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Northern Star (1837-1852), 5th April 1845, Edition 2 of 3, Page 7

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      Tone Of The Enlish Minister'communicatio...

      Apbil 5 ^ 1845 . THE NORTHERN STAR . 7 I I t . " ~~ te

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      «Anai*-M *Var,At Leastiuwords, ( ^A^Oida...

      « Anai * -m * var , at leastiuwords , ( ^ a ^ oida n , y chance so ^ n- ^ eeds ) , Vrth aB who war with Thought . « t Aink I hear a little bird , who sings

      * wtt 7 FRL VXD-- T 1 IE JESUITS—THE -SWITZERL-j ^ ALLIANCE t nnr list wc announced the adjournment of the £ - £ aoi-ain . nry Diet , the members of which separated wUhout coming to any binding decision on the man . Jhud ! oucstion which had occasioned their assembling , Si the demanded expulsion of the Jesuits . Wc cannot quit this part of our subject without a ttwnark as to the numbers of the Swiss ranged on each Soeof thisunhappy question . From statistics before « - it appears that the cantons which demand the SnWoii ofthe Jesuits number ia the whole a population of 1 , 002 , 000 they unitedly furnish for the T ^ cei-al army acontiugent of 46 , 007 men , aud unitedly

      contribute to the Central Treasury 752 , 000 francs . The cantons opposed to the Jesuits , but who are un-¦ flfljjnt * to coerce Lucerne , number in the whole a population of 253 , 000 ; they furnish unitedly a contin gent of 4 ,-455 men ; and contribute unitedly 140 , 000 jranes to the Federal treasury . The cantons opposed " o the expulsion of tlie Jesuits , or wishing to call them in , numbcrin the whole a population of 463 , 3-50 ; they miitedlyfui-nish to the Federal army 13 , 517 nien ; and unitedly contribute 1-50 , 000 francs . Thus it will he seen that the immense majority of the Swiss demaud the expulsion of the Jesuits , or , at least , are o-ijiosed to them . Out of a population of 2 , 32 . 3 , 350 ,

      there is a dear majority of 1 , 388 , 650 , opposed to the Jesuits , and no less than 1 , 133 , 650 of a clear majority who demand their forcible expulsion . It is true the rights of the smaller cantons are , and should be , as sacred as those of the larger ; still it will lie well to keep in mind the force ofthe contending parties : the above figures , proving , as they do , that the outcry against the Jesuits is not the cry of a mere faction . On the question ofthe "free corps , " the decision of the Diet is anything but fully or clearly stated in the correspondence ofthe daily papers ; but it would appear that , ofthe resolutions proposed to the deputies , die first oulv was adopted , as follows : —

      The forming of free armed corps , as well as the levying of such corps , without the consent er co-operation of the Cantonal Governments , are inadmissible according to the smse and aim of tlie Federal compact . The resolutions calling upon the cantons to take measures to prevent the formation of "free corps , " io prohibit violations of territory by them , to make the breach of these rales penal , and charging the Federal Directory with authority to communicate the proposed decree to all the cantons , it is stated , were rejected . On the 20 th ( ikrch ) the Diet adjourned , the President pronouncing the close of the session in the following terms : —

      Oar deliberations arc terminated . Some of you will retire dissatisfied . A similar disposition will manifest Itself among a portion of flie Swiss people . It is consequently a duty tlie more imperious for you to exert yourstVres to maintain public order and tranqniHitv , and not allow the interests of the commonwealth to he sacrificed io parly spirit . I must remind Lucerne that It depends upon its Government not to increase the existing irritation , and to effect a reconciliation by making a sacrifice to the country . May Switzerland be ready to provide against events ^ ami strong enough to uphold her honour and liberty under every circumstance . She would repent too late , if her authority and power were abandoned to the aercy of party interests .

      Come we now to a consideration of the tone assumed , and the measures taken by the " great powers" astley areBtylcd jWhosc y Jntobefonnedinto an unholy alliance to interfere with the affairs of all weaker nations , more especially when such interference has for its object the suppression office principles , and the staying the march of mind and civilization . The first to interfere , or at any rate to express interference , was the British Crovcrnmenf . As already stated , on the first day of the Diet ' s sittings , a diplomatic note , as it is called , from the Earl of Aberdeen to Jlr . MoiuEn , tbe British Minister Plenipotentiary WascommunicatedbytheVoi-orttoihedeputlcs . After expressing the sorrow of the British Government at witnessing the present agitation in Switzerland , which he fears may lead to serious consequences , Lord ABEttMvE"

      pi-OCCOQSThe consequences to which I allude are tliose which might affect tlie international relations between Switzerland and the rest of Europe , such as they arc defined by general decrees and by the treaties which have guaranteed to the Swiss confederation , constituted by the existing federal compact , the advantages of perpetual neutrality , and of territorial independence , Itis evident that the < u > strucHon of U , U compact , w > matter 65 wltat mCflflf , OF In ; OlB fault of ulat party in Switzerland , it might be effected , would sooner or later generate Vie necessity of reconstituting the JBel tetkJ / odg under some other form , which , in order to obtain a

      legal position in the general ptiilUal system m Europe , wmitd regvire the formal assent of tiie pouters taldclt took part in Vie act of AoKi . il . ier 20 , 1815 , by which it was declared that the neutrality aud inviolability of Switzerland , and her independence from all foreign influence , are for the true interests of ihe policy of the whole of Europe . So difficult a result as Stat of Vie recogniti on by Vie rest of Europe of a sifle Siritzerbiml could not be obtained but Oirough compVca tioiis prthafy / perjudteial to ( he dearesthiterests of ( he cantons , < mc ? uMch irortW necessarily birolxe Vie intervention of Vie foreign ixneers .

      __ The note proceeds to recommend to the Swiss , particularly the members of the Diet , " mutual good will and concession , " as the best means of settling the present imhappy difficulties , and concludes as fol-Iok 5 : — Her Majesty ' s Govisnuneritreeognises the respect which is due to the free decisions of a sovereign state in matters regarding exclusively its own well-being and domestic poUcy ; out -whatever advantages it may be hoped to gather from certain measures , they could scarcely counterbalance the acknowledged inconveniences of civil commotions and dissensions , and of a foreign intervention tchiclt would he the necessary conseguer . ee . On the fth of March the Torort communicated to tiie deputies M . Gcizoi ' s note addressed to the French envoy , the Count de Poxrois . In tliis note the chief of the doctrinaires thus denounces the " free corps :--. "

      The formation of Vie free corps is , wiViout contradiction , One Of Oie most serious events of the present state of things * and already , more than once , I have apprised you of the anxiety that I felt as to tho eventualities with which , not only the repose , but also the existence of the confederation were menaced by this organised anarcliy . The impe ratire necessity of putting an end to such abuses , and preventing a recurrence of them , is not contested in Europe by any ofthe true friends of Switzerland . * * * At the moment when the Diet ' s about to deUberate on the free corps , J « . Tj ) res- | j ) reiv ) in * -iea ( i to you to call the most Serious attention of the President to the radical mcgaUly end viculcuMk danger of nidi an institution . Announce to him in the most formal terms our ftdl and entire conviction on this subject .

      On the day of the Diet ' s adjournment , the President stated that he had received on the davprevious , tana the Austrian charge d ' iuTaires , a dispatch from ^ r ace MEm-men , which there had not ken time to prepare for tlie deputies , but which would be sent to all tne cantonal Governments . This dispatch has since appeared—we give the principal points of it : — ^ If flie Cabinet of St James , in its dispatch to M . Gorier , ft . tLeUiL Fehmuj ; takes pains to present to tlie eyes oi Swifa-erlaud a picture of ihe fatal consequences which Would he entailed ujwn her by tlie annihilation of the act T * y which she is constituted into u political bodu , recognised $ 3 Europe , you will recall toniiml that the same subject lias hecil developed by our Cabinet in more than one of

      the dispatches addressed by me during the course of late years to our legation in Switzerland , especiall y in that of th ? * 27 lli February , 1541 , andyou win feel thatlate events , so far from changing or modifying the opinion that we ever entertained , have but served to confirm it . In fact , the greater tlie chances of seeing nullified the act of ldlo . and according as they multiply , the more does it become evident to aU sound minds that the cessation of the Act of Union between the twenty-two sovereign cantons of Switzerland win be in tlie interior of the Confederation the Signal Of Civil war , of anarcliy and oppression : « -7 <* fc , as regards foreign relations , it trio" break Viose titles under tthielt Viesttice ) tfy 4 ux > states oceupg Oicir actual jositionin the great SivropeanfamSn .

      Hnxaaicn tliea denounces the "free corps" in BO measured terms , remarking that any Government ihat would tolerate and connive at the acts of anv such force within its territory would be "ivortliyoj er ' h ^ j- * ° **' *" * •"" ° f ** c OP * " * 011 ° f civUised Europe . " the disorder arising from such a cause , he adds . mmlejm an end to , and extirpated by tJie root . " . tonowingthis we have some fudge about the friend-Ship ol the "great powers" for Switzerland , and the wspatch concludes in the following insulting terms . — It now remains to be seen how far the delegates of the » .-mss people will know how to secure their country from _ % ^ ' ^ Vect feVrt thevncltuiedliberty aVoittd to the KKbed and destructive passions of the day must inevitably prepare for her . »« 2 i ^^ acc ° unts state that the Prussian am-™ f ™ has delivered a " note" from lis govern-* Th ^ nf i m ? 1 , ? explanations as to tie free corps . oomife of " note" to ™ ** J * * rackedtld 5

      •»»& j ? ? w-ffins these articles on foreign SoJ , ^ * so muel 1 to S""e prominence to our own SSf * ° « ytUlpitlandspMtofiuldoea -fa S ;^ -- ^ evidence which we may be aVe mJ ^ T ve t 0 ^ e countries an d questions 2 JS ™ - m & « Ws view we shall fiere pretS ^ Wir ^ P - « -. ae comments excited in XT * e a PP eara " « - of the above doeuiJJS ABEK » EJf ' s despatch appears to have excited tut c-omparativclv little interest . By the Conserva-Sfi l ^ ! 10 - * e « ravourably received , a- " * by the Radicals with cold indifference . The

      «Anai*-M *Var,At Leastiuwords, ( ^A^Oida...

      tone of the English Minister ' s communication appears to have excited far less umbrage than that of M . Guizot . On the other land , the note of M . Guizor excited a storm of hostile feeling wlich is not yet allayed . In the Diet , this " note" was the subject of fierce animadversion . M . WiEU . \ D , ofAi ovia , denounced the " note" as a "foreign menace . " M . Kekx , of rhurgovia , characterised M . Gcizoi ' s language as " offensive to the national feelings . " M . Druey , of the Canton dc Vaud , indulged in bitter recriminations , and pronounced M . Goizot ' s despatch to be " an unjustifiable and insulting intervention . " Finally , M . Neuhaus , of Berne , treated at considerable length the ouestion of -tnrta /»•? -fliA TCncrltalt Ulnmni-m . *** ,. — •_!• . _

      a diplomatic intervention in the affaire of the Confederation , and took occasion to criticise the note of M . Guizot , which he described as insulting in its form and feeble in point of argument . " That note , " exclaimed M . Nnuiuus , " was intended to intimidate the Confederation , but it will not have that effect . Switzerland does not require the guarantee ofthe treaty of Vienna to be free . A nation may lose its political existence in two ways—by domestic dissensions , or foreign invasion . In 1839 Switzerland remained nineteen days without chiefs or vorort , in cxmsequence of internal disturbances , and the foreign rowers were not alarmed by that state of things . The civil war which desolated Spain during many years did not derange the political balance of Eurone .

      Switzerland is better able in 1845 to defend her independence than ia 1814 ; and if she be doomed to perish in an unequal contest , it will be with honour . France has not fulfilled her international obligations ; the free corps have not violated her'territory , and it ill becomes her to hold such language as that contained in M . Guizot ' s note . " M . Neuhaus concluded by calling on M . Mousson , the President , to account for the answer he had returned to M . Guizot ' s communication . The President replied , "that no body carried national susceptibility farther than he did , but he did not imagine that it should prompt him to compromise tlie relations of the Confederation with friendly powers , by mistaking the intention that dictated the advice conveyed in their communications . " He added , that " " he had addressed a despatch to theSwiss Charge d'Affaires , at Paris , in reply to 1 , 1 . Guizot ' s note , containimra vindication of

      the rights of Switzerland as an independent power . " The " note" from the Austrian Government was not made public until after the adjournment of the Diet , otherwise there can be no doubt that it would have elicited from the Liberal deputies denunciations as bitter as those directed against M . Guizot . One thing is certain , that in the country at large it has added to the previous excitement produced by M . Guizot ' s note . The men who enjoy the confidence of the nation , such as M . Neuhaus of Berne , M . Wielasd of Argau , and M . Druey of Lausanne , are exerting all their influence to restrain the masses , who arc exasperated by this intervention to such a degree that on many points it is impossible to prevent the expression of their bitter discontent : so that all the steps taken by the " great powers" to prevent , as they say , the popular outbreak , have only served to accelerate it , adding fuel to the flame .

      It will be observed that throughout the despatches of the British , French , and Austrian Governments , the subjects animadverted on , are , the " free corps , " and the suspected design of the Radicals to change the Federal compact . Nothing is said about the Jesuits , though but for them the "free corps" would lave lad no existence . Had the Diet voted the expulsion ofthe Jesuits , the "free corps" would have become self-dissolved , whereas now their existence is continued , and their strength daily increases . We think that the " great powers" would have acted much more wisely and justly had they refrained from all interference ; but if they must need interfere , and if they were really anxious for the welfare , and desirous of preserving the peace of Switzerland ,

      common sense and common justice would have dictated that their interference should have been in the shape of friendly remonstrance and counsel to Lucerne , to bow to the wishes ofthe majority ofthe Swiss , by rescinding the decree for the recall ofthe Jesuits . Such a course might have been productive ofthe promotion of peace and goodwill , whereas , as has been above shown , the course really pursued has but added increased fury to the previous excitement , and brought the country to the verge of civil war . Most of the French , and nearly all the English newspapers arc fin-ious at the existence of the " free corps . " The London Globe says : — "There is no more reason why the hot-headed partisans of liberty , as it is called , should form themselves into armed

      bands in Switzerland , than that the worthies of the fauxbourgs of St . Marcel and St . Antoine , in Paris , should organise themselves in troops , and march , armed , tothe Chamber of Deputies , to tell the nienibershow to vote . " Now , we think if the Swiss " free corps" have only as good reasons as " the worthies of the fauxbourgs of St . Marcel and St . Antoine ( i . c , the working men of Paris ) would have , shoidd they organise themselves and inarch armed to the Chamber of Deputies to dictate justice to that gang of privileged scoundrels , they have very good reasons indeed . Tlie working men of Paris have repeatedly poured out their blood like water for the cause of liberty ,- they have seen their fathers and brothers

      "hewed down in masses , " while combatting for the rights of man ; and they have seen all these sacrifices rendered fruitless , and of no avail for the many , because of the machinations , chicaneries , and treacheries of this rascally Chamber of Deputies , and other knaves such as that Chamber is composed of . Therefore it is that , for our parts , we deplore the fact that the working men of Paris are just now not in a position to organise , arm , march , and dictate . Another 31 st of May , making a cleaner sweep than in 1793 , is sadly wanted iu that country . Let us add , that the sight of such a sweeping would not break our hearts if seen in a certain legislative " Chamber " much nearer home .

      We are not about to discuss the policy of the existence of such a body as the "free corps ; " that is the business of the Swiss people , not ours . The Diet has declared the existence of this force to be incompatible with the sense and aim of the Federal compact ; but without the power to carry out this declaration to its legitimate conclusion , the Diet ' s resolution of course remains a dead letter . The free Swiss are armed as all free men should be , whilst the use of arms continues ; they have recourse to an aimed organisation to settle their differences ; this maybe deplored by other nations , but does not justify the interference of Ihose nations . Suppose a similar state of things in France or England ; would the French and English press be so ready to sanction the

      interference of other nations ? Suppose the " aimed sections" of Paris revived ; suppose those " sections " were to favour the swindling legislator of the " Chamber" with a second edition of the 31 st May , would that justify the interference of England ? Would the French submit to it ? Suppose the unrepresented , the legally and socially enslaved working classes of this country were to arm , as they have the right to do—to organise , as they may do—to march , as they might do—and to dictate justice to the wrong-doing , right-forgetting legislature of St . Stephen ' s , would Englishmen submit to be interfered with by the despotic Governments of other states , because their proceedings were distasteful to tliose Governments ? But it is said that tlie Swiss contemplate a change in then * general government ; that the Radicals are bent upon cstablishins a Democratic Republic " one and

      indivisible . " Well , does that justify the interference of other nations ? Withwhatconsistency can France meddle with the Swiss , after her twenty-live years ' war , begun in resisting the interference of other nations with her affaire ? And why should England interfere ? Is not our " national debt" and grinding taxation sufficient retribution forourformer wars of intcrventioii , withoutaddiiigtothe weightof those curses by a further meddling in continentalso . uabbles ? But suppose a democratic revolution in this country—an event not altogether V-cytmu the range of human probabilities—would Englishmen submit to be dictated to by the despots of other countries as to what form of Government they should have , and what institutions they should establish 1 No ; as one man the l-Jiglirfi people would resent and resist such interference : en masse thev would rather a thousand

      over ' ' Cry havoc' ar . d let slip the dogs of war ' . " than submit for a moment to such insolent and infamous dictation . The British Minister says that the destruction of the Swiss compact would lead to the necessity of reconstituting the Helvetic body under some other form , " wliich , in order to obtain legal position in the general political system in Europe , would reoiure the formal assent of tlie powers which took part in the act of November 20 * 1815 . " And lie adds— "So difficult a remit as tJiat of the recognition by the rest of Europe of a nciv Switzerland eould not he obtained but tlirov . gh complications probably prejudicial to the dearest interests of the cantons , and ivhich ivould necessarily involve the intervention ' of the foreign powers . " So that , according to Lord AnF . RDEES , Switzerland holds

      her existence as a nation at the mercy of other , because more powerful , states . Does Britain exist by sufferance ? Knot , why should Switzerland ? The independence of the latter is , as a truth and a fact , as sacred as that of the former ; and morally Switzerland is no more bound to adhere to the compact of 1815 , than England was bound to adhere to the rotten-borough , system , which in this country existed atthatpcrhd , and was declared to be "the perfection of human wisdom , " but which was nevertheless overthrown by the Reform Bill Revolution ^ of 18 32 . Switzerknd . is a nation sovereign and independent , and in the name of the too-eften outraged rights of man , in the name ofthe true interests of the people of this country , we protest against the despotic and insolent interference of the British Government with the affairs of the Helvetic Confederation .

      Z & - Slice the above article was written , we have received a copy ofthe replv of M . Moussox , the President of the Diet , to M . * Guizot ' s despatch . The reply is able and dignified , and shall appear in this paper next week . We are sorry to add that , from the news received in Paris on Tuesday , it is to be f eared that the civil war has begun .

      «Anai*-M *Var,At Leastiuwords, ( ^A^Oida...

      It is stated that the " free'corps" commenced their movement on the 29 th ult . In the evening of that day the volunteers of Basle country seized on two pieces of artillery and a certain quantity of ammunition in the arsenal of Leichthal , and proceeded to join the free corps of Argau . A report prevailed that Lucerne would be attacked on the 30 th . The volunteers of Soleure were to march forward on that day . The Radical committee , permanently sitting at Argau for the last fortnight , publicly enrolled the refugees from Lucerne and other cantons . In Argau , Berne , Soleure , and Basle country no obstacle had been opposed to the passage of the men enlisted in the - * -. .. « .....- - _

      free corps , who were easily recognised by the form nf their hats and their aims , which they conveyed on cars . The Constitutionncl quotes a letter from Argau of the 28 th ult ., stating that the movement against Lucerne was to commence in the night ofthe 30 th ult . The Commander-in-Chief of the troops of Lucerne , General Sonnenberg , had disappeared , and was said te have joined the malcontents . Other desertions had taken place from the forces of that can . ton . We must reserve further details till next week . Should any ; later news of importance reach us this week , it will be given in our first page under the head of " Foreign Intelligence . "

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      Field-Garden Operations, For Tlie Week C...

      FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS , For tlie Week commencing Monday , April Sth , 18 U . [ Extracted from a Diary of Actual Operations on five small farms on the estates of Mrs . Davies Gilbert , near Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model farms on the estates of the Earl of Dartmouth at Slaithwaite , ia Yorkshire , published by Mr . Nowell , of Farnley Tyas , near Huddersfield , in order to guide other possessore of field gardens , by showing them what labours ought to be undertaken on their own lands . The farms selected as models are—First . Two school farms at Willingdon and Eastdean . of

      hve aereseaeh , conducted by G . Cruttcnden and John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John Dumbrell—the former at Eastdean , the latter at Jevington—all of them within a few miles of Eastbourne . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several private model farms near the sameplace . Theconsecutiveoperationshi thesereports will enable the curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of the south with the north of England . The Diary is aided by "Notesand Observations " from the pen of Mi-. Nowell , calculated for the time and season , which we subjoin .

      " With health of body , innocence of niind . andhahitsof industry , a poor man ' s child ought to have nothing to he afraid of , nor his father or mother anything to he afraid of for him . "—Dr . Foley . Note . —The school farms are cultivated by boys , vjhs in return for three hours' teaching in the morning , give three hours of their labour in the afternoon for the waster ' s benefit , which renders the schools selfsupporting . We believe that at Farnly Tyas sixsevenths of the produce of the school farm will be assigned tothe boys , and one-seventh to the master , who will receive Hie usual school fees , help the boys to cultivate their land , and teach them , in addition to reading , tvriting , < fcc , to convert their produce into baton , by attending to pig-keeping , xvkich at Christmas may be divided , after paying rent and levy , amongst them in proportion to their services , and bemade thus indirectly to reach their parents in a way tin most grateful to tlieir feelings . ]

      SUSSEX . Moxday —Willingdon School . Boys digging ground , and planting early potatoes . Eastdean School . Holyday for boys , master thrashing oats , and cutting straw . _ Piper . Hoeing wheat ; for he says , if he allows himself to be idle noiv , he must not expect anything in harvest . Dumbrell . Rolling rye grass , putting tank liquid to it , harrowing wheat , planting potatoes . Tuesday— Willmgdon School . Boys planting early potatoes , digging ground . Eastdean School . Boys sowing oats , hoeing wheat , rolling peas and tares . Piper . Hoeing wheat , and in four or five months , says , he ivill be rewarded for it . Dumbrell . Drilling tares , harrowing wheat and fallow , rolling the latter , and sowing clover on the wheat .

      Wed . vesbav—Willingdon School . Boys planting potatoes as before . Eastdean School . Twelve boys emptyiiig the tank , digging for , and sowing barley sowing clover on the wheat , rolling it , and earthing up cabbages . Piper . Turning mixen , and putting tank liquid upon it . Dumbrell . Sowing clover upon the wheat , and harrowing in , digging . Thursday—WiUmgdon School , Boys digging , and planting early potatoes . Eastdcaih School . Bov'S digging , and planting potatoes , manuring them , sowing barley , picking roots and stones . ' Pi per . Digging , and getting the ground fine at top

      immediately , or it will be unkind in working . Duxu breU . Spearing potatoes , hoeing wheat . Friday—Willingdon School . Boys digging for , and planting early potatoes . Eastdean School . Boys sowing barley , planting potatoes , removing from the lump , and assorting potatoes . Piper . Planting potatoes ; his cow draws the manure , and he will "defy any farmer to shew one Setter for her age . " ' Dumbrell . Hoeing wheat , heifer carrying dung and potatoes . Satuhday—Willingdon School . Boys planting potatoes as before . Eastdean School . Bovs clearing out pails , piggery , school room , and getting cow fodder for to-morrow . Piper . Digging , dredging the grass . Dumbrell . Digging , heifer dredging

      grass

      YORKSHIRE . Operations during the week . / S ( ai ' triu ) aite School . From twelve to sixteen boys occasional !} ' at their afternoon labour . Digging , clodding , sowing , and harrowing oats . C , Varley , sowing oats , harrowing spring tares , and preparing ground for turnips . James Bamford , forking over ground for turnips , filling drains , mending roads . John Bamford , spreading lime and ashes , sowing oats , and harrowing , sowing tares , preparing ground for turnips , spreading compost .

      COW-FEEDING . Willingdon School . Cows eating white turnips , which have stood the winter , and clover hay . Diimbrell ' s . Cows stall fed as last report . NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS . Gl'PSUXt TOP-DRESSIXO . — [ If the chief fertilizing agency of coal ashes may be attributed to the small quantity of gypsum they contain , what good effects may not he derived by a large application of gypsum to the soil ?] —In using gypsum , wliich ought to be applied to every variety of pod plants , from lucerne to the bean tribe , let it be scattered upon the moist plants , so that it may be partly absorbed by tlieir leaves . It is found in tlieir substance , and , therefore , must be necessary

      for them , as salt is required by an animal or lime by a bird . But because it may appear to you a poor tasteless thing , donot assume a conceit that it is inert and without virtue . _ It contains , mild as it may seem , nearly half its weight of the strongest oil of vitriol , wliich , when the gypsum is put into the ground , is gradually let loose , and , seizing the ammonia it finds in the soil , converts it into a rich mess of food for plants ; while the lime , its other component part , is left behind to ameliorate the soil . Never be afraid of using a little gypsum , then , either as a top-dressing for herbage , or mixed with manure ; it will not bo lost , but act a most important part in fertilization .

      Tor-DKESsixc or Soot and Salt . —[ As a dog fed on jolly alone will die , so may plants fed ou the richest manure , if the specific ingredients they require be not present . ] Soot containing salts of ammonia , must act beneficially . Salt is ever required both by animals and vegetables . It may so happen , however , that the soil contains it in sufficient abundance . When cattle are well supplied with this condiment , it is received into the soil where they tramp over ; or near the sea coast , the salt water spray may saturate the soil to some distance with salt . In applying these dressings , or indeed any kind of fertilizing agent , you must estimate , from observation and inquiry , whether the soil may not already contain a sufficiency of it . Suppose that winter wheat may have been sufficiently boned , then an application of bones in phosphated tank liquid would be useless .

      BU . LYOS S & AVfAUt ON THE CHEMIST *!!* OF VEGETAT'OX . Dr . Lyon PJayfair , F . G . S ., honorary member of and consulting chemist to the Royal Agricultural Societv of England , and honorary professor ot Chemistry to the Royal Mnnohostev Institution , delivered lately a course of six lectures on the Chemistry of vegetation , in the theatre of that institution . The lectures were illustrated by various diagrams , and by chemical experiments , and was listened to throughout with the greatest attention . After some general remarks on the light which science shed on the art of culture , the lecturer observed that the farmer ' s fictitious elevation of practice above theory had long retarded tliose improvements which their combination had effected in the progress of manufactures . The trite adage , that " an ounce of practice is worth a ton of theory , " fixed on the portals of agriculture , had acted like a gorgon ' s head on men of science , who wished to enter in order to unite

      their science to practice . Even the experience accumulated by practice during along series of years * developed as it was by contingencies that mig ht be local , or by clciunstances of temporary duration , was at the best always vague and unsatisfactory , and failed to be of use , as soon as the conditions were altered wlich brought it into being . The colonists of Virginia grew wheat on the same soils for a hundred years ; and the Americans despised our systems of rotation and manure , and boasted in their successive crops of com and tobacco . But what availed the art of the Vkginian acquired by the experience of a century ? Or what , the knowledge handed down from father to son , to the inheritors ofthe tobacco fields of America ? For , in Virginia , wheat had ceased to grow ; and in manv parts of America , tobacco now refused to flourish . " Why were the fields in Virginia so long fertile ? Why were they now sterile ? What could restore them to fertility ? What was therein tobacco that so soon exhausted the soils

      Field-Garden Operations, For Tlie Week C...

      in America ? By asking these questions , we left art , ana threw ourscl ves on science . Our art and boasted experience could not solve ; for tho conditions were changed under which * the practice was acquired . Take acaseinthefaimcr ' sevcrydaycxperience . neisobligcd to leave Ins light sandy soil , on which he had earned on a successful system of manuring and rotation of crops , and was transferred to a heavy clay soil , where all lus lormer experience was useless and his oldcherished systems invariably failed . He wascompelled to go to the temple of science , and consult the oracle wit nn as to . the cause of his failure . His practice at fault , he was at last obliged , however unwillingly , to become acquainted with the principles upon wlich lus practice depends . It was a ww niirinna +. •¦;„*

      that , the farmers were obliged to acknowledge they could proceed no further ; but still , however unwillina . they wore obliged to acknowled ge the failure of their experience , and it was curious to see the mystical views they took as to the cause of that failure . An agricultural chemist had lectured here a short time ago ; and , after his lectures , a farmer told him he had a field which refused to grow wheat , and he wished this gentleman to examine it . He did so , and found , as he expected , from the system of cropping and manuring , that one ingredient , phosphoric acid , had become quite exhausted , and wheat could not , of course , grow . But the farmer was not content with this explanation ; and , rather than acknowledge that his practice was in error , lie determined to sot some

      metaphysical aud distant explanation , and said , " All I can say is , that the field has grown noivt since it was struck with lightning . " Now , chemists were always met with some opposition to tlieir rational views , by the prejudices which still existed amongst the farmers , although they were rapidlv vanishing . The lecturer next dwelt on the infinite care displayed by nature in the construction and protection of seeds . Some were surrounded with a hard , scaly armour of flint , as in the seeds of corn ; some have thick coats , such as beans and peas ; others are protected by hard sheik , and placed in the midst of a pulpy , fleshy covering , destined as manure for the seed , such as the peach . In all , the greatest care was taken to protect the seed from injury , until the period of

      germination . Three parts were distinguished in all seeds—1 st , the cotyledon , wliich forms much the largest portion of the kernel , and which is , in fact , the .. magazine of food fov the young plant ; 2 d , the plumule , plume or gcmmule , which is the J'OUllg embryo that is afterwards to become the stem of the plant ; 3 rd , the radicle , or part which is to become the roots . In the common garden bean , the cotyledon is divided into two portions , called lobes ; tlie plumule or embryo stem is the small white point observed atthe upper part of the division or lobes , and the radicle is the curved white cone which is found at the base . The most frequent form in seeds was two _ cotyledons ; but in seeds , for example the grasses , in which the food is only in one cotyledon

      , and in other seeds , there were many compartments or the primary food . Consequently , botanists divided plants into two great divisions ; those having the food of the embryo , stored in one magazinethe mouocotyledonous plants ; and those having two or more compartments — the dicolytedonous , or polycotvledonons plants . These two ' classes possess capital differences . As soon as those essential parts of a seed , the plumule , radicle , and cotyledon , are formed , it loses all activity , and " life apparently becomes suspended , until called forth for the purposes of reproduction . Under favourable circumstances , seeds may be kept for a very long time in this inactive state . He had himself seen , in Mr . Miles ' s garden , at Bristol , wheat growing , the

      seeds of which had been found in a mummy . Pliny states a case where he had known wheat to grow after 100 years ; and Home mentions an instance in which rye grew * after 140 years . Coffee beans are the seeds which most easily lose their suspended vitality ; for they refuse to grow , unless planted immediately after being taken from the bush . Decan Dolle states , that the seeds most difficult to preserve are tliose containing much oil . But expose a seed to the combined influence of light , air , and moisture , and the suspended vitality becomes active . The embryo plant feeds upon the nutriment in the cotyledon ; the radicle protrudes from the seed , descends into the ground , and forms roots ; and the little plumule ascends , and forms a stem , and the cotvledon

      shrivels up and disappears . The little plant now feeds itself from the air and the soil , and grows apace . Tho stem increases in height , and throws out branches and leaves , and the roots diverge in search of food . It was long a question of dispute to what force the forai of a tree was owing . Some philosophers said the roots descended into the earth because they loved moisture , and the stem ascended because it loved the air . But Detrochet showed this waa not the case ; for he took a box , and bored holes in . the bottom of it , placing beans over « ach hole , and some moist earth on the top of the bean . The roots should have grown up into the moist earth , and the stems downwards into the air , if that opinion had ; been correct , '' But this vwas not the case ; fov

      the radicles went downwards into the air , and the stems ascended into the earth , and in a short-time they shrivelled away and died . Be the force , then ) , ' what it may , rootshave a natural tendency to descend , and the stems to ascend . That this has some intimate connection with gravitation , Knight has shown by his beautiful experiment . Mr . Knight arranged w ; heels ,-driven by water , in such a way that he could either drive them horizontally or vertically , and regulate tlieir speed . He then planted beans on the rim ofthe wheel , in conditions favourable to growth , and then set his wheels in motion . The effect . of this was , that , when the wheel attained a certain degree of speed , which , in the case ofthe wheel in question , was 250 rotations in a minute , a new force came into

      operation—the centrifugal force—and overcame that of gravitation . The roots , instead of descending , obeyed this new force , growing outwards , forming , in fact , prolongations of the radii of the wheel ; while the stems took the opposite direction , until they came in contact with the axis . But when the wheel revolved less rapidly , so that the force of gravitation was not overcome , but merely modified , the radicles pointed downwards , about ten degrees from the horkon , and the plumules pointed upwards at the same angle , and the inclination was greater or less , according as the wheel revolved more or less rapidly . By this capital experiment , Mr . Knight proved that the descent of the roots into the soil is essentially connected with gravitation . "Botanists then

      considered that the lateral branches were due to the same cause ; their natural tendency being to proceed upwards , but gravitation pulling them downwards . To a certain degree only , is this correct . Parasites do not obey the law of the earth ' s attraction ; for they always grow at right angles to the plant to which they are attached , whether that be upwards , downwards , oi * laterally . Now , branches given off from the stem may be considered parasites , which would grow at right angles from the stem , horizontally , * but they are also influenced by the upwards direction , so that they grow upwards and outwards , and to a certain extent also by attraction , so that their direction is varied . The directions of the stem and leaves , in fact all the green parts , are much influenced by light ,

      which is therefore one great cause of their upward direction , as shown even in the case of a root : when its tip becomes green it grows upwards like a branch ; and a stem , put under the ground away from light , grows downwards like a root . Similar love for light is seen in the leaf : the upper part of a leaf is deeper green than the lower surface , and bends upwards to the skv ; while the latter is directed to the earth . In sonic cases , both the upper and under surfaces of the leaf arc e qually green , and then its edges point to tlie sky . This was strikingly seen in the plant called bent grass . It had its rough or unpolished side upwards , and its beautiful smooth green side downwards , and it twisted up its leaves to the sun , so that tlie polished side should turn upwards to the light .

      Buddixo the Vixe . — About tbe first week in March , says a writer in the Gardener' ' s Chronicle , I perform tlie operation , or as soon as I perceive the sap to rise . I cut from a Victoria Grape an eye about throe inches in length , having attached as much wood as I could possibly get with it : at each end of the eye I cut off about a quarter of an inch of the upper bark , making the ends quite thin . I next measure off the exact length of the bud on the base ofthe vine intended to be budded , aud make a thick slanting upward at the upper part , and another slanting downwards at the bottom . I thou take the piece neatlyout , so that the bud may nicely fit in , and by making the nick as stated above , each end ofthe bud is covered by the bark ofthe shoot . I

      bind the buds firmly round with matting , and clay it , taking care , however , that the clay does not cover the eye of the bud . I then tie it round with moss , and keep it constantly damp ; and as the sap rises in the vine tbe bud begins to swell . When the vine commences to push out young shoots , take the top ones oft ; in order to thrown little more sap into the bud , and as you perceive it getting stronger , take off more shoots , and so continue until you have taken off all the young shoots . Budding can only be performed where the long-rod system is practised , as in that case you have the power of confining the sap to the bud , which will grow vigorously . As soon as you perceive this , cut the vino down to the bud . Budding

      has the advantage over grafting , by not leaving an unsightly appearance where the bud was inserted . A bud likewise grows more luxuriantly . I have seen a bud make a shoot fully thirty feet in length , with a beautiful bunch of grapes at the base in the first season ; whereas a friend of mine bought a plant and ' grew itfor two years before he obtained a fruit from it ; and even then his vine was not equal to the bud . I have budded many vines in the same manner , and have always found them answer the end . I always allow the matting to remain on until about the month of September , when I take it off , and I have always found the bud perfectly united ; and without minuter examining the plant the work is imperceptible . '

      Interesting Questions for the Farjiek . —How many curious questions are suggested by such observations as the following % Some varieties of wheat are better suited for the pastrycook ; others for the baker of bread . Some samples of barley refuse to melt in the hands of the brewer and distiller ; and some yield more brandy ; while others lay on more fat . The Scottish ploughman refuses bog oats for his brose-nieal , or for his oaten cake , because they

      Field-Garden Operations, For Tlie Week C...

      make it tough ; and the cotter ' s family-prefer Angus oats for their porridge-meal , because they swell , and become bulky and consistent in the pot , and go further in feeding the children at the same cost . The pea sometimes refuses to boil soft ; and tho potato , on some soils and with some manures , persists in growing waxy . If Swedish turnips sell at thirty shillings a ton , as in large towns they often do , yellow turnips will bring only about twenty-five , and white globes eighteen ; while all varieties ' ceasc to feed well as soon as a second growth commences . What is the cause of such differences as these ? How do thev arise ? Can they be controlled ? Can we , by cultivation , remove them ? Can wc raise produce of tliis or that quality ; at our pleasure ? Such questions , constantly arising , have led to extended analyses of the food consumed both by cattle and by man ¦ and from these analyses—still far from being completemost curious , most interesting , and most practically important results have already been obtained . — Edinburgh Reviciv ,

      Si.Ygulai* Railway Accident—On Sunday La...

      Si . ygulai * Railway Accident—On Sunday last , as the pilot engine wis proceeding towards Loughborough , and when just beyond the Barrow station , a hawk , attempting to cross the line at the moment , was knocked down by the engine . On returning from Loughborough , the hawk was found on the spot with its head cut completely off , and a snipe , in its mouth , which , from the wounds at the back of the head , had evidently been killed by the hawk , and being too heavy prevented the hawk ' s flying with its wonted rapidity , and thus was the cause of its death also .

      Hurricane at Edinburgh . —The rapid fall of the barometer on Thursday forenoon gave indication of a change in the weather ; and , accordingly , in the afternoon the wind from the west began to increase in power , and in the evening blew with great fury , accompanied with rain . During the night it assumed all the characteristics of a hurricane , blowing in so heavy gusts that even tho most substantial houses shook under its pressure . Many chimney cans were thrown down , and broken tiles and slates strewed the streets . It continued its fury all Friday forenoon ; but about two o ' clock it began to abate , though the wind continued loud and high , and in the evening it had entirely subsided . We have witnessed nothing like it in fury and power since the memorable storm

      of January , 1839 , which caused so much destruction of shipping and loss ot * life at Liverpool and on the west coast of England . Considerable damage must have been occasioned to tlie shipping on the cast , and more particularly on the west coast , although we have not as yet heard of any more serious consequences having resulted in our own immediate neighbourhood than the temporary interruption of tlie communication between the north and south sides of the Frith . The intercourse between the two shores was entirely suspended during the early part of Wednesday , and it was not till half-past eleven o ' clock that the first steamboat from Granton pier was enabled to sail with the mail for the north , which is usually carried across at a quarter-past five in the morning , being a stoppage of upwards of six horn's . The Defiance coach , which usually crosses at nine o ' clock , was also detained till the same time . A

      detention of the mails also took place on the north side of the Frith . That from the north by Perth and Queensferry , due hero ( Edinburgh ) at half-past five o'clock in the morning , did not reach the postoffice till half-past one ; and the mail to Inverness by Queensferry would also probably be detained till the forenoon . The Aberdeen mail , which comes through Fife , and is due at the post-office at half-past four o ' clock , did not arrive till twenty-five minutes past seven last night ( Friday ) . The Queen steam packet , from the stone-pier at Newhaven to Kirkaldy , which usually sails in the morning , did not sail till two o ' clock in the afternoon ; and there was no arrival from Kirkaldy till half-past three . The steamer from Largs had not arrived at a late hour in the afternoon . A steam-packet , supposed to be the Ardincaple from Berwick , which place she would leave about eight o ' clock on Wednesday morning , took shelter under the lee of Inchkeith ,

      Sunveyoas Of Highways, Leeds.—The Charti...

      SunvEYoas of Highways , Leeds . —The Chartists of Leeds have elected the following persons surveyors of highways for the ensuing year : —Wm . Brook , teadealer , Kirk-gate ; George Hobson , butcher , Merrionstveet , George Wood , butcher , Shamble' - * , George Bramham , flour-dcalcr , West-street ; Josh . Hewitt , shoemaker , Chapcl-yard , York-street ; John Shaw , fishmenger , Plain-street ; Henry Morley , innkeeper , Back-row , Campfield ; John Barrett , hatter , Kirkgate ; James Thornton , boot-maker , Green-row , Mabgate ; Edward Blundell , general dealer , Weststreet j John White , plasterer , Busfield-strcct , Leylands : Samuel Balmforth , painter , Wingham-street , Roundbay-road ; Thomas Clarkson , shoe-dealer . Central-market ; Charles Waterworth , hairdresser , Yorkstreet ; John Airey , ' innkeeper , Briggatc- ; Nicholas Dunn , poulterer , Hope-street ; William Roberts , shoe-dealer , Upper Cross-street , ' Bank ; Samuel Boothman , bricklayer , Accommodation-place ; Wm . Lonsdale ,-tailor , Mill-street . ' ' ..

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      ^ DR . GRANDISON'S NE nVQUS PILLS . " * ¦ recommended by eminent physicians . BY perseverance in this popular remedy , the trembling hand may become steady , the weak heart strong , and nervous irritability ( so often the precursor of insanity ) may he arrested . It has secured refreshing sleep . ( without containing one particle of opiate ) to those who have been denied that blessing for years , and conquered the most obstinate costiveness and indigestion . It strengthens the stomach , purines the Wood , and restores the spirits , ensuring vigour of both body and mind . Caution . —The success of this Medicine , for every weakness or derangement ofthe nervous system , havingcaused imitations , the Public are informed that the words "Dr . Grandison ' s Pills" are engraved iu the Government Stamp , and cannot be imitated , as they form a part ofthe Stamp itself . , - Testimonial . —The following case of extraordinary cure can be , attested , either personally or by letter , by 3 Ir . $ R . Sutton , Bookseller , Nottingham . Mrs . Griffin , of New Basford , near Nottingham , after above four years of dreadful nervous suffering , wliich Dr . Blake affirmed would end in insanity , was perfectly restored by Dr . Grandison ' s Pills , after every known remedy had been resorted to in

      Ad00713

      T HE truly-wonderful Cures of Asthma and Consumption , Coughs , Colds , ( fcc , which are everywhere performed by DR . LOCOCK'S PULMONIC WAFERS have long established them as the most certain , perfect , and speedy remedy in existence for all disorders of the breath and lungs . It is not possible in the limits of this notice to give any great number of the immense mass of testimonials which are constantly received by the proprietors . The following will , however , be read with interest : —

      $Wm Htttllwmt*

      $ WM htttllWMt *

      •Rvr.F T.Ftt ^/Rf/Z/Tv/W/^/^'/'" ''"'"* ...

      • rvr . f t . ftt ^/ rf / Z / TV / W /^/^ ' /'" ''"'"* ' .,, »—• -- — - . . r . - - . . --.,.- ^ v-.- * -. Loxnox Conx Exchange , Monday , March 31—The arrivals of English wheat and Irish oats were very liberal during the past week , and ofthe lastnamed article fail-supplies came to hand from our own coast ; but onlva small quantity was received from Scotland . Ot barley the total receipts were good for the time of year , and the arrivals of beans and peas were about the same as usual . At this morning ' s market there was a fair show of wheat by landcarriage samples from the home counties , quite an average display of barley samples , and a moderately good sprinkle of beans and peas . The receipts of oats since the close of the week have not been particularly large , but an immense Quantity having bccnl ft over ,

      there was a very full market . The weather has been extremely fine throughout last week , and out-door operations have been rapidlv proceeded with . The demand for wheat was very slow this morning , and only the best qualities realised the terms of Monday last ; many of the ordinary runs remaining unsold at the close of business , though offered at a trifling abatement . The operations in foreign free wheat wore quite on a retail scale , and quotations remained nominally unaltered . In bond nothing whatever was done . Flour hung heavily on hand , and ship samples were certainly easier to buy than on this day sc ' nnight . The quantity of barley offering proved * more than equal to the demand , and except for choice maltha

      parcels last Monday's currency was barely supported . Malt also hung on band , but was not generally quoted lower . ' The principal dealers did not purchase oafs freely , being dissatisfied with the concessions hitherto made by factors ; still a fair extent of business was on the whole done . English and Scotch oats were held at nearly former prices , and Irish were not more than Od . to Is . per qr . cheaper . Beans were saleable in retail at former rates , and peas likewise maintained their previous value . Though the weather has lately been auspicious for sowing cloversced , this article has by no means improved in value . Canaryseed was more saleable this morning at previous terms . Tares were difficult of disposal .

      CURRENT VRICES OF GRAIN , PER IMPERIAL QUARTER . —British . S S s 8 Wheat , Essex , & Kent , new & old red 42 49 White 50 55 Norfolk and Lincoln . ... do 43 47 Ditto 49 51 . Northum . and Scotch white 42 47 Fine 49 53 Irish red old 0 0 Red 42 U White s 6 49 Rve Old 31 32 New 30 32 Xr .-mk 35 3 fi "Bai'lov Grinding . . 2 G 28 Distil . 2 D 31 Malt . 32 36 Malt * Hi-own .... 54 56 Pale 57 61 Ware 62 64 Beans Ticks old & new 30 33 Harrow 32 37 Pigeon 38 40 Veas Grey ...... 32 33 JIa-ile 33 34 White 36 38 Oats Lincolns & Yorkshire Feed 21 2-3 Poland 23 25 Scotch Angus 22 24 Potato 24 28 Irish White 20 22 Black 20 21

      Per 2801 b . net . s s Per 2 S 01 b . net . s s Town-made Flour ... 42 44 Norfolk & Stockton 33 34 . Essex and Kent .... 34 30 Irish 35 3 S Free . Bond ' Foreign . as g s Wheat , Dantsic , Konigsburg , & c 33 58 36 38 Marks , Mecklenburg 48 52 32 34 Danish , Holstein , and Friesland red 44 46 26 28 Russian , Hard 44 40 Soft ... 44 47 26 28 Italian , Red . . 40 48 White ... 50 52 28 32 Spanish , Hard . 4 G 43 Sof t .... 48 50 28 32 live , Raltie , Dried , ... 30 31 Undried . . 30 32 21 22 Barlev , Grinding . 2 G 27 Malting . . 32 33 20 28 Beans , Ticks . . 30 32 Egyptian . 32 33 24 28 Peas , "White . . 3 G 88 MapU , , 33 31 28 39 Oats , Dutch , Bren- and Thick 24 25 19 21 Russian feed 21 22 15 16 Danish , Friesland feed 21 23 15 17 Flour , per barrel 24 26 19 20

      LntDOX Smithfiem Cattle Market , Mondav , March 31 . —Compared with those of several previous weeks , the imports of live stock for our market since Monday last have been somewhat limited , they not having exceeded thirty-seven oxen and twelve cows , all from Holland . The number on sale this morning consisted of only fifteen oxen and caws , but the whole of them were of full average quality ; indeed , we may observe , that scarcely any of them were out of condition . The demand for them ruled steady , at prices varying from £ li 10 s . to £ 18 10 s . per head , at which figures the whole found buyers . The supply of beasts derived from our own grazing counties waa loss by nearly 300 than thai exhibited on tlus'day se ' nnight , and we are hippy to observe that the description of stock was less affected with the so long

      complained of epidemic than was the case on that day . Still , several losses have again occurred on the roads . On the whole , there was a slight improvement in the demand for the primes ! Scots and homebreds , which sold at from 3 s . lOd . to 4 s . per 81 b . ; but all other breeds were extremely inactive , at barely late rates ; while a generalclearancc was not effected . The bullock drovestr om Norfolk , Suffolk , Essex * , and Cambridgeshire , were composed of 1800 Scots and homebrcas . From the northern grazing districts we received about 200 shorthorns ; from the western and midland counties , 400 Devons , runts , Herefords , & c . ; from other parts of England , 200 of various breeds ; and from Scotland 110 horned and polled

      scoxs . Tho nunibcra of sheep were somewhat on tbe increase , particularly those out ot tne wool . _ Prime old Downs mostly sold at previous currencies ; but all other breeds had a downward tendency . A . large portion of tho Kents and Leieesters were in demand . From the Isle of Wight' we received 135 lambs , per railway ; while the receipts from Essex , Kent , Hampshire , ' and other quarters , were seasonably goon . The lamb trade was rather inactive at Friday ' s reduced currencies . The supply of calves was small , yet the veal trade ruled heavy at a decline of from 2 d . to 4 d . per 81 b . on last . "Monday ' s figures . The pork trade was very dull , and the prices were 2 d . per Sib . lower . ,

      By the quantities of 8 lb ., sinking the offal . s . d . . s . d . Inferior coarse beasts ,,. 2628 Second quality . . . . 2 10 3 4 . Prime large oxen . . * . . 3 0 3 8 Prime Scots , & c 3 10 4 0 Cearse inferior sheep . . . 2 10 3 2 Second quality .,,, 3138 Prime coarse wooUed . . , 3 10 4 0 Lambs -. 4 8 5 10 Prime Southdown ( out of the wool ) 3 8 3 10 Ditto ( in the wool ) ... 4 2 4 4 Large coarse calves . . , , 3 8 4 2 Prime small 4 4 4 8 Sucklin-r calves , eaoh . . . 18 0 30 0 Large hogs 3 0 3 6 Neat small porkers ... 3 8 4 2 Quarter-old store pigs , each . 1 C 0 20 O

      HEAD Or CATTLE ON SALE . ( From the Books of the Clerk of the Market . ) Beasts , 2 , GG 0-Sheep and Lambs , 24 , 130—Calves , 61—Pigs , 321 . RicuMOxn Corn Market , Saturday , March 29 . — "We only had a thin supply of grain in our market to-day . —Wheat sold from 6 s . to 6 s . 6 d . ; oats 2 s . 5 d . to 3 s . 2 d . ; barley 3 s . % , to 4 s . ; beans 4 s . 3 d . to 4 s . 6 d . per bushel . Manchester Corn Market , Saturday , March 29 . —Throughout the week the trade , influenced by the favourable change in the weather and the continued depression in the London market , has been of a most inactive character , the transactions in all articles having been on an exceedingly limited scale , without , however , any material alteration in prices . At our

      market this morning a very languid inquiry was experienced for all descriptions of wheat , and the advance reported on this day se ' nnight could not be realized . Flour was extremely difficult of sale , but wc cannot note any reduction in value . With a very trifling demand for oats , the turn of prices was in favour ofthe buyer . Oatmeal sold slowly , at about late rates . Beans were in moderate request , and supported their previous value . Liverpool Cor . v Market , Monday , March 31 . —There has this week been a liberal supply of wheat , oats , and flour , from Ireland , and also of barley and malt from the English coast . The scale of duties on foreign grain remains withoutaltcration . Tuesday ' s market was dull for most articles of the trade , and

      previous quotations were barely supported . The demand for wheat lias continued to be" on a most limited scale , and on Friday two or three cargoes of Irish new were pressed for sale from tlie ship at a decline of Id . to 2 d , per bushel ; good fair quality from Cork and Limerick sold at GsT Gd . per 70 lbs . ; the best Irish was held for 6 s . IOii . to 0 s . lid . per ' TO lbs . Foreign wheat has been in very moderate request . Oats nave given way id . to I ' d . per bushel ; some good Irish , mealing quality , have been sold at 2 s . lid . per 45 nis . Tlie sale of either sack flour or oatmeal has been limited , and prices of each the turn lower . For feeding articles there has been very little Inquiry , and the value of cither barley , beans , or peas may be repeated as last quoted . No ' sales of bonded grain or flour are reported this week :

      Livf . rp . ooi . Cattot . Market . Monoay , March 31 . —We have had a fair supply of all kinds of cattle at market to-da y , wliich met with dull sale . There was it numerous attendance of buyers . Beef 5 * d . to 5 Jd ., mutton Old . to CJd . per lb . —Cattle imported into Liverpool , from the 24 th to the 31 st March : —902 cows , C calves , 2503 sheep , 13 C lambs , 7020 pigs , 31 horses . Maltox Conx Market , March 20 . —We have a moderate supply of all grain offering to this day ' s market , wheat Is . per qr . lower , barley and oats same as last week . Wheat , red , 44 s . to 49 s . of 40 st ; white ditto , 48 s . to 52 s . ; barley , 27 s . to 32 s . per qr . of 32 st . ; oats , lOd . to lid . per stone . York Conx -Market , March 29 . —We have had a short supply of all grain to to-day ' s market . Wheat met a dull sale , at rather lower prices . Barley , oats , and beans sold on much the same terms as last week .

      Leeds Cons Market , Tuesday , April 1 . —We have now good supplies of articles of the trade this week , oats excepted ; wheat is only slow sale this morning , and prices must be quoted Is : per qr . lower than last week : to effect salcs . of fine barley Is . per qr . must also be submitted to , while infeviov qualities of the latter arc very difficult to move oft * at a similar , or even a greater decline . Beans , considering the supply , pretty well maintain tlieir value . Oats are scarce and in request . Salford Cattle Market , March 26 , —There was a good quantity of beasts and sheep to this day ' s market , and the supply being greater than the demand , caused both beef and mutton to be purchased on lower terms than last week . A number ot beasts unsold .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), April 5, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_05041845/page/7/