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Northern Star (1837-1852), 4th October 1845, Edition 2 of 4, Page 1

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      Belgium

      BELGIUM

      (Riio;J Oca Owx Lvnd Commissioner.) Lett...

      ( riio ; j oca owx lvnd commissioner . ) Letter Hi . TO TJIE TrOIlKIXG GLASSES OF GREAT

      BRITALV AND IRELAND . - It Dam Fisisxns , —I shall now proceed to lay before you the conclusions at which I hare arrived from Cie knowledge I have gathered on my tour , as far as I have gone : and when T tell you that since I last wrote 1 have been an attentive and very observant traveller in EeLjium , Prussia , Germany , the Ducky of Nassau and of Baden , in France , and in Switzerland , in which last place I have been for the last vreek , " putiing-up" at a public-housa at the foot of

      the Alps , frequented by smugglers , who crass the mountains into the Italian provinces of Austria ; 1 say that from such a tour , undertaken for knowledge , I must have learned something . I wish the English working men could sea the smugglers coming in here in dozens , arranging their packs to cross the Alps ; all hired by English and French merchants ; while la Milan there is an assurance company , who actually insure the owners against risk : which company is vfcII known to the Government of Austria .

      Asa country to live in , I prefer England inimca sHrablv to all other * that I have seen ; and all that I have seen strengthens me in the belief that England , from the folly of her landlords , is yet destined to be in reality what hitherto she has been but in name— "The mistress of the world . " "When I see the great strength possessed by petty states despite the subdivision of the land amongst the people ; and when I sec the miserable description of much of that land , which as a whole gives < rreat national strength ; and when I compare it with the rich maiden-soil of England , and the superior strength of Englishmen over any people that'I have

      ever seen , except the Irish—when I find that Englishmen are likely to commence the science of agriculture under advantages which other countries have not had—advantages mainly attributable to the fact , that they will not have old cherished prejudices to get rid of or to contend against ^ vylign I ; re £ & ejtj ^ the Land alone in many countries is taxed , and that vet those who till it live well , and require no government aid to support them , while their compact union as agriculturists ensures their existence as states , although surrounded by jealous neighbours—I say , when 1 think of all these things , the conclusion that I have come to is , that England is a country worth

      Jiving for , and , if necessary , worth dying for . Those \ dio study the question of tha Land as I have placed it before them , will see that by the application of their labour to the soil , they can live free of all taxation , except such as they choose to incur ; while the price of surplus being measured by the standard of general taxation , they will be placed in a position superior to the working classes of any other country , and also in a position superior to those of the English classes , whether of the middle or working order , who are obliged to purchase all theyconsume . An industrious man can make more by his labour , after living well , in England , in one year , than a labourer of any

      other country can make in three years . The wealth of England , then , will henceforth consist in the condition into which her land has been brought by the landlords not allowing tenants to till as much as they would desire , as well as by the impossibility of farmers cultivating a thousand , or two or three thousand acres destructively to the land , although destructive of their own interests . In land and people Great Britain and Ireland are far away the richest countries in the known world ; and I believe , with the land as the battle prize , the people of those countries would beat the whole world on their own dunghill . Another thing that I assert is , that we possess a

      i < owcr of reforming in England , which is not possessed by any other peo ;> lc : thai is , the power of mooting in public . Switzerland is a Republic ; and yet I was cautioned not to talk any politics in-scveral of the cantons , and especially in Lucerne , where there arc only two partisan newspapers permitted ; and if you speak one word derogatory to the cause ol the Jesuits , six or eight gendarmes will drag you off to a dungeon at once . And this is what Daniel O'Connell calls " the most paternal Government in the world V These , however , arc matters upon -which I shall have variosn opportunities of addressing you on my return ; and now I shall ret am to the narrative I left ofl'in my last .

      On Snnday , the 14 th , and Monday , the luth , I paid another visit to the country near Hal , of which I spoke in a former letter : but as the introduction of those days * " gatherings" would rather break the thread of my narrative , 1 will take you with me all through , just as I journeyed on . On Wednesday evening 1 went to Antwerp , merely to see the splendid cathedral churches , fortifications , and paintings . Well , I saw more than repaid me for the visit , particularly as the day was " a grand day . " The cathedral is most magnificent ; and some of the paintings arcpriceless ; they could not be purchased . The wealth ef St . James ' s Church , its splendour , and the

      magnificent and costly dress in which the Virgin is dothed , was enoug h to dazzle any man . In Antwerp there are eleven churches ; and the poorest of these would purchase all the churches in London : and you can see everyone of them , and every exhibition in this ancient town , without paying one penny , with the exception of Svepence , to be paid for a . sight of each of four or 5 ve of Rubens' best paintings . The church of the Jesuits was far away the snuggest and most cozy : and was surpassingly rich in gold , and ornaments , and priestly dresses . I attended service in nearly all , and was at the performance of high mass at the Cathedral . On Thursday I returned to

      Brussels at five o ' clock , and at six started for Mons , the great colliery district . From Mons to Genappe , where one of Napoleon's bloody battles Avas fought , and on to the frontiers of France , in all about sixteen miles , you sec nothing but iron and coal works : but then you sec the land cultivated up to the very pits' mouih . The pits are very deep ; bat an accident in them seldom occurs . A company of masters , aided by Government , have built from S 00 to 1000 splendid cottages for the colliers , all uniformly well furnished , and tastefully decorated outside as well . They are two stories high . In the centre of the village Is a splendid green square , surrounded with , trees , and groups of statuary at each corner ; which greens are for the

      children and workpeople to walk in , and play , or amuse themselves . The colliers earn from 2 s . Id . to 2 s . 6 d . a-day . Government Inspectors are located at proper places , to see to the just management of the men and pits ; and an accident is considered a most extraordinary event . All the colliers have plots of ground , which their families cultivate ; and as far as one can judge , they appeared to be very comfortable From Mons I went to Lessines , through several very rich and comfortable looking villages . I went into several fields where the peasants were working , and in every instance the potatoe crop was utterly destroyed . Yet no one could account for it . In Ireland I have often seen whole

      fields turned black by a single night ' s frost , and the clover as well : but it generally occurs so early in the season , about from the middle of May to the end of June , that the crop has time to recover again , and is only somewhat retarded in its growth : but this season it happened at so lata a period as to make recovery hopeless : that is , if this year ' s calamity was what we call " ablast" in Ireland . The east wind in Ireland generally brings " the blastf and it is very difficult to rear calves that are calved while the wind blows from the east

      I now come to the crowning part of my tour , as far as I have gone . In a previous letter I mentioned a hospital that I visited at Lessines ; now I shall proceed to describe it more minutely . Firstly , I must observe , that I l » ve at all times , both in and out of Parliament , asserted that the man who was willing to work , but forced to remain idle , has just as good a right to support , and every comfort , as the man who worked ; and every nan in England knows that the Irish Coercion Bill and the English Poor Law Amendment Bill were the two great questions upon vrHeh I differed with the "VFliigs . I have ever Considered it as an act of the most atrocious barbarism

      to jwHfeA a man , and more especially a woman or Jitfle child , for being poor : and while I never hare used the . New Poor Law as a political " cry , " I have never withheld my co-operation from Oastler and other good men who have sincerely opposed it . The hospital of Lessines furnishes to healthy Protestant England a xcry proper example of what has been done In one of the poorest Catholic

      (Riio;J Oca Owx Lvnd Commissioner.) Lett...

      cauutrics . I was so fortunate as to have the guidance and company of one of the principal directors of this noble institution . We entered through a well enclosed farm-yard , with all suitable farm buildings , and above all , an immense barn piled to the very roof with prime wheat . In the farm-yard was a very old man malting mortar . I asked him if ho belonged to the establishment , and if the inmates were obliged to work ? Tho question rather created astonishment ; and the answer was : — " No , no ; he is doing that for his own amusement , " One of tha grand features of this farm-yard was an immense tank for keeping the urine of the animals until required for use . There was also good stabling , cow-houses ,

      storehouses , washing and drying houses , and every requisite . And now for the manner of its support . There is grazing land enough for fifteen cows belonging to the institution , and about fourteen acres of arable land—that is , land that can be cultivated . There are 150 old and sick persons in the hospital ; and as you enter by a spacious door , and through a spacious passage , the very fragrance of the' plaee hints as to what you are to expect . As you enter you are received by one or more " Sisters of Charity , " whose holy , and whose only , work or care , is attendance on the poor sick , and ohl ' and infirm . ^ The whole is managed by 21 "Suteri ^ pfyc ^ ny ^^ i ^ ndjfour " novices . " . TwooKth ^ aaistersQsitHUpiejfirKJnjght l & g ^^ a ^ ^^ Hi ^ ^^ SS ^^^^^ WTyr * patient : and the ' manner in which they administer to the wants of the sick is most angelic . Let me give you an instance as I go on . Outside of the hospital for the old men is a splendid terrace , where they smoke , and from which they may descend into a beautiful lawn to walk . "When the sisters brought us out to see the old men smoking and amusing themselves , one poor old blind man got up to go into the hospital , and in crossing the threshold of the door his foot slipped , when the sisters ran to his aid , not as though he was a " burden , " but as if he was an object of love . One of them helped him by the arm to the chair near his bedside . 0 ! how my heart jumped with joy at this act of religious kindness ; and how " Andover , " and "the bones , " and the " dead stone , " where living paupers are "laid out" in England , flashed across my mind . It appeared to be the delight of those angelic women to hear the old men prattle . Quo of them asked a very old man how old he was ; and he commenced with a laugh , " I am 90 : aud I have a wife yet : and you see , " putting his hand on his head , "I have a good wig of my own too . " The sisters all looked cheerfully and approvingly at the old man , and laughed heartily together . Thore was a bolster and pillow to each bed , with covers as white as snow , and sheets equally white : everything , in short , delightful . At the foot of each bed was each patient's tea-pot , cup , saucer , plate , knife , fork , soup-basin , cream jug , and spoons : indeed everything that could be required . An arm-chair stood beside each bed . The sisters were washing tho floors , off all of which you could have eaten , they were so clean . Vines were encircling every window . The working room was actually a conservatory . The chapel , the unostentatious chapel , the old Catholic chapel , such as it was in England before the bloody Harry robbed it of that which superinduced simplicity ; such a chapel stands at one end of the building ; and through folding doors all that is said is communicated to the sick in the adjoining room . Iu the chapel is a beautiful , or rather a splendid organ , upon which a " novice " was kind enough to play . The history of this novice was the only thing that made n ; e melancholy . She came to the hospital about a year ago with her father , who is a celebrated musician , of Cologne , in Germany . He came to tune the organ ; aud she was so infatuated with tho unostentatious religion of the " Good Sisters , " that she determined to abandon the world , and give herself up to like acts of charity . She is a lovely creature , about nineteen ; and made more lovely by tho simplicity of dress and manner . [ f a stranger comes to the hospital for relief , he is taken in ; and , if a Belgian , the manager writes to the manager of his own department for tenpence for every night he has been there : but , if a foreigner the Government pays for him . Now , this glorious institution is supported upon little more than the niilk of fifteen cows , and the produce of . fourteen acres of land : but then there are no cormorants to lap the cream and leave the skim-mill : for the rightful owners ; no ruffians to eat the fat and the lean , and send , the " bones" to bo picked by the poor . J shall have much more to say on this subject hereafter . In my next I shall return to the small farms . Bear in mind , that all the good institutions of which 1 speak , spring from the laud . I hope to be with you once more by Monday , tho Gth of October , as the Austrian Government is resolved that I shall not peep into its Italian territories . I have been in a little town at one extremity of Switzerland , since Sunday morning , and it is now Tuesday noon . The Austrian barrier is within 150 yards of the house where I stop , but they tell mo that my passport is not properly signed , and that I cannot pass the frontier ; though I have passed through Belgium , Prussia , Germany , Nassau , Baden-Baden , France , and Switzerland with it . Perhaps , hereafter , I may make my travels otherwiseinteresting , when I have made them subserve the small-farm system . From all that I have seen , and heard , and learned , lam resolved never to relax my exertions , until I seo every English Irish , and Scotch man , who wishes to live without " a master , " enabled to do so . I am , your faithful friend and servant , Fearctos O'Cosxor .

      The Veteran Patriots' Fund. To Tiir Char...

      THE VETERAN PATRIOTS' FUND . To TiiR Chartists op the Uxited Kingdom . Dear Friends , —I rejoice in the establishment , at last , ot the two funds , viz ., the " Veteran Patriot ' Fund , " and the " Exiles' Widow and Orphans Fund ;" and although so late in the day , I sincerely hope that every good Chartist will at once vigorously apply himself to the good work , lay aside all differences , discountenance all bickerings , and unite in removin " the disgrace attached to our body , that we have so shamefully neglected those WllO have faithfully , zealously and so long struggled for the " Rights of Man . Let it not be said , we cannot afford it ; the answer is , look to your Land fund , to which you can send upwards of £ 200 weekly . Look to the veteran f i ° J - ° ' for more . t , ian balf a century , has laboured the

      m Democratic ranks , and now In his ( 0 th year with his aged partner , actually destitute ot a bed whereon to rest their aged and infirm limbs . 1 have frequently , with an aching heart , beheld their loriorn and impoverished condition . In addition to the above there ' s daddy Richards , of the Potteries Smartof Leicester ; Dcvenport , of London ; and other ^ -men who ; have , throughout along life , distinguished themselves as consistent advocates of a sufferinc people . Up then , and be doing ! Let it not te said these old men shall be sent into the damnable bastile—mayhap to gnaw the bones of their fellow-Creatnres . No ; that indeed would break their hearts ; for though now old and feeble , the flame of liberty still burns with undiminished ardour in their breasts . I desire that all monies subscribed for this puipose may bo forwarded to tho General Postim

      »»» , O * . lWartin ' S-le-Gl'And , made payable to Mr . Cooper the secretary . And when I inform our friends that myself , as treasurer , and tho rest of the committee act perfectly gratuitous , they will feel desirous to save us all the trouble they can . I am yours , in the good cause , „ . „ , . , John Shaw , Treasurer . 31 , Uloucestcr-street , Commercial-road F / . ' , s * .

      /%&>?&*< *> Tfi&^J ^ 6^%^^K

      / % &>?&*< *> tfi &^ j ^ 6 ^ % ^^ k

      ; And National Trades'. Joubnal

      ; AND NATIONAL TRADES ' . JOUBNAL

      Vol. Viii. No. 41^. London, Saturdayt^Ct...

      VOL . VIII . NO . 41 ^ . LONDON , SATURDAyT ^ CTOBER 4 / 1 845 T ^~ ™™ * m ™ « si .- JPIyc Shillings ami Sixpence i > cr Ouarlcr

      Tfovtign Mtellmmt

      tfovtign Mtellmmt

      Spain. We Take The Following From The Ti...

      SPAIN . We take the following from the Times : — Hadjiid , Sept . 19 . —Beyond the information possessed by the Fiseals and the secret police , littla is lenown , either to the accused themselves or to the public , of the nature or amount of the charge against General Crespo and Senor Sagarti , whose approaching trial , if indeed they are not treated a la Corradi and Calvo , promises to be interesting . I hare lately alluded to the barbarous treatment received by these persons , and their being confined in filthy dungeons during fifty day * , without being p ermitted to communicate with a human being except the alcalde of the prison , who brought th * m their food . The Fiscal , who is chsrged with drawing up the accusation against them , and whose business it will hi to prosecute them , has been an officer in Cabrera ' s army . One can judge how little Mercy wiU he shotrn such men as Crespo and Sagarti at the hands of such a prosecutor .

      As far as can yet he learned , it appears that the charge against Sagarti is , that he was the president of a club of direction ; and against Crespo , that he was the party intended to have been placed at the head of the force destined to make a revolution and overthrow the Government . It was only after fifty-one dajs of imprisonment that they were informed of the nature of these charges , " as they appeared from the documents , " to use the expression of the Fiscal . They were refused the right , granted and commanded by the law , of perusing , or even seeing the declarations made by the witnesses , and the names of the informer * were refused to be communicated to them , —also in violation of the same law , Being thus denied the facility of examining the act of accusation , they are consequently debarred from making the usual counter-declaration , or from being able to call witnesses whose testimony could contradict that of tho common informers who accuse them . Tha accused h » Ye

      protestedagainst such conduct , and thus the matter rest * at present ; but , if we may judge from the manner in which other political prosecutions hare been conducted , there is but lztle hope that their remonstrances will be attended to , or that anything like justice wDl be done them , sagarti ana crespo mast be got rid of at any cost . With such things before us , it would be absurd to suppose that the Govemnientintends changing its system of brute force , encouragement of informers , swindlers , and perjurers—an administration of justice worse than even ia the worst days Of the inquisition , arc ( IlC blessings like to be in store for Spain as long as such a man as Xarvaea rules the country .

      Barceloxa , Sept . 22 . —The same military occupa tion of this city continues withmrt the slightest modi fication , to which it is universally admitted itstran quillity is . alone .-to be attributed .

      Spain. We Take The Following From The Ti...

      Mabiud , Skpt . 2 . 5 . —Colonql Ortega , deputy for Saragossa , has just been arrested there , aud brought under arrest to Madrid . Tlie court-martial has condemned live of the parties taken up on the night of the 5 th to one year ' s ini irhontuent each . SWITZERLAND . ; Annssr of Communists . —A Berne letter , of Sept . 25 , says : " The President of tho Communist Club ol Berne , who was a simple workman at one of , the printing-ollices , has just been arrested . The club was -immediately closed . A formidable coalition ol workmen has been formed at Soleure . The Artizans at Argau are drawing up a , petition against the-Iiberty of manufactures , and against the introduction ol foreign manufactured produce . " :, - ''"!••

      ITALY . The Papat . TjinnonisM . —Wc take the following from the Morning Chronicle : — " Our private advices from Leghorn of the 20 th instant mention , that the attempt at revolt which was to have taken place in the legations towards the middle of the month had completely miscarried . The patriots , it appears , had tampered with . tke troops of the garrison of Ancona , Seccgaglia , and Rimini , on whoso co-operation they relied , but shortly before the period fixed for the outbreak the Pontifical Government , to which the plot had becndenounced . ckangcd all tho garrisons , and thus defeated their plans . The principal chiefs had fled . Military commissions were immediately established in the . different localities ; the Pontifical volunteers wcro ; re-qrganiscd , and / ordcr . 1 were forwarded from . ' Rome to arm thejinbabitahts of the suburb ^ of jJ ? aCTZ | a ^ B ^ CSlfTOwrir ^ The ^ comm ^ um ^ iCTmg ivnufvcinihn liad sentenced 50 or 00 individuals to the trallevs .

      RUSSIA . The following is an extract of a letter from St . Petersburg , of the 11 th inst . : — The system of JlasiianUing all the dependent provinces of tha empire has received a new application . I am assured that the Emperor , bafore quitting St . IV . tcrabuvg signed a new code for the Carman provinces , based upon the laws of Itussia before the conquest of theso provinces , which were originally dependent on Poland . Those ol Courlaud and Livonia enjoyed a franchise and local institutions founded on the German system , and particularly on that of the Huuseatic towns . Peter the Great and his

      successors always accorded them a separate and exceptional system of legislation and public institutions . Knowing , too , as they did , tli 9 corruption of a Hussiaii Senate , these provinces were careful never to appeal to a body so characterised , but , on the contrary , invested their own magistrates with tbe entire control of their own affairs . The step of the Emperor in resolving to put them upon the same footing with the other Uusshm provinces lias , therefor * , caused the greatest agitation . Tho nobility of Courlaud and Livonia are in a state of higli

      discontent , and the more as they have contributed to raise that einpira to the power which it now possesses . Jackcii , Witgcnstein , 1 'alilcn , Witziugerode , « fcc ., belong to those provinces , and moreover am men who exercise * high iniluciK'c over the destinies of the empire . The tidings of the disaster in Civcassia are completely confirmed . Public opinion holds the Emperor particularly to blame for their occurrence , and accuses him of having sacrificed an army and giren up considerable resources , in his obstinate determination to foliowa plan of compuign disapproved of by his best generate .

      UNITED STATES . Liverpool , Susday . —The royal mail steamer Caledonia , Captain E . G . Lott , arrived in the Mersey to-day at noon . She left Boston on the 10 th instant , and IJalifax on the 18 th , and has therefore made the whole voyage iu li J days , deducting her stay at Halifax . There is no account of any hostilities having taken place at " the seat of war , " as Tcvasis termed in the United States papers ; the rumours of large Mexican armies marching towards that country appear to ba pure fictions , whilst the emptiness of the Mexican Treasury and the impossibility of getting it loan are realities , not to be overcome in an occasion where the feelings of the people arc little in unison with the wishes of their rulers . From all accounts .

      the sole preventive that exists against a war between the two countries is the want of money oil the part Oi Mexico . In the meantime tha country is ill great disorder , and the province of Tobasco , taking advantage of tbo opportunity , have revolted and declared their independence . The American forces in Texas have been suffered to concentrate and establish their position , undisturbed by any attack at Corpus Christ ! , described as one of the healthiest and most beautiful spots in the world . It it said that Gen . Taylor will occupy this position for about two * months , and in case the Mexicans in the meantime take no measures of decisive attack , that they will then move

      forward to the mouth and borders of the Rio Grande , and will establish that as the boundary lino between the two countries . Tho Washington Union , however , says : —* ' Letters have been received from the capital of Mexico to the 30 th of July : they express great doubt whether Congress would pass the declaration of war , and whether they would not consider their previous avowals in relation to annexation as tantamount , to a declaration and whether they ^ would not attempt to strike at us without a declaration . Il is confidently said that they are sending all the troops they could despatch to the frontier with that view , General Felasela to be coniniiUld . cr-inehief . "

      The Anti-Rest Movement . — About one hundred and fifty of the most active of the Anti-Renters have been captured and lodged in prison . The court-house at Iludson , state of New York , where the trial of the Anti-Renters was proceeding , was the scene of an unseemly outrage between the Attorney-General of the State , John Van Burcn , Esq ., son of the late president , and Mr . A . Jordan , who indulgcd . in a pugilistic contest in open court , which was carried on with great spirit amid great confusion , the judge calling loudly for order ; after sometime the sheriffs succeeded in separating the combatants , who were then placed at the bar ( one of them , observe , being tho Attorney-General of the State ) , aud committed to prison for twenty-four hours for contempt of court .

      Miscellaneous News . — An organised oand of thieves , or banditti , has been discovered in the Wabash Valley , Indiana . Five have been captured by the citizens . At Chestertown , Maryland , Mr . Edward ltoe was killed by a negro , whom he had threatened to chastise . A man , supposed to have been one of the murderers of Colonel " Davenport , of Rock Island , Illinois—he having the colonel ' s watch iu iiis possession—has been captured and beaten to death by the people—There has been a riot at Kingston , Canada , which was quelled by tho military , but not until several persons were wounded . The cause was not political . —At Burton , Ohio , owing to a sentinel having refused one Nathan Brittan to pass into an enclosure of volunteers , the latter stabbed the sentinel to the heart . The murderer is in custody .

      —ill . Nugent and a young Frenchman were drowned on the 21 st ult ., in consequence of their canoe going over the grand Falls , New Brunswick . —At Montreal Races a large body of the ruffians called " Canallcrs " commenced a riot , and nearly murdered Mr . Seott , member of Parliament , from Two Mountains . The rioters . were dispersed _ by the military . —Circumstances have transpired in New York , which have led to the belief that one er two young females have been sacrificed by practisers of abortions , deliberate murder , etc ., and some of their bodies sold for dissection . Several persons are In custody on suspicion of having been connected with these horrid mysteries . —Nearly half of the town of Ancaster , Canada West , has been destroyed by fire . At Gordon's Falls , near Bangor , eight men were drowned by theswampingof a boat on Monday week .

      THE WAR IN THE CAUCASUS . The Journal des Bebats makes the following comments on the recent news from the Caucasus : — "Letters from St . Petersburg , referring to the recent news from the Caucasus , announce that the army has altogether returned into Its cantonments , and confirm all the details which have been already given of the great expedition of Dargo . The retreat has been really disastrous . The army , which left Dargo on the 13 th of July ( Russian calendar ) , after having remained six days waiting for the great convoy which was carried off by Schamil , had only three days * march to make in ord « r to reach the line of the Sundja and the Terek . But when they arrived on the left bank of the Aksai , it was discovered that it would be impossible to continue the march , unless by losing half of the army in forcing a passage . Schamil and his mountaineers were raising everywhere new barriers with trunks of trees , and it would be necessary to make the same

      series of attacks , as for the capture of Dargo . The army was encumbered with their wounded , and they dragged along the inconvenient burden of twenty pieces of cannon , which were not of the slightest use during the whole expedition . In this painful extremity , the General-in-Chief came to the determination to halt at an uncovered pomb outside the forest , near a hamlet called CIiaougal-Ber dy , and the army remained there four days , blocked up by the enemy . However , it had been contrived to send forward , for a largereward , two natives of the auxiliary companies , to General , frcitag , commander of fllC fOftS »| 10 cantonments of the Argoun and the Sundja . One of the two despatches fortunately arrived , and this general immediately despatching his orders in all directions , was able in two days to get together the greatest part of his division , and at once proceeded to the assistance of the army , with eight battalions , three squadrons , and twelve p ieces of cannon , with stores and ammunition . Had it U 9 t been

      Spain. We Take The Following From The Ti...

      for JJie opportune arrival of this reinforcement , Gane al Wovouzotl' was likely tu . uwut vith the same check and on tooyiry same ground us his predecessor , Genwal Grabb-, tvjienj : ti made the lit at attack on the Al « ai side . It whs b . v . tljpICara . KoYssputliat General Woronzoffhad commenced libj operation * , but it is evident that he was oi ^ S ^" *?* ^ could imt return ' by the-same road on , leWiHiev and VntzapiwTa , whence he had set out ; and , « j ^^?' . PI" - , ars b . v the last report published , that he " ' ¦ } M ? ° tho tm ' ce fy , rt *> established alon S that road , , . t 5 | a * vacuated durilur his marchforward . At St . Peters' ^!? S » 1 omc 5 : l 1 WOrW ' ! t is Pretended that ' Central W lTMttoft loft a prison at Dargo . That appears to us inadmissible , and ivo enn only look on it as a report circulated by the government to satisfy public opinion , whi . l ,

      hasten thrown into much agitation by the account of the immense losses caused by this disastrous expedition . Weh ^ ve before us thuouioial report of the 4 th ( ICth ) of August , published in she government Oasetteat St . Petersburgglu winch General Woronzoff announces bis departureiroinDargo , hU arrival at Aksai , his halt at Cbuougal-Uerdi / -and finally , the junction of G-meval Fi-eiteg > vith tlLgnncinal army . I „ tflis wport I | 0 t ft WQnl jg gaU of ttn £ Sft ™? on bomjj left at Dargo . Obliged to evacuate s . strong Position in " the centre of tho mountains of Da « - li ? stau , ^ nd which had cost him so dear , the genoral would not ; have fitiled to declare , by way of compensation , that ho bad installed a garrison there to hold the mountaineers iiivpheckV Another proof of the improbability of tills ne ^ s , lithe evacuation of the three fortified posts / which to tholine

      united ^ iirao oftha Sounds , and the central foMOf . ^ oezapnnin . F rom the disastrous termination of tmps ^ ition , the capturo of the convoy , tha loss of the tjj ^^^^ ls killed by the Tchctchens , the blockade of the Hl'lByiuTniu forests of the Aksai , to leave sv garrison nt ¦ JDargo would have boon to abandon to the enemy a certain prey , since the troops left there would have been isolated , without any possibility of aSibvding them succour ; the rude experiment made b y two able generals proving that it was necessary to got together 20 , 000 men , and lose at least a quarter of that number , to penetrate there . Notwithstanding the painful results of tho expedition , the Emperor has distributed numerous recompenses to his army of the Caucasus . The Emperor , besides , was desirous of masking the disastrous part of tho camp .-. ign

      by the ( clat of the honours awarded ; but the truth hath pierctd through ; aud ho cannot conceal from himself the evil effects which are likely to ensue . lie beholds his power , and the renown of the Russian armies , continuing year after year to fail before some wretched mountaineer ? , who cannot bring togcthur on n single point mori tliail eight Ol' toll thousand combatants , wan tin ;; powder , and half of whom arc only arniod with hows and arrows . This prolonged resistance , sometimes victorious and always invincible , humiliates him in a certain measure in tho jyes of Europe , and therefore he wants to finish tho matter in any way—by fire or sword . We must , ill eoiisKjuence , expect to see , at tho commencement of the approaching season , a new campaign commenced , iu whbh will be displayed the greatest possible efforts . "

      'Die German papers statethatagre . it number of Polish refugees from France , England , and liehjium have passed through 'Leghorn on their way to Smyrna , where they are to assemble preparatory to proceeding to the Caucasus , to join the Circassians in tho war against the Russians .

      ITALY . The Ikoonv . Papal Despotism . —Morh Assassinations of lViniOTS . —London , Saturdat Mouni . no , Sept . 27 . —The following appoara in the Chronicle of this morning : — " At the University of Bologna several arrests have taken place of late , for instance of M . Masini , brother of the professor of that name . Tho order for'his apprehension arrived from ftome in the night , and he was instantly conveyed thither by a strong military forao . Tho exasperation in the llomagna is the greater , as it has come to lij ; ht that one oi the persons executed in Ilnvenna was entirely innocent of th * ofl ' cnce for which he was put to death Tho two Bologncsc , JlarrinteiT ltessan Galctti and Massioli , have been sentenced to the galleys , the ibwnei' for life , tlie latter for twenty years . Even the clerk of M . Galetti is to be confined for three years .

      INDIA AND CHINA . London , Thursday , October 2 . —The cxtraordinary express , in anticipation of tho Indian Mail to the " 23 th of August , has arrived . There is no longer any doubt as to tho assembling of an army on the banks of the Sutlej , in order to enable tho present Sickh Government to curb its licentious soldiery . The Queen-Mother and her'brother , the Wuzcer of the bay King Dtdcep Sin ;; , arc stated to be now acting ill concert with the British agents , for tho purpose of putting down the insolence and rebellious spirit of tlie Khalsa troops and tho fanatic Akhalees . Umballa is named as the place of rendezvous for all tho " politicals , " as tho lion . Company ' s diplomatic agents arc occasionally called in India . The

      Governor-General , tlie Commander- in- Chief , the Lieutenant-Governor of the North-West Provinces , Mr . Thomason , and Mr . G . 11 . Clerk , who was said to be on his way from England , are to have a conference at Agra , after which the important movements will be commenced . The cholera had disappeared at Sukknr and Hyderabad . The preparations for any movement that might bo necessary against tho Punjaub wore going on silently but surely , especially in the boats for bridges and steamers , & c . It appeared to be expected that Sir Charles Dsapior would be called on to proceed to join tlio Governor-General , in case any hostile measures became imperative in the Punjaub . The news from China is unimportant .

      IMPORTANT FROM THE RIVER PLATE , Falmouth , Sun . 30 . —By the Martha Jane , arrived off Penzance , from Buenos Ayres , wc have received still later accounts therefrom , tothe 2 Gth oi July . The accompanying particulars of an interview between the British residents and Mr . Ouselcy will give an idea of tlie position of affairs at the above period . The deputation of the committee of British merchants waited on W . G . Ouselcy , Esq ., her British Majesty ' s Minister Plenipotentiary , this morning ( 20 th July ) , when he entered upon " the following relation oi the present state of the negotiations with the Argentine Government : —

      " That the Argentine Government has been in the commencement of the joint negociations , imd repeatedly afterwards , requested by the Ministers of England and France , to agree to a temporary suspension of hostilities , so as to give opportunity for ne < rociatioa to be gone into without any useless loss of life in the meantime . " This proposition was not accepted by tho Argentine Government ; on the contrary , it required the rigorous blockade ofMonto Video to be acknowledged , and meanwhile tho siege of that town was

      pushed more vigorously than before by General Oribe . " On the refusal of the temporary suspension of hostilities , a note was presented by the Ministers requiring the Government to withdraw the Argentine troops from the Estado Oriental , and tho squadron from before Monte Video , the Ministers binding themselves on their part to the disarming of the foreigners who have taken part in the dissensions of the Estado Oriental , thus leaving the native inhabitants to choose their own Government .

      " This ultimatum was made fixing the 31 st instant ( July ) for orders to be given for the withdrawal of the Argentine forces , warning tho Government that i such orders were not given on or before the 31 st , thf English and French Ministers would leave this citv . '

      Taseg' Jftobcmcnts

      taSeg' Jftobcmcnts

      Address, By The Central Committee Of The...

      ADDRESS , BY THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE UNITED TRADES ASSOCIATION

      FOll THE PROTECTION OF INDUSTRY . The Central Committee , appointed by tho July Trades Conference , for the purpose of carrying a general organisation into effect , beg to call the attention of the working classes to the result of the labours of that conference , viz .: —the formation of two institutions , each to work in connection with the other ; aud in their respective functions , each calculated to meet the peculiar evils which deteriorate die condition of those who depend upon labour for their subsistence . Tho two associations arc separate in ikeir government , because they require a separate and different application of their respective funds ;; and because there are trades whose circumstances would prevent' them uniting with both , who could with advantage avail-themselves of oho of them ;

      both , however , are intended to work Side 1 ) V side , and each will receive countenance and strength by the prosperity of the other . In order to appreciate these institutions , it will be advisable to give a very brief analysis of the circumstances which injuriously affect the condition of working men . ' Tho position ol employer and employed is precisely that of bargainers for the sale and purchase of labour . In all bargains , the buyer is disposed to give as little , aud the seller to get as much as possible , for what he has to exchange ; it is easy , therefore , to be wen , that he of the two who is most sulgcct to the immediate pressure of necessity will be obliged to yield to the price of the other , in the exact proportion as his necessities are most immediate . It need

      not be said that the necessities of the workman are much more immediate than those of his cmploytr , and that consequently , singly , ho has no chance in the bargain . It is indispensable , therefore , that the employed should take measures to correct' this inequality ol' position in the bargain with their employers ; lor tliere is no situation so helpless on the one part , and consequently so certain to induce every species of oppression , as when the buyer or seller has his opponent completely at his mercy . As individually , therefore , the workman cannot

      successfully contend with his employer , it becomes his imperative duty to unite with his fellow workmen in order that his position in the bargain may be rectified to something like equality . The necessity oi ' union being thus founded upon tho natural sense of justice which prompts every one to resist oppression , it is essential that such unionshould be formed wisely to carry out its specific objects , and to adapt itself to such exigencies as may arise in the struggle of labour with capital for a fair remuneration . To obtain this fair remuneration is the intention of the United

      Trades Association tor the protection ot Industry . Besides tho necessity of thus uniting'to correct the inequality of position of labour and capital , it often happens that without any Intention of mk ' us < n . ' .,. intake of their superior ability to stand out against a lair price for labour , the employers have multitudes of unemployed workmen , competing each with the other , lor employment , and bidding cash under the other , to obtain it . This evil , which formerly was confined in a great measure to unskilled labour , the unceasing application of machinery now renders very possible to every trade . The only remedv here is to withdraw , if

      possible , the surplus labour from the market—to take such measures as shall prevent tho workmen , from being in these circumstances compelled by sheer hunger to submit to any terms , however oppressive . \\ ith this view the Association for the employment of surplus labour in agriculture and manufactures , is submitted for attention . For it will be seen that to effect any real and permanent amelioration of tho conditiw ' is of the working classes , they must not only unite for mutual protection , but must adopt measures to abstract from tho marketthatsurplus labour which would otherwise of itself cause the most abject state of social misery . ¦ ,

      These measures , although directed to the same end , arc yet sufficiently distinct to induce the Conference to decide upon the formation of two associations , to carry them out in scpta-ato yetlumfiomousoperation . It cannot be doubted , that a general organisation of trades will give a power to resist oppression' which cannot be possessed by any trade singly , and moreover , by uniting many trades in one interest , an aggregate mass of opinion will ba formed , which in the end , will do much for the benefitof the working classes , and prevent the necessity of their having recourse to the more physical expedient ot strikes . Under the conviction , therefore , that the spirit of union , tempered with moderation and equity , should in future characterise tho proceedings of the working classes ,

      the United Trades' Association for the protection ol [ ndustry has been instituted , arid if entered into and supported with that earnestness which its importance merits , results will be achieved by the influence of its united powers which , if sought bjr isolated efforts , could only terminate in defeat and disappointment . The objects of the auxiliary institution , the Association for the Employment of Surplus Labour in Agriculture and Manufactures , is sullicicntly apparent from its title ; it aims at maintaining the price Of laubur by preserving a healthy relation between the demand and the supply . This it proposes to do by giving employment to the surplus labour in whatever manner or locality may bo thought most eligible .

      As tlie immediate business of the Central Committee , however , relates more especially to the first of these institutions , it will at present confine its remarks to tlie Association for the Protection of Industry . The impossibility of contending successfully against tho iulluonco of capital has long since been experienced by the disunited working classes , and the formation of Trades Unions was forced upon them as a means of defence . The great evil of these expedients has hitherto been the contradicted basis upon which they were established , the power brought into action being at the utmost only sufficient to protract resistance , but not to ensure success . The more united trades have sometimes obtained partial and temporary advantages , while others have been rendered more helpless by their unsuccessful struggles .

      The blame of failure , however , does not rest with tho system , but tlie contracted scale on which it lias been conducted ; and the obvious remedy lies , therefore , in its extension ; not merely to embrace the entire of ene trade , but to unite all trades in one general confederation , which by presenting a strong barrier against unjust Aggression , will prevent attack , as peace is often ensured by there being no weak point which could be successfully assailed . # In carrying out the great objects of the Association , it is not intended to supersede local unions , the ordinary affairs of which can be much better administered by its own members , who arc more immediately interested in and practically acquainted with their particular trade and locality ; but when the

      Association shall have been matured , it is intended , as laid down by the Conference , to form a common centre , towards which their associated means may converge for mutual assistance and support in cases of need ; and from which these means may be re-distributcd in such masses , and upon such points , as may most effectually secure the great objects of all working men ; namely , to enable them to withstand all aggressions , obtain a just participation in the wealth they assist to produce , and promote such improvements in their condition , physically , mentally , and morally , as becomes rational beings , the advanced state of science , and the superabundance of the means , for ; supporting and educating the population , now at the command of society .

      The Association of United Trades will enable each particular trade that may join it , in the case of disputes or strikes , to fight its individual battle with the whole strength of the Association ; and will multiply its means twenty , fifty , or a hundred-fold , according to its own powers and numbers compared with that of the entire Association . The Association will also bring to bear on all disputed points between employers and employed , a more powerful moral influence than any isolated Union can exercise . This , it may be anticipated , will prevent many of these disputes from terminating in turn-outs or strikes , and where these are discovered to be indispensable , will give them the sanction and aid of a strong public opinion , created and directed by peaceful and constitutional means . Orwio . v in _ the end is more powerful than wealth . The Association-will wield both for the service of Labour .

      In past struggles the law lias been too often perverted to tho service of Capital . One of the objects of the Association will be to secure its impartial administration , and to bring to tho aid of labour , that legal knowledge and ability , which has heretofore been almost entirely monopolised by capital . An instrument of tyranny , which is Capable ot the most tremendous abuse , will thus be wrested from the hands of those who have too many incitements to misuse it , and the working men in future struggles will be aided , not opposed by the law . Such arc the leading objects of the Association Of United Trades for tho Protection of Industry , in order to assign to labour its true position in tho economy of social life , to remove the accumulated evils under which it has long suffered , and to introduce a new era in the history of this country , when the abundance of its productions shall contribute to the happiness of tho sons of toil , instead of being reserved for tlie exclusive indulgence of the few . It will be seen that

      Address, By The Central Committee Of The...

      the intention of the whole is to rectify tlie two great evils with which labour has always to contend , viz ., the inequality of its position individually in competing with capital , and the inundation of surplus labour in the market . - How far the institutions now formed will answer these purposes will depend upon the support they receive from the working classes . In conclusion , the Committee bes to impress upon all that the

      Association for tlie protection of industry is solely under the managoinen t and control of working men unconnected with any political or other party . Whatever colour there may have been for a contrary opinion in the earlier stages of their proceedings there is none now . A perusal of the rules will show tlwt no movement can take place , or agreement be entered into , without the sanction and authority of the bona fide representatives of the working classes . T . Barratx , Sec , SvHyde StreetBloomsbury .

      , , CjiXTitAL Cojimiitku . —T . S . Buncombe , Esq ., M . P ., President ; J . Bush , Carpenter , Vice-President ; T . J . Dunning , Bookbinder , London ; AV . Allen . Tin Plate Worker , London ; 3 ) . James , Boot Maker , Loudon ; AT . J . Your . * , Carpenter , London ; F . Green , Morocco Leather Fiiiislicr" London ; Ik Mullen , AVooleomber , Bradford ; J . Rogers , Carpenter , Bristol ; W . Felkin , Frame AVork Knitter , Mansfield ; AV . Palmer , Plasterer , Manchester ; G . Lynns , Silk Weaver , Ne-rwich ; J . limy , Miner , Wigan .

      Not1ce.-To The United Trades And Avoiiki...

      NOT 1 CE .-TO THE UNITED TRADES AND AVOIIKIN-G CLASSES GENEUALLY . If there be one thing mora than another that tends to impede the improvement of tho social condition of the working classes , it is the want of a competent knowledge of their own capabilities . Accustomed from early life to their particular calling or profession , tlicy pi'useeutfi the samo with a degree of intense interest , thinking tint their happiness dependa upon that alone ; neither are they altogether culpable for tho absence of that knowledge which certain

      other portions of society possess . The condition of workim ; men ami the price of labour have long been such , that iii proportion to tku amount of knowledge they acquire , they must sacrifice their domestic comforts , and that , Komtimcs , to ,, the injury of their families . Other portions of society , who have found the mcaus of acquiring knowledge , have not thenwans of disseminating that knowledge amongst their fellow working men . Thus tko working classes have * been led , and governed , by the cupidity of others , whose interest it has been to keep them iii a state or ' mental imbeciiitv .

      Judging from theory rather than practice , working men have generally considered that unless tlicy were classical scholars or of reputed talent they could be of little service in elevating their condition in society . Thus they have either not made the attempt , or lost confidence in themselves before they had accomp lished their object . But surely there is a sort of kno ' . vledgo , which , though not taught in our pubiic schools , may be acquired by every man , and which , when once acquired , will be of more practical utility than all the scholastic lore in the universe— -namely , how best to use his powers for his own advantage and ' that of his fellow man . This is the swnniWH iMHMVt of Jail knowledge , an axiom that is engraven upon our intellectual faculties . When a man has acquired ? that knowledge he is independent of more ; without it , he is little elevated above the brute recreation . In order to effect any important change iu the condition of the working classes two thiiics arc

      necessary ; fu-st , that they should understand what is tobe done ; and , secondly , that they should have confidence in themselves , and in the fidelity of those who co-operate with them to accomplish the samepurpose . With these two points working men now seem to have determined to grapple , and if tlioyhavo ««»¦ ' MiIm , tl . vy i . . l ..:, t H > -fc r # miul * ttu \ n nl ' n . » n"noti The Board of Directors of the United Trades' Association , established for the employment of labour in agriculture and manufactures , finding that a spirit o £ inquiry exists throughout tbe country us to tho objects of this Association , and tho manner in which it is proposed to accomplish those objects ; and feeling assured thntit ' is only necessary to amy out tho two points above alluded to , have determined to send , forthwith , through the various towns in the kingdom , talented working men , who will be able to elucidate the principles of the Association ; and who , by their probity and experience , together with their knownintegrity , will fully answer the above purpose , and do justice to the cause they are sent to advocate .

      It is considered that working men , who are connected with , and who understand the nature and practical bearing of trades unions in general , as well " as the poiYCMJuid position of tho working classes , will serve the purpose more effectually than any others could do . Announcements will be made through tha Northern Star and other periodicals as to when the agents of the Association will be visiting the various localities ; and it is confidently hoped that Trade Societies will render them every assistance by previously making local arrangements lor the reception of such parties . Arrangements arc in progress with Mr . J . Skcltorr of London to commence the work proposed , and the town ho will lirat visit % vill bo announced iii out ? next .

      Grans Procession Op Mixbrs At Avic-Ax, I...

      Grans Procession op Mixbrs at Avic-ax , is lloxoun Oi \ V . P . BonuKTs , Esij . —The Miners of tho AVigan district having purposed for some timo past to do hoiiuur ^ to their " Attorney-General , " for the many legal victories he had achieved for them , determined upon giving him a public entry into the town on Monday last ; aud in order to make it worthy of the iusm and hit 1 ibours , every Miner in tho district voluntarily laid aside his nick and spada to be present on tho occasion . The morning was most unfavourable , the rain falling without intermission until seven o ' clock , when the sun broke through , the clouds , causing the deep anxiety which was depictod in the countenances of the hardy sons of the mint ) to disappear nuclei' Ills hivuM'atine

      rays , AVith cheerful smiles they now began to wend their way to the general rendezvous , from whence , at nine o'clock , with music playing and banners flying , the procession moved do « n the Scholcs . At tho bridge they were joined !> y their champion in an open carriage , in which wc observed also Mr . Grocott , the county secretary ; Mr . John Berry ; and our old and respected townsman , Mr . AYm . Dixon . The procession took the following route .: — Up Mill-gate and StanilishgalCi » s far as the monument , when the procession returned to iho Market-place , and then proceeded along AVallgate , Queen-street , Chapcl-lnne , over the Scholcs Bridge , up Warringlon-lanc , llardybuts , Manchester-road , to llaniberswood Common , where a hustings had

      boon provided for the speakers . In the procession were two very splendid new silk banners , provided for the occasion ; on one of which was the full-length figure of a working Miner , with a scroll in his hand , containing an appropriate motto . On the reverse was the motto— " United we stand , divided we fall . " On the other banner was a beautiful representation of the Miners' emblem , and ou the reverse " . United we stand , divided we fall . " This , was the largest gathering of Miners ever held in this country , there being from 8000 to 10 , 000 persons present . On the motion of Messrs . Dixon and Ilalgutc , Mr . John Bei'r-y was unanimously called upon to preside . Mr . Deny opened the meeting by reading the placard , after which he said that when three years aco they held

      their first meeting , the coal masters said that they would break up their union . in three months ; but , thank God , their union ' was riot broken , Rcithcr was it sick , nor had it even wanted a doctor . Ilohonotl they would conclude tho day as they had begun it—in peace and sobriety . The meeting was then addressed by Messrs . Dixon , Ilalgate , Price , Dennct , and Mr " Roberts , and the following resolutions were agreed to : — " That we , the Miners of Lancashire , feel convinccd from ' past experience and the every-day practices of the coal masters , that justice will never be done to the working man until he is paid for his work by weight instead of as now , by measure . AVe therefore pledge ourselves that wc will not relax in our exertions until this object is accomplishet ) . "— . "Tliat _ we , the Miners of Lancashire , in a public meeting assembled , do

      hereby declare our unqualified confidence in the principles of restriction , believing the same to be eminently calculated to work out the salvation , of the miners of this county , and we recommend our brethren in every part of the country to adopt it without delay . " The procession was again formed and proceeded back to the town in the same order as ' they left , and each party then departed to their respective club-houses , where substantial dinners were provided for them . AVe have to add , that tho proprietor of the New Patricroffc Colliery gave hia . men £ 1 , and that Mr . AVhalfcy presented the men in his employment with £ 3 and a small barrel of ale . lie likewise gave £ 3 to the musicians that played at the procession . What makes those gifts ot more value is , that they wer « given without any solicitation on the part of the men .

      A Public Meeting of Miners was held afc Bardslcy , on the afternoon of Monday last , which was addressed by Mtssrs . Parkinson , AA ealsby , and Dixon , from Manchester . The Dixon Fund Committee beg leave to acknowledge the receipt of the followingsums : —Halifax , per Mr . Clark , 6 s . lid . ; Keighlcy , 6 a . AVigan Philan . tropic Total Abstenancc Societv , per Thos . Itothwell . 13 s . Od . l ' Lancashire and CnEsmnu Mixers . —The next general delegate mooting of Lancashire Miners wilt

      take place on Monday next , the 0 th October , at the house of Mr . James Lomas , Bull ' s Dead , High-lane , near Hazel-grove , Cheshire ; chair to be taken at eleven o'clock in tho forenoon . There will also be a public meeting , which will be addressed by AV . P . Roberts , Esq .. and several other gentlemen . The levy for the fortnight , including general contributions , is Is . Gd . each member . Persons calling themselves members of tho Miners' Association " coixrhv into Lancashire , will not be recognised sis ^ ch unless they produce printed credentials si-nod bv the secretary ot the lodge or district , to whieli they belong , and stamped with , the lod c or district sea !

      Ar00111

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 4, 1845, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_04101845/page/1/