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aoout to aiiurc TO THE CHARTIST BODY.
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Mt Dear Rhesus,-! am now * you upon the ...
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VOL. YIII. NO. 386. LONDON SATURDAyTaPBi...
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Crates' ittobtrntnts
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Freer Fruits of the National Trapes' Con...
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NORFOLK CIRCUIT. Bury St. Edmund's, Marc...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Aoout To Aiiurc To The Chartist Body.
aoout to aiiurc TO THE CHARTIST BODY .
Mt Dear Rhesus,-! Am Now * You Upon The ...
Mt Dear Rhesus ,- ! am now * you upon the subject of the forfncoming Convents , linowlhat thcrc is ammd — in England , Scci T ! j Wales . towhkdiI can appeal with a pros-SEE-- ** - Wchavelmdalong ^ l Ktolitica l ag itation , «*« sea byavaneiyof ™ ,-S ^ ' aS io ooserre tliatallc ! ^ of society appear » mv : nasi - but I am of opinion that the work-SSS rfWr ™ deretand tliefa . ' . ** wlii t , c other classes is likelto b
? £ sati sfaction of most- y e Permanent , the satisfaction of their order is merely descent , and may . be ' blown away at any given foment I sav that the prosperity of other classes Tifedv to be p ermanent , altliongli all are complain-* 7 Tn & 1 win tell you why . Tlw landlords complain , ^ d wt thpj have a sufficient amount of political power , when ' the crisis conies , ito protect themselves br an assault n P ° n Clunieh property , upon fdnded pronerix and upon all other assessments to which the ] snib liable . The landed interest may grumble , but vou mav rest assured that the proprietors of the soil
will ; i « starve , because they nave political power . The luaiinfacturing interest would not suffer anymore damage , from any violent change , than the jaere lessening of a portion of their present enormous profits . If bad times were to come upon iheni now , ihev could either retire with immense wealth , or those who continued in business would make np tlieir profits by reductions in your wages . They could do this , because they are represented ; andjyou could net resist it , because yon are not represented . Thus ,
I snowjou tbat tlie next change , if not prepared to meet it , will be the most disastrous to the working chases . I" am not so foolish as to dose my eyes against what every man must see plainly . I know , and you know , that a surplus revenue , and new jnarkets being opened for British manufactures , has Jed to brisk trade , and more general , if not more lucrative , employment . And I also know that popular agitation is always kept alh-e by the great mass of the dissatisfied , and especially by the unemployed At present , the people are pretty generally employed , and vr-i Sir James Graham lias told us that one in every ten of the working classes is a parish pauper . Now this assertion of itself is sufSeicnt to arouse you to further exertion , for nomaa knows wlien his own
day wiil come . It Is ijuite true that Ibave been laughed at by many professing Chartists for the tenacity with which I hare stuck to the several questions that I thouglit should be perfectly understood by the working classes . rTLca I first propounded the Land as the only re-H'Uive , not one man in ten thousand knew its value , while there was found a very large number who turned my advocacy of the Land as a remedy to very TffijusiifeMc purpose ? . They told you that I used it for the mere purpose of throwing the Chaiier overboard : ijiitvou have now lived long enough to see
evtry toe , aye , every single one of my revilers throw ing the Charter overboard for some flimsy crotchet which would pay them better , and what is still more curious , tliose very men who have all but picked each other to the bone , could discover no other common grounds of agreement—no other terms upon which they would shake hands and be friends , save and except the destruction of Feargus O'Connor . Now isn ' t that odd—that men who have been fighting , scratching , and tearing each other to pieces for years , should forget their every cause of quarrel , and unite for the destruction of one humble mdivhlual 1
"Well , I have lived and you have lived to see them in their proper colours , and you have lived to see my notions of the Land adopted by ninety-nine in every hundred of all classes . I ask you to read the letter of a Tenant Farmer to Lord Radnor , published in the Star of this week , and to compare it , as far as it goes , with what I have written upon the subject ; and I further ask you to bear the fact in niind , that 110 Trades' delegates , assembled in London , haveadopted the Land question as one of paramount importance . 2 s it not something , then , to have been the propounder of a completely new principle ?—because I assert that
no other individual , living or dead , ever did present the question of the Land to the working classes in such a form as to lead them to the belief that t-bay could inakcitsubser vjMitto the regulation of wages All il » t y « u liave read and heard about the Land has been wholesale , metaphysical moonshine , scientificnonsense , and crotchety humbug . I have placed it before you in a shape worthy of your adoption , and all that you require is a well-digested plan , shewing , firstly , the mode by which you can possess a sufficiency to i « st its value ; and , secondly , a practical rian for making it available for general purposes .
^ Xowsuch plan must have the concurrence of the working classes , and their co-operation will beneeded for carrying it out . You know the slander that I have been subjected to by briefless barristers , scrib bling hirelings , and spouting fools , for having asked yon to turn the land to national purposes ; ami although nothing they can say or write can disturb my conviction or lead me from my purpose , yet I am
impressed with the belief that a representation of tne Cliartisi body , fairly chosen and properly instructed upon the subject , is the fitting tribunal to which to submit ii ; and with this view 1 announce to you that , regardless of what "men say , 1 shaft he prepared with a well-digested plan upon the question of the Land to submit to the forthcoming Convention , when I shall have the advantage of hearing calmly what all men have to urge upon the subject .
In my opinion the Land question , the Electoral question , and the mode of advancing Chartism by means of lecturers and tracts , will be the all important subjects for your consideration at the forthcoming Convention . I feel assured that if Peel gets a majority at the next general election , that Russell and the leadbg ^ vlugswiU join him upon the question of Free Trade ; and I have told you ten thousand times , and I now repeat it , that if you have Free Trade without the possession of the land , you will have a bloody revolution in England . It cannot be otherwise . It is inipossibfe to avert it . And in order to bring the Land question and the Charter question vigorously
before the country , it must come through the House of Commons , and therefore it is absolutely necessary , nay , indispensable , that we should now bestir ourselves to strengthen the Lands of Mr . Buncombe at flienext general election . Upon tliispoint the Executive will be prepared to submit a well-digested plan to the country , and to it we must turn our attention . The fact of the Trades having taken tip the question of the Land , isof itself agreat triumph , because , without sacrifice , and with very little exertion , they can carryouttheplan . Indeed , ifyouliaa WntoldinlSiO , when I was writing to the Irish landlords and to you upon the subject * that it would have made such
progress by this tune , you would not have believed it ; but now that you find the whole country , and all classes in tho country , prepared for its reception , it behoves you and me to take advantage of the growingfashion Yon must not give a moment of thought to the allotment system as propounded by its advocates , further * han as a means of making those otherwise well and permanently employed more comfortable and more independent of markets . I think that if the Land was opened as a general field for the employment of surplus hands , that then every man working at his trade would be bettered in Lis condition if he had a small allotment
—say a quarter of an acre of ground , which , wider those emamisiances , would be ample—whereas if the allotment system was made a substitute for the small farm system , it w ald fail to confer any great benofit upon the working classes , as their employers would fake care that the tenure would be of no longer duration than the mere term of their employment , inueed , 1 fear that the allotment system would have the mere tendency of reconciling the working classes to comparative slavery , while I feel assured that the
small farm system would make those located -upon the land , as ^ 11 ^ jj , ^ ^^^ &< , „ , 5 ^]^ & - hour , wholly and entirely independent of their employers . And those are the very reasons why everv possible obstracuonwffl be thrown in thewavof its accomplishment . However , it is a consolation to know that your own union and determination , independently of any existing 1 ^ 0 f the power of capitalists , can effect your purpose ; and , therefore , the non-performance of your dutv in this respect must entaS upon you the appellation of * ' willing slaves . "
Always bear in mind , my friends , that I merely seek to apply my principle to the extent of relieving the ^ hour market of its su rplushands ; that Ineither desire cor expect to see you all small farmers : but
Mt Dear Rhesus,-! Am Now * You Upon The ...
what I aim at is , to establish the standard of wages in the artificial market by the value of free labour in tbe natural market . I only ask to destroy that shocking system of competition which makes working men look upon their neighbours and friends as deadly enemies , while it enables their employers to purchase their labour at any price that they please to offer for it . Now you cannot misunderstand me , because I write very plainly to you . What ' I require the land for is , a refuge for the fifty of the one thousand unemployed in any trade , rather than allow their indigence to compel the remaining 950 to work for any wages that the employer thinks proper to
offer . This is Mr . Chambers' admission ; and it is the fact that the fifty of the one thousand unemployed regulate the wages of the 950 at work ; and all the power of strikes , combinations , .. restriction , and organisation never Ccin beat down that competitive power until you locate your surplus upon the land . As to emigration , it is sickening , heartless depravity . It is . the very essence of folly , and the worst description of economy ; and for this simple reason , because . it would not require one-half the amount to locate a family upon the land at home
that it would require to transport them from then * country . Moreover , we lose the application of the funds from their most profitable purpose ; while we also lose the value of every example that every experiment would be sure to furnish . In conclusion , then , I invite you to confer with your delegates upon the questions of the Land , the [ increasing our number of Parliamentary representatives , and the correction of any faults that you see in our present system of agitation and organisation , and hoping that I have made myself perfectly understood , I remain , your faithful friend and sen-ant , Feahgus O'Coxxoii .
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Vol. Yiii. No. 386. London Saturdaytapbi...
VOL . YIII . NO . 386 . LONDON SATURDAyTaPBiL 5 , 1845 . . Five ^^ J ^ SSTg SL ** j
Crates' Ittobtrntnts
Crates' ittobtrntnts
Freer Fruits Of The National Trapes' Con...
Freer Fruits of the National Trapes' Conference . —A great meeting of the Boot and Shoemakers of London was held in the hall of the Parthenium Club , 72 , St . Martin ' s-lauc , on Sunday evening , March 30 th , to consider the propriety of uniting the Mutual Assistance Association and the Philanthropic Society of Boot and Shoemakers , and through that means , of drawing into one union the whole Boot and Shoe trade of the united kingdom . Mr . Harris was voted to the chair , and called on Mr . P . Haniey to open the business of the evening . Mr . llanley said this meeting owed its origin to a desire to unite the Boot and Shoemakers of the united langdom , and he should , before he sat down , propose a resolution , which he hoped would have the desired effect . No man was more fully convinced than lie was , that no
permanent good could be effected without a thorough Union . They were perhaps the most numerous " of any craft . In England and Wales 177 , 144 males ; females , 10 , 799 . In Scotland , 25 , 945 males ; females , S 02 ; boys , 1 , 10-5 . In Ireland , Brogue * - inakers , males , 5 , 207 ; females , 9 ; boys , 110 . Shoemakers , 45 , 856 ; females , 3 , 430 ; boys , ! l , lG 5 , and yet there was no craft more depressed through the want of union . In Northampton the truck system prevailed to a great extent . He knew a Closer who worked for five shops in that town , and of only one out of the five couldhe obtain his wages in money . The man was compelled to take his wages out in bread , red herrings , bacon , or something of that sort
at whatever price his employer chose to charge . ( Shame , shame . ) The price paid for work in that town was most scandalously low ; in fact , such that no man could eke out a decent existence . ( Hear , hear . ) In Northampton goods were made , and stamped with the Paris stamp , and sold as French goods . If a union were effected , such oppressions and impositions as these would be put an end to ; and he was sure the trouble and expense of calling this meeting would be more than amply repaid . As mere local bodies , he did not think they could improve tt »« r condition . ( Hear , hocx- ) To be of general benefit , their organisation must be a national one . ( Cheers . ) He would submit the following resolution : — " That
we , the men ' s and women ' s Boot and Shoemakers of London , in public meeting assembled , cannot but deplore the degraded and destitute condition of our trade in general ; and that we are of opinion that it arises from the want of a wise and good understanding between man and man , and branch and branch , as also of a better and mutual organisation . " Mr . Christopher , a veteran Unionist of thirty-one years * standing , would second the resolution , but thought before any permament geod was accomplished they must look beyond mere Trades Societies for a remedy . He thought no effectual remedy would be found until they had a thorough control over the Legislature . ( Loud cheers . ) Mr . J . Skclton said , never in his life did he experience more pleasure in addressing a meeting than on the
present occasion . This was decidedly a step m the right direction . ( Hear , hear . ) They had met tonight to see if a p lan could be adopted by which their united energies could be concentrated , and tlieir efforts rendered successful . Under present circumstances every man was fighting for himself , not caring vrho sunk so that he swam . However well old societies had worked in times gone by , they didnot work well now . Mr . Skelton quoted Bainc ' s History of the Cotton Trade , to shew the great progress madehi machinery within the last half century , and contended , that as machinery supplied the place of manual labour in other trades , so did the number of hands in their trade increase . An immense amount of money had been spent in strikes , and he regretted to sav without corresponding advantages .
( Hear . ) There were not so many of the women ' s bodyin union as he should like to gee , and the great object was to get , them into union , so that they might cooperate for the advantage of all . ( Loud cheers . ) Boots were not unfrequently got up in Northampton at a very low figure , and sold to the wholesale dealer at from 13 s . to 25 s . per pah * , and then sold to the retail customer at 30 s . Mr . Skclton then entered into an elaborate dissertation on strikes , shewing their fallacious tendency generally , and that they could not be relied on as a remedy . Could no meaus be devised to protect their interests ? He thought those who looked to the measures adopted by the National Trades' Conference would answer this question in the affirmative . ( Hear , hoar . ) That Conference recommended that the Trades should first
unite amonzst tliemselves . ( Cheers . ) They would not countenance strikes , but they said there was a means by which the workers Gouldredcem themselves , if they would but properly apply their funds . If the money that had been spent w strikes had been spent in the purchase of land on which to employ their surplus labour , he contended that they would not be in their present miserable condition . ( Loud cheers . ) Well then , let them first unite amongst themselves , and then lay ont their funds , not for the advantage of the capitalists , but tor their-own , and success would be certain . ( Great cheering . ) Mr . Isaac Wilson said he had had great experience in trade societies , and could not agree that they Lad done no good . He fancied that the money spent in strikes was a proof that they were not selfish , but
that they had made great sacrifices for the general good : and the trade were in possession of advantages they would not have been had it not been ibr those strikes . In fact , strikes had been their protection . He objected to some few things that had been said , but was delighted with their general tendency . He should be delighted to see his trade rise from their present degraded position—let them , then , go to work hi earnest , and pull together for the emancipation of alL ( Cheers . )—Mr . James said that they Jiad been working long enough for others , and he thought it high time they took means to work for themselves . ( Cheers . )—The Chairman put the resolution , which was carried unanimously . —Mr . Horton , delegate from Northampton , moved the second resolution" That the present position of the trade is such , that it becomes the imperative duty of its members to form themselves into one body for their better protection , and as the only means to place ourselves hi that fair and honorable standing which we , as
working men , desire and ought to have . He said , that unless they adopted something like the resolution he had just moved , Northampton would drive all the trade out of the market . Lasts , ready filled up , were now sent down there from London , Liverpool , Oxford , Leeds , Manchester , and other large towns ; and when men were on strike , this , not nnfi-equentty , defeated their object . But it was surplus labour that was their great evil . As an illustration of that fact he would state that he was in a grinder ' s shop about a fortnight since , when a girl brought in a pair of shoes ; he took them up , looked at them , and asked what might be the price paid for making them ? The woman of the shop said Is . ; he remarked , that was a . very low figure . Yes , said the woman , but we do not want them , we only give opt the work out of charity , there are so many beting and praying for work . ( Hear , hear . ) "Was not this an undeniable proof that surplus-labour was the great evil , and that an outlet should be
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found tor the surplus hand . ( Cheers . ) Mr . James Walker , delegate from Norwich , seconded the motion . He thought the Boot and Shoemakers had commenced in the right way , by . setting their own house in order . Of this he was certain , that the present local societies could riot effect their object . In Norwich they had to contend with drapers' shops , hawkers , & c . Norwich was always known as the sink-hole of England , but to her honour be it said she was desirous of raising herself in the social scale , and lie believed this could only be effected by a Geneva Union . He did fervently hope that workinsr men
would forthwith take their affairs into their own hands .. ( Cheers . ) Mr . M'Carthy . in supporting the motion , said ,-he believed strikes , as far as they went , had proved beneficial , but at the same time it must be admitted the surplus hands were the great evil . Mr . Wilson suggested that when the resolution was carried that a copy of it should be forwarded to each section ot the trade , in order that the general feeling should be ascertained . The resolution was then put , and carried unanimously . A vote of thanks was then passed by acclamation to the Chairman , and this important meeting separated . (
AXSVAL CO . NTEREXCE OP BOOT AJTO ShOEMAREUB . —Delegates from all parts of tiie kingdom representing this trade met in the large , room of the King and Queen , Cleveland-street , Alarylebonc , ' oil . Tuesday morning last , April 1 st . At ten o ' clock Mr . A . Hunnibellwas elected president , and Mr . Smythies secretary . The business transacted to-day ( Tuesday ) was of a preliminary character . The following is ' a list of the delegates , and the places theyrepresent : — Birmingham , Messrs . J . M'Oee ; Bristol and Bath , Hyde and Page ; Brighton , Scott ; Chatham , Lavall ; Cheltenham , Pricker ; Carlisle , Harrison ; Cork , Hosfovd ; Leeds , Smyth ; Leicester , Goode ; London West-end men ' s men , llanley ; London West-end women ' s men , Loud ; City men ' s men , Pittam ;
City women ' s men , Grcenslade ; London strong men ' s men , Johnson ; Borough strong men ' s men , Pratter ; London East-end , Charles ; Manchester , Whitehead ; Nottingham , Watson ; Northampton , Kerns ; Newcastle-on-Tyne , Starkcc ; Norwich , Walker ; Oxford and Windsor , J . Williams and Pardoe ; Preston , McLean ; Devonport , Grose ; Stafford , Swann ; Sheffield , Steele ; Southampton , Malcolm . The following , forming the Executive Committee of the Cord warners * Mutual Assistance Association , held seats , and the right to speak , but without the vote ; Messrs . Hunnibell and Buncombe , West-end women ' s men ; Shell , Borough women ' s men ; Morrison and Daddo , City women's men ; and Mr . Smythies as general secretary .
Secosd Day , Wednesday , April 2 nd . —Mr . Hyde was called to the chair . On the motion of Messrs Smith and llanley , the public , as far as convenience would permit , were allowed to be present to hear the deliberation of Conference . On the motion of Messrs . Smith and Lavall , a resolution was passcl justifying the Executive for admitting the men employed in the firms of Messrs . Box and Hook , the faults committed by the men of the above firms being previous to the existence of the Cordwainoi's' Mutual Assistance Association . i
A / ternoon Sitting . —Mr . Hyde resumed the chab at two o'clock . The members proceeded to . give in their reports , which were very voluminous , but most of the statements have appeared in the columns of the Northern Star . Mr . Malcolm said , the masters in the Southampton district were not satisfied with their profits as Boot and Shoemakers , but they had also commenced selling tbe materials used in the manufacture of boots and shoes , which formed quite a new feature in their trade . Mr . Hyde , of Bristol , in shewing the gross oppression practised on the workers , said : A master ' s wife went out for a walk and lost from her muff £ 710 s ., and that master immediately reduced his men's wages to make good the loss . ( Shame , shame . ) Mr . Scott , of Brighton ,
said , at the last Conference it was suggested that the trade should hold their meetings , * " 4 f possible , in places other than public-houses . Brighton had adopted this suggestion ; they now met in . a school-room , and felt the importance of the alteration . Mi * . Flicker read the following important suggestions for the consideration of Conference : — " We , the delegates of the Cheltenham district , having deliberated upon the general laws of the Association , beg to re < Y »" mend a few alterations tiic-reni for your consideration . We have examined into society at large , and we iin . d similar evils to those complained of by us pervading all trades and professions of labour , and these evils must continue until efficient means ave adopted to remove the cause , namely , the overflow of labour in the labour market . Competition , it is evident , is working ruin and destruction to the whole community . There has been sufficient time , labour , and funds wasted to convince any reasonable
man that all our efforts on previous occasions have been entirely fruitless , and the like efforts must produce the same results so long as we exhaust our strength hi useless strikes . It is worse than nonsense for us to battle with the monster competition by such puny and inefficient means ; neither is it just that one portion of the Association should support another portion , who may be out on strike , in idleness . It may be asked what you will do with the redundancy of labour ?—and we know some members of our society would say ' shift it by tramping ; ' but we reply , sliif ting it is now useless . It may have been effective in times past , but it is not so now . Again , some members hi our district say , let labour depots be established to employ the men on strike ; but we contend that by so doing we should be only giving an additional stimulus to competition , and thereby increase the evil complained of . It may be said the Hatters of Denton have achieved a benefit from labour
depots : we contend the projected system is only pitting evil against evil , and must tend to increase the competitive strife . Shopmates , —Wesayinstitute arrangements to keep the surplus labour oiit of the market . It will be asked , how is this to be done ? Wc say , abolish the striking system , as far as possible ; let a consolidated fund be raised to procure Land , and when procured , put our surplus hands on it to cultivate it . If this plan were adopted , we are convinced that there would be plenty volunteer to go on the Land , rather than drag on such a miserable existence as they are compelled to do under present circumstances . Then let us make our members self-supporting , that we may effectually combat with competition . Experience convinces us that we are helpless so long as we have not an inch of ground to stand upon as our own . This district , therefore , appeals to your good judgment to devise a plan that shall carry out the above suggestion . We
recommend the Association to organise and instruct , and not waste the hard earnings of the members in things that tend to no benefit , but only cause jealously and dissatisfaction . We admit , that in some sections the society may be the means of keeping up wages , but these sections are very few ; and experience convinces us that it is impossible to obtain subscriptions in support of the Association from our much oppressed shopmates , unless some hope is held out of general and permanent benefit . We do , therefore , hope that the Conference will see the necessity of adopting some plan for securing Land on which to place our surplus hands . " Mr . Flicker said he was bound to State that a minority of the delegates of the district he represented were in favour of " Labour stores , " some of them thinking that they might be made available to raise the funds for procuring the Land . The reading of Mr . Flicker ' s instructions appeared to give the greatest satisfaction to the Conference . The Conference then adjourned for tho day .
Third Dav ' s Sitting , Tdtosda * , April 3 . —Mr . Hyde resumed the chair . The delegates proceeded with their reports . Mr . Pittam , City men ' s men , said , such was the dearth of employment in the City of London , in tlieir trade , that their wages did not average move than lis . Gd . weekly . The City men ' s men were disposed to amalgamate with the Cordwainers' Mutual Assistance Association . In fact , he was sent here to effect that desirable object if possible . ( Cheers . ) Mr . Johnson , strong shoe men of London , said , the body he represented were quite willing to co-operate with the Mutual Association , their only desire being that such union should be based on a secure foundation . ( Hear , hear . )
Afternoon Sitting . —Mv . Hyde resximed the ciiair . — Mr . Kerns ( Northampton ) said that in their , district the masters were in some cases mag istrates , and in the event of disputes between the employer and the employed , and on appeal being made , by way of arbitration , the Conference would perceive how small was the chance of the employed obtaining justice . ( Hear , hear . ) The wages paid ™ Northampton were from Sxl to 2 s . 3 d . per pair . A case respecting the Oxford district secretary was next submitted to the Confcvcn . c , which the Conference referred to the district for adjudication . —Mr . Pag 6 * Bath , moved that the accounts be audited nrevious to
the discussion of the Bradford and Newark strikes , and of the accounts of the L ast periodical ; which was seconded by Mr . tirosc , and carried . The following delegates were appointed the auditors : — Messrs . M'Gee , Starkee , Malcolm , and Scott . Mr . Whitehead , Manchester , moved that the whole house constitute a committee to examine cardsV and apportion expenses to the several districts . Mr . Smyth , Bradford , seconded the motion . An amendment was moved , that an account of the cards be handed in by each delegate , and that the cards be destroyed . After considerable discussion , the amendment was agreed to , and the Conference ndm :: rned .
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Buncombe Testimonial . —Central Committee of Trades , «& c , Parthenium Club , 72 ,- 'S t . ¦ Martin ' slane , Wednesday evening , April 2 nd "; Mr , Grassby in the chair . —The following sums were received per Mr . John Ardill . Northern Star Office : —Messrs . E . B . Martin , Braintrce , os . ; J . Martin , do ., 2 s . 6 d ' . ; W . Payne , do ., is . ; W . Bolton , " do ., Is . ; J . ' Bunn , do ., Gd . ; Nott , do ., fid . ; J . Martin , do ., Cd . ; Barren , do ., Od . ; J . Smith , do ., 6 d . ; J . Humphrey , Booking , Gd .: N . Plail , " do ., 3 d . ; Wimbolt , do ., Od . ; C . Fish , Witham , Is . \ A'letter was read from Mr . C . King , Hertford , stating that the local committee of that town would reihit the sum of £ 30 5 s , od . The committee thou adjourned .
Derby -Trades . —A ' preliminary committee will meet every Wednesday evening , at eight o ' clock , during this month , at Chester ' s Coffee House , Osmaston-road , to organise a permanent committee of tho Trades of Derby , to . collect subscriptions in aid of the Buncombe Testimonial . Baensley Trades . —A glorious meeting was held in the Odd Fellows' Hall , on Tuesday , the 1 st inst ., to hear the report of Mr . Frank Mlrfield , the Weavers ' delegate .. to the Trades' Conference , when ajreat ' number'from ' all trades attended ; Mr . John Grimslifirw was elected to the chair , and introduced the delegate . Mr . F . Mirfield ' g report was listened to with great attention , . ahd'tlie people manifested their complete satisfaction by repeated bursts of applause . The chairman read Mr ; Buncombe ' s opening address , which elicited the hearty cheers of the meeting . A committee of seven was appointed to" collect subscriptions for the Buncombe Testimonial .
To Joukxeymex Tailobs . —Fellow Workmen , —A small society of our trade in 'Rochdale have been compelled to turn out against their employers , in consequence of the oppressions they were subject to from low wages and petty tyranny . Being compelled to resist , they earnestly appeal to " every society in the kingdom for assistance in this their hour of need . The members that are out do not exceed twenty , and the smallest assistance from each will enable them to withstand tlieir oppressors to a successful termination . Subscriptions will be thankfully received by Mr . John Kelly , Cross-keys Jim , Cloth-hall , Rochdale , Lancashire , and will be duly acknowledged . — J . W . Rirkeb , Secretary to the Tailors' Protection Society .
The Short-Time System . —Turx-out . — On Wednesday evening week , about six o'clock , "> 00 or 600 spinners in the employ of Messrs . George Clarke and Co ., cotton-spinners , Pollard-street , struck work , in a bod }' , without any previous intimation of their intention to do so . The usual hour of stopping work being half-past seven , this unlooked-for movement of the men naturally caused considerable excitement , and , on Mr . Charles Clarke inquiring the ~ reason of the stoppage , lie was told by some or the men that they considered twelve hours a day was too long to work , and hereafter they should not remain more
than ten . Next morning summonses were issued against five of them , named Thomas Scowcroft , Adam Hall , Thomas Bridge , John Sidy , and Wm . Gawkrodgcr . These men appeared at the Borough Court , on Wednesday , to answerthe complaint of Mr . Clarke . Mr . Maude commented in severe terms on the impropriety of their conduct , and ordered their wages to be forfeited ( according to the rules of the mill ) , besides paying the expense of the summonses . They had a narrow escape from imprisonment for a month . Tie defendants then left the court , after promising to pay Mr . Clarke for the summonses . —Manchester G' iiar < ftan ,. April 2 .
The Next General Delegate Meeting of Lancashire Mixers will be held on Monday next , April 1 i )\ , at the house of Mr . Higham , near Worseley ; chair to be taken at eleven o ' clock in the forenoon . There will also bo a public meeting , which will be addressed . by . W . P . Roberts , Esq ., and several of the accredited agents of the Miners' Association . Fourth Day ' s Sitting , Friday , April L—Mi ' . Hyde resumed the chair . Mr . Kerns , "Northampton , said he was requested to make the following statement to the Conference . One of the greatest evils existing in their district was / the employment of children from the age of five years to thirteen . The amount of . in'ww pwfwm ea was almost incredible * tits . average hours or labour being sixteen per day .
1 hey had to stab one hundred and forty rows per day , each row measuring on an average two inches . A youth was employed to fit up the work on which tliose infants were employed , whilst the men were walking the streets in idleness . The average earnings of a child so employed was about 3 s . per week . The following resolution was passed on the motion of Messrs . Williams and Handley : —" That the business before Corsfi'vonce . being- very extensive , and there being no doubt that its sittings must be extended a day or two beyond the time originally proposed , an extra levy of 4 d . to meet the same is necessary . " Unanimously agreed to , : : . "
Tailors . —Leeds . —At the monthly meeting of the Tailors an attempt was made to rescind the recent decision of the society with regard ' to the . occupation of land , on the plea of informality . The charge having been ably met and refuted , the previous vote was-again passed by a majority of sixteen , the numbers being twenty-four to eight ; after which a proposition was made , that the Northern Star being the organ of the Trades , this society do take a copy thereof , and that the delegate to our annual meeting be instructed to introduce the proceedings of the Labour's Conference to the notice of the delegates , with a view to amalgamation , which was earned unanimously .
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Norfolk Circuit. Bury St. Edmund's, Marc...
NORFOLK CIRCUIT . Bury St . Edmund ' s , March 29 . —Arso . v . —Robert Drew was indicted for setting fire to a bam and other buildings , the property of Richard Gapp . —The prosecutor is a farmer residing at Walsham-lc-Willows The prisoner is a labourer living in the same village . From the statement of the prosecutor and others it appeared that the fire in question broke out about one o ' clock in the night of the 1 st of July , and consumed the whole of the farm buildings . Two or three days after the fire some matches were discovered under some haulm near the bullock shed . It appeared in evidence that the prisoner was seen Oil the night of the fire , about ten o ' clock , standing upon
a budge across a broofc which separated prosecutor ' s premises from the road . A person named Hatton , a near neighbour of the prosecutor ' s , was awakened by the glare of the fire ; he immediately got up and looked out of the window , and saw the prisoner standing on the bridge near the prosecutor ' s nremises . According to the evidence of two other witnesses the prisoner was seen running in a direction from his own house . To one of the witnesses prisoner stated that he had been treated by a policeman , that he was wholly deceived in the man , and that it was owing to Providence that he had not told him one word . To another person , when in a state of partial intoxication , he stated that Mr . Gapp was a scoundrel , and that he might employ five or six more men than he did , but lie had suffered for it , as ho had had two fires . The witness upon this asked the prisoner il any one was suspected . The prisoner said , "Yes , they suspect me , " and then added , " I set fire to the
bullock-shed in three uitterent places ; when I first saw it , it was onfy like a little round ball ; it then blazed up ; I was frightened and ran away . " Shortly after this statement the prisoner was apprehended , and was confined in custody at Bury . A person of the name of O'Brien , who it appeared was a candidate for a place in the police , was left with the prisoner for a short time . The prisoner , addressing O'Brien , said , " What are you in for ? " He replied , "For a robbery" ( which was untrue ) . He then asked the prisoner what he was in for . He told him "For a fire . " To which O'Brien said , "How did you make it ? " The prisoner replied , " By setting fare to some haulm next to the shed . " The prisoner was not apprehended until after a second fire at the prosecutor s on the 3 rd of January , for occasioning winch fire lie also stands indicted . —The jurv returned a verdict of Guilty . —The prisoner was * sentenced to be transported for life .
Bury St . Edmund's , March 31 . —Alleged Murder . —William Tottenham , aged 32 , was arraigned on an indictment which charged him with the wilful murder of Mary Anne , his wife , on the 15 th of . February last ,, by shooting her through the head with a pistol at Wantisdcn , in this county From the evidence of a man named Mace , his wife and two or three other witnesses , it appeared that the prisoner had been married some few years and that with one exception he had been on good terms with his wife , who had borne him four children , the fourth having been born about three weeks before her death . About two years ago there was some disnutc
between tnem , tor she suddenly absented herself from hishouse , winch was hi a somewhatlonesome locality , andlcft their children in a wood . After much search she was ultimately , found , and persuaded to return to her home , where she lived in perfect harmony thenceloi-th wth the prisoner . On the night of Saturday , the 15 th of February - last , be was at the » Oyster pubhe-house at Butlcy , which / afterdrhikingto excess , he l eft with Mace at ten o ' clock' . On arriving at his house his ' wife was nearly ' - 'in bed , but being Yonscd up , she received him and his friend , who lived about half a mile off , very cordially . The prisoner then exp ressed a wish to * have some beer ,
Norfolk Circuit. Bury St. Edmund's, Marc...
which she dissuaded him from doing ; but , seeing . that he attempted to go down into the cellar himself , she bade him to sit down , and went for some beer , saying , " if he went he would tumble down stairs and break his neck . " Soon after this she retired to her bedroom , and then Mace left the prisoner , who said he was going to bed . As Mace went out , however , the prisoner called after him to " come back and help him to kill liis hog . " To which Mace replied . '' Pooh , your hog was killed long ago . " The prisoner again made the same request to Mace , just as ho got out of hearing ; but nothing was seen or heard ot him ' till about one o ' clock , when he came to Maces house in great agitation , and rousing them up begged of them to " come down quick , for lie had shot his
poor dear Mary Anno . " Mace on this got up as qu ' ckly as he eould , and while dressing himself could hear the wretched man stamping the ground and wringing his hands as he walked to and fro , exclaiming , " Dear me , . what shall I do ? " When Mace was up lie said : to him , "Why , Tottenham , you don't mean to say . you have really shot your , poor wife ?" To wliiciike replied , "As true as God , I have shot her ; " I "have blown her head off . " As they walked hastily ' to his miserable homo , Mace made a similar remark to him , and he then said , "Oh , don't luivt ine ; it was all accident ; " and to Mrs . Mace at another time he said , "It was done by a pistol , which went off accidentally . " On arriving at the lodge , the party found the poor
woman lying on her back on the floor , not far from a chest of drawers ; in which the prisoner used to keep his pistols , her forehead and right check being . all blown off , while the walls on two sides of the room behind her were spattered with blood and brains , and the ceiling bore the mark of a shot . When the surgeon was sent for it appeared that the discharge must have taken place , in his opinion , close to tlm left temple of the poor woman for there was there a , hole about two inches large , while the skin near it was jagged and blackened with powder . Assistsiuce ' was obtained as soon as possible , both , by Mace and the prisoner ; who , when asked to give an accouunt of the dreadful event , said , that "he was thinking of going out again , as was his duty at times , and that his wife dissuaded him ; that ho went to the drawer
to get his pistols , which were loaded , and while he was doing so his wife came up to him with a candle and put her arm on his shoulder . The baby then began to cry , and she called out to it ' Hush , " I'm a coming , ' and just then , whether sho toxiehcd the p istol or he pulled the trigger he could not tell , but it went off , and its contents lodged in her temple . " Such is the outline of this most lamentable event . At the close of the case for the prosecution , Mr . Prendergast addressed the jury in a most impressive speech , and , going through the whole of the evidence , contended that his client ought not to be found guilty of manslaughter , as his whole conduct and demeanour throughout the"transaction plainly indicated that the death of Ills wife was entirely attributable to accident . Guilty of manslaughter . Sentence deferred .
March 31 . —The "Red Barn . "—Samual Stowe was indicted for setting fire to a barn commonly called the " Red Barn , " at Polstead , in the occupation of William Tabor . The barn in question is one celebrated in the county of Suffolk as being the barn in which Maria Martin was murdered by Cordcr . It appeared in evidencethat on the 26 th of December , 1 S 42 , the "Red Barn" was burned to the ground . The prisoner lived with his father in a cottage ad joining the barn , and was seen running fromthe fire on the night in question . The case against the prisoner was made up entirely of statements proved to have been made to different persons by the prisoner when in gaol for poaching , The jury , however , declined to give any credit to the testimony of the witnesses called to prove the statements , and the prisoner was Acquitted . The same prisoner was subsequently indicted tor sending a threatening letter to . 1 farmer at Polstead , and found Guilty . Sentenced to be transported for ten years .
April 1 . —Arson . —Jeremiah Head and George Head were indicted for having unlawfully and maliciously set fire to a certain dwelling-house , in the parish of Great Saxham , in the occupation of John Banks . The charge contained in the indictment was for maliciously setting fire to a dwelling-house , some person being therein ; and as it was not distinctly proved that any one was in the house at the time it caught fire , and there being no allegation in the indictment of the minor offence , his lordship stopped the case ; but said that Jeremiah Head would be put un his trial on another charge of arson , and George Head must be detained until the next assizes , when a fresh indictment would be preferred before the grand jury . Ansox- —Michael Snell and John Frost were found guilty of setting fire to a stack of straw , the property of Mr . Evcrton , of Bradfield , St . George . The learned judge sentenced both prisoners to be transported for Ine .
Arson . —Jeremiah Head and William Martin were then arraigned on . the charge of setting fire to three stacks of Mr . Silverstone , of Saxham . The evidence against the prisoners in this case mainly depended upon statements made , by them on different occasions . Jeremiah Head wasfound Guilty , and transported for life ; and the prisoner Martin was Acquitted . Ansox . —Thomas Cook , aged 17 , and James Cook , aged 11 , were indicted for setting fire to a stack of straw , the property of the late Mr . Rodwell , of Saxham . The case was clearly proved by the
confessions of the prisoners to the superintendent of police . The jury found the prisoners Guilty ; but recommended the younger prisoner to mercy . Mr . Justice Patteson said it was impossible to do otherwise than sentence both to transportation . The eldest prisoner would be sent out of the country , but the younger one would , in all probability , be sent to the prison in the Isle of Wight , where he would be taught better things , and if he behaved well , would not be sent out of the country . The learned judge then sentenced both prisoners to transportation for fifteen years .
WESTERN CIRCUIT . Bodmin , March 20 . —Charge op Child Murder . —Elizabeth Stevens was indicted for the wilful murder of her infant child on the 24 th of December . From the evidence , it appeared that the prisoner was servant to a . Mrs . Reynolds . About seven o ' clock in the morning of the 24 th of December Mrs . Reynolds , who was in her bedroom , hoavd'somo one moaning 5 n the kitchen . She went down stairs and found it was the prisoner , who was lying across a table , complaining of great pain . Mrs . Reynolds sent her to bed , and in a short time went up to her and foundher still In great pain . She went down stairs again , leaving the prisoner in bed . Mrs . Reynolds went and fetched her mother , and in about half an hour returned . The prisoner was then in the kitchen , dressed . Mrs . Reynolds went again into the prisoner ' s bedroom , and from appearances in the bed she felt confident the prisoner had given birth to a child ; there was a large
stam ot blood against the wall close to the side of the bed . Mrs . Reynolds went down staii * s and charged the prisoner with having had a child , but she denied it ; at length , however , she admitted it , and said she had put it behind the bed . Mrs , Reynolds then proceeded again to the bedroom , and in a box she found the dead body of a child wrapped in a petticoat . A surgeon was sent for , and he stated that upon examining the body he found that the skull was fractured , and there were Other marks upon the face and head which he thought proceeded irom violence . In his opinion the child had been born alive , and its death had been occasioned by the fracture of the skull . In cross-examination by the Judge , he admitted that which , of course , no one could doubt , that the child might have fallen , and that if it bad fallen the skull might have been fractured . The Jury acquitted the prisoner of the murder , and found her Guilty of concealing the birth . She was sentenced to six months ' imprisonment .
MIDLAND CIRCUIT . Warwick , April 1 . —Brutal RoiSBERY . —Joseph Joyce , aged 41 , was indicted for having , at Birmingham , on the 18 th of March last , feloniously robbed one Ann Jones , a woman about 70 years of age , of three sovereigns and fifteen shillings , and immediately before and after such robbery beaten , struck , and used personal violence to her . The aged prosecutrix , who appeared with both her eyes greatly swollen and black , stated that about 18 months ago the prisoner represented to her that , as she was a widow , he and his wife and family and she could do very well living together , and this was arranged and carried out . The prosecutrix slept in another bed in the same room as the prisoner and his wile . She used frequently to supply him with money , and appeared to have acted very kindly towards him . In
short , lie seemed m some measure to participate in what she possessed . Prior to the day in question she had lent him £ 3 15 s . to buy salt , and on that ( lay he paid her the £ 3 15 s ., and she put it into her pocket . She appeared to have had it in contemplation to buy a horse or a cart for sp mcpurposeot business . After the payment they each drank ^ some beer , but neither appeared to ta'd ««* rM ^ did appear to have been drinking . He ^ "manded tho money of her again , but she told him to wait a bit on which he got m > and struck her several times about ^ the head and lace and about her body most vSnt ] V he knockedher down , and took a knife and cut . way part of her petticoat and her pocKet , containin g the money . Charlotte Phelps , a neighbour , 3 icard ° the a ] arm and went to the house . She materially corroborated the poor old woman's testimony ,
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and had examined her person and found her most shockingly bruised ,: ' The jury found a verdict ' oi Guilty , and the prisoner was sentenced to be transported for fifteen years . : ' - ; ' [ ' .. Warwick , Arnn ; ] , —BiGAXiy . —Juugf . Law AND Law Justice . —Tlidnias Hall , alias Thomas Rollins , a poor man -not possessed of a farthing in the world , aged 35 , was" indicted for having , on the 18 th of April , 1830 , at the parish of Norl . flloacll , ill the county oi' Gloucester , taken for his wife Mary Ann Nicho ' lls , and afterwards , on the 15 th of February 1840 , at the parish of Hampden-in-Ardcn , in this county , married and 'taken to wife Maria Iladlev . Q !
his former wife being then alive , contra formam The offence was clearly proved , but he stated that within a vcar or two of his marriage with Mary Ann , she robbed him , and sallied forth with the child , and he had , never since seen either , though he had at the time ' obtained a special warrant for her apprehension , armed with which ho proceeded to the region of her seclusion or retirement , where he got sadly handled by ruffians , and was made heartily glad to make the best otitis . way home ' to save his life , leaving his baggage in his precipitate departure from that profligate retreat . The substance of this , or at least much of it , he elicited from the witnesses for the prosecution . He was convict ?*! , and Mr . Justice Maule , in passing sentence ?; 6 \ 1
, i . that it did appear that he had been Jiardlv used . 'It i was hard for him to be so used , and not be ableio have another wife to live with him , when the former had gone off to live in an improper state with another man . But the law was the . same for him as . it was for a rich man , and was equally open for him , through its aid , to afford relief ; but , as the rich man would have done , ho also should have pursued the proper means pointed out by law , w } mreby to obtain redress of his grievances , lie shottki have brought an action against the man who was living in the way stated with Jiis wife , and he could have obtained damages , ami then should have gone to the Ecclesiastic Court " and obtained a divorce , which would have done what seemed to have li . en
done already , and then he should have / gone-to . the House of Lords , and , proving all his .- case and the preliminary proceedings , have obtained a full and complete divorce , after which he might , if he liked it , _ have married again . The prisoner might perhaps object to this that he had not the money to pay the expenses , which would amount to about £ 500 or £ 600—perhaps he had not so many pence—but this did not exempt him from paving the penalty for committing a felony , of which ' he had becit convicted . His lordship might , perhaps , have visited the crime more lightly if titc prisoner had not misrepresented
himself as a bachelor to Maria lladley , and so deceived her . If ho had told her the circumstances , and said , "Now I'll marry you if yon like to take tho chance , " & c .: but this he had not done , and thus he bad induced her to live with him upon terms which she perhaps else would not have done . It was a serious injury to her , which he had no right to inflict because his wife and others had injured him . For this offence he must receive some punishment , and the sentence was , that he be imprisoned and kept to hard labour for four months , which ho hoped would operate as a warning how people trifled with matrimony .
NORTHEUN OTRCT 31 T . Liverpool , March 28 . —Ciutige of AnxiixiSTEraso Poison * . —Benjamin Anderson was indicted for attempting to administer poison to his wife , Sarah Anderson , and his two children . It appeared from the statement of the-learned counsel in opening the ease , that the prisoner was a millwright in " the employment of the Messrs . Fairbatrn , of Cnnal street ' -Maucliesteiv- Per some time before the fith of January , when this occurrence took place , . lie iiad been drinking , and when' in this state he was , it appeared , very ill-tempered and morose . On the afternoon of the Gth of January , . about three o'clock , he came home to his ten . It was nob quite rea < 'lr , and tJie prisoner expressing some displeasure at this ,
an altercation ensued , until he finally turned >\) $ wne and son out of the house and locked the > housc . . Mrs . Anderson then made tea for herself and the children . It had a very peculiar taste , and sho threw the first cup away . A second cup was c . f ; ally bad . She then made some coffee , which she rv- • ... ncd . with sugar not taken from the b : tsin , and it v , ; . o found to have no peculiar taste . Tiie prisoner was in tho meantime at the public-house , and while there lo seemed very uneasy , and told the landlord lie would hear a rowprcsently . On his return home he wa-j very much intoxicated . He fell asleep , and on bciujr awakened by the police he said , ' * They ' re not stiff yet , but they soon will be , " and he afterwards
observed it was a bad job it had not been done It appeared from the evidence of the medical men that the sugar in the basin contained sugar of lead , but not in sufficient quantity to produce death even if taken all at once . Mr . Pollock , at the close of the case for the prosecution , objected that on this evidence the prisoner must be acquitted . The sugar of lead found in the sugar was in too small a quantity to produce , any injury to life , and it was therefore not a " destructive thing" which had been put in the sugar within the terms of the statute on which this indictment was founded . —His Lordship overruled the objection , and Mr . Pollock addressed the jury for the defence . The jury having heard his Lordship ' s summing up , retired to tlieir room , and after an- absence of half an hour , returned into court with a verdict of Not Guilty .
Liverpool , April 1 . —Charge or Child Mukdeu . —Ann O'Donnell was indicted for the wilful murder of her illegitimate child , by strangling it . The particulars of this case were not suitable for publication . It appeared generally , that from the appearance of the prisoner , the persons who reside in the same house were induced to think that she had been delivered of a child . The prisoner at ' first denied that such was-the case , but she subsequently admitted that she had been so delivered ; that the child Jived for some little time , and that she afterwards wrapped it in an apron , and put it up the oven chimney . The body was found there . There were a few sligbr marks on the body , not sufficient to account for f ' ¦ ' death , and which , * in tho opinion of tho medical ; , might have been inflicted in the process of del' ¦ The prisoner was found Guilty of disposing 1 body , with intent to conceal the birth , and sentenced to bo imprisoned for two years .
Liverpool , April 2 . —Charge of Murder . —V .. Jones , aged 19 , was indicted for the rrilful murder of Richard Fairclongh , at Liverpool , on . the 15 th of December last . From the evidence of the witnesses , it appeared that the deceased , iwho was . an officer , of the police force , had been called to protect the sister of the prisoner from tne-hitter ' s violence , who was abusing and beating' her . Tne prisoner refused to desist , and dared the deceased to . take him into custody , threatening to knock him down if he made the . attempt . The deceased did make the attempt , and the prisoner , who had armed himself with a poker , struck the policeman on the head , inflicting two dreadful wounds , which caused his death . The jury fomul the prisoner guilty of aggravated manslaughter , and he was sentenced to be transported for life .
NORTH WALES CIRCUIT . Chester , March 31 . —Highway Robbery . —Georr ' . Williams , aged 25 , and Charles Williams , 22 , were placed at the bar on a charge of highway robber .-, with violence .- —It appeared from the evidence , thai on - the night of Saturday , Feb . 1 , tho prosecutor , it joiner , named James Thomas , was on his way home at a late hour , between Birkenhead and Rook Ferry in the company of a companion , when the prisoner George Williams met them , and in passing jostled against them . They gave way for Ju ' m , and he went on a short distance , and then turned back h and again , came up to them . They told him he had better go home quietly , on which he gave a whistle and a shout , When four OI five men jumped over the hedge and
commenced an attack upon the prosecutor and his friend . The latter ran off , pursued' by some of the party , but effected his escape , and the township con-Stable , being at a little distance , hearing a cry of murder , hastened to tho spot and apprehended Charles Williams whilst in the act of beating the prosecutor , who was then insensible from the injuries he had received . On searching Charles Williams , tho cap of the prosecutor wasfound in one of his pockets . —The jury found both Guilty . —Sentence deferred . Chester , April 1 . —Sentence ox Winterbottom . —At the sitting of tho court this morning , the . Attorney-General prayed the judgment of the court oh John Kenyon Winterbottom , who , ifc-wiU"be '_ recqllectcd , was tried at the winter assizes , in December last , before Mr . Baron Gurney , 011 achargeof forgeiy . The trial excited an unusual- degree of interest , from the factofihe prisoner havingfilled the office of chief magistrate ' jf the borough of Stockport , and also the
responsible one of town clerk , besides being : the legal adviser of many influential families in the county . After some delay , the prisoner was placed at the bar . He appeared very nmeh emaciateif , and was greatly agitated . The Judge addressed the ' prisoncr at soir length , and concluded by sentencing him to'bctrported for the term of his natural life . The pv ' was then removed from the bar , supported * . ] tlie assistants in the gaol . He appeared *¦ * . ' . affected , as also did many others in conr Malicious Shooting . — James Be-Hammond , 30 , George Hammond Hammond , 2 S , and William Webb , ' with , maliciously shooting at John to murder , to maim , disable , disfiggrievous bodily harm . The case poaching , with which the prison Tho j " ury . found all Guilty of p ' do grievous bodily harm ; an ^ tenced them to fifteen years '
West Riding Dklegj West Riding delegate nv day , the 6 th of April , •' Bull-close-lane , Halif o'clock , Halifax . — Mr . course in the Wo > morrow ) evening
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), April 5, 1845, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_05041845/page/1/
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