worse , and died at five o ' clock on Saturday morning last . The Jury returned a verdict of Accidental death from lock-jaw caused by a fall . "

      Nesday Evening, At Seven O Clock. Mr. Ca...

      ittB , ILOa « lNG AT H 0 TJHSL 0 W . : * x ' / The inquest adjourned from the 2 otb , upon the body ° iPate ] CVFr * a '' lck ^ hite > a P ^ ate in the 7 th Hussars , whose death , it was alleged , was caused by excessive flogging , was resumed on Monday , at the George' the Fourth Inn , Eounslow Haath : Mr . Wakley , the coroner , arrived from town aWine . ' took his seat athalf-past nine o ' clock , when the inquiry was immediately proceeded with . The room was densely crowded . There were present , Mr . Clarke ; solicitor , of New Brentford , who , as on the former occasion , appeared on behalf of tho regiment , Colonel Whyte , lieutenant Ireland , the Adjutant , and several other officers of the 7 th Hussars . ' It was at once arranged to continue the evidence .

      James Elsworth , a private in the 7 th Hussars , ana who was . present at White ' s punishment on . the 15 th of June , was first called . The statement which he made was that the punishment , first inflicted on deceased b y Furrier-Major Critton , had been exceedingly severe , tho farrier , as ho described it , rising on his toes , striking with all his strength at each lash , aud that , when Ewens , the second farrier , struck with less force , the adjutant , who stood on the right of the colonel , said threateningly , "Do your duty . " The words of the colonel when , the punish , ment being over , he addressed the regiment in the square , were , according to Elsivortli ' s versidn , — " That it was a long time since he had had to resort to such unpleasant punishment , anil he was sorry to have to do it now ; Vut the man ' s having been drunk was no excuse for his insubordination . It was not the first time that he hud

      made these brutish attacks ; ' he had merely done it as an example to the voung soldiers ; and his comrades ( alluding to the deceased ) could tell him when he came out that he would , every time he committed the offence , receive the same amount of punishment as on this occasion . " The witness had been present when the offence for which deceased was punished was committed . It was at Hampton Coutt barracks , at nine o clock at night . There were in the room the deceased , Serjeant Daleyy Thomas Hollis , corporal , William Harvey , private , an * several other men who were in bed . Witness saw deceased go from the side of the bed up to the seijeant and strike him with a poker on the breast . The sorjeant retreated , and deceased striking at him a second time , missed his aim and fell down . Hollis thee , by the Serjeant ' s order , seized White , who , appearing to be a little intoxicated , was without difficulty secured . He was

      taken tothe guard-room . Elsworth was not called before the court-martial as a witness . The deceased was kepi under arrest until he was tried . The seijeant was heard to say that he had been hurt by the blow inflicted by deceased . The court martial was held at Hounslbw barracks . Serjeant Daley , at the time he was struck , was orderly serjeant , and was calling the roll . Deceased was , in general , a sober man ; he had got drunk On this occasion at the canteen . Elsworth had been present at three floggings in his regiment , at one of which the colonel was present . The first case was one in which 100 hishes was sentenced , and 75 only inflicted ; and in the second and third cases ISO were sentenced and 50 only inflicted , the Commander-in-Chief remitting tho remainder on the ground that corporal punishment had previously been suffered by the culprits . Dr . Warren was present at the two latter cases .

      The Coroner here put to Elsworth the crnestum —• " Did you notice , in the manner of tying White , or in the treat , ment generally , or in the manner of striking , anything different from what you noticed in any of the three cases you mentioned V Yes , I don't say that the punishment was so severaly inflicted on others as it was on White . The farriers struck harder . In the first case referred to , the man was able , the day after the punishment , to go on duty , There was more blood drawn , at White ' s punUhment , than I ever saw at any other flogging . The same farriersfloggedinall these instances . During the whole of the time of White ' s flogging , neither the colonel nor the doctor went near him . The doctor nevey moved , iu the half-hour during which the flogging last , from the position which he first took up .

      T he'Coroner , at the roquest of Mr . Clarke , asked the witness how many times ho had been convicted of de . sertionl The answer was— " Twice ; once , because I had'been ordered to be flogged . I have been in the re giment / five years ' , and I have been flagged seven times . Many men in the regiment havo been tried for desertion ; many have deserted more frequently than I have , Since 1814 T have not beenpunished . Lately I have been recommended by Colonel Whyte , on account of good conduct for prom ition . No complaint has been made against any man in the regiment for the evidence he had given at the inquest . ' Mdthewson was at pvesentunder arrest ; but not , he ( Elsworth ) believed , on that ground . He had been in confinement when he was called to attend the : inquest . " The two cats used , at the flogging , and three others , were here preduce'd . The knotted lashes of those recently used were still-discoloured with blood ; but , -of the -five , those with which the deceased was punished seemed to'be the lightest .

      John Mathewson re-called : Since I gave evidence here on Monday last'Captain Shirley has given an order for me to be'kept in barracks , although ¦ the period of my punishment expired last week . The Coroner : If you are subjected to any punishment tforthe evidence you have given ! let me know , and I will see you protected . The'Coroner here stated thathe did not intend -to call ettber'Colonel Whyte , the Adjutant , or Dr . Warren , as witnesses , but 4 f either of them wished to come in and malce anystatement to the jury they might do so . Mr .-Clarke said they were most anxious and desirous to do so . The Coroner asked the brother of the deceased if he -wished to put any-questions to-the witnesses . The brother said ho wished'to put some questions to -Sei 3 eant Potter whenever it was < convenient . Rev . H . S . 'Trimmer examined : I am vicar of this

      parish . On Monday , the 13 th instant , 1 was outside my gate , nnd X saw a serjeant-major of the 7 th Hussars , who came up to me . I asked him'his business . He-said he wanted to-see the sexton . I told him I was the clegyman and asked what his business was with the sexton ? He said , respecting the burial of a soldier who was to he buried at -four o ' clock on the afternoon of the-following Wednesday . I asked'him of what the soldier died . He said , " 'Ofa liver complaint ; " I asked him whether It was true-that the soldier had been recently flogged . Ke said'he had about-live weeks before . I asked him if he was aware that reports about that man's death were abread ? He said he was , I told him , that under all circumstances "I wished him to : go to his commanding officer , and express my opinion to him that previous to my'being called on to perform rthe burial service < iver

      him , 1 shoulu-have the authority of the coroner . He still . persevered -to hare the funeral at the time he had mentioned . I told him , I could give him no authority to fix on any time without further information , and that I should expect ^ communication from the barracks . Remained at home during the whole of that day , and until about nine O'clock the next morning , 'but I heard nothing from the barracks . I am a magistrate . I was called to a sitting at Brentford , and before I went I thoughtit my duty to address aletter to the Coroner on the subject , which I iplacod in the hands of Inspector Lawrence , of Brentford , And'begged him to forward it with the least possible delay to the'Coroner . I remained at Brentford

      for some * ime , and on my return I received a letter from the barracks , I haveno objection to my letter being read . [ The Deputy Coroner read Mr . Trimmer ' s letter , which was a repetition of his evidence . ] Witness—The serjeant said it had been ascertained to be a liver complaint by the medical-examination of the body . The person who said he was a clerk at the barracks , brought a certificate , signed by Mr . Sail and another name . I eiead it through hastily . I told the peruon that it was no longer in my hands , and that I had informed the Coroner ; and I fur-¦ ther said I though it extraordinary that theperson should ifirst have died from a liver complaint , and then a certificate should be sent me that the cause of death was disease of the h » art .

      • Llewellyn Lewie CKamined— ( Serjeant Potter was lioi-e called into the room . )—Am registrar of births and deaths for the district of Isleworth , which includes Hestou , I live in Wooton-lane . On themerning of Tuesday the 44 th instant , a soldier of the seventh Hussars came to me to register the death of a comrade . Asked him if he was present at the death . He said " No . " Asked him if he had been in attendance upon him . He said " No . " I said I could not take his information ; he must send me a person who was present at the death , and also a surgeon ' s certificate . He went away , and he said he would send the hospital serjeant down , as they wanted to

      bury deceased at twelve o clock that day . Waited till SerjcantHenry Potter came , who produced this certificate , saying he was present at his death : — " Private Frederick White , 7 th Queen ' s Own Hussars , died 11 th July , 1840 , disease , inflammation of the heart . —George Wnr . ren , M . D „ Burgeon , 7 th Hussars . " Witness—From something I had heard , I was induced to ask Potter if tfee man had been flogged . He hesitated a little , and than said , " Well , he has been flogged , about five weeks ago , but he was unite well in about a fortnight . " Asked his private opinion on flogging , and much aurprised to hear him say that it could not be done away with . I then registered the death .

      William Brent examined . —lam a butcher at Heston , and a constable of that parish . A policeman came to me by order , as he stated of Mr , Pownall , the magistrate , and told mo to go to the Barracks and enquire about the death of a man who had been flogged . Went to the barracks and saw Br . Warren , who told me the man had been flogged , but it was five weeks before , that he had got quite well of it , that he had died of on Inflammation ot the heart , and that there was no occasion for an inquest . Went to Mr . Pownall ' s but he was not at home . Went to Bedford-square , and was by the Coroner ordered to go to the barracks . Saw Dr . Warden , whogftvemn wllfll information I wanted , but said an Inquest was unnecessary .

      Farrier Evans deposed—Am a farrier and private in the 7 th Hussars . Was present at the punishment of the deceased . Received no instructions from any one during the punishment . Was informed of it before the parade by Farrier-major Critten . Tho colonel , adjutant , and surgeon of the regiment came into the room . Was employed to flog the deceased . It is nn order of the regiment for the farriers to flog . When all hands are paraded every one attends , Went into the riding school . White was not there then . Crittcn and I tied up deceased with the cords usual for that purpose , Deceased was tied in the usual manner , by the hands and legs , so that he could not move hand or foot , The cats were lying on the floor ; should say four ot five , farrier . major

      Nesday Evening, At Seven O Clock. Mr. Ca...

      bitten usedithe first . ( The witness here tookthe sat he f ' ed ; it was one « f the light handled ones . ) „ That is the tl used to flog the deceased , and also Mathewson . w hen I took the cat the adjutant said "Go on . " That w asjthe only orderthat was addressed to me . Iamsure ° f that , No complaint was made that I did not do my duty . It is left to a iran ' 8 discretion to flog hwd or not . It is left to his own strength . The only order ! received was from the farrier-major not to strike hard or soft , but to strike between the shoulders . The Coroner—What are your orders % Colonel Whyte and the Adjutant both said there were no orders ,.

      The Coroner—I shall then not & sk the witness another question ; and had I been aware of what his answers would have been I would not have examined him , and placed him in this position . This must be enquired into most strictly . I will explain the situation in which this man stands by . what he has stated . ; We have this la his evidence—thathe hasflogged this man into whose death we are enquiring without having received any orders to do so .. . Dr . Warren was called forward , and the coroner told him he stood in a position in which he could not receive his evidence , but if he chose to mske any statement it

      would be written down ,, and probably used against him . i —Dr . Warren said he was most ' anxious to state all he knew of the case . Examined but not sworn ; Am a Doctor of Medicine of the University of Edinburgh , and surgeon tothe 7 th Huwars . It is customary in the British army that a surgeon should be present at every punishment . There is a general order to that effect . Heard the sentence read previous to the punishment being inflicted in the presence of the deceased find the regiment . Examined deceased most minutely on the morning of the day of the trial . Made no entry of my examination in my medical register . I certify before he was punished and after . I examine him to ascertain if he was fit to

      undergo corporal punishment , imprisonment , or anything else . When I had written the certificate I gave it to a non-commissioned officer / who took it to the commanding officer- It stated that the deceased was in a good state of health and fit to undergo corporal punishment , imprisonment , tie . I gave that certificate with the knowledge that I had the power to stop that pwushment , whenever I thought it necessary . That certificate was laid before the officers at " the court-martial . During thepunishment it was not necessary for me to give any order respecting it . Should' say I was near enough to deceased while punished to see if it was necessary to interfere , being only a yard or two from him , Not necessary in the British army to examine a soldier under punishment . Not customary in the British army to feel the pulse while under punishment , and . did net do it .

      Ordered Serjeant 7 Potter to foment deceased ' s bach , a ter the punishment , with a sponge and warm water . Saw deceased on the second day at ten o ' clock . Did not make dally entries of his state in the medical book , as not necessary , but every " two or three . days . He was , at first , on low diet ( half diet ) . No change was made in his diet until he became worse . It was then changed to spo « m < M . « t , os what we call " fever diet . " That was just before his death . ' From the 16 th to the 19 th of Juno he had low diet . "On the Cth of July it was "altered to spoon diet , viz ,, three pints of tea and a certain quantity of bread . That was all . The diet is regulated by the . medical board . Fomentations were continued

      from the 16 th to the 20 th , inclusive . On the 22 ud there was some , cetaceous ointment mixed vith lead applied as dressings to the back , until the 25 th , On the 25 th , he had a number of boils coming out on his back , and poultices were ordered . On the 28 th , he had some opening medicine ordered ; He went on well at first . There was a considerable discharge at first , but no sloughing or smell . The small book produced is only a memorandum-book of the Burgeon ' s . His back was nearly well at tho first fortnight . Considered that he was fit for duty about the 5 th or 6 th of July . Have no entry on the 0 th . Deceased made no complaint of pain until the 6 th of July . Did not examine him with a stethescopo , as he made no complaint ,

      The Coroner said , Dr . Warren ought to be acquainted with the evidence of the man Matthewson , and he would therefore read to him tbat part cf Matthewson ' s evidence relating to the 1 th of July , as to the deceased's complaining to the doctor as to the pain in his side , and thut it was occasioned by flogging , which Dr . Warren declared was'false , Mr , Wakley then proceeded to read several parts of Matthewson ' sjevidence as to the surgeon ' s not seeing the deceased , or attending to him , or Matthewson himself , till the day after the flogging , and as to the pains Matthewson himself had . Dr . Warren—The witness . has not stated the truth , although he was on his oath . Neither of them complained to me at the time of those feelings . I do not believe a word of that statement . There is a good deal of untruth in it . The Coroner—Why was , deceased removed before his death ?—It was necessary . Hi ' s was a surgical case . Could not help that removal was against

      his consent , as it was accessary . The medical board have given directions that medical cases shall be kept by themselves , and this was a surgical case . Dr . Reid made the postmortem examination . Have not stated in the medical register the cause of death , as I did not like to make any alterations in it . Treated deceased for inflammation of the pleura and heart . The post wiortem examination was made on Monday , the 13 th . Dr . Hale , staff-surgeon of the first class , took down the observations . I was present . Dr . Reid is a staff-surgeon , Saw old adhesions on the right side , strong adhesions . Saw also slight adhesions on the left side of the chest at the back part . The pleura was affected . The lungs were inflamed . The pulmonary arteries were inflamed to the extent of half an inch . The pulmonary veins were very little inflamed . ' The liver was much enlarged , but healthy . The kidneys healthy , and of natural size . The cnnt . s of the bladder were a little thickened . Stomach

      and intestines quite healthy . There was inflammation of the heart , extending to the vessels and the aorta . Saw no inflammation in the pericardium . The cause of death was inflammation of the heart and pleura , What caused the inflammation I cannot say , there are so many causes of disease . Was not present at the re-examination of the body by Mr . Day . After a short adjournment John Hall was examined : I am a graduate of the College of St , Andrews and u Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons , First-class Staff Surgeon in the Army , residing at 45 , Duke-street , Piccadilly , Saw deceased on day of death in the evening about twenty minutes after seven o ' clock . Met Dr . Warren in the barrack square , and we went at once to the hospital . Deceased was at that time in a dying state , He eapired in my presence at a quarter past

      eight o ' clock . Dr . Wavren stated that the man hiul been taken ill , tbat he bad been punished on the 15 th of June , and that when he got worse he thought it necessary to write to the Director General , that some other medical officer should see him . He said deceased had been treated for disease of the chest . I examined his back that night , and made a report that night to Sir James M'Grigor . On the Monday I got an order for a post mortem examination , and brought Dr . Reid , the assistant staff surgeon , with me . Dr . Held made the examination for Dr . Warren . The general appearance of the body was that of a fine , tall , well-formed man ; marks of blister over pit of stomach , bleeding on right arm , oi a . blister between the shoulder blades , and marks of punishment on right shoulder , particularly on right shoulder blade . The skin quite healed where punished .

      On opening the chest found the right lung firmly attached to the diaphragm . On the left side recent adhesion of the lung to the rib , tlie pleura inflamed , and an effusion of fluid twelve ounces in the cavity of the left pleura , in the cavity a deal of shreds of lymph , which showed the inflammation . The heart and the muscular tissue soft , and easily torn , and inflammation of all the lining cavities of the heart . The inflammation extended a little way along the pulmonary artery , and over the semi-lunar arteries of the aorta . The liver was unusu ally large , the substance of the liver was health y , and not deceased in colour much . Should cail it simply enlargement of the liver without disease . The other parts of the belly were all healthy . Not examined the spino . Membranes of the brain being first congested , and the eret'hnoid was inflamed . There was no fluid to mention in the ventricles , which were capacious . —By the Coroner : —A portion of the skinwas removed to see the state of the tissues and muscles under the part where most

      punished . They were found to be healthy . The skin retracts after removal . The muscles were not removed ; thoy were perfectly healthy . ( The skin shown to the witness . ) More than this was taken away . Think a portion of the healthy skin was taken away with it . The boils had been on the part of the skin removed . This skin had not been cut by the flogging . I mean the true skin . It has been abraded . ( The Coroner here required Serjeant Potter to read Dr . Warren ' s entry of the 16 th of June , where it said skin lacerated and swollen , and discharge of blood . ) The true skin was not cut . Should attribute death to inflammation of the lining membrane of the heart , inflammation of the pleura anu of the lungs . Should say that the cause of the inflammation arose from change of temperament of the weather . Was prohibited from being present at the last examination by your order . The weather was at first extremely hot , and then in the beginning of July , it turned cold and wet .

      Francis Read , of Stockbridge-terrace , Pimlico , examined . —Am a Graduate of Medicine of Edinburgh , and a Fellow of the Itoyal College of Surgeons of London . Made the post mortem examination . Agree with Dr . Hall on the whole of his evidence . The Coroner : Can you form an opinion as to the cause of the inflammation ?—That is a most difficult question , I can tell you what has not caused it . I think the punishment has had nothing to do with it , and I will give you my reasons for it . The witness was entering into his opinions , when he was stopped b y the Coroner . The witness then explained the same as Dr . Hall that the skin when cut away would recede . —The Coroner : We will ask you for your opinions when yoa have heard all the evidence .

      Horatio Grosvenor Day examined : I am a member of the College of Surgeons of England . I examined the body of the deceased by desire of the jury and the order of the Coroner on the Thursday after death . My partner , Dr . Mackinlay , was with me . Found the body lying in an outhouse at the barracks . Had itreraoved on a table in the yavd . Opentft the cavity of the chest and abflo . men ; found the parts very much decomposed , and of course out of their original position . Heart appeared to be rather smaller than usual . It had been opened and all the vessels opened , The lining was rather redder than usual , but there was no inflammation , owing to the previous examination that had been made . The lungs appeared gorged . There was inflammation of the left pleura , but I cannot spent of ndheeJons , at tho lungs had

      Nesday Evening, At Seven O Clock. Mr. Ca...

      been cut through . The body was in a very bad state of deco mposition . ,.. The liyer appeared larger than usual , ana rather paler .. Broke it , but there was nothing par . Z ! f * * texture > Did not examine the . head or Sd « £ , *"' ime' Shou , d !» J cau 8 e of de 8 th V ^ rhj c WeofT Thou « the inflammation caused bj 2 tmnT ^ n & tWQ > ftam ^^^ - ' street Fii , ; ,, ° n e * amined-Live at 65 , CharlotteoSi ^ zSrT-J ri ^ ^ oya i anatomy at MiddWB ^ W P J 8 iol , W * - ¦ * % .. _ v _ .-V ttle 8 fV Prt 8 i . ' Have written two werks

      _ , Ud Th . in . 1 ° ° f th 6 decea 8 ed in Heston CHuvch-^ ^ w ST ^ *«» W » •** . to be examined The witness read his evidence from a written r , port of he examination of the body and spine , "in the course of the examination he found a portion of the mu . etes were disorganised and softened ; about th * eeinohemiv Ungih and this pulpy SOftsnlng and extending to themuMei of the chest . ' The nerves were healthy , and found no disease of the spine . ' The cause of the softening 1 believe to have been the consequence of intense suffering while under punishment . The following is the extract of the

      examination which contains the important part : — "On raising the muscles or flesh from off the ribs and spine , I found a part of the deepest layer of muscles , vh . ' , that which lay In contact with the bones , in a state of disorganization , and converted into a soft ¦ pulp . "; In medical language , I should call this a pulpy softenhig of the muscles . The seat of the pulpy softening was the sixth and seventh ribs , near their attachments to the spine , together with their intervening spaces and the hoi lew between the sixth and seventh pieces of the spine . . The extent of the disorganization was about three inches in kji i . by about inch and a half in the greatest ° "adth > and between a quarter and n half an inch in thickness . In the space between the ribs the muscles had undergone thispuipy alteration , even so deep as tho lining membranes of the chest , the softened muscle being in absolute contact with the lining membranes . "That portion

      of the flesh which occupied the groove of the spine ; and had undergone a similar disorganization , was one of the little muscles known to the medical men under the name of multifidus spina ? . In addition to softening , this little muscle was partly surrounded with blood . It was in tha state medically called ecchymosis . The interior of the spine was in a state of extreme decomposition . Tlietissua between the spinal canal and the spinal sheath was filled with a dark coloured fluid , resulting from decomposition . The sheath itpelf was smooth and polished on its internal surface—a state indicative of health . It was perfectly devoid of nervous substance , which had been converted into fluid b y decomposition , and had flowed away . The nerves remained , and presented a healthy appearance , s » that , so far as the spine is concerned , I discovered no indications of disease , Two questions naturally arise out of the pr ceding examination ,

      namely' 1 . What was cause of the pulpy softening of the muscles ? II . "Could the state of disorganization preceding the pulpy softening influence the disease existing in the chest ! "The cause of the pulpy softening I believe to have been the excessivecontraction of the muscles taking place during the agony of punishment ; This excessive convractlou . would produce laceration and subsequent inflammation of the muscles ; and the inflammation , instead of being reparative , would , in consequence of the depressed state of the powers of the nervous system of the sufferer , be of the disorganizing kind , which results in pulpy

      softening . Had the man lived , the disorganization of the muscles would in time have been repaired . As regards the second question there can be no doubt IBatalthOttgn . the common cause of inflammation of the eopfenis of the chest is cold , acting in conjunction with physical or moral depression , and might have been the cause iu the case of the deceased , yet the presence of a portion of muscle in a state of disorganization and inflammation , in close contact with the living membrane of the chest , might be adequate to the production of the same effect , Certainly , no surgeon would feel comfortable with regard to the state of the patient , if he were aware of such dangerous proximity , ( Signed ) " Ebasmus Wilsow . "

      By the Coroner—1 believe that this appearance , which I hare found , as above stated , is a new discovery in such a change of the muscles . It is not stated in any book that I know of extant , and could hardly have been expected from this cause . It corresponded with the seat of pain and the inflammation of the lungs , and since I have been in this room , I have become more convineed that what I have stated was the cause , than I was before . It was not on the same side as the skin was on that had been removed . It was deep seated , and was a rupture of a vessel by its own spontaneous action . The whole substance of the heart was diseased , and inflamed . The disease of the heart , and of the lungs , and of the pleura , was the proximate cause of death . The Coroner—Do you think that if the man had not been flogged he would hove been alive now ? Witness—I think that there can be no doubt thsfc the man would have been alive now if he had not been subject to corporal punishment .

      The Coroner—I think we ought not now to go further with the medical evidence . Mr . Clark here spoke to Colonel Whyte , and in doing so , said that the other medical men did not think so ; upon which—Mr . Wilson , who overheard it , said the other medical men knew not the state of tl-e man until ttiey heard the evidence given in that room . I should have given the same evidence as they , from what they knew . I hav « opened from 500 to 1000 bodies , and never before saw such a change in the muscles of the back . The Coroner then stated that at the nest meeting ol the Jury the depositions of all the witnesses would be read over to , and signed by , them , aud after that , further evidence of the medical men would be gone into as to the cause of death , after which the inquiry would be brought to a conclusion .

      | Mr . Horatio 6 . Day re-called—I agree with the evidence given by Mr . Wilson , as to the change of the muscle , but am not ' prepared to go the length of connecting the disorganized state of the muscle with the cause of death , or with the chest . I think that mere conjeotuve . I dp not ' aioribe it to the blows themselves , but that it might hare been caused by the agony from the lash . ¦ . '• The Coroner asked Mr . Clark if he was prepared to show that thi > punishment was legal . Mr . Clark hereout in the minutes of the court-martial . The Coroner said it ought to have been a entitled copy . Mr . Clark informed the Coroner that lieutenant-Colonel Whyte was most anxious to state to the jury what he did really say to the regiment after the deceased was flogged .

      Lieutenant-Colonel John James Whyte then stood forward , and said , what I said was as follows : — " I regretted the necessity of recurring to the punishment I had which wag so disgraceful to tho man and the regiment but I said the man bad ; broughtituponhimself . J Within tlielastthreeyearshehad been brought before me four times previously for assaults , and now had ended his catalogue of crimes hy a cowardly assault upon tin unarmed man , and by such brutal conduct he had brought himself to the disgraceful state thoy had just seen him in . " That was all I said : I gave no directions to the farriers , except "Goon . " '

      Lieutenant and Adjutant Ireland then entered into a statement as to what took place at the punishment of deceased , which was much similar to the evidence of the privates already given . He . however , most positively denied that he ever told Farrier Evans to " do his duty , " or gave any directions to the farriers , except letting them to go on when the farriers were changed . The furriers never received any orders as to a flogging ; it was their duty to do it , and they knew besthow to per . form it . If they did not , they would be liable to punishment . The inquiry was again adjourned until Monday nest .

      1115111/ Hll Iuviie 11 1111 Ut3 Ill/ # Extraordinary Death Of A Miser.—On Monday Nintif Alfr. Tnoanfi Pntrna I./Tm „.. ?«;«I,/\Af .1 Iiia

      1115111 / Hll iuviie 11 1111 Ut 3 ill / # Extraordinary Death of a Miser . —On Monday nintif Alfr . Tnoanfi Pntrna I . / tM „ .. ?«;« i , /\ af . 1 IIia

      . Uujopu Iu T Viie , I1c1u 1111 Hh|Ut'3l...

      . UUJOpu t , ICU HH | 'L LUO Kings' Arms , Shoreditch , on the body of Lr . John Christain Ubeni , aged seventy-nine , lately residing at 19 , Duke-street , St . Mary Axe . Catherine Ubeni said , that the deceased was her father . lie was a Doctor of Divinity , and also a Doctor of Physic . lie had been for many years one of the governors of St . Thomas ' s Hospital . On the night of Saturday last , at about half-past ten o ' clock , whilst she was sitting on tho bed , she called to her father , but receiving no answer she went and shook his head , and then found that his face was cold , and concluding that he was either dead or dying , she went and informed a maa by the nameof Gigg , residing near "Whitecross-sirect . Upon their return to the house they ascertained that

      the deceased was dead . Witness had not informed the people living in the same house as deceased in the first instance ,- neither did she call in a surgeon , ' because it was her father's wish that she should not do so . She wanted to fetch a doctor during the day , but deceased would not allow her . She had lived with deceased for twelve years , and she could not tell whether he had left any property to any one . The chapel in Brown ' s-lane washis own freehold . Mrs . Sophia Seeker said she occupied the lower portion of the house in which deceased resided . He was a man of very parsimonious habits , and he begrudged himself the common necessaries of life . He occupied but two rooms . Charles Gigg said ho had worked for the deceased nearly fifteen years . After deceased was laid out , witness shaved him to save the expense ofa barber . Other evidence having been adduced , the _ Jury returned a verdict of " Natural death . "

      The Latb Fata & Accioent off . VAUxnaLL-Bridge . An inquest was held on Tuesday , at the Feathers , Dean-street . Westminster , before Mr . Bedford , on the body of Catherine Rathbone , aged three years , daughter of George Rathbone , shopman to Mr . Wyld , of Chaying-croaa . The deceased was drowned by the upsetting ofa boat in which were nine other persons , near Vauxhall bridge , on Saturday evening : By the evidence it appeared that the party in tha boat or skiff was composed chiefly of the dancers engaged at Cremorne-gardens , who had just . receivsd their salaries , and determined on rowing thew seivea back to London . At Vauxliall-bridgejthe two who were rowing lost tho management of the boat , whi € < a notwithstanding all their efforts , first struck the steam-boat pier and next the Lightning steamer . The boat thencapsiscd because the whole party stood upright , and ail in her were immersed in the rater . They were all recovered but the deceased child arid a young woman , her aunt , whose body has not yet been found , Verdict , " Accidental deatli , " .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 1, 1846, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_01081846/page/7/