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Northern Star (1837-1852), 2nd May 1846, Edition 2 of 3, Page 7, * "Eastern Europe and the Emperor Nichol...

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  • Departments (3)
    • Ji)itign itotjement^
    • SOCIAL REFORM.
    • TiixoRAPnic Communication Under mis Sea.— Phe British government bvthe Lords Commissioner!
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      Ji)Itign Itotjement^

      Ji ) itign itotjement ^

      « Andi Will War, At Least In Wards, ( An...

      « AndI will war , at least in wards , ( And—should my chance so liaupea- ^ eedO With all who war with Thorgnt !*' i » I think I hear a little bird , who sings _ Ibe people by and by will be the stronger . *' —Bxac-f .

      EASTERN EUROPE AND THE EMPEROR , NICHOLAS . * No . I . The recent insurrectionary outbreaks in Poland , jnd the fearful peasant war yet raging in a portion ef that unhappy country , have excited the liveliest sensation throughout Europe . The roar of the popular cannon at Cracow , though heard but for a moment , caused a vibration from St . Petereburghto Fans , from Vienna io . London , shaking the tottering thrones of existing dynasties , and moving the hearts of the people with hopeful anticipation of that coming time when mankind shall burst their fetters and trample down the hideous tyrannies which have too long cursed and desecrated society .

      The ill-disguised terror of the several governments proved that there was " something rotten" in their present imposing organizations ; something that would not allow them to withstand the revolutionary hurricane if once fairly blowing . Throughout Germany great excitement was manifested , the best proof of which teas sees in the calumnies invented by the slave-press of that country against the Poles with the view of counteracting the formation and expression of German sympathy : thus was invented the detestable calumny that it was one of the principal objects ofthe Polish " conspiracy * " to murder aU the Germans ; which calumny was completely

      disproved by the manner in which the Germans were treated during the whole time ofthe insurrection at Cracow . The calumnies ef the German press obtained , however , btrtlittlecredenceanjongstthe Gerjasns themselves , as w » proved by the proceedings In Saxon chamber , by the popular cries of the coated masses in all the principal cities , and by the generous sympathy manifested by the Germans reading in Paris and London . Prom the pietist poltroon , EnsDSBics . Woxuu of Prussia , down to our own dearly beloved < hmbtr-the-land of Hanover , the whole tribe of German princes trembled io their shoes , knowing that their own doom was sealed if the white eagle wasagain victorious .

      And Franos was moved ; not immediately , for the corrupt rale of the usurers' king has done not a little to weaken public opinion . France did , however , respond to Poland ' s cry , and could the combat have been prolonged on the banks of the Vistula , the Seine might have beheld events which would have caused the privileged ones of the earth to turn pale . It is not for ns to enlighten the Times and the rest of the English profitmongering journals as to the actual stateof France ; theymay hugthemselves , if they will , vita the beiiefjn the " loyalty" and " order" which apparently reign in that country , oneday—perhaps not very distant—they will awake to a knowledge ofthe reality . We promise their duped readers this , that there is a generation of men now living in

      France who will not pass away without uprooting the present villainous system . France sadly needs a purification , no nation more so * the throne occupied by a greedy usurer ; the chambers filled with mushroom aristocrats and government employse ; the laws created avowedly for the purpose of extending the usurpations of property and rendering labour more and more degraded and enslaved ; the great mass of the people deprived of all political . rights and social freedom ; pnbl ' c morals debauched by profligate writers-money and luxury exalted , and poverty aud honour crashed beneath contempt ; bourgeoise rale has created the most vicious state of sneiety that has edited in France since the time of Louis XV . Happily the purifiers exist and France will be saved .

      Evenin this " nation of shopkeepers" the Polish movement excited no little interest in spite of the fact , that nearly the whole of the journals , daily and weekly , did their best to prevent the creation of sympathy for the Poles . The Crown and Anchor meeting was a " great fact , " important in more respects tfaan'in its relation to the Polish movement , and the future will showthat Chartism urns" benefitted , " and was not" injured " by that meeting . The principles enunciated hy the several speakers , proclaimed by the resolutions and ratified by the unanimously

      expressed approval of the assembly , will cause that meeting to be looked bask upon as the commencement of a new era in the Chartist agitation . The proceedings of that meeting were published throughout Europe , we k now with the best results for the Chartist as well as the Polish cause . One thing friends and foes may rest satisfied of , that the men who got up that meeting are not the vendors of " clap-traps , " they are in earnest , they have faith in i & elr principles and will attest their faith by their works .

      When the people of this country hear * of insurrections in Poland , they are aot generally aware that the Poles are bat one section of a family , of nations , all belonging to one race , all oppressed-by the same tyrants , and consequently all having a common interest in overthrowing the order of things at present established . It may startle some of our readers to hear that this family of nations , known as the Slavo-¦ voniarj races , nearly eqaak in number , perhaps even exceeds , the whole of the inhabitants of Great Britain ,

      France , and Germany combined . The state of so large a portion of the human race must clearly be of interest to the people ef western Europe , more especially when it is considered that the civilization of the western nations may be said to exist merely by sufferance , so long as the ninety millions of Slavonians are held in serfdom , instruments of aggression and barbarism , mere brute masses , obeying the will of one or two men called Emperors , who are the sworn enemies of progression , the irreclaimable foes of freedom .

      The Slavonian races are variously estimated at from eighty-five to one hundred millions ; their principal divisions are Poles , Muscovites , Ruthenians , Hungarians , Bohemians , Servians , Moldavians , Bulgarians , and Wallachians . A glance at the map will show the enormous extent of territory occupied by these races , while their numbers sufficiently attest their overwhelming physical force . . Were the Slavonians united by a common instinct of aggression and devoted to their chiefs , it is evident that the wildest

      dreams of ambition might be realised , and the free nations of the west be swept before the mighty flood of Slavonian force . This , however , happily for mankind—happily for the Slavonians themselves , is bat a dream ; the force exists , bat is disjointed . True , the re-union of these divided masses has commenced ; the object of that union , however , can be no cause of " alarm to Western Europe , bat the reverse . That object is not aggression towards other races , hat internal freedom—an object that must command our warmest sympathy .

      . There has been lately published a most important work , from the pen of the author of " Revelations ef Russia , " entitled , " Eastern Europe and the Em * peror Nicholas . " The author ' s avowed object is , ''to point out distinctly the frightful nature of the most extensive slavery in the world , and the direct guilty participation of the Russian Cabinet in it ; secondly , to show by recent instances , both iu Russia and Poland , that the fearful state of things which has been recently made public , is notamatterof past history , but of present and hourly occurrence ; and , thirdly , to call attention to the vast political changes which at no distant day threaten to convulse the whole of Eastern Europe . "

      Such a work as this demands our attention , and claims the consideration of our readers . If the public mind had been sufficiently enlightened to comprehend the great Slavonian question of which the Polish question is but a part , the public would not have been left at the mercy of the interested journalists who so recently devoted their pens to mystify fixe truth and uphold the wrong . The Poles are not the only people aggrieved by the systems at present established in Eastern Europe . All the nations above named , suffer more or less the wrongs inflicted on the Poles , and not one yields a hearty support to the existing despotisms . Even the thirty-five millions of Muscovites—the most passive and humble of all the Slavonian races—have no love for their

      « Andi Will War, At Least In Wards, ( An...

      { tyrant and his minions ; terror , not respect , prolongs their submission . All the other sections of the Slavonic family are dissatisfied , turbulent , and ready to revolt ; the attainment of her liberty by . Poland would be the signal for general insurrection , which would in all probability end in the dissolution of the Prussian , Austrian , Russian , and Turkish empires , as at present constituted . We shall , hereafter . show the heterogeneous and unstable composition of the Russian empire ; asregarda the other three , a few words will suffice to show the rottenness of their organisation . The thirty r seven millions of Austria ' s empire certainly , at the first

      glance , present a very formidable appearance , but the appearance is all . Of the pure Austrians , ' i . e . Germans , there are not more than six millions ; the remaining thirty-one millions being composed of " restless Italians , warlike Magyars , and discontented Slavonians , " * ] 1 ready to plot against the empire of which they are supposed to form an integral part . The death of Metternich , a successful insurrectio n in Poland , or a new revolution in France , may , at any moment , dissolve this decrepidempire . Prussia cannot suffer to the same extent , but it is evident to all thinking men that the East tern provinces of that kingdom cannot be long retained . Of the fourteen millions of Prussia's population not more than eight millions are Germans , the

      rest are disaffected Poles , anxious to resume their nationality and sever from Prussia ; and this will certainly tafee place . But the destiny of Prussia may not be annihilation , on the contrary , relieved from the task of playing the contemptible part of "jailor and jackal tothe Tsar , " Prussia may gather under its ascendancy all the German race , finally merging its own and all other state distinctions in the title of one great Germany . The Servian . Moldavian , Wallachian , and other contiguous sections of tbe Slavonic family , nominally belonging tothe Turkish empire , do not comprise in their millions of population more at the utmost than one million of Turks . Itis not unlikely that these states may form themselves into a federative union , perhaps , for some time to come , under the nominal

      government of the Ottoman Porte ; and this is a consummation to be desired . One thing is certain , that the present despotic structures are undermined , and must fall . Hitherto the despotisms have maintained their power by the trick of employing natives of one country to keep the others in slavery . Thus the provinces torn from ancient Poland by Prussia , ' have been garrisoned by German soldiers . Austria has employed German soldiers in Italy , and Italian and German troops in Poland , to keep down her ' disaffected -subjects ; andJtheaam & policyJias been . acted , on : n Hungary , Bohemia . & e . Russia has employed the Ruthenians to coerce the Muscovites , . 'the

      -Muscovites to keep down the Poles ; and forced the Poles to fight against the Circassians . But this , system of fraud is becoming daily of less service . The Prussian soldiers are themselves drawn from the ranks of a people thoroughly dissatisfied with the Prussian government , caring nothing for foreign eonqucits , but caring all for that liberty so long promised them —but of which they have been so foully cheated . The fraternizatioz ef Prussian soldiers with Polish " insurgents , " is an event not at all unlikely . It was lately seen that the Italian regiments in the service of Austria melted like snow when wanted to

      march against the Poles , and enough has been said to show that the troops of Slavonic origin cannot for a moment he depended upon for the protection of their masters . The Ruthenians , the principal military support of Russia , are themselves fast becoming innoculated with Polish ideas ; and , as we shall hereafter show , the thirty-five millions of Muscovites averse to war , having no national . ' pride , and discontented with their own degraded state , are powerless to maintain the Russian despotism , which , rotten to the core , will perish before the first blast ofthe revolutionary hurricane .

      In our next we shall proceed to review the work , the title of which we have repeatedly quoted , giving such extracts as may . be necessary to { illustrate the author ' s statements , aud elucidate his arguments . We desire that our readers may not infer that all the Ideas expressed in this article are in accordance with those of theanthor o f "Eastern Europe . " In justice to him we must remark , that he is rather a progressionist than a revolutionist . We respect his ideas , but of course wie must express onr own . To him we are mainly indebted for the facts now in our possession , of the state of millions of our fellow-men , and it is of great importance that these facts should be

      made widely known . Great events must ere long happen , which will probably entirel y change the present state of more than the half of Europe , and greatly affect the state of the other half . " It , there ^ fore , is very essential that the British public should be able to distinguish between the Slavonic races and the usurping despotisms which at present role them , so that when the press may teem with accounts of Austria dissolving under the assaults of Italians on the one side , and Slavonians on the other ; when Poland is in arms , and Russia abandoned to internal revolt } they ( the British , people ) may kno * - which party has claims on their sympathy , and whose cause they are bound by interest and honour to support

      * "Eastern Europe And The Emperor Nichol...

      * "Eastern Europe and the Emperor Nicholas . " By the Author of " Revelations of Russia , " london : T . C . Kewb y , 72 . Mortimer Street , Cavendish Square .

      The Battle Of Sobraqs. (Extract From A P...

      THE BATTLE OF SOBRAQS . ( Extract from a private Letter . ) Camp , before Lahore . Army of the SuUej , Feb . 26 . Being one of those who were fortunate enough to escape with a soundhead at the battle of Sohraon , on the 10 th instant , I take this opportunity of writing you a few lines . You will probably see the Commander-in-Chiefs despatch iu the papers before this reaches you . We were ia the thick of it—in Brigadier Stacey's brigade , Sir B . Dick ' s division .. The -latter , poor fellow , was shot through the stomach towards the ' close of the action ; we were almost crying when we saw him . taken to the rear . His only regret was , he said , that he could not live to write his

      own despatch and to , do justice to his division . Our artillery began to fire about sunrise on the morning of the 10 th . We had all got into position before daybreak . - The first hour and a half was purely an artillery fight , but our artillery did not in any way appear to silence * the enemy ' s guns , and about nine o ' clock the Commander-in-Chief sent orders fer Sir R . Dick ' s division to advance and storm ( while the cannonade was going , Stacey ' s brigade was partly concealed in the dry bed of a river , 60 that the enemy ' s cannon-shot , with one or two exceptions , passed over us ); Stacey ' s brigade deployed into line—10 th Foot on tbe right flank , 53 d Foot on the left , and 43 d and 59 th regiments of Native Infantry in the centre , andjoff we went towards a place pointed ont by an engineer officer , where we were to storm . . The line bad

      not advanced far when the enemy had got anr range , and the men began to faU in all directions ; a little farther and we began to feel their " grape-shot coming among us like hailstone * . When within about four hundred yards from the trenches we got the order to double , the artillery in oar rear ; and the Commander-in . Chief and all the staff gave a cheer , the regiment oa the right of bur line took it up and it went down the whole line , Sepoys and all cheering as loudl s as they conld , the whole line doubling all the time under a storm of grape and can . non shot such as you cannot possibly imagine . When their grape opened upon ns 1 thought it certain death ; but , thank God , I did not get even a scratch . It was a ' mournful sight to see our poor fellows blown almost to pieces when we got close , under the guns . Many were

      sent up into the air without the shot touching , them , and the grape-shetstrewed them by sues and sevens , I lost nine men , killed and wounded , in the company which I commanded , and that is a small proportion compared to the loss among the Europeans ; they appear generally to draw a greater fire upon them . The fate of India almost depended npon us , and I think every one did . his duty nobly . I felt sure that we were fig hting in a just cause , and that 1 think tends to give one confidence . The slaughter was beyond anything you can imagine . None were spared , for the men , Europeans particularly , were infuriated . I suppose there was sever heard such a roU of musketry as there was after we had gained the trenches . The enemy were driven in a mass headlong into the river . A rush was made for the bridge , and it gave way under the weight . The river seemed alive with wounded and drowning men , and in the meanwhile some horse artillery galloped up on the right and fired into the

      retiring masses . Their loss is stated at 10 , 000 . We have lost in killed and wounded 2 , 400 , SG officers . The Akaiees are the most daring men I have ever seen . . Many rushed ont singly with nothing hut a sword , and attacked large bodies of men . I saw them trying to make cuts with their swords , with bayonets sticking in them . I think they must have been intoxicated . The Sikh artillerymen fought very bravely ; they were strewed in heaps at their guns ; and , indeed ; so did all of them , except their cavalry ; they never made a stand . There were several European tents in the entrenchment ^ and furniture of difierentdescriptions . I got a drink of water out of a soup plate ; it was a gnat boon , for 1 could hardly speak at the time from thirst , and , having got a good portion of clay into my mouth when doubling , and no breakfast , I felt rather exhausted . It was aU over by about eleven o clock , when the Commander-in-Chief aud Governo--General and Staff rode in . The entrenchmen ts then resounded with cheers , and every one bad his eyes fixed on

      The Battle Of Sobraqs. (Extract From A P...

      the old chief sTrosty head , which was uneovwefl . ' General Mouton and the Spanish' engiheeri who constructed the Sikh works , were sent into bur camp two days ' ago . ~ I believe we can . do nothing to th ' emv The Sikhs used to talk of going to Calcutta , and then going ? and taking London ;— -what an idea ! ' You need not be afraid of the bearded gentlemen going all the way to London . We are , I hear , to be presented with a Star and Clasp , in honour ofthe battle of Sohraon ; , but something more useful , a donation of twelve months' batta , is to be given to the troops ; a lieutenant ' s batta . amounts to 1 , 400 rs . I hear we remain here until the final instalment of the

      indemnification money is paid , about the middle of next month . One instalment came in yesterday . Gholab Singh / the newly-created minister of Dhuleep Singh ( a minor ) , will pgree to anything we choose to ; impose ; and no doubt Sir H . Hardinge will make a very stringent treaty , otherwise we shall have the same work next year . The 31 st Foot and lGth Lancers go to England immediatel y . You will see Brigadier Stacey ' s brigade frequentl y mentioned in the Commander-in-Chief ' s despatch , and also my regiment . I feel very proud of the manner ini which the Sepoys behaved , and devoutly thank Sod that 1 am safe out of the action . ;

      American Working-Men's Movement. Emancip...

      AMERICAN WORKING-MEN'S MOVEMENT . EMANCIPATION OF LABOUR AND THE

      LAND . It has been our painful duty at different times to bsar evidence to the melancholy fact , that , despite thepolitical institutions of the United States guaranteeing , or professing to guarantee , equal freedom to all , social inequality is continually advancing and becoming a marked feature of American society . In the United States , as in this country , the rich rule because they are rich , and the poor are oppressed because they are poor . From a late number of the New York Sun we learn that the Philadelphia weavers have been on strike , and after suffering some

      weeks of starvation had been compelled to succumb to their employers , consenting to return to work at the old prices . The most shocking distress and degradation is proved to exist in New York , Philadelphia , and other large cities , almost rivalling tho worst" mysteries " of London , Liverpool , Glasgow ; and Dublin . Contemporaneously with this state of things we find the utmost indifference manifested by the legislators ofthe country , towards the interests of the majority ; more than that , the rights of , that majority are treated with brutal levity by their socalled representatives , as witness the following scene : —

      Several gentlemen claimed the floor ; among them , ''' Mr .-Mc Coxnell who rose , he said , to a privileged question . TheSPEAKEB—( Rapping with his hammer to call the House to order . ) The gentleman rises to a privileged question . " 7 t : . Mr . "McCoNNELi ^ -Ye 8 , Mr . Speaker , I rise-to a privileged question . I gave notice some time ago , ^ of my intention to introduce a bill to give a homestead to every head of a family . ^ Laughter . ) A dozen voices in . different parts ofthe hall— "Rtad the bill , read the bill . " ' The SrfiAKEB again called to order , and persevered until he had partially produced it . The Clerk proceeded to read the bill , and after he-had read the first two or three lines some of the members appeared to be satisfied , and cried out , " that ' s enough . " and others , " oh , no , " " go on , " "let ' s hear it all , " followed by peals of laughter .

      Jfr . McConneil . disregarding the diversity of opinion , moved that the bill be referred to the committee of the whole on the state ofthe Union , and be printed . The motion prevailed . . _ , This is just the treatment we might expect from our precioug , legislators assembled in St . Stephens ' s , —neither better nor worse . This same House of Representatives refused to print the Memorial of the National Reformers , on the subject of the Public Lands . These mis-representatives be it remembered have expended hours , days , and weeks in frothy declamation on the Oregon question . The " patriots " who have raised the " whole or none " war-whoop , stoutly insisting that millions of dollars should be expended , thousands of lives sacrificed , and torrents of blood shed , rather than yield an inch of land to the . " Britishers , " do themselves treat the American , people with the most brutal contempt , when they require a reform of that system by which

      American land is robbed from the American people . ** What ' s in aname ? " Wherein do these so-called republican legislators differ from the avowed haughty aristocrats of Europe ? There is this difference , that the'European aristocrats boldly avow themselves in their real characters , while the mushroom aristocrats of the American Congress disguise their tyranny and rapacity under the windy phrases , "liberty , " " great republic , " " extension of our glorious institutions" etc ., & c . . Let the American people instead of shedding their blood for the Oregon , which , if acquired ; woulof only benefit a few landrobbers , insist upon having their own land at home , and they will not only perform the best service for themselves , but will also confer a lasting benefit on the human race " generally . ; These views , we are glad to see , are shared by not a few of our American brethren , as witness the following lesson , read tothe war-mongers by the Editorof Young America : — '

      These war-mongers appear to have imbibed the ridiculous notion that they could induce the lncklanders Of ; th present day to fight for tbe aggrandizement of ambition demagogues , as in ages past . Oregon belongs , in rea * sonable sired farms and lots , to . whoever will go and settle it , not because some man bobbing over the Pacific waves in a ship happened to see it first , or because some one sailed first a dozen miles up a river , but because they are willing to live there by their own ' labour ; and the two piratical claims of England and the United States ought to he settled on 49 , because that is the nearest they have come to it . Some one in charity should inform the Hotspurs of the Senate , that tbe people ' are fast settling down upon tlih determination : that they will never fig ht except to acquire aiid defend ( heir own Inalienable SomeilMi . \ " . . That ' s the doctrine , friend Evans , we " go . the whole hog" for that same on this side ofthe water .

      wane on , we may give me ionowing sensible article from Young America ;—NO LAND , NO RIFLE ! The fbllowrsg from ah article by Albert Gallatin , wijj help , to show landless men the folly of being enlisted in a war for Oregon till they have secured their right to the soil here where they were born . If landless men fight at all , it should be for the land for every mother ' s'son , and nothing less . : " It is equaUy untrue to assert that the poorer class of people , hy which must be meant all the labourers , or generally those who live on their wages , ' have nothing to lose by the war .

      - " In this , and in other large cities , for every , thousand merchants or men of capital who maybe injured or thrown out of business , there are ten thousand living on wages whose employment depends directly , or indirectly on the commerce of those cities . The number of common labourers is proportionately in the purely agricultural districts . But it is evident that in both a considerable number must be thrown out of employment ^ either'by tbe destruction of commerce or in consequence of the lessened value and quantity of the agricultural products . And it seems impossible that this should take place without affecting the rate of wages , than which amore afgicting evil could not fall on community . There is no man of pure and elevated feelings who ' does not ardently wish that means could be'devised to ameliorate the state Of society in that respect , so as that those who live by manual labour should receive a more just portion of the profits Which are now very unequally divided between them and their employers .

      " But , even if the rate of wages was not materially affected , yet , when it is said that the poor have nothing to lose by the war , it musthe because their lives are counted for . nothing . Whether militia , regulars , or sailors , the privates , the men who actually fight the battles , are exclusively taken from the poorer classes of society . Offisers are uniformly selected from the class which has some property or influence . They indeed risk gallantly their lives , but with the hopes of promotion , and of acquiring renown and consideration . According to the present system , at least of the regular army , itis extremely rare ,

      almost impossible , that a private soldier should ever rise to the rank of ah officer . In the course of a war thousands are killed , more die of disease , and the residue , when disbanded , return home with habits unfavourable to the porsuitg of industry . And yet is asserted that they are predisposed for war , because they have nothing to lose , "is not this sufficient , aside from the still more important worol ^ considerations involved in the case , to fl ^ fori 1560 ^ - theU 1 ! , iWd states to" pause and refleet befprerushte ij . nto a Woody contest for a paltry strip of land , which can he of HlUe more use to them than the same quantity of territor y in the moon V '

      «« w i' ^ " -rt }? - " tUe •** in Englaim" N P -f ? d n » flc ' the cry in America ~ wiU 8 l ) 0 D teach the rulers of both countries that the people have too much sense to engage in mutual throatcutting for the benefit and " glory" of the worthless classes who alone could profit by a war . The people of both countries have a nobler mission . " Wait a little longer , " and that mission will be seen . " Up to March 21 st , meetings in support of the free soil principle were held in New Yorlc nightly . We have the pleasure ' of announcing the important fact , that ' '

      THE GERMAN COMMUNISTS " of New York have united with TUB DEMOCRATIC LAND REFORMERS en masse . The principal speakers at the New York meetings are Mr . Gkor e If . Evans , editor of Young America ; Mr . T . O'Connor , editor of the Irish Volunteer ; and Mr . Krikge , editor of The Tribune of the People ( German Communist journal ) . To these we must add , Messrs . Bovay , Manning , Wixdt . West , andCoMHKRford ; besides several other ardent workers in the good cause . Speaking of the progress of the movement , the Irish Volunteer says : —

      The National Refobh Movement is progressing , as we anticipated , with gigantic strides . Newspapers are Starting all over the country to advocate it , and some of

      American Working-Men's Movement. Emancip...

      the most respectable papers rathe Union are lending . a hand in discussing its merits ; : Scarcely a section of the western couatry that does not exhibit a desire for information upon the subject . : Here W New York meetings are held almost ni ghtly upon the subject , all crowded with attentive auditors , who are captivated with the sublime simplicity of it * remed y for the thousand ills that are grinding down the labouring classes . In Brooklyn , we find that the honest Democracy have unfurled the flag of Reform , determined to vote for no man that is not for freeing the public lands in limited quantities for actual settlers . : '

      The movement is making progress in Pennsylvania . In Pittsburgir ( the American Birmingham ) , the Free Soil cause is the leading topic ' . of discussion among all classes . Large meetings are holdcn , and the word is " Onward . " Mr . Rtckman is lecturing through the western counties of the State of New York , and everywhere enrolling converts under the Land banner . The period for electing the principal officers of the city of New York drawing nigh , the Reformers were bestirring themselves to obtain the election of men pledged , to their principles .. A sincere reformer named Ransom Smith had been put in nominationfor mayor and . the following queries were addressed to him hy the association — ¦ New York , March 9 th , 1846 .

      Sis , —At the last meeting ef the National Reform Association ' you were unanimously nominated for the office of May or of this city , and , as the Association appointed no coui * mMee to communicate with you on the subject ; I consider it my duty as Secretary to address you in accord , ance with * organization of the Association and its recent ac tion , to obtain an expression of your views , and therefore propound to yeu the following queries : — i 1 st , Will you . if elected , use all the influence of your Station to limit * he quantity of land that any iniiridual , company , or corporation shall hereafter acquire , 80 that radually the soil shall he restored to the people , until every family shall have a Home of which fraud or force can never deprive them ?

      2 nd . Will you , if elected , use your official influence to provide all the destitute of the city , who are unjustly deprived of their right to the soil ; ' with good and siifficien t food , clothimr , and shelter , and' nh education for their children befitting republicans , until they can , through the action of our State and National Government , have a chanceito obtain these hy their own exertions , on their own Homesteads ; so that Republican Citizens may no longer ha disgraced by street begging , disease ; intemperance , and crime arlsinz from deprivation ofthe means of useful employment ? ' 3 rd . Will you appropriate all the income of your office under the laws , over a thousand dollars , to the National Reform Association , to carry forward the Free Soil Movement , and use " your influence to regulate all sa'aries of public offices according to aelUftl duty performed , and to what similar labours would acquire in industrial occupation *!

      4 th . If Congress should declare war about Oregon before makimr' the Public Lands free , will yon use your nffici 1 influence to put an end to therwar as soon as possible , and to prevent any landless man from being forced into it ? The Republicans of England have . \ raiSMlstho banner of "No Vote ; no . Musketl" Will youeecond their < -e * eTtit > w > 4 ry -raising- the-sfcaaaer ' . ' -No JSanoVao Musket" ! - : Many other important questions occur to me , connected with the high station vou have been nominated to fill , and with the Interests of the 400 . 000 human beings crowded so unnaturally on this Island ; but , aa the above are all that Inm aware of respecting which the' Association have expressed their views , I do not fed authorized to ask further questions in their name , Respectfully . Geobob H . Evans . Ransom Sunn ,

      ' We have given the above letter because the queries einrot fail to interest our readers . It will be seen that the " No Vote , No Musket" cry , in this country is responded to by our brethren . Mr . Smith ' s reply is too lengthy to extract entire , but we may . state that , although he declines the nomination , he heartily respondsto the several queries . The following is the concluding portion of his reply : — The great principleof freeing the land and limiting the quantity is destined to become the great topic of the age . Itis the centre round which revolves our rights and our liberties . ' The people having discovered land , and been led to see their nautral right to it , their voices will , be heard , their just demands cannot be stayed . " . Their re . demptton draweth nigh . " They have the power in their own hands and they will use it .

      The people khouldftoWthe appointing power , and never delegate it to Executive hands , for this makes bad government , and too much of it ; creates State Debts ' . without the consent ofthe people ; and is Anti-Republican and dangerous to our liberties and natural rights-. '; The greatest achievement ; ever yet obtained by the spirit of Liberty over the adverse Spirit of Tyranny , is our near approach to Universal Suffrage . This great and inestimable boon , which constitutes the bulwark of our liberties , must not be lost sight of , till all are entitled to one vote ; for it is only by the united efforts of a majority of the voters , that the land measure can-be carried . When Uulveisal Suffrage has wrought this great and mighty work for us , may we not look for the promised period , when all war and the paraphernalia of war will become extinct , and the wilderness and solitary place bloom and blosrom as the rose ; when we may sit under onr own vinennd fig-tree , with none ' to molest or make us

      afraid ;• when universal education , happiness and brotherhood , shall no longer be a mere name and phantom to deceive the people ! We were never made to live Without a right to the earth to live upon , and there is no moral human power for one part ofthe human family to deprive the other of this Divine Hight . We have been and are Educated to look upon the Bar and the Bench with great respect and a sort of holy reverence ; but it is not glory enough for me to march in tbe footsteps of such illustrious predecessors and heroes as our past pnd present imperfect institutions have furnished . Let us learn to reverence and respect the crow bar and the work bench , and consider the"Divinity of Labour . " Labourers must respect themselves and each other , and remember that in their union is their strength , before they can expect tbe high , the lofty and the aristocratic to respect them as equals ; and , "they that would be free , themselves must strike the blow . "

      A . large open-air meeting in the Park was to be held on Monday the 6 th of April , the day preceding the election . Further extracts next week . '

      Social Reform.

      SOCIAL REFORM .

      Under This Head We Propose To Notice All...

      Under this head we propose to notice all efforts beingjmade . or that may be made , to improve the social condition of the people . It is our own conviction that the shortest road to social reform would be to invest the ^ people with their political rights , and thus enable them to obtain justice for themselves ; still if only partial amelioration is obtainable ( under the present system , even that' partial amendment will be welcomed by us . Foremost amongst' the various social amendments suggested we must notice the efforts now being made to improve the dwellings ofthe poor . A society calling ^ itself the "Health of Towns' Association , * ' has been in existence for some time past , having for its object the promotion of

      SANATORY REFORM . The association is under the presidency ofthe Marquis of Normavbt , and comprises in its committee a number of leading public characters in and out of parliament ; the following are the objects of the society : — I . To diffuse among the people the valuable information elicited by recent inquiries , and the advancement of science , as to the physical and moral evils that result from tho present defective sewerage , drainage , supply of mater , air , and light , and construction of dwelling , houses .

      II . To correct misconception as to the expanse of the requisite measures , and to remove groundless apprehensions as ( O interference with existingpeeuniary interests . III . To devise and to endeavour to obtain some better means than at present exist , for the investigation of the causes of mortality in any locality , and for the more effectual protection of tbe public by the prompt removal of those noxious causes which are proved to be removable . IV . To facilitate legislative enactments and their ap . plication , by the diffusion of sanltory information bearing on the several points . And , V . . To encourage the establishment of Branch or Auxiliary Associations , not merely with a view , to the local benefit that must thence arise , but also as the means of obtaining a larger amount of funds , and a more extended field of usefulness . .

      Since its establishment this society has done much towards carrying out the first of the above objects . By the courtesy of HenkV Austiij , Esq ., thesecretary , we favebeen put in possession of several reportsof lectures , & c „ published by the association , containing much valuable information , which it is essential should be diffused as widely as possible . With this view we propose ( with the committee ' s sanction ) to extract largely from the society ' s publications in future numbers of this ' paper . ; This week we give the following extract from a new monthly periodical , entitled' Our Own Times , " which certainly shows the pressing necessity for a sweeping sanatory change . # The place described is "Jacob ' s Island . " a locality in the neighbourhood of Doekhead , Bermondsey , known to the readers of- 'Oliver Twist " as the place where the ruffian Sykes made his exit

      . It is an extraordinary scene , reminding one of an old Flemish street . Imagine first a stagnant canal—its contents rather watery mud than muddy water—a noisome place , encrusted with layers of soot which float motionless on the thick waters , their aspect made still more hideous by the hahy morsels of decomposition with which thsy are thickly . studded , and which were once dogs and cats . Imagine this pestilential ditch bounded , and its reeking banks ormed , by a long succossio n of picturesque wooden dwellings , old , crazy , crumbling , in some , places leaning heavily over the mud , in others settling down bodily into it . Imagine their odd , whimsical outline—their high peaked garrets—their patched cumbered masses of woodwork—jutting into all manner of fantastic outworks , abounding in odd angles , forming galleries and projecting stories , and rude balconies , which overhang the stagnant mud , the whole irregular mass

      Under This Head We Propose To Notice All...

      WaokwUhtSuioke , agei « ua ( dirt . Imagine two rowa of such tenements forming a narrow , water-street arched over by numerous wooden bridges , coarse clumsy erections once , and now crumbling ^ with age and rot , the eye in its , onward progress ever and anon intercepted ty oars and poles protruding from-tbe houses on either side ,, and . -fluttering , with linen so stained and streaked , that . it seems to have been washed in the ditch beneath for years , and so frowsy , and mildewy that it can never ; be got thoroughly dried * : Imagine ; all this—imagine many of the houses tenantiess ; imagine many of the props which support them , over the dead waters soaked throug h by

      the green slime , and long since given way under the superincumbent weight , leaving portions of the dwelling , masses of dark ruins ; imagine under those which . still remain elevated -upon their piles , planks . and , boards sticking downwards ; the remains of what have once been floors ; picture this desolation and poverty , the fetid ditch , the decayed dwellings , and you have an idea of the western and most picturesque frontier of Jacob ' s Island . W ° e have said that many of . these houses are unoccupied . Were you to set foot on their decayed floors , you would go down with a crash through the rotten wood , as through a trap-door , into the slime beneath .

      But there are dwellings which boast of inhabitants , and their aspect is in many instances less squalid than would naturally be expected . ' The dwellers in . Jacob ' s Island are poor , neglected people , striving to live amid the dismal stenches and filth of the place ; for they have no means of quitting it . Many arc , of course , squalid , fever-stricken beings—^ dirt and rags the prevailing characteristic of their appearance ; but you occasionally come upbh symptoms of hard struggling decency , which the horrible features of the , place scarcely led you to look for . Again , you see slatternly drabs of women make their appearance at the projecting galleries to stare at the stranger who appears to be invading their domains , Little unkempt savages poke their furry heads out of

      garret windows ; lean miserable dogs—chained ; up in : starvation and stench , amid masses of mouldering woodwork and dismal lumber of broken chairs ajad ^ tables , which have been pushed out of doors , and huddled upon sinking platforms , gradually moving downwards to the mudraise themselves and howl dismally . But there are few other signs of life . Nothing , according to the vulgar phrase ) is stirring but stagnation . With the exception of one or two petty shops upon the landward side , there seem few wares to buy , few people to buy them , and little money to buy them with . The buzz of a busy -neighbourhood is around you , you have just emerged from all the outward signs and symbols of commercial wealth , but here you are in a region of poverty , want , fevftr , and filth .

      Suddenly ) perhaps , you will he startled by a splashing in the ditch . . A woman is leaning over the railings of one of the balconies , drawing by means of a bucket and rope , water from the conglomerated filth below . You observe thai she bis got a'knack of ' swishing the pail backwards and forwards , in order , to procure the purest possible bucketful oftbie forbidding fluid . After watch ; ihjr a repetition Of this ' process aV- 'twb" or three- other bouses , we ventured to accost one' of the drawers of thisby courtesy—water— ; - ' : ' . " - ' ' - L That must be . terrible stuff to wash with , You can 'dead'ndtKi ^ witli'aiat . ' ' . ; . ' Washi- ^ cle anl ? echoed the' wotaan , ' -hauling up a pailful , Judf . mud and half water ; - ' ' * Whatarn you a talking about ? , Why , we drinks it . ' ¦ /

      - Good heavens I we looked again down into the slough . In some places it was ' green'from decomposition , moveless in its putrescence , ' consisting of cast away boots and shoes , and rusted bottomless rerauiins ' of tin utensils . 11 only wanted one more stage of rot to give us something like that hideous ocean— '" - ' Where slimy things did crawl with legs ¦ Upon the slimy sea . ' Drinkitl' ' 4 Why , Sir , ' continued our informant , - ' we must drink that'ere or hone . ' \ ¦ Can you not go to the river ? 'tis not a hundred paces ?'; . '' ; _ '• . '• • 'The watermen say as they have privileges , and wo'nt let us fetch it at their stairs . ' - ! ' Are there no pumps ?' , 'Yes , One , but it is kept locked . ' ' ' ' No water pipes in this part of the island of course ?' ; 'IiOr'ino ! Water companies do ' nt come to poor folks like we—in course not . '

      ' ' Well , does hot this ditch communicate with the river ? Does it hot , at least , rise and fall with the tide sometimes ?' ' < It did—long ago—and there ' s still sluices by which they can run the water into the river , and let in fresh . ' ' -. - ¦¦ : ' .. ' And , why , in heaven ' s name , is not that done every : day . ' " 2 - '" ' " '" ' ' ' ; '• 4 Why , you seer—the sluices ' - is private property , ' and the man as owns them'ill only open them when he likes —not when we like . ' The place where them sluices is , was a mill in the old times ' , and worked by tide—but ' it don'tgonow . ' •' . ' . Then you have fever here often , have ' you not ? ' - i

      1 The woman shook her head-rhcr sunken eye and hollow cheeks bespoke for her of the pestilential atmosphere . . And how could it be otherwise ? The filthy , choky dwellings ' are bathed in the reeking exhalations of the decaying mud . It is bad enough amid the frosts of winter , but when a hot sun pours down its powers upon the fermenting mass—when the breeze . is lulled , and the whole place / sleeping in the glaring summer ' s afternoon—every stifling volume of vapour which rises from the ditch is the very hreath of typhus ! There is surely good needof a ' , ' " Health of Towns ' Association' * when such places as " Jacob's Island " exist within the : limits of the " great metropolis ;' but what a' disgrace to . the government and legislature is the existence of-such places . They cannol

      plead ignorance ,, for both , were fully informed of these deplorable evils many years ago . So far back as iMay , '' 1838 . it- was-officialjy declared "that the , annual loss of : life from filth and bad ventilation is greater than kthe loss from death or wounds in any wars in which the , cquntry has been engaged in modern times , ?' and yet nothing has been done . to check this enormous waste of human life . Towards the olose . of the ; last session of Parliament there ; ' was laid , on the table a measure known as the '' Towns ' Drainage BiU , f ? ,. which has laid there ; ever , since , ' without progressing one step towards adoption by the Commons . . This delay is . disgraceful to the , gbvernraent , nBdinotless . disgracefal to those persons , who , ' belonging to the Health of Towhs ' . Commission ,. have in that capacity enforced the necessity of remedial

      measures , and yet , as members of Parliament ; quietly allow ¦ month , ' after month , and year after year , . to pass away without urging on the reforms they know to be so necessary . "Well does ] the " . Khiea . say , that ; "if , instead of , being . Royal Commissioners ; they had been railway idi ^ eeto » , and if , instead of the welfare of the labouring population , their own dividends and salaries had depended on their recommendations being acted on , no one can doubt that their activity would have been somewhat greater than it has been . ' ! We do net blame them for not' being as active as if their ' pecuniary interests had been at stake , or for not beingQuixotes in the cause of philanthropy : but we do blame them , for manifesting an utter indijference to the adoption of those measures which , taking them at their word , they believe to be of great arid pressingimportance . " ,,

      The People's Property. (From The Nation....

      THE PEOPLE ' S PROPERTY . ( From the Nation . ) Is the Irish Land tenure question to be dealt with by legislation , with forethought , ' with due regard to existing interests , and upon any settled principle—or , is it to be permitted to stand as' it is until' the social evils of this island shall have become intolerable , and then alia wed to find a solution for itself as it best can ! v . To one or other of these issues we are coming , A revolution in the'whole system ' of holding land—either a rapid or a gradual one , either legislative or insurrection . ary , either peaceful or bloody—is assuredly at hand ; and it behoves all men , and specially those men who have a potential voice ' in public affairs , and who have the most at stake , to consider well which of these ways they will choose . It is needless to talk of the " difficulty" of this Land question—were it ten times as difficult it absolutely must he met , must do grappled with , must be dealt with decisively by law , and that soon , or the otter alternative

      comes in . Let it not be said that this is a threat . It is simply a statement of the task that lies before us to be done , or , at our peril , to be left undone . Surely there is no rational being in all Ireland whole not convinced in hit heart that the relation of landlord and tenant cannot , and will not , stand long in its present state . Even the Repeal ef the Union and extinction ofthe absentee-drain , though it would mitigate the disease , could only remove further off the inevitable day when some decided step must be taken to wire it . ¦ Well , then , it is full time that these who desire political and social changes to be brought about peacefully , should take counsel together , and devise some plan which may be both practicable and-just to all parties . -

      In order to eomu to the consideration of the matter in hand with any chance of success , itis first necessary to get rid of all feelings of irritation , of obsolete animositiss , and , above all , of cant . It is needful , on the one side , to admit that landed proprietors , as a class , are not absolute demons exulting in the groans of their victims , and gloating over the despair of homeless widows and famishing children—hut are indeed men , often unfortunate , deeply mortgaged , and sorely persecuted men , hunted by bailiffs , and much beset by sheriffs . On the other hand , it would be well to have it admitted that there is no dark , and hideous , and universal conspiracy of poor against rich , or the Caiholie against tbe Protestant , organised b y Jesuits , and having for its object to make the Pope temporal riiler of Ireland , to hand over the revenues of the Established church to the Propaganda College , and her Clergy and Communicants to the Holy office . We absolutely require these to bo taken as postulates

      . tht tt « if £ T * h 0 Md be inclined t 0 askfor-¦« In "' •¦ ehtfl of property" are applicable to the poor as well as to the rich-that every man ' , labour is his own Indefeasible b « rtbright-and that , in any future arrange , ment to be made , the rights of property on both sides ar . to be religiously guarded and held sacred . Taking these things for granted—assuming that Irish landlords are not evil demons and carnivorous Ghouls that tenants are not naturally foul conspirators and familiars of the Inquisition—that a proprietor has aa absolute right to the fair proceeds of his lands , and that a peasant may claim to eat bread ( according to the curse )

      Nthe Sweat Of His Browj We Do'bvlievetha...

      nthe sweat of his browj we do ' bVlievethat a-rjitionaland " practical adjustment of the dlmculty might he lllf tained , 'At any rate the thing is worth a trial . One proposal having for its object to solve this Land question , Is contained in a letter from Mr . Dowdcn , the late Mayor of Cork , which was read in tbe Repeal Asso . elation , and last week published at length Jn 77 ie miion * Mr . Vowden is a Protestant gentleman ef ability and experience , and of high charcter , deeply respected by hia fellow-citizens , and certainl y- no reckless revolutionist ; but he sees-that the time has come to choose between sound'legislation and utter anarchy , and very wisely prefers the former , * # -. - ; ¦¦ # ¦ - . # '¦ p . " * : . ¦<¦ - * -

      Mr . Dewden would also give every reasonable security to holders at will and lessees , that they should be compensated for improvements . The transfers to be effected through his land-offices would necessarily be gradual and in the meantime he would afford the renters , or , a » he phrases it , the borrowers , of land such protection at their defenceless state requires . . # ¦ , . . * * . * . _ - .. * . The ultimate end , however , which Mr . Dowden desires to arrive at , is gradually to convert the tenant-slaves of Ireland into fee-simple proprietors . # . * . # # - . *

      A second plan is put forward by a writer who has published two or three letters in the Times newspaper , and signs himself "D . L . " . He would have a great Land Company established by Act of Parliament , consisting of Irish and English capitalists , who would use tbe scheme as an investment of money—with power to buy Irish estates . in large masses , - and to allot them in convenient proportions to tenants in fee for ever , charged with the payment of a certain sufficient purchase-money to th « Company hy way of annual instalment , until all should be paid , when the tenant would have his . land in feesimple for ever . The writer conceives that , the annual . instalment of tho purchase-money , in order to remunerate the . Company , need not . bs much , if at all greater , than what is now often charged as yearly rent to tenants * at-will . : Of course the same Act whiJh should establish the Company would also enable proprietors to sell , not .

      withstanding family settlements or , other claims , and would create a public office , whose business it should b * so to distribute and apply thepurchase-money as to pre . serve the interests of expectants , reversioners , and creditors . The objection to this project is , that the expens * of working a vast Company , with all its offices and officers , and , still . more the payment of dividends upon shares , would absorb a large , proportion ofthe capital with which tha tenants are expected to make their pur . chases—would , in fact , be a heavy drain upon their industry ,- ever and above what would at any rate be required from a cottier , in order to convert himself into a proprietor in fee . And another objection is , that the very idea of English speculators undertaking Irish lane ' s must be , from old associations , highly unpopular and suspicious . V ; We have had far toe much' English land jobbing in Ireland already ..

      A third proposal has been made , which would get rid of both these ejections , ; -: It is a simple enactment , that any occupier of land , under any tenure whatever , shall be entitled , from the moment his tenancy begins , to purchase out his landlord ' s interest—at certain rates , ; to be determined according , to the circumstances , value " of the land , iitc ^—thatis , a-cottier may buy the whole interest of his ownimmedlatelaDdlord ( say , a middleman ) in his holding , whether large or small—then , placing himself in the position of . the middleman , he would be entitled t » buy the entire interest from the next landlord , and so ascend to the proprietor In fee , until , at last , he should bathe sole owner of his own farm , This would go one step further than either of the firstmentioned projects ; for whereas they would only permit , this would compel a proprietor to' sell ; , on being tendered the suitable purchase-money , by any-tenant holding im mediately under him ,

      Nobody can doubt that , under any of these three arrangements , money would soon be forthcoming to buy large tracks of land , and ereate a numerous class of in . dependent freeholders . Even with all the present dts . couragements to improvements , we see how much money can be occasionally amassed hy small farmers , who dare not invest it iu land not their own , and . straightway carry it off to America , depriving their own country of so much labour , thrift , industry , mind , and ; money—and leaving behind them a state of society sinking even lower and lower downward , hy a continual repetition of this exhaust .

      Ing process . - If we hud the return called for by Mr . Dowden , of tbe actual capital carried acress the Atlanti * for the last twenty years—and if we calculate how much ithe same industry which created it would have since increased it—and if we consider the stimulus to exertion and improvement that the Rope of bettering his condition —of standing at last , even in his old age , a free man upon his own soil—would give to the now down-trodden and hopeless Irish peasant , we may , understand how soon the soil of Ireland might changehands , if land monopoly were once abolished . ' '

      New , we say that in one or other of these three ways , or by some combination of them , or in some other way , provision must speedily be made for revolutionising tbe-» hole social condition of this island , and graduallyabolishing the " relation of landlord and tenant •; " or , that the matter will otherwise find its level , ' perhaps by very rugged and stormy ways . There is absolutely ae third alternatives and for ourselves we much prefer the peaceful and legislative method . We are Conservatives in this matter—Conservatives of social order , of law and justice , of'"Life " and Property . " The ' present system does hot work : it has disorganised society , and created an ahhorance of -Law and a sympathy with , crimo : itis produstive of starvation , misery , revenge , extermination ! exiley ' niujder ; disease and death . -Shall societv be

      reorganised upon some better system , while it is yet time ; or must it go to utter wreck i and be born again out of the womb of chaos ? >¦ ¦<¦¦ ¦ [ In reply to the above , we have merely to observe , that , for years past we have , been recommending the above policy to the Irish people ; we have been recommending the application to their funds to the above national purpose , while thefrish press has been allowing a reckless expenditure of their pence . We have already established the Charter Societv for niorfr extensive purposes than those recommended by Mr . Dowden , whose letter we published in the Star of last week . We , that in the Chartist Co-operative Land Association , are the Chartered company for the pur . chase , sub-division , and conveyance of land to the

      working classes , in such proportions aa will suit the individual capacity of each .: We agree with the Nation that attention will be directed , from the shadow , to the substancej 'and that what capital , oppression , and the law has withheld from the labour , ing classes possession of the land can alone confer . Let the Nation then be the ^^ first in the held of this honourable competition . Let : the , ' 82 . club . V doff " their ' cockatoo feathers and dress themselves in frizes as the national manufacture , and we pledge our selves that their'land meetings will give an impetus to the repeal question which all their regmarole and bombast has tailed to communicate to it . We do not ask such -Irish association to be circumscribed by our rules , which limit occupation to two , three , or fons acres , because the ; scheme must be in accordance with national requirements and , therefore , the allot *

      ments in Ireland mav be from five to twenty acres , because thecountry is wholly agricultural and because the present scantiness of markets would not offer a sufficient remuneration , sufficient to enable the several occupants to purchase the fee of their several holdings . J ¦; .-The monopoly of land led to the French Revolution , the mnnnnolv of land , if not checked , will lead to the dismemberment of the- American Union , and in spite ofthe best exertions of Peel , Russell , ' the free trader , and O ' Connell , or all united by the monopoly of land ,- if hot checked , will lead to a revolution ia England and Ireland . Again , then , we invite the nation and all with Irish hearts to join us in an incessant crusade against a - monopoly which subjecte the poor to periodical famine while the rich feel none of its horrors or are ablest *) ^ contend against its severity . —Ed . N . S . I

      Tiixorapnic Communication Under Mis Sea.— Phe British Government Bvthe Lords Commissioner!

      TiixoRAPnic Communication Under mis Sea . — Phe British government bvthe Lords Commissioner !

      Of The Admiralty, And The French Governm...

      of the Admiralty , and the French government b ; the Minister ofthe Interior , have granted permission to two gentlemen , the projectors of the sub-marine telegraph , to lay it down from coast to coast . ' The site selected is from Cape Grisnez or from . Cape Blancnez . on the French side , to the South Foreland , on the English coast . The soundings between these headlands are gradual , varying from seven fathoms near the shore on either side , to a maximum of 37 fathoms in mid-channel . The Lords of the Admiralty have also granted permission to the same gentlemen to lay down a sub-marine telegraph between Dublin and Holyhead , which is to be carried on from the

      latter place to Liverpool and London . The submarine telegraph across the English Channel will , however , be the one first laid down . The materials for this are already undergoing the process of insulation , and are in that state Of forwardness which will enable the projectors to have them completed and placed in position , go that a telegraphic communication can be transmitted acress the Channel about the first week in June . When this is completed , aa electric telegraph will be established from the coast to Paris , and thence to Marseilles . This telegraph throughout France will be immediately under the direction of the French government , as , according te the law of 1837 , all telegraphic communications through that country are under the absolute control aud superintendence ofthe Minister of the Interior .

      Upon the completion of the sub-marine telegraph across the English Channel , it is stated that si similar one , on a most gigantic scale , will be attempted to be formed , under the immediate sanctioa and patronage of the French administration . This is no less than that of connecting the shores of Africa with those of Europe by the same instrumentality ; thus opening a direct and lightning like communica * tion between Marseilles and Algeria . It has beeo doubted by several scientific men whether this is practicable , and , indeed , whether even the project between the coasts of France and England can be accompliBhed ; but it has been proved , by experiments , the most satisfactory in their results , that not only can it he effected , but effected without any consider * able difficulty . — The Globe .

      _ It Is Unnecessary To Give The Extracts...

      _ It is unnecessary to give the extracts from Mf . Dowdeu ' s letter quoted in the'Nation , as the whole of th letter appeared in the Star of Saturday last .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), May 2, 1846, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_02051846/page/7/