On this page
- Departments (3)
-
Text (11)
-
: ¦ / THE LAND, /.j
-
T0 THE WORKING CLASSES. ; " -; v ,FSBS -...
-
J^JZ^^
-
^t» : « ¦v.Tirrir^^^^.:-^ j#r Mtigml ' ;...
-
vol. Yin, no. 416. ~~ ymm ,-:%msS^W^m yX...
-
TO DANIEL O'CONNELL, M.P. ; Sir,—The gre...
-
Jfrefror fotWwntt
-
FRANCE. The MmnLE-CiAss Despotism.—Seven...
-
OPENING OF THE PORTS. A most important r...
-
Crates* Jfltotemente
-
K
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
-
-
Transcript
-
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
: ¦ / The Land, /.J
: ¦ / THE LAND , / . j
T0 The Working Classes. ; " -; V ,Fsbs -...
T 0 THE WORKING CLASSES . ; " - ; v , FSBS -As it is of all things necessary tliat > l i 3 k all the advantages arising from popular irJ wlio scc ' ^^ ^ enever opportunity offers , ? ° TCrn ! nr regard for it , I devote this , my first let-CTlU ^ hit return from tlic Continent , toaconsi-{ afu tcr , - ^ 03 Cincaas by which we may the most ^ jriiion ^ j ^ j Association upon a safe and effected
a f - . tiiv - Tlli 5 can 0 I ^ by popular * * L > ^ aliOTi ; and , suicemy return , { having conferred ^^ . -. lJircctoisVeliave come tothe conclusion that ^ f ^ ncc c * delegates 10 S 3 CIsa ^ * he rules , and to t \ j otlici " l-equisitc hosiness , should take place 1 Cn ° ul v as possible . The principle of representa-^ f ^ ci 1 recommended previous to my departure , { , H wa universally a PP r 0 TC < * ° f i aBd time being an ^ to i » « f S reat importance , -we have appointed ° ^ ar ^ c 1 st of December next , as the day for the n .. frrencc to assemble at Manchester . Ci
» uw . .. I . c-.-nn » ™? n ~ . oJ * t . « n « : _; „< Tn { his week ' s Ster you -mil read the opinion of ^ ejjt counsel upon our plan . You wilTbe pleased fwn not only his legal opinion , hut also to see his vtlis ? F roval of the scheme as a civilian . Ton have tsa balance sheet published by the Secretary up to flic end of September , by which it appears that at r tatperied we numbered 3 , 500 members , as far as returns enabled him to judge . In that return , Leedsi rtat stands high on the list , is not included , as well « many other towns where secretaries have omitted
ofvin ' the required information so often asked for br the Secretary . Manchester , also ,- had many norc members at the period to which the return is bitfflsbt , while every locality has considerably in . r leased since the end of the quarter . Taking all Ihcse circumstances into consideration , it is not presuming too much to express a very confident opinion ilat onr Association at the present moment numbers FIVE THOUSAND . " ' Is it not glorious ta think thata cause that was proclaimed dead has been thus resuscitated , and that the froth of excitement has
been thus changed into the solid substance of permanent redemption ? ¦ ' ¦ — My friends ^—Our commencement may be dated from the last week of June , so that only four months have elapsed since the birth of our Association . As counsel says , the plan is a novel one , and with you a shrewd and suspicious—because an informed and oftdeceived people—novelty , if not recommended by practicability , has lost much of its . charm . John Bull cannot now be so easily gulled as in " days of yore , " when his ignorance and confidence made him a prey to every prowler . His speculative days \ $ 5 Z passed away , and tlic Lour of thought has jjihTed . By onr rules you will see that we auticir , !;
, _ . j a Tcar , at least , was the time we had assigned ibr iiic completion of that number ; and even that hop was considered sanguine and romantic . But , teLold ! in a third of the time we can boast of five thou sand pay ing members ; that is allowing five to a fyajlr , and that the redemption from slavery of 25 , 000 human beings must be followed by the salvation of at least 5 , 000 more of different avocations , we have insured the permanent and lasting emancipation of 30 , 000 of our fellow creatures . Yes , my friends , no power upon earth can now arrest this happy consummation . Nor does onr labour stop here : let slaves but see 30 , 000 of their class emancipated by a very trifling exertion of their own and all the fetters of slavery must fall .
What an answer—what a proud asswer our position is to those many "Will oi * th' wisps" who would have affrislitcd you from the substance to lure you into frenzied speculations , even vrorse than the railway maze , where , ere long , so manyanxious enquirers will imploringly ask of each other the way out of a dilemma into which rash speculation and a rascally subservient press have led so many fools . Supposing that we should now , —or rather upon the
1 st of December , —close the enrolment for the first association , and say that at that time we numbered 6 , 000 members , we should have a fund of £ 15 , 000 to commence operations with , while I feel perfectly confident that the opinion of counsel , the deliberations of Conference , and the adoption of such rules ss oui" experience will enable us to lay before you , Yi ! l }«! acc at our disposal the required sum of £ 5 , 000 to commence operations early in the ensuing rear .
Jhsxe now nearly one thousand pounds more to place lo the credit of jour Treasurer without the deduction of a farthing ; and you will be pleased t 3 learn that our funds "bear interest at the rate Of two and a half per cent ., while the sale of cards 2 nd rules , together with the two shillings paid upon each share , will make a fund sumciently large to cover every expense , evento the making out of the title of such estates as we may purchase , as well as all other legal expenses , without deducting a fraction fcim the capital paid on account of shares , which
will be augmented by two and a half per cent , interest . The present flourishing condition of our Association enables me nowtospeakmore confidently npon a subject which was made a handle of by many would-be friends of the working classes—I mean the question of tie People ' s Charter . Many speculators upon your credulity , who have lived for years upon frothy excitement , and who abandoned the agitation of the Charter themoment something more profitable presented itself , endeavoured to persuade you that the adoption of the Land plan was the abandonment of the Charter .
Just one word io ihose gentlemen . I give them this bone to pick . I assert that the possession of the Laud , by a very small minority ef the people , say 59 , 000 out Of 27 , 000 , 000 , that is one in every 540 , will give the People ' s Charter before those of the 27 , 000 , 000 anxious to possess such a boon will achieve the Charter without the Land . Hence in one case I show the facility with which the foundation of the People ' s Charter maybe laid , while 1 have suffered more than any other man living for iaving putthe cart before the horse . No law , no custom , no prejudice , no coercion , no force , no intimidation , no legal penalties can by possibility be brought to bear against ns in our agitation or
co-operation for the Land , while every step we take Is somuch ground gained ; while upon the other hand we find that any ebullition , any improvement in trade , any speculative application of the funds of the wealthy , any whim , prejudice , or caprice of the local magistracy , every nerve , every fibre , every particle of the law , every torturing power of capital , in short , all the machinations of hell itself , with a dungeon , the transport * and the gallows , meet the mere political agitators in their every move : the best , the bravest , and the most determined , always bearing the penalty of the folly , the insanity , and the cowardice of the babblers , the timid , and the livers upon speculation .
I knew that the time of constant employment would be one of difficulty for the sensible and sincere patriot , but I was consoled with the reflection that the working classes had gained muck wisdom of late years . "What I assert then is , that the possession of the land by a very small minority will lead to the establishment of the People ' s Charter , before , under the existing disparity of classes / political agitation W ) uiaieadtotJi 8 8 ameresuli Prnsaa is a despotism —hut the people possess the landjnsmall quantities . This subdivision has increased prodigiously within iatteryearsandmark itseffect Aboutsixyearsago
, agentieman intho Chamber ofCommer ^ e at Coblentz proposed that the people should have a constitution , he was laughed at as a maniac . A few years after he proposed it again and had a very respectable minority . ' Last year he repeated his proposition and had a sweeping majority ; I asked the gentleman , who was my informant , what led to the great change ; he took three works of Bulwer ' s and two of Msraeli ' s { Coningsby , and the Sybil ) out of Ms pocket . These , said ho , the people being in possessioa of landand arms , and the great petition of three
million and a half of the English people called Chartists , presented to the House of Commons , and . their very magnanimous suffering in prisons for their priri * ciples . Thisgehtleman did not know who I was . I aakeJ i himhowBulwer ana D'braeliM contributed towards the improved state of things in Prussia—he Showed me their works complete , printed in English forls . 66 V each , and they are also printed'in German . So that that Mierature , wMeh in England cost £ 1 12 s . 6 i , is sold with , a profit in Prussia fbr . ls . 6 d .. - . ' : •/ : ' . This gentiemaatoldma that the general opinion ftroughontPrufiiiB ,. « Q OBgrt aUjfhuwnCof ^ society
T0 The Working Classes. ; " -; V ,Fsbs -...
was , that Douglas Jerrold , Lyttou Bulwer , D'Israeli , Dickens , and Eugene Sue , were the five great literary reformers of England ; that Buncombe was the greatest senator , and Sir Robert Peel the greatest statesman . Now , I give you the conversation precisely as it passed . He said that the late Lord Grey / was a man highly esteemed upon the Continent —that Lord Palmerston was very much respected and admired—that Duncombe was an object of great admiration ; and when Tasked him what they thought of Daniel O ' Connell , he gave me precisely the same answer that I had received in Switzerland and other
countries— "Pooh , he is a Jesuit with a great cohmeece "—that means a cunning man having a good trade . He told me that everything coming from Lytton Bulwer and D'Iseraeli carried great weight npon the Continent . I asked him what effect the petition of the Chartists had , and his answer was , "My God , like a thunder clap , as before that we thought that their agitation was all to rob the land for themselves and-to destroy property . " I was mortified enough to find that he had not mentioned me at all in the catalogue of reformers , and my vanity prompted me to ask who were . the leaders of the English Chartists , and if . they did any good ?
He replied , Feargus . O'Connor and other men that were in prison , but that they did no good as theydid not write anything . I replied , oh , yes , they have the Northern Star , nave published several tracts , and are governed by an Executive . Well , but says he , we don't see those things here : they also circulate knowledge said I by addressing public meetings . Ah , said he , we have none of that here , we do aU by cheap books . The land being in the possession of the people , the cheap democratic writings of your English authors , and the great consolidation amongst
the English people has forced us on here . Well , said I , and will you get the constitution . Yes , said he , to be sure we will , notwithstanding that all these meetings of kings of late are more for the purpose of perpetuating the despotism of Prussia , than , as the papers tell us , to promote marriages in Spain . Well , said I , what do you think of Ireland ; is not there a grand union of a whole nation ? Yes , yes , said he , they arc a fine union , but it is all for commerce and not for a constitution . They are laughed at by every sensible man throughout Europe .
I show you now , as fat as the opinion of a very intelligent foreigner can have weight , what foreigners look upon as the foundation of a free constitutionpossession of the land and arms , —mind , arms , —the circulation of cheap knowledge , and the consolidation of public opinion . To possess the Charter . is one thing , and to achieve it is another thing ; and although 1 look upon the possession of the Land by a very small minority of the people as the sure road to the People ' s Charter , yet , let it be distinctly understood , that if I had my choice to-morrow between the People ' s Charter and the possession of the Land by a million of persons , I would much prefer the Charter , because it is the great means that through life I have looked to for the accomplishment of those results which will be nationally , not partially ,
beneficial . My friends , as even yet in our improved state some honest wanderers , deficient in concentration , never can associate political and social questions , I have thought it necessary to be thus explicit upon this point . The impetus given to all branches of trade by the insane , headlong speculations in railways , had the effect of merging all political parties of the higher and middle classes into a kind of no-political creed . Speculation was the order of the day , and , although based upon a fiction , it had the natural effect of merging all questions politically interesting to the working classes , into the more immediate consideration of employment and wages . Our Lost Chartist Conference in London , and the subsequent meeting
of- "the Trades in July , was a very significant notice that in bad years you sought the Charter as a means of effecting permanently what yon now enjoy casually . You neglected your Executive . ' You abandoned your principles , or placed them in abeyance . The majority of your leaders sought refuge in novelty . They denounced you , they pointed out the weakness of your Association , and made it still more weak by abandoning !* . The return of votes for the last election of your Executive , did not show one-fourth the number of enrolled Chartists ( and none other had a right to speak upon the subject ) , that our present Land Society numbers ; and they are nearly to a man Chartists . Tins is an increase of nearly three hundred per cent , in our numbers .
lam thus explicit because the failure of thepctatoe crop , the bursting of the railway bubble , the threat- of the repeal ot the Corn Laws , together with the disaffected state of nearly every people upon the continent of Europe , will ere long call yon and me into a trying and perhaps dangerous position , not as affects our weakness , but in consequence of the great strength and power which those mighty events must inevitably throw into the popular hands . The time is coming when we shall require much wisdom to govern our party—the name of which general discontent wiUmake "LEGION . " ,
In my next letter I shall be able to point out to you the vast advantages which our Land Association must give to its members over those possessed by the most favourably situated many country , even where the people possess the land in small portions . This letter I was necessarily compelled to devote to our Society and Conference , in order that the necessary arrangements may be speedily made for the elections , and also that the necessary levy for the payment of all expenses may be transmitted to the general secretary . We must presume that those who embark their money in the Land Plan will avail themselves of the time now allowed before
the meeting of Conference for instructing their delegates upon the work to be performed . The recent torn * that I have made , and the close attention that I have paidtothesystemofagriculture in thesevcral countries through which I passed , and the . effect of the possession of the Land by the working classes upon Governments , manners , habits , and customs , convinces me that England , by a very slight exertion , by a very small minority of the people , may , in less than two years , demand any constitution that they please , and become the happiest , the wealthiest , and the most enlightened people ' upon earth . Even now , in the midst of the most degrading slavery , we possess
advantages which no other people in Europe do possess—the advantage of meeting and saying what we like , without more danger than the chance of being prosecuted for sedition , whichi although bad enough , the Lancaster triump h has put out of fashion . Now I'll show you the difference . In no other country do the people meet .. They , are governed wholly and entirely by the press of the factions , and by mflitary despotism . For instance , I was walking with a very well-informed Italian , in a large space of ground called the Place of the Castle , in Milan . At the back was a tremendous barrack , withAustrian , Milanese , German , andTyrolese 8 X ) idiers , to an enormous amount , stationedin it . In the front was Napoleon ' s celebrated triumphal arch , built of Italian marble , to commemorate bis gigantic road over the Alps . On
the right was the old Soman arena , capable of holding 30 , 000 spectators , where the gladiators used to fight for . the amusement of the noble and the wealthy of those barbarous days . . I observed to my companion that it would be a ^ gloruro for a public meeting . He smiled ; and I said now , suppose that I understood Italian wellenough to make the Milanese Mnsible of their otrangthamioftheir de ^ dationi and thatIaddressed tfceni fere , . what would be the conseguence ? r Why , that as fast as ever a detachment of military could march from the barrack here you would be shot dead . The M yon ^' areweU aware of the tyrannyIhey ' ehdoro , and to sWyoothat ' theyjare not such despicable slaves as yon ; lmigine--it requires 13 , 000 soldiers continually stationed in Milan to prevent their iiug . They
T0 The Working Classes. ; " -; V ,Fsbs -...
have taken that castle and burnt it three times ; alio if they had the same power of meeting and speaking that the English people have , they would be much braver , and a great deal more united and truer to each other . Whenever they are taken after an outbreak , they suffer death like martyrs , without a niumiur . - During the" time of the sitting of . the Conference at Manchester , I shall address the people of Bolton , and of the other towns in the neighbourhood , of which I shall give due notice , when I hope to turn my recent tour to the advantage of the working
classes , and although I have not a single travellers story to tell them , yet I trust that I shall be able to make my lectures instructive and amusing . For the present I need only say , that I am more Land mad than ever , and that every person , both English and foreign , to whom I mentioned my scheme upon the Continent , approved of it , and with great earnest- , ness and enthusiasm , one and all observed , " Ah ; that ' s the way to break down the law of primogeniture in England , which has been the means of creating an idle aristocracy and the great distinction of classes .
Since I wrote my last letter for the Star I have seen Land on the side of mountains that sells-for £ 1000 an acre , - with a slate surface and ' not two inches of soil . I do riot mean to say that it is used for ordinary purposes of agriculture ; it is used for the propagation of vines , which , T feel convinced , inay be cultivated in many parts of England in the open air . I have also seen Land cultivated for ordinary purposes nearly to the very summit of high mountains , while the anti-monopolists of England would tell us that the very hest of our Land was ^ scarcely worth cultivating , because it will not produce the very best description of wheat . But always observe , my friends , that as wheat is gold , and diamonds , and rubies , and aightingales , ' and canary birds , and
horses , and carriages , so are cabbages , and potatoes and milk , and batter , and tares , and mangel wurzel , and oats , and barley , and flax , ( some of which all land will produce ) because all can be exchanged for wheat , and according to a fair standard of the relative value of the commodities . . But you cannot exchange your labour , hired to . another , . for wheat according to the relative value of the produce of your labour and wheat . Always bear that in mind , that my Land Plan is to make you independent of masters , tn give you the full and entire benefit of the produce of your own labour , and-tu phwo yon in such a situation that you will think it worth your while to demand your full share of legislation in a country in which you have , in truth , a " STAKE in tlic hedge , " Ever your faithful friend and servant , , Peargtts O'Conkoh .
J^Jz^^
J ^ JZ ^^
^T» : « ¦V.Tirrir^^^^.:-^ J#R Mtigml ' ;...
^ t » « ¦ v . Tirrir ^^^^ .:- ^ j # r Mtigml ' ; fiBIIlJiMNAL .
Vol. Yin, No. 416. ~~ Ymm ,-:%Mss^W^M Yx...
vol . Yin , no . 416 . ~~ ymm ,-: % msS ^ W ^ m yXf SM *^* J £ ^ S ^^
To Daniel O'Connell, M.P. ; Sir,—The Gre...
TO DANIEL O'CONNELL , M . P . ; Sir , —The great object of your life has been to persuade the Irish people that from domestic government alone can they expect justice or protection . Hitherto your speeches have but gone to point out the injustice of England towards the "Irish . You have abounded in theory and speculation , while at all times you have attached paramount importance to what you call practicability . When you failed to find assailable points in your opponents or
friendsfor sometimes you make but little distinction between them—the charge of impracticability has come extensively to your aid . Now , sir , you have a glorious opportunity of squaring your practice with your theory . You have at your command a well-organised association , who , in works of acknowledged right , must obey you without a murmur , however you may dread their revolt as mercenaries for general service . You have before you millions of your countrymen wrung to the heart and tortured by the anticipation of starvation , in consequence of the failure of their only food , while in the same journals which daily , arid weekly notice the increase of this national malady , we find a day appointed for gathering tribute from their poor resources . I cannot for a moment believe
it possible that you-will abstract a mite from the slender means npon which their very existence must depend . Such being my opinion , sir , I would respectfully submit the following course for your consideration . Allow the tribute to go on , announcing that it shall be devoted to a sustenance fund for the next ten months—the shortest period that can be assigned to the famine . Say it reaches £ 20 , 000 , and that your association , after its vast receipts , has £ 20 , 000 more in its exchequer ; proclaim to the world that the weekly receipts for . the same period ( ton months ) , shall b » applied to the same purpose . You may then fairly estimate it at £ 1000 per week , and truly call it Conciliation Hall , as men of all classes and all countries would cheerfully , contribute their mite .
These amounts would place at your disposal a sum of £ 80 , 000 . Dissolve your association , except for the purposes that I have mentioned , until famine ceases . Let its members , who have lived sumptuously upon Irish bounty , relinquish all emolument for ten months . Let them go into the most distressed districts , inquire , with the aid of the Catholic , and Protestant clergymen , for those most requiring aid , and mete it out at the rate of say two shillings a week to each
family . This , with what they can earn , will enable them to live during the famine , and , what is equally important , will enable them to lay by a little for the purchase of seed potatoes for next year . A family requiring this aid for the whole period of forty weeks would receive £ i ; and thus the £ 80 , 000 would give relief to 20 , 000 families , which , allowing five to a family , would embrace 100 , 000 Irishmen , women , and children , and this for the whole period .
If you do this , sir ; if you thus appropriate the funds that have come from the people to the support and the preservation of their lives , you may proudly stand on the Rath of Mullaghmast , the Hill of Tara , or the platform of Conciliation Hall , and expatiate npon the difference between domestic and foreign rule . You will then have placed the English Government , should they refuse to do their part ( which I much doubt ) , in an unenviable and damaging contrast ; arid rest assured that the adoption of this course will go farther than all your writings , 'your
speeches , your meetings , your dinners , ' and denunciations , to convince the Irish people of the value of domestic government ; while , upon the other hand , should you fare sumptuously from the poor parings scraped from the slender platters of astarvingpeople ; it will stand throughout all time as a blot upon the fairest character that the most partial historian can paint you in . lam , air , Your obedient servant , Feabous O'Connor .
Jfrefror Fotwwntt
Jfrefror fotWwntt
France. The Mmnle-Ciass Despotism.—Seven...
FRANCE . The MmnLE-CiAss Despotism . —Seven men have been tried by the Correctional police for forming nart of an association of sawjers , who had used illegal means to compel their employers to give an advance of wages . The facta were proved against all but one , who was acquitted and set at liberty . The chiel culprit , named Bourbon , | was condemned to one year ' s imprisonment , two others to three and two months respectively , and the rest to one month of the same punishment .
GERMANY . The . Saxon CHA « BERs .-. The Chamber of Deputies of Saxony , in its sitting of the 17 th , came to a resolution to present ahaddress to the King , in common with the First Chamber .- In this sitting M . Karrenetz / oneofthe Ministers , defended the Government , against the charge of entertaining ideas of reaction . He declared that the" Ministry was firmly and ardently attached to the constitution , and would never wfringe any part of it , but that ; on the other hand , it was resolved to oppose with energy all attempts to establish revolutionary theories . The Opposition in Saxonycontinaes to have the advantage in the discussions of the Diet , It has rot an addrW
France. The Mmnle-Ciass Despotism.—Seven...
to the -king voted , contrary to the wishes of the Ministry . The fourth paragraph of the address implied a sentiment of distrust towards the Government , and alluded to promises formerly made to Germany ; : and which the Diet of Frankfort has not kept . Ihe First Minister of the Crown , M . do Tscnann , opposed as much as possible this paragraph , which was , notwithstanding , adopted .
SWITZERLAND . BiinifE 0 cr . - 23 .-The elections for the Great L-ouncil oi the canton of Berne have turned out much more favourable to the Liberal party than was expected , in the . whole , canton the number of new elections amounted to W ; and in the formerchamber 47 ot these were represented by parfcizans of the government , who voted for the vote of confidence ; and lb ^ w ere represented by Liberal members who refused to support the vote of confidence . Out of the 16 vacancies on the ; Liberal side , 12 have been filled up by the old members ; and in ^ the- other lour , new members holding the same opinions have been elected . Besides this , the Liberals have gained ten elections against the government candidates ,
anfl preelections against the party of which M . Bloctsch-Schnell is the leader , and which / although it generally votes with the opposition , voted in famr ot the vote oi confidence . -The Liberal party in the present " council tUus'consists 6 f \ thirty-: one members , wluchls nearly double the number it had in _ the last , and'the result-has exercised ¦ " a great influence oyer . the country , electors . The most remarkable members of'the Liberal party to whom the new elections have given seats in the grand council , are M ; Ochsenbein , who commanded in the famous expedition of the corps francs , and M : Weingart , _ the editor of a distinguished Liberal paper m the canton . M . Bloctsch has been reelected , ' but-the election of the two brothers
Knechteushofer—who made themselves conspicuous during tluHate events—was lost ; But although the Liberal party : has thus gained a great accession of strength ^ the majority in the Council still remains on the side of the party which passed the vots of confidence in the government of the canton of Berne . The consequence is that the thirteen members which the Grand Council has the privilege of adding- to its numbers directly and by its own vote , will be all on the side of the government , and . no doubt the . government candidates who lost their elections , will be the persons appointed to All the vacant places . The Liberal cause has , however , gained greatly in the country , and it is more than probable that at the next election the majority will be turned the other way .
The committee of the Libera ! Association has drawn up an address to the Grand Council , which is at the present moment in the course of being signed in all parts of the canton of Berne , and which demands— - 1 . The complete ' revision of the constitution of . 1831 . % j vision of the financial laws , and of the civiland criminal procedure in the courts of law . 3 . The establishment of a committee to examine the question of religion and education . ,. A Zurich , Oct . 23 , 1845 . M . Arnmann , who . has been appointed by the government of Lucerne to make enquiries with respect to the assassination of M , Leu , arrived at Zurich a few days ago , and has already closed his investigations . It is said that from the evidence obtained . -M .. . Arnmann considers the assassination oi
M . ; Leu as the result of the plot formed by the Lucerne refugees , who have taken up their abode within the territory of Zurich . On his arrival , M . Arnmann applied to the Court of Appeal for an assistant judge to assist him in his researches , and the court appointed one of the Conservative party for that purpose . A refugee from Lucerne , of thenanie of Bramner , who was formerly an officer in the army , has been arrested at Winterthen . This arrest has created a great sensation , and the Liberal papers pass violent strictures on the conduct of the Lucerne government on the occasion , while the Conservative papers are equally violent in its defence . M . Arnmann has returned to Zurich , and will publish his report on this affair in a few days . Repotts have been spread here that the Radicals wish to make an attempt . to rescue the persons arrested as the assassins , or accomplices in the assassination of M . Leu .
: > . SPAIN . 'Conspiracy at Busot , near Alicant . —Accounts froniMadrid , of the 20 th of . October , state thata conspiracy had been discovered at Busot , near Alicaht , the object of whichwas the seizure of the fortress of St . Barbara . The conspirators had endeavoured to corrupt the persons in charge of the fortification , but the Government having got information of the ; affair , measures were taken to prevent its execution , and the conspirators ,- taking
the alarm , abandoned their plan . Madrid , Ocr . 21 . —The Government goes on steadily with its measures against the press . The Especiador , which ventured to make some rather sharp remarks upon-sbme ' of the late acts of the Government , has been condemned to pay a fine of 20 , 000 reals , which amounts to £ 200 sterling . The case was tried , of course , without a jury , and the chance of justice the unfortunate editor had may be guessed , when the fate of the President of the Court which acquitted Messrs . ' Cortina , Madoz , and Lopez is reeollected . . ;
' Octobhb , 22 . —The SenorsBresca , of Malaga , who have been in prison at Granada for two months , have been placed at liberty at last , no charge resulting against them . Senors Velches and Rebal , who were taken up at the same time , are still in prison , and Senor Garcia Segovia has been banished to IsnaUoen , where he is to remain in confinement during pleasure . A final sentence has been given by'the court-martial , General Cordoyoat their head , against Don Mateo Calvo , an ex-deputy , and the two editors of the Eeo who are declared acquittedof the charge of being implicated in the attempt to shoot Narvaez two years ago ; but , strange to say , while the sentence declares that "Don Lorenzo Mateo Calvo , Don Francisco Medraldua , and Don Juan Antonio Mcca are
absolved , " it adds , "the imprisonment they have suffered serving as a punishment ! " and also imposes on them the costs of the process , and a fine of 100 dollars , in addition , on Senor Calvo . The Eco exclaims to-day against the injustice and inconsistency of this sentence . Two men , named Gervoles and Marques , are condemned to death , as concerned in the attack on Narvaez ; and another , Andres Sanchez , to ten years' imprisonment with hard labour . The responsible editor 61 the Eco Serior Hernandez , is unconditionally acquitted , and the remaining parties , eleven in number , are discharged , some of them with liability to pay the whole or a portion of the costs of the process .. The sentence is dated the 17 th instant , and was communicated on . the 20 th . The Eco is justly indignant at the termination of the trial in so unsatisfactory a manner ; its editors , after suffering eighteen months' imprisonment , still
remaining with the odium attached to complicity in an attempt at assassination hanging over them . It asserts , morevover , that the chief accuser , one Beltran , who has died since the process began , had confessed on his death bed , with the expressdesire to the confessor that it might be made public after his death , that all that he had . testified against the editors of the ' Eco & M Esputador was absolutely false . The confessor ;' a Serior Duenas , chaplain to the general hospitals , did not make it known for some time , and the . Eco censures his conduct for withholding it , but it was ultimately made known by the chaplain m presence of two witnesses . The appeal ot tbe Lspectqdor against the sentence of the lower court , for libel on the government , has been rejected , and thatjournal condemned in costs , and a fine of 20 , 000 reals , and to publish a retraction , with the sentence , which it has not yet complied with .
UNITED STATES . . ; ' . M iI ERP 00 L ' ° ndat EvBNiN « . r-The British arid North American Royal mail steam-ship Cambria , Uptain Judkins , . arrived in the Mersey with the usnal mails this evening , after a run of extraordinary ¦ The Mormon troubles has subsided , but not until an ettectual demonstration had been made by the local , authorities ,. who were prepared to put them down by force—by the strong arm of the law . The Mormonshave defended themselves nobly . One account says that in an engagement with the mob , eighteen of the latter were killed , arid only three Mormons . Sheriff Backenstos , appointed by the government of Illinois , is a Mormon , and in the riots has been their military leader . They quietly , and without opposition , occupied the oddosW towns of
Carthage and Warsaw . The governor of Illinois has sent abody of troops , by which both parties are kept in check . The Mormons have offered to leave the co ntr Paid for their lands and houses ( 100 of the latter have been burnt by the mob ) , andoneariti-Mormon meeting has acceded to the terms , which ^/ ffP ^ . Py , several other meetings ' . It is clear that throughihis . tmserable peMecution-theywlU be hn & Hy compelled to leave the country . . : lhe Courier and Enquirer says : — - ¦ •¦¦> - -. - . 4 " , * PP ^ nen ? iprit and indeed sM rumours ' , of war S & JW * * ? now * t »» e »<*; and aithestatedtune & 3 * - ^ " ^ f ( Jon gM ( » w now apprbaohing there will probably be no new executiVo demonstration in Texas or elsewhere . " .-, . ¦ . , ¦ . . \ T ™ " Akh-Rbht War . —Two Met cbroiwnro to u Hra « ^ O'Connor and Stoeaburg hate ' tan con-
France. The Mmnle-Ciass Despotism.—Seven...
demned to death for the murder of Steele in the Anti-Rent revolt in the State of New York ; and " Big Thunder , " witli many others , to imprisonment for life and'for shorter periods . Mr . Owen , rnou Esglasd , has hold a " World ' s Convention" of Socialists in ^ New York . Canada . The subscriptions and contributions in all parts of the world for the relief of the sufferers by the two late destructive fires in Quebec , received up to the 26 th ult ., amounted to the sum of £ 62 / 136 18 s . 3 d ., independently of a grant expected from the provincial treasury of £ 20 , 000 . Of this large amount only £ 900 came from the United States . M . Papineau had arrived in Montreal . An extensive fire had occurred in Griffintownon the 4 th inst . ; thirty-six dwellings were destroyed .
THE CAUCASUS . The Constilutionnel says : — " The information which we have received from Constantinople relative to the affairs of the Caucasus acquires much interest . Scharayl has established throughout all Daghestan , and in independent Circassia , judges and tribunals under his control . Intelligent , men are at the head of a cannon-foundry , similar to that which cast cannons in Poland in 1830 . Three kinds of silver coin are struck j one of five roubles , another of two and a half' . roubles , and a third of one rouble arid twentyfive copecs . ¦ General Worenzbw , is expected in Little Russia . - It is stated that the Emperor has proposed to Paskiewitsch to . give . him-the . command of the army , and that he has refused . The troops demand
General Mouravieff to take the place of Woronzow , but the Emperor will not consent , because he is a pupil of Yermoloff . A letter from Odessa , of the 2 nd . even states that Count Woronzow has again set off for the Caucasus , where he will continue to command the expeditionary army . Several officers of the . army of the Caucasus have arrived at Odessa , and the causes of the defeats experienced by the army of Count Woronzow begin to be seen more clearly . The easy passage by which the Count reached Dargo was but a scheme of Schamyl , to draw him into the interior of the country . The Russian General was so improvident that he neither secured his communications , nor provided sufficiently for the provisioning ol his army . -When he had once reached Dargo he saw himself surrounded on every side by enemies , and he was compelled to ' thinlc of a prompt retreat ; but he
was ' unable to retreat to Andy . All the columns acted without concert and without cnstmbU . ^ Arrived on the plateau . adjoining Agtchai , the Russian army had . no means of continuing its march , being-without provisions and ammunition . . It was oh the point of laying down its . arms , when , by an unforseen chance , General Freytag arrived with a detachment of 9 , 000 men ; and brought the remnants of the troops of Woronzow on the . line of the Caucasus . They now remain in the forts . of the Terek , as it . is feared , to make them "cross into -Georgia . ^ The Russians themselves admit theirlosses to amount to 18 , 000 men . Never have the Circassians gained so complete a victory . It is confidently stated that Schamyl Bey has sent half of his troops to Hadji Suleyman Efi ' endi to attack the Russians £ on ' the line of the Kuban . "
ALGERIA . ' -.. The Paris papers of Monday report the renewal of the conflict between the French and Arabs . General Lamoricierc left Djemma-Ghazaouat , at the head of 4 , 000 infantry and 500 cavalry , for the province of Trara , where he hoped to fall in with Abd-el-Kader . On the 12 th of October he fell in with the Kabyles , with whom he had a very sharp ; but apparently indecisive action , for on the 13 th the combat was renewed , and the French troops were enabled at length to force the defile occupied by the enemy . Abd-el-Kader was present at the latter action , ' at the head of 2 , 000 cavalry ; but he took no part in it , and on seeing the defile forced he retired at the head of his cavalry , without being cither attacked or pursued . The fighting between GeneralLamoriciere and the Kabyles continued on the 14 th and 15 th , and a groat
number of lives were . lost' on both sides ; but at length a portion of the Kabyles being caught between the French columns and the sea , were forced to lay down their arms . The number of the prisoners taken is not mentioned , nor is it stated what became of the remainder of the Kabyles ; hut the probability is that they escaped to . the mountains . The route taken by Abd-el-Kader is also unknown . A general defection , of the native tribes against the French is taking place . The whole of the district of Oran , from the sea to the desert , is now in arms against the French . The cotnmuuications by land are entirely cut off , and it is only by sea that any communication can be carried on between the Algerine capital and the provinces . The gravity of the state of affairs in that part of the French possessions is freely admitted , evenby the organs ef the French Government .
Opening Of The Ports. A Most Important R...
OPENING OF THE PORTS . A most important rumour circulates in seleefc circles in the City , relative to the terms on which foreign grain and flour are to be admitted for home consumption by the Order in Council expected out "tomorrow .. If we are correctly informed , the following will be the scale lad down : ¦—Wheat , 4 s . ; barley , 2 s . ; oats , Is . ; beans and peas , 2 s . per quarter ; and flour , 2 s . per sack . This order wfl | , release about one million quarters of grain and flour in bond in the United Kingdom ,. 170 , 000 . barrels of flour on the way from the United States , 150 , 000 barrels from . Canada , and 60 , 000 quartors of wheat from the Baltic , besides other supplies , which may perhaps reach before the winter sets in . The duty to-day is returned at 16 s . — The Sm , Thursday evening , October 30 th .
Crates* Jfltotemente
Crates * Jfltotemente
The . Manchester Trades , and the Weekly Half-day Holiday . —The trades of this town have nearly all adopted the system of leaving off work at noon on the Saturday , and amongst the number we are happy to state . is that numerous and respectable body the Carpenters and Joiners , who for the future will leave off work at twelve o ' clock at noon on Saturday ' s , instead of as heretofore at four in the afternoon . This salutary change will , we trust , be equally beneficial to employers and employed , inasmuch as the working hours of this large body have been very irregular , and been the prolific cause of much misunderstanding betwixt the masters and men . The journeymen seeing this , came to the determination .
if possible , to put an end to the cause of dissatisfaction by adopting some plan by which the working hours might be made more equal . To this end they called , a general meeting of the whole trade in the Carpenters' Hall to take this matter into consideration , when they found upon examination , they found that for thirty weeks in the year they worked sixty hours per week j eleven weeks , fifty-seven and a half hours ; and eleven weeks , fifty hours . This irregularity not only led to differences above spoken of , but likewise tended to make work scarce in those parts of the year when the hours of labour was short , and by this riieans compelled many of them , to be out of employment , in the winter season . The result of their deliberations was the adoption , of a scale
of working , hours which would enable them to work a certain number ' of hours each dayall the year round ,, and likewise the appointing of a deputation'to wait upon the whole of the masters in the trade , and lay before them the new scale of working , andto solicit their co-operation in carrying the same : into effect , the results of which will be seen by the ' subjoined resolutions , unanimously agreed to by both masters and men , " That the working hours of : the Carpenters and Joiners of Manchester and Salford be for the future from seven o ' clock on Monday morning until six in the evening ; -and from six to six all other days , except Saturday , bri which day they cease work at twelve o ' clock at noon ; making a total of fifty-seven
hours per week all the year round . " ¦ " This resolution to be binding upon all men working in shops and enclosed buildings . All others to commence work at light and leave off at dark ! in the winter season , ex . cept Saturday , ' on which day they cease work at twelve . o ' clock at noon . " .-. By these alterations all parties . concerned will be benefited . The workmen mil have % small abridgment in the hours of labour . The master , at the same time , can calculate upon the men working a given number of hours ' each day , which has not been the ease heretofore . And those parties who have their work done by _ the day , will have the same number of hours'labour in the shortest day of winter that'they would have in the longest day in summer ; ¦
Lancashire Weavers . —A public meeting of the operative , handloom Weavers has been convened at Lamberhead-green on Monday , the 27 th mst ; - lhe meeting was addressed by Mr . John ' . Limagin , of Wigan , who , in an able and eloquent manner , pointed out the benefits that now is , and is likely , to be derived , from the . working man's , union ; and also the evil effects that has been the product of disunion . His address was received with every mark of respect , after which the meeting quietly dispersed . "¦; .- " , '¦ BROMaoROVB District Delegate Meehno , or ina Nailmakkrs . —On Monday , the 23 ti of October , a meeting of the above description was held at tho house of Mr . Wotton ' s , George Inn , Bromsgrove , when delegates were Present from Birmingham , Sedgeloy . Lye-WMte , Gosta-hill , Old-hill , Cartons .
Crates* Jfltotemente
Cradelv Blackheath , -Halsbhdenr D ?! : fe e d Cafc „ " bih ,-and BWmsgrov ^ count of-the state of the " s 6 eieties in each locality , The socictv ^ present 8 ' nearly 4 , 000 , strong . Applications-nave been received from'Hereford , , lewK « - burjV Salisbury , Bristol , Mapelwoll 'Durham , and places in Yorkshire and Lancashire , ; Scptj [ ana is also moving , " and'tlierois " no doubt that erelong , the nailing body will be one strong p lialanx .-r There is at present a number of' nien on strike ' . ~ The delegates passed the following resolution : — ''/ rhat unless
All ' . Biseigive the price the men desire onjue jvou inst , ; within twenty-eight daysfrom thaf date ^ ho man in the association shall work lor hini > : Uiiless ; he pay the expenses of the strik » . " - ¦ ; -: ; r ^ f-v . ' _^ STirForiDsifinE . 'Mi ^ ERs ' .: —Tlie ^ 'fpilowing'iubscrip . tions have been .. received by " tlie . ' members ' jof the Miners' Association ' of No . 1 'Lodge , Wolmhamp ; ton / for the purpose of aiding and enabling Mr . W . P . Roberts , the Miners' Attorney-General , to proceed with the prosecution against the Bilston magistratesfor illegally coifiniittingtwo Miners to prison : —« Mary Pickering , 3 d . ; Jas . ' Potts , sen ., 2 d .. ; Jas . Potts , ¦ jun . ; 2 d . ; Prince of Wales , Cannon-street , Wolverhampton , Is . Gd . ; a friend , 6 d . ; do ., 6 d . ; Jas . Green , 2 d . ; David Phillips , 3 d . ; a friend , 3 d . ;
do ., id . ; do ., Gd . ; do ., 6 d . ; do ., 6 d . ; Thos . Porter , Id . ; J . Martin , 3 d . ; Michael Price , 3 d . ; John Burke , Gd . ; J . Wilson , 3 d . ; Samuel Wilks , Id . ; Geo , Trunnter , Id . ; Jas . Martin , 3 d . ; J . Gittings , 2 d . ; Francis Maiden , 2 d .: Thos , Davis , 3 d . ; Ihos . Holmes , 2 d . ; J . Love , 6 d . ; Henry Wain , 6 d . ; Jas . Ockley , 3 d . ; Geo . Hudson , Gd . ; Charles Burton , Gd . ; Henry Bate , Id . ; William Bower ; Id . ; John Fox , 3 d . ; David Evans . 3 d .: William : Daniel , 3 d . ; Richard Fox , 3 d . j . WiUiam Bradley , 3 d . ; Jas . Williams , 3 d . ; Jas . Hibbs , 3 d . ; Thos . Bower , 3 d . ; William Somberland . 3 d . ; George Tudor , 3 d . ; Richard Norton , 3 d . ; Jas . Williams , 3 d . ; George Pool , 3 d . ; Thos . Stevens , 3 d . ; J . Butcher , Id . ; Thos . Davis , 3 d . ; Edward Jones , 3 d . ; Edward Davis , 3 d . ; John Davis , 3 d . ; Geo .
Armstrong , 3 d . ; Francis Armstrong , 3 d . ; Mrs . Williams , 2 d . ; iilizabeth Pitt , 2 d . ; and other subscriptions amounting to £ 3 . —N . B . The above parties wish their names inserted to give general satisfae . tionto the public .-i-The following sums have been received at Bilston : —No . 1 Lodge , £ 3 {& ; by James Blakeney , do ., 12 s ; 8 d . ; from Swain ' s pit , 5 s . ; Prince ' s-end pit , 2 s . 8 Jd . ; by John Brown , lis . Id . ; No . 2 Lodge , Bilston , £ 1 2 s . ; by Thos ; Brad * shaw , 'do ., 6 s . 6 | d . ; No . *! Lodge , Wolverhampton , £ 4 ; No . 2 Lodge , do ., 10 s . ; No . 1 , Darlas * ton , £ A ; Thos . Walker , Is . 9 d . ; Joseph- ' Linney , 4 s . lid . ; Mi . Smith ' s pit , 6 s . 6 d ;; 'John Riley , Gd . —John Hammond , Secretary , No . 1 Lodge , Wolverhampton , Staffordshire . - ;
The Loughborough and Derbv Shoemakers . — The men of Loughborough'and Derby are still on strike . ' The employers passed the following resolutions at one of their meetings : —1 st ,: "in consequence of the arbitrary manner in which'the society nave treated their employers , we resolve to give no more work to any man who is united with ; the so * ciety , until the society shall have acceded to more reasonable terms ; at the same time we cheerfully give the wages we have offered to all those who arewilling to accept the same , it' they will leave tka society . " 2 ndly , " That a copy of " the above
resolution be forwarded to the committee ; also that each employer read over the same to his men . " But have the employers , been true to each other ? No ; on the next day after they passed the above resolutions , seven of thorn went to society meniwith work , and proffered any wages , if they wpuld make them a few pairs , and keep it a secret . -But the men spurned the offer , and informed the other employers , which caused another meeting , and one . of them was fined , for breaking their " resolutions . The employers are now on their last legs , and must soon give in to the just demands of the men . .
The Cahpet Weavers , of Kidderminster , and ; the , United Trades' ' Association . —Mr . George Flinn ^ of Bradford , recently delivered a lecture to the Weavers of this town , and such a'favourable im > pressioh did he create , that the men resolved on holding a Conference of the trade to consider ' the ' propriety of joining the United . Trades ' ' Association , Accordingly , oh Monday , October 20 th ,. the . Confer-. ference assembled in the Albion-room , when every firm in the town had a delegate present , and Bridge * north and ' . Stourport were represerited ' by letter . The following resolution was carried by acclamation : —'' That an amalgamation with the United Trades * Association would be beneficial to the Carpet Weavers . "
Ukiied Trades' Association . —A meeting of the central committee was held at the Trades ' . Office , 30 , Hyde-street , Bloonisburjr , on Monday , October 2 ? fch 'P . S . Duncombe , M . P ., in the chair , when the central committee agreed to act in concert with the board of directors in the appointment and support of lecturers . In accordance with the address issued by the central committee , and the rules of both associations , Messrs . James , Young , Robson , and Gimblett were appointed a joint committee for the management of the lecturing department-. A letter was read ! from the Shoemakers of Denbigh , giving in their
adhesion to the society . Letters of a very cheering description were read from the Miners , Makers- , up , Block-printers , Dressers , Dyers , and Plasterers of Manchester , the Bricklayers of Liverpool , the . Trades of Norwich , the Miners of Holy town and Newcastle , the builders of Bury , the Framework-knitters of Sheepshead , the Shoemakers of Oxford , the Building Trades of Birkenhead , the Nailmakers of Bel per ,, and several Trades in the metropolis . Hull . —Public meetings will be held on Sunday evening at 6 o ' clock , and on Tuesday evening at 8 o ' clock , at the Painters ' Arms , Sykes-streetrwhen , all working men are earnestly , invited to attend .
Liverpool Steam Engine Makers . —On , Monday evening last the members of the Liverpool branch of the Steam Engine Makers' Society , together with a number of visiting friends from the surrounding branches , met at the StanleyArms , Manchester-street , to hold their anniversary and to present a testimonial to Mi . Joseph Scotson , secretary to the , central branch . Mr . Scotson , who is a man of high moral character and superior attainments , has tilled the ojpee of secretary m the Liverpool branch , upwards of fifteen years , "in addition to which the central branch has been held in Liverpool for the last four years , which has increased his labours very much ? however , he has at all times acquitted himself in tho most honourable and efficient manner , thereby eaininc
tne esteem not only of the Liverpool members , but of tne society at large . A most excellent dinner was provided b y Mr . Harrison , the landlord . After the cloth was removed , the following toasts were given : from the chair :-- " The Queen and the Royal Family ;" song by ^ Mr . Bennet . " Success to the Steam Engine Makers Society ; " responded to by Mr . Thomas Reynolds , one of the senior membera . Song by Mr . Sharrocks . " Our employers , and a betterunder « standing between men ' and masters ) " song -by Mr . Boyd . The chairman then presented Mr . ' Scotson with the " Testimonial , " an elegant silver cup' with a beautiful stand and glass shade , value £ 17 ; a splendid case of mathematical instruments , value seven guineas ; and a purse containing £ 13 ,
subscribed by the members of the society . Mr . Scotson expressed his acknowledgments in a sensible address , in which he gave a most cheering account of the progress of the society during the past year . Song by Mr . Wade . " Our absent friends ; " song by Mr . Morris , Manchester . "The health of Thos . Slingsby Duncombe , Esa ., M . P ., " was nextgiren with musical honours ; song by Mr . Grandy . "Sujccesa to the Northern Star ; " whichwas received with acclamation ; responded to by Mr . Reynolds , duet by Mr . Shaixocksand Mr . Boyd ; song by Mr . Barnes . " May we speedily have a union of the various
branches of the iron trades , and , when accomplished , may we work together like bees in the hive without stinging each other ; " song by Mr . T . Reynolds . " The friends who have come so far to visit us this night ; ' * responded to by Mr . Sharrocks in a sensible speech , forcibly showing the necessity of union ; song by Mr . Tyerer . " United we stand , divided we fall ; " song by Mr . Grandy , A-number of other songs ^ and toasts were given , and the meeting was kept up until a late hour with the greatest conviviality , when a vote of thanks was given to the chairman , arid tho party broke up highly pleased with the evenings en . tertainment .
Manchester Shoemakers . —On Monday the 27 th ihst ., the Pack Horse section of lady Shoemakersheld their anniversary dinner in honour of their patron , St . Crispin . ' The festivities were kept up until looming , the utmost harmony and good humour prevailed throughout . The Bilstoit Miners have issued the following address to the inhabitants of Bilston and it surrounding district : —It is with much pain that we have to make this short appeal to you , but we can assure / you sheer necessity has compelled us to'do so rwefeel confident that you , the inhabitants of Bilston , 'are no strangers to our manifold grievances as ; a body of Miners . While our trade was low wesufferedour wrongs with patience , but nowbur masters have a great demand m-the market , for both Coal arid'Iron , and yet they are not content , but Still seem deter- , mined to carry out , what they , the masters , call a custom—that is , if we do not submit to their usages , however oDBOsed to Law or Justice , we . the
weaker portion of men , must suffer a length of imprisonment in Stafford Gaol ; but we feel confident in your respect for us , as a body of Miners / that you will at this time help : us , if we will help ourselves , which we feel determined to do . Gentlemen , we have already two of our fellow slaves lying in Stafford Gaol , simply . because one wouhinot submit to . the tyranny , of the butties ,. who was told to ' go up the pit . and never coine . down there any more ; ;' the other man . gave notice for an advance , of wages ^ to which liis ; maater would not consent , he the refore sought work elsewhere arid for this they , ^ wera brought before the Magistrates arid ordered to go back or suffer fourteen days hard labour in Stafford Gaol ; we th ' eiefore hope the discerning public will assist th » committee witb / ftbi requW K ? m * ^ ^ ^^ fttt ^ s Bench . Subsonptions will be thankfull y receivedat Mr . " J . Litow ^ Wbte Horn , and Mr . H . Howes , Sampson oad Lion , GreeDMiroft . -
K
K
-
-
Citation
-
Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 1, 1845, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_01111845/page/1/
-