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Northern Star (1837-1852), 5th July 1845, Edition 2 of 4, Page 6, CmTfSponmw?

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    • Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.

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      Tni? Wrtotul?.Bv Stat? ¦

      Tni ? WrtOTUl ? . BV STAT ? ¦

      9m:Ka'*Tui* Aiih ^Ortfrultmv*

      9 m : ka '* tui * aiiH ^ ortfrultmv *

      Field-Gaedex Oreilat10>S. F>R ;/..- " Ff...

      FIELD-GAEDEX OrEIlAT 10 > S . F > r ;/ ..- " ffk commencing Monday , July Sth , lS-ll . l K :.: r ... .-:- : 1 from n Dlkrt ef Actual O / vrations on fiv . i .-iiVr . ! . : " -. !! i ' . s < n the estates of-Mrs . Navies uiibeit , near K ; :. - ;! i- ; nic , Ju 5 u «* ex ; ami on several mouei fwiu > » u ihf <> : Acs of the Eari of Dsi-tmonrii at Si :. ; -:. « -:. ; =-. : « V « rk . - ] = ir ! -, p =: lis-ifi ' •; > lr- Lowell , of F : i-i i-. Tv ;; v iu . ' . r llu ? jt iklii . in order to jflii'ie oilier ] : < . ~ . z--i -r- . > : ' lit-M i-ir-MU , iiy showing them what 3 : 'U .-ar-4 <• :: iln t - k- ua Vrtahen on their o ' . vn ] a :: ( l-. ' 3 « e : ;' : «! - .- -. vu-, i ;; - iiH-. lcls arc— i- 'ir .-t . ' J ' wi > > ¦<•• ..-i-i ; f ..: ! : i : : •' - " i' - 'Lii'i - iio : ! arid E ; L > t

      five : irf ;'* -- ; s-: ' . t , iM ;! : ' -i . t * . i , v « . Cru-iraGcn ai ; u o-.-hn li . irrrf . S-. n-.--i . i « :. j-n-. v-U ' fintis , cf five or « . : ic < --: <¦? - ' .- •' ¦«; r ;; v tb'jin ; ... -. . ' sin ; . A :: ictiu- ^ r-alsebirt ! : hr : n at -Slaith tv :. it < -. 1-i'ir : _ .. ftcv-jraij . rivriicniotjelfarmsi : esirtiie saiiiej . juv . Tbee .: i-ect ; tivc : ' ! :, i- ; itio ! : sint : K-. sere !> : ; rt . vs-iii e : w ' -. i- tL-e t .-.: ri :: u 9 nsi-Jcr in conii'are i !; e c-iiu . alc and - ;! . ;• : ; sHiiKU vsice vi the soti-li vviii ; the i-ortii of Eiu ; i .: ?; u . i " :: c ixtfix is aic .-ii ! , _ . - * 'Xute ? anii Ubser vat :-: i < fror . i i ; -. e v . i : o : Mr . Xowell , calcuiatetl foi the 12 : ii- mllit-ua , w ; . -ici wesa :::. > ia .

      "' . V ; : l . i ; -.-a ' t : i < jf i . c « dy , innor-.-aceofmir . ' ! , andhalritsof itida >; ry .:. ; H «> r :: ; - . ¦ .:: ' = c ' :. j ' : d viv . . ; h : to iiavo . iotiiin ^ to V . e fitraii : -if . a--..- his fa : ! : ; -r : > r i : i . ' 1 .: lT aiiuliin ^ - to he afraivl of J . jr I :: ; : ; . "—J v . i \ iwv . XOT 5 '_ '}¦ i ttl . O-2 HK'iaS . - ?; -.- rxll ' vefi-J <¦¦! ! -0 ?? , «' - '>' in r ; i-j ,- . i jur i :. ee-: h' . zrs' l-.- ' chiug hi iUc uc-rni .-g , «;/ i-. / ... -.. /?<•; -. - < , <•; ;! . ¦> , ' ,- i .-i-jur in tl . c afteruoou for tit-. »*• • . »•' , '» * < l-c . t- j-, v ' urn » •¦ - ' ers the schvois gsir-SJ . 'i'i-. jiiriSG . ' '¦ : i- . '; - •; t ! :-u > t fu - u ' y Tyus si . r-* .: «* . / i / ..-. of t r : j . nii . x of : l * schvj farm vAii be C-.-i .. <• " r ' Ot- 'n ' ¦ ¦¦ : ¦ ' , <• .. '• .. Cu .-t : iCit : h tii tit-: isHVier , vho IVJ' r < -.-..-v t « . ; ; . .-:.:.. !; ' ;<¦' ,.. ; .: jVl * , / l «/> . til ! 1 »> V * VJ - «? - tW- 'J- : > . Af ii " . •' , ' ! , ; . } i . ; :: ! il ; i :, i , iu G'kiiityil U > riit'i . u ; , xcTitnij , « . t ., t- > r :-: < :-. r' their pnf ' . r . cr . into b < -ri : i . ' ¦ it ' tr . i . it , ig I- pi-i- ! :. .-:.- !!} - ; , u ' tkh al Chriftr . ii ' . ' « .. ¦ - .- . ' - ¦; liii-ii-. '' , >• ¦ ¦ t-: r j-- ; .-iri rent «•><) '¦ : ;¦;/ , CiK-. wv . ; { arm -.- ; -r-. sh , riion to ii . eir rcrvii ( s . and fa > .,. ; .:. . tausiu > : - : <•& : /»> «• -A liiJrjtarnttfiii a nay tin i . i-i . l ; raU ' jt : i < V > t ! ii- ' , \ H : 'i . ' f . \

      Sl . KSKX . Moxpav—W % lii > j <*< , -, i , <<¦/; .-j / . i ; Sy ; si ;; r , a » i ] nssiirlnp ' with il'jUbi i'i ; - white mn . i- . s : > i " u-r i ) -m , ± lar 8 ^ . E- ' -idiut $ cli ,.. . JJif « : b ; rii ] tiait- ^ ii : bb ! e , l iv . it ' . in " , Kiaimriatr , a : i ;< " « -atvrhw " « i ' ;< a ; . " . o . Piper . Taking : « P « nl ::. s . IhiMbrdi . ii-j . iu- vayro . 6 , cultsnv * v . r rye t'j-. i * .-. Tci .-: » iV— > Vi' ? i ; r : Jon Fih ' -j l . TiiC SV . V . O S \> v cftiT Uay . / . '• - : - '• ?;< . -.. . Sd . ' —l . iJi - . ys ili ;«; inu ?¦)• XareMUjbl-. Ciiv . ' ius up i-otaltis . v . ic ; i . ! i ^ can- — .::, i . ii-itzjj . u vei-... i for ibe j . ! - ? . i ' lj-er . Takin , ' up wii . ;;^ reiiy . v . nu ikin , s . uii tij jgsa * up \ m- « : - -u ; : d : ia : ; : ediiiii-iv . huix ' rJL iio . .: !!^ " .-. tn-i'tf , 'fjobiiu * , 'nwn-! W 5 wi . i ; :.- ! , jiJs :: ti :: 2 cal-iaircs . v \' Ei .: ; s : si .. \ v —! : Vi "•";;• : - ;; . icho-, 1 . I ' cys di :: ? iup ; , v . orl :-1112 .- 'Ji . —iig the jcu .-toc-s . E ' . ' .-idmu oV . ' a // . Jjiiys ci ; - ' ai .-, : a , ii styi .-lying tank futuid , ] . ";; r . ui :-5 tr niore cr . lrvi ^' -r , bo-: ' .-.: g uti votutacr . iV .-w . ili-j : "»;! "

      when- tiiv oniir : i . « caaic off . luauh-Ji , liociuj ; carrots , tliciti ; :. ; - , !| i tf . re j : rov . nil . Tnrn .-i ' . iA'v— -Villii : g ion &' ¦ ¦ " } . T 3 ief ; une as vrstr-r dny . E ' W'iiaa . i-houl . Weexliuir hn-eriic , w .-it « -inv it , s < ' \ - hit ; wiiii ^ titruij- ? -, tw .: fvianliii ^ sinail one-. P' j- f . 2--. ijim « i ' . T .: t 3 . Lasslnll . l ) kiii % ui < ui .-e jriviinL Fnii ^ jv—! 2 V . 7 / V ?< . ' ;; i School . I ;« ys dcin-j- ( lie sawo as . beitiit-. E *> ft- ' : v'i : i 'lyclurol . ] ii . jys jy scbool all day , can iiis : i-oiiiiii- w ; , aicv . r iin- ' ilH-Hi in uo . Pipn : Ihxhx i-arroi-, j . in italic pauienbtr iu l-emuvitit ; al ! raUo'h frc-ja ilieiu . D ^»! . rcli . Wiiccliiitj iu : intirc , and sowing ttirain . - ; on tbe U ' . re in-oitnd . Sati-riv . —WiUi . vxhn Sciiual . ] :-.: ys hoeing turnips . E-if ! 'k"n' ikii & j-.. Uoy . s cleaning }» igrtrj " , portable pails , M' 3 iuol-r ' " . oui , awl i-uiliiijf tares for Sunday . Pi ] -:: jbiciug 5 : « atoes . Jii :., ll .- « L Jlocing liott ! - tocs s .: readii > g lank li-juid on tbc new ' mown ciover .

      TORKSniHE . Slaiihut'te Tenants . C . Vcrky , bay niakintr , digging up tare givund for wheat . COW-rKEDISO . TTiFJ % h . / , School . Cows fed in tiie stall with the second cut clover . Jtan & rfTf . Two cows stall-fed with tares till Friday , aft' -t'v .-i r ' . is wkli cb . vcr . C . V < : rhi >\' . Coy / s ttajl-fed on mass .

      Hints On * Mantlles. The F;.Nr.-!\-Ing C...

      HINTS ON MANTllES . The f ; . nr .- !\ -ing cciicnsl principles necessary to be admitted ami understood , are applicable to ail vegetable pn * b >< "i * ons : — 1 st . Tb ; t pL-ii ;! . - ; , like animals , require hunl to nonrisli tiiern , and are furnished with numerous tnouths io receive the necessary sustenance ; but as they cannot , like animals , move about in search oi it , it lriitst i « jilaccd within their reach . 2 nd . That the liiOiitlis of plants arc placed atilic cstrcuuiics of the rooi fibres , and consist of suckers , which iinliibe the food from the : oil , and from these it is carried up throudt the plants to the leaves . 3 rd . Tint the ibod of all plants consists of nearly ihe same clement * , namely , common air , water , anil a sp b ; t ;; iicc c (; inpo .-ed of charcoal and hydrogen gas , Which chemists have denominated humin .

      4 th . That the food " mhilied from the soil throueh the suckers at tlie extremities of the l-ci ^ ts , aiid drawn «;• to thcJcv . cs , Ls spread out on their surface , mid , when exposed to air and light , parts with twothirds «> f its water , consequently becomes thicker , and descends through the various parts of the \ . hvt \ t to suvpir material ' s for growth ; just as the blood piirified in the lungs of animals is distributed through ihc body for the same end . 5 th . fbat when plants suck up more fcod from the Eoil than can be duly exposed tolight and air on the surface of ihc leaves , they become dropsical and lurid , trkile if tfcoy iiave too little fcod . they become yellow and diwij . hig ; iu cither case being ill * fitted to perfect their scc . l .

      6 th . " That as iLe pcrfeefiatr < f the seed depends on the ajitlier-tluH ( polhij falling npon tho moist summit of the pistfl , when the anther-dust of one variety or species is made io fall , by art , or by the accidental passing of insects on the summit- of the pistil of another variety or species , the seed is said to be crossed , or hybridized , and will prodxee varieties diilcreutfrom either of the parent plants . Tliis is the only known origin of ail varieties , soil and other ciretiiustancc * having but small influence . 7 th . Tiiat as animals do not appropriate to ne ; :-riskment ail the food taken into their stomachs , bat reject t ' . < c refuse in tiie form of excrement , plants iu tho same way have been proved io exhale substances , such aM-isk-nic acid gas , into ihc air around them , as wcl : is tw throw into the soil ji sort of excreiueiititions slime , very- injarious io the growth of plants disckti-i-itg it , no less than to their conger . ers , but net always hurtful to others of different genera . Ueucc tie benefii appaix-at iiwa a judicious rotation

      - ' of crops . ; Tio riiiorc nostulates may be summed up as fol-Jows : —rlaats absuib their uiitriment by the roots ; ibis nu . i ! : ;; ent is then conveyed through the stem into the !; >* vcs ; there it is subjected to a process bv * hich ? . ! .-tn .-e pwpi ? riion of water is dischaixtd ; the rest is iubsairtcJ to the action of the atmosphere , and carbo : i : j acid is first generated , ar . d then dcttmiposcd by tise a-rtion of light ; carbon is ncv » - lixed tinder the form of a nutritive material , which is conveyed back into the system ; ar . d this material is further elatarated for the development of all parts of the struct are , tuid for the preparation of secreted matters , w . ' . idt arc cu ^ er retained within , or rejected from ihe plant .

      Agricultural Chemistry. ( Continued Fr-J...

      AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY . ( Continued fr-jm our but . ) CAHnu . v . 22 . Tlie charcoal ef wood is a snlstnnce familiar to every one . When burned away it loaves behind a small q'saatiiy of ashes ( par . 4 ) . Gould wc deprive the cha .- c-oal oi these asiics , it v . euhl be pure carbon . Carbon , therefore , i » the elementary part of charcoal , —iits echbniing portion , : « it esL-ts in the carbonic acta of marble , fee . Pnre carbon , like pure iron , is irarely , if ever , separately obtained . The diamond , exposed to a strong heat iu oxygen < yis , or even COTimon nir , burns awav , and the " result of its combustion is tho tame as that of the combustion oi diarcoai . Diamond was long supposed to be pure carbon , im some i-haosoplicrs have latelv obtained a * hes even from the diamond , which , in all probability , las no more claim than the soot of a sras-iamp to be considered as pure cavbun . lie this as it mav , the carbon derived from any source is very ready to form compounds , and to leave all impurities behind .

      When we speak of the charcoal as a chemical compound , the tcrni carbon is mote anpropriatc . 23 . O ' nliaary wood , as that of " the oak or beech , consists piiucipalko : charcoal and v . aterfr * . c , carben , wafer , a ? :: es ) . Water enters into the comnwition of most organised beings in two separate forms , which must be clearly disihyaiihed , and which it is requisite to bear in mind . Water may constitute an » ¦« . . «;« .- / element cfa substance , as of wood in its driest state , or water may constitute an accidental liicrc & ciit , as of green or undricu wood . Sow wood *; and mo < t other orrnmscd lodies . centain water in both these ionns . If wc -bake ttic wood for some time in an

      orcn , we expel . all the water width it mav toitfiis as an uccidcnud ingredient ; and if we expose the wood so inked to incisure , it will aeain absorb nitre or less , rjucli may Ic a ^ . in kshed out . But the verv dncstw : v )( i . ort !! epart-. u weodv fibre , as coiten or hue wasnea Iiaen , w :. ei : . expo , cJ to stiw . jr heat , turns first bfowa and then black , bv the loss of that water oj , r n : * san &* BitiaI ingredient of the weed . r ~— A * washed and bleached thread of cotton or S- . "lI : ? rVvood - ' . '' WWhiy iibre : chemists call it « . «?! - , * . " e 6 l ' . it *" ouii , the purest ii-i : in , stiii conta . 1 ,.: : j . i ^ crJu tj - . .. ^/^ . ^ . w . iSS - ^ ^ ^ ™ ; aviuhit Icai-a icatwt , h namercjy cxp (? U ba . Uetw .. . im .

      ^^ pose .-- it ; . In-- each ch : a „ r . t . ,. f-... ^„ . / , ..,. .- . P *& * , ;« , each dj sacnt of water rar . JO ) , in S £ X ~ * p" ™ ' ?«« < * ' « « " « a qnauiiiv ofca . cc ,:, i « : ygea of the water uuiti : <• wii- ' si , m * e to form ,. ^ cs ; dej carbonic add , k , fe aid

      Agricultural Chemistry. ( Continued Fr-J...

      charcoal may well be found to be very light . Tho dry wood—the iiguiii—loses not merely tlie chemically combined water which constituted half its weight , but all tiie carbon that the elements of water could carry oii in the form of ? mr . kc and gas . 2-5 . A great deal has been written , in books of acrieuHure and chemistry upon humus , humic acid , . - . inline , and n' . mic acid , the gcic acid , the huinatcs ululates , grates , and other inventions , rather than discoveries of iunonions men , who gave each other the rinin'T in words instead of facts . All that tlio

      atrn . jnlt'iiist requires to be told is , that these aro merely new names for carbonaceous matter in certain slates of ccmbinaiion and decomposition , which , for iv :-iy practical , ay , and ever ) ' seientifo purpose , « iu ' ne studied to move advantage by confining the attention to the most stri / . ing among the chemical properties of earb-jn and charco . il . In fact , to pursue , suv . ' -essfolly . the Prolans caibmi through all its rbaniffs of form , would be to fathom tlie profoundest depths of animal and vegetable physiology , and to establish tit once the true theory—which must reveal the trite ; practice—of agriculture .

      2 * 5 . A niece ot charcoal , recently prepared , was weirhtd and set aside for a week : it was then weighed wsiin , and was found to have absorbed both water and atmospheric air : and these could not be driven off without a red heat . It has also been observed , that when charcoal , recently burnt , was t & iilined in a jar of atmospheric air , the air was not wily nui-. 'h diminished in quantity , but was also deprived of a lamer proportion of its oxygen than of its nhrouen . Atinospherie air , as we know ( par . Vj ) , contains 21 rer coat , of oxygen ; but the air remaining after this experiment , contained only 8 per cent . If you take a piece of charcoal out of the lire , when it , is red hot , and pii . ii . ue it into water , you may then routine it under a moderate quantity of air raid it will soon consume all the oxygen , aud leave the nili'Oien p .: re . Tin-se are very plain experime :: ts , establishing facts that are capable of conveying information of the highest vsiue . i ' 7 . An elaborate sot of experiments were made

      ii :.- !!¦; l-ax-vood charciai , by one of the Saussuro family . S . vns . T . re heated tiie charcoal red hot , and quenched it in mercury ( quicksilver ); he exposed it , when cool , to about : ; d ' .. 7 . e ' . i different gases , for 24 hours , and found thai it alsorbcd of hydrogen not . iiuite twice Us bulk , of nitrogen 7 ' ?> , of oxygen nearly 10 , of carbonic acid pis So . : i ; : ; l of ammonia 90 limes its bulk . ~ 20 . "W e shall ( hid , hereafter , that certain kinds of clay , a ' .-d other ir . oipuiie or earthy matters of the soil , c .-i-ccir : i ! y smne of those that contain iron , possess the pyov-evty oi" abw-tbing , rfctaimnir , and giving oil water , " tnnmonia , and carbonic acid , though not to

      ; ; io i-atne r-xteiit as earbonsccous Eiattcr or charcoal . We s ! .: di iiudthat . this propeny (< if absorbing from tin- air t'Jid nllier sources , of storing up for a time , and & f a ; . ain < rivir . ! r out on demand , that which is ; miver ? : fiiy au ^ iitcd to lurnhh the principal food of p : a «! s ) i ? pi & sc-SKcd only by the ' oest ingredients , of ilic best soils , when subjected by the care and industry vf man to iavtmrable eircum « tanccs . We shall find tb :- bi-st practical iiiisbamlry to be that- system which most sedulously avails ilscif of this property , and t . i :: i a study of tiie various eiremnstanccs attending it v . iiS aiRimiui : tly repay ; t patient , perhaps tedious iiionirv .

      2 ii . Charcoal , wrapped up in articles of clothing , b : ; s the property of correcting the musty smell which wimin ^ -apparci is apt to contract when laid by for a til : !! -. Wafer , preserved in casks that have been charred on the " inside , is less apt to acquire an ti : iji : e . i-ant taint . Xivst that has besun to change may lie restored by beicjf sprinkled with charcoal powder . Tin : nnm ' erens uses of tills snbrtance in conxciias offensive elUuvia i-avc been long known to pcrs-. iis of various p . oicsions and callings , whose oljjcct was to destroy what slfendcd their senses or cndangcivd their health . Such matters are highly valuable to the agriculturist , whose labours , at once useful and salutary , tend to the production of wholesome food for man and the lower animals , out of substances which , neglected and wasted , arc productive of annoyance and disease .

      SO . Aow , peat-moss is carbonaceous matter in a state that has long lieen a problem , perhaps an < pprobrium , to the agriculturist . Sir Humphrey lh \ y says emphatically , " a soil covered with peat , is a soil covered not only with fuel , but likewise with manure . " Lord ileadowbankaud others hare shown its value , but somehow or other this copious source of carbon and humus , and acids with many namesthis peat-moss , which is stated in books " to be like Falstaifs wit , not merely fertile , but a cause of fertility , is , like that , too often unprofitable to the possessor . Yet , wheneverthefannershalliiivestigate this matter with the diligence and sagacity of a sugar refiner , be will arrive at results equally as valuable .

      31 . Wood charcoal generally coutains one fiftieth of its weight of alkaline and earthy salts or ashes ; the quantity or quality of this ash varies in different plants . Whether charcoal be burnt in atmospheric air or in oxygen gas ( par . 4 ) , the air undergoes a remarkaUo change ; its bulk or volume remains the same , hut the oxygen has consumed , dissolved the carbon , ar . d is found to have acquired an increase of weight exactly corresponding to that of the carbon for the pin-pose of experiment , in apparatus the most costlv ; thev have iieatcd diamonds red-hot in

      crucibles of gold or on trays of platinum , throwing upon them the light of the glorious sun concentrated by a glass lens ; they have resorted to many other contrivances , and have made laborious calculations , tolaseciiaiij exactly tlie quantify of carbon that unites with a definite quantity of oxygen . They have not yet quite agreed on the point , but the best authority seems to be that of Dr . Trout , that one part of hydrogen by weight , or eight parts of oxygen , combine with six parts of carbon . The combining number or chemical equivalent of carbon , therefore , is 6 .

      CABBPSlC JlCID . S 2 . Whenever charcoal is burned in the open air , or in oxygen gas , an acid is produced called carbonic acid ; and if carbon be the most important , indeed , peculiar element ef organic beings ( par . 25 ) , carbonic acid is , beyond all other compounds of carbon , most deserving the stud } - of the agriculturist . 33 . Carbonic field was lust described by Dr . Black , who called it "iixed air . " Lavoisier ascertained that it consisted of oxygen and carbon , and possessed acid properties ; he gave it the name ofOarbonic Acid . This gas is very easily procured for the purpose of experiment , by pouring an acid on marble , or on the carbonate of soda or of potash . When marble is employed , thenjuriatie ( or hydrochloric ) acidis the best for the purpose .

      31 . We can always detect carbonic acid gas in the atmosphere . Although much heavier than common air , it makes its way ~ uot withstanding , to the loftiest mountain tops . Saussuro found it on the summit of Mount Blanc . The precise quantity contained in the air has been variously estimated . " The latest and l .-cst authorities j ; ive the average quantity much less than was formerly supposed—about one ' measure in 5000 . The quantity , however , is variable , aud it is enough for our purpose to know that it exists constantly in atmospheric air . 85 . Carbonic acid gas is considerably heavier than atmospheric air : a measure holding 100 grains of common air will hold 150 of carbonic acid gas . Ilence this « as remains near ti : o surface of the ground , iu places vki-2 it is exhaled nbsndawfiy . Ihe Grotto del Cani , iu Italy , is so named because dogs arc

      suffocated bybreathiag ' theair , near the ground ; men escape , their heads being raised above the stratum of noxious . cas . Persons lying down and falling asleep in the neighbourhood of limekilns , sometimes meet their death by the carbonic acid gas issuing from the bunting limestone . Notwithstanding the great specific gravity of carbonic acid , some persons believe it to be even more abundant on mountains than in plains klow , which they attribute to the influence of vegetation in the lower and wanner regions . Some philosophers think that tho carbonic acid discliarged by volcanoes willaccountfor the presence of tbis gas in the upper regions of the atmosphere . Practicall y , however , there is no doubt but the stagnant airoflo ' w damp situations dees contain a large portion of this heavy gas . It is of frequent occurrence in wells and mines , when it is termed " choke damp . "

      39 . It ater dissolves its volume of carbonic acid under every pressure . Some salts , especially soda and p-flash , enable water to hold in solution an additional quantity ; and it would seem that the beneficial effects of carbonic acid in vegetation is materially influenced by tho presence in soils of substances which have an aSimty for it ( par . 2 $ ) . The hardness of spring water is owing in a great measure—end its briskness entirely—to this acid . Wherespringsissuc from calcareous rocks , carbonic acid enables the water to dissolve lime , as will appear hereafter . The earthy concretion in tea-kcitles originates , for the most part , in lime dissolved by means of carbonic acid .

      37 . The respiration cf animals is a sort of combustion , ? . nd a source of animal hcat . _ Tbisisaphyai cioirical process ( par . f ) , upon whichitisnotnecessary io enlarge . Whether the combustion of carbonaceous matter by warm-blooded animals takes place in the lungs er iu the course of circulation , it is not important t-j our inquiries . It does take place , beyond all doubt , and the resulting carbonic acid is thrown oil by the kings in the act of expiration ; the expired air contains , on an average , S ' per cent , of carbonic acid . 38 . The fermentation of wine and beer is attended with a large evolution of carbonic acid , which gives the sharp agreeable taste ar . d sparkling appearance to chaitiiwgiie , iic . li is gc : ; craicd also by the fermentation ol" bread , in the process of malting , in the

      tcriiieiifctttn of new nay , and m the process of decomposition of all animal and vegetable substances , more or lessef heat being always evolved at the same time . 3 i » . Thus wc lind that there is a constant burning of carbon going on over ihe face of the globe , and a corresponding consumption of oxygen gas is effected by precedes « : f every kind , differing greatly in their lirirci'c : ; :: <" : tl . e pliciiom-. ua they exhibit , biitaH essentially agreeing in rk'ir results with those that ensuo from tho burning of weed or of charcoal in the open lire . Carbon disappears , the oxygen of Uio air disappraiy , carbciiic acid and oil' . er gases deleterious to a- ahss ! lifv ^ vc generated , and mixed with the atmosphere . Wo know of no other process than vegetation by which the wood , the chflronal , the ashes can be c ^! a :: ^ 1 : ; j --I ;) , stn : c fe :: il : o air , roi'V 3 * n tho

      Agricultural Chemistry. ( Continued Fr-J...

      • water , some from tho earth and unburncd , to uso tho right word—deacidif . ed- or reduced , in the language of chemistry—the oxygen gas being unchained from carbonic acid to revivify the air , and the carbon converted into organic and organised matter , to replenish the earth with herbs , trees , and fruits , for the uso of man , again to be consumed , and again to be returned through the atmosphere to the soil in the form of carbonic acid .

      Cmtfsponmw?

      CmTfSponmw ?

      To The Editoit Of The S01itiieks Star. S...

      TO THE EDITOIt Of THE S 01 ITIIEKS STAR . Sin , —On reading the article in your paver of the Kth inst ., taken from the Preston Chronicle , headed " The Truck sj-stcni , " a Lancashire workman will bo apt to exclaim , " Is it possible that practices so notorious as the case here detailed , can bs unknown to anyone ? " And yet , when we reflect a little thereon , the wonder censes for what workman will have the hardihood to make them known . Either in one way or other punishment is sure to follow , and that of a most exemplary kind , perhaps involving all his family and connections . Our liberal divines tell us , that tho power belongs alone to God of visiting the sins of the fathers upuii the children ; hut our enlightened dispensers of law , who arc here principally millocrats , would not merely do this , but make their punishments stiil more terrible , by punishing t jc fathers

      for their childrens' sins ; and , what is even more to be dreaded , make thata siu which should , in any degree , militate njjahist tlieir interests—good or evil , being based on theiv OWll SeltU . ll avarice . S ! he following very recent case will bear out this assertion : —A jauper in one of our union workhouses , dissatisfied with the conduct of the governor , ventured to express his dissatisfaction through the medium of a Liter to tie Somerset Coinniissionws . The three pauper kings thought fit , however , to refer the case for decision to the Preston Guardians , who acquitted the governor of all blame . For tliis olVence of complaining and placing the governor under the necessity of clearing lumself from certain charges , tlie complainant was driven from tlie workhouse . Tlie poor fellow , in this dilemma , once more applied to the guardians for an order into some other workhouse iu the union , but this was refused ,

      unless tlie father of the applicant , a working man , earning by his labour only eleven shillings a-ivetk , would consent to give three shillings weekly for his son ' s support ! This sum the father considered too much : he was willing to give one shilling , but says he cannot tiSiml three . To induce the guardians to reduce the charge , lie applied to several members of the board for the purpose of gaining tlieir influence in his behalf , among whom is a inillownci- ' s sou—a most ranting "Liberal "—especially during the elections . Here tlie old man was to d that his son was a restless , discontented person , whose agitating propensities he ( the father ) ought to allay , and that the most effectual way to do this would be to give Ids ecu a good horsewhipping—" aye , and" { chimed in the blufrj coarse old millowiur himself , who was tbui present , " send him , after flogging him well , for six months to the House of

      Correction . " Yes , whip and imprison his son—a man thirty years of age—one who had been brought up to tlte trade of spinner , but who , owing to a paralytic stroke , which deprived him of the use of one arm , was incapacitated from following his employment , and had no resource but to betake himself to a bastile . Tliis same millowncr pursues the very same system of letting houses to his hands complained of iu the account you extracted from the Preston Chronicle . Many of his "hands" have had to take houses under him , which thc-y have had to rent ofFin the best way they could . When I came to this towu three years ago , I got work for my family in his mill , and had to take a house from him , rented at 2 s . Oil . per week . Tf I had rented it off , inst end of going to it myself , 1 should not have got , in the state in which the house was , more than Is . Cd . for it .

      Ah , sir ! the poor are here finely used . They are worked to death in the mills , and forced , while life remains , with strength to follow their employment , to give both soul and body to the millowncr . Should death not kindly snatch them away at once , as soon as that strength is gone , the more horrid bastile yawns to receive them . Hero life is , indeed , a burden . Dogs are more kindlytreated . Read what I here extract from the Presion Guar , dian .. Sib , —Knowing your kindness in sparing a small place sometimes in your widely-circulated paper , 1 beg leave to say a few words , as I consider that 1 have been a sufferer from those who ought to have protected and succoured me in my forlorn state and old age . I have been in > Voodplumpton Workhouse upwards of thirteen months , and during that time I have never had perfect health . I have

      been under the doctor of that establishment . About three weeks or a mouth ago , the doctor ordered me to walk out now and then for a little fresh air , but the air was too keen for me on the canal side , so I thought I would keep in the road . On the 30 th of May I went out in the morning and stayed out until three o ' clock in the afternoon ; then I returned home , when tho governor accosted me ; he said lie would not take me in without an order . I then said—What must I do , for I know no person ; and he made answer and said I might do as I could . 1 was not able to go to Preston in my present state , being poorly off myself and my legs being twice as thick as they ought ; and if it had not been for the kindness of Mr . John Haywood , who took me up in his cart , I might have lain in the lanes all night . After I got to Preston , what with being unwell

      and stiff with riding , I fell aud bruised myself very much . At Preston I found a friend who was kind enough to give me a bed , or I do not know what I might have done . On Tuesday last I attended the Board , and they gave me an order to Rtbcnester , but which way I am to get there I do not know , being 73 years of age , and poorly as well . I think there is very little thought about poor or aged persons . I have every reason to believe that my sickness has been worse since I went to Woodplumpton , because I was very ill starved all the last winter . Aud now , Sir , 1 think that the rate-payers generally do not know what poor people suffer in those places , or they would be very ill dissatisfied . Hoping you will give this a place in your widely extended journal , I subscribe myself , yours truly , Preston , June 11 . Houeut Metcalf ,

      The governor says , In reply , that the old man went away without asking leave ; that he went to a public house tw » miles distant , where ho got so drunk as to fall , and hurt both his face , arm , and ancle , and that he did not return till after being absent seven hours . Kow , it would not take much to make a poor old man , borne down by years , poverty , and tho bastile , to stumble , and hurt himself by his fall ; and as to asking leave to walk beyond the precincts of the place , however necessary such submission may be , when imposed' upon the young , surely a relaxation of the rule might be afforded in favour of the old . How gallinff must it be to an aged person , conscious of having never committed any criminal offence ,

      to have to ask another , young enough to he his son , or perhaps even his grandson , liberty to walk beyond a certain narrow bound . In the whole vast empire ot" China , with a population probably more than double that of all Em-ope , a single instance of cruelty like this to the aged could not be found . They call us " barbarians , " and we think ourselves grossly insulted thereby , though we call them heathens—a name , at which , if applied to us , we should feel vastly offended . In civilisation we fancy ourselves greatly superior ; but what real virtues do we posiess , in which these heathens do net immeasurably surpass us « Poor Christianity ! If judged of by the moral worth of its votaries , its profession would degrade the intellect of a baboon .

      At Bamberbridge , three miles from Preston , the houses were rented , when I lived there , at two shillings per week . A millowner now rents many of them , mid relets thorn at threo shillings , compelling his hands to take them . I am told that he himself gives little more than £ i a year for each . How true this report may be I know not , but it is certain that he will clear at least a shilling a week by reletting , having , besides , the advantage of receiving from the earnings of his workmen threo shillings a week for three , or perhaps six mouths , before he occupies the house . Another millowncr , near Loyland , five miles from Preston , has upwards of 200 cottages adjoining his mill , of his own . Had he no mill to employ his tenants in , ho would have to thiak well of half-a-crown a week for thorn , but ho now lets them at from three to four shillings , and is

      thus besides doubly sura of his rent , whilst the cottagers aro not permitted to keep even a chicken . If they keep a pig he claims the dung , as well as nil the manure which can be scraped up Boar their cottages , to enrich his own land . Here is fortune-making for you ! What fools the aristocracy are not to repeal the Corn Laws , ar . d commence building factories through all the agricultural districts . They are losing thousands a year by their pride , just to preserve thoir " titles" from disgrace , though everyone but themselves can see that in their present degraded condition , their estates mortgaged—beholden for every comfort to the mercy of plundering Jews , and dependent upon the charity of Sir Robert Peel for places for their sons—tlie title of " pauper" is far more honourable than theirs . Yours , respectfully , -RicuAtm IUmdes .

      Lssyut Hints To Newspapbh Coimesroxbexis...

      Lssyut Hints to Newspapbh CoimEsroxBExis — The editor of the New York Zi-iowic discourseth to his correspondents in the following language : — To Correspondents . —Do oblige us by omittin" all such flourishes as " your interesting and valuable paper , ' " your able and patriotic course " & e . Our subscribers know all about that sort of thing , and wc have also a tolerable opinion of our own merits . If you think by this to improve your chances of insertion , you mistake ruinously . When you have written what you have to say , run it over and see if there arc not some sentences that could be spared without serious injury . . If there arc out with them 1 Wc . are often compelled to decline good articles , because we cannot make room for them . A half column has ten chances , where two columns hare one , and three columns none . >»

      Try to discourage as little as possible , and , where you must condemn , let your facts be stronger'than your words . _ When you assail any cause or person , always give us your real name , which we shall give up to whoever has a right to demand it . lie is a sneak and a coward who could ask us to bear the responsibility of his attacks on others . ' ' If you send us word that you " have no time to correct , and have written in great haste , " we shall put your manuscript into the fire . Why should you throw upon us the task of correcting your scrawl when wc aro obliged to slight our own work for want of time ?

      Give us facts , incidents , otcurrcnecs , at the earliest moment , and wc shall be grateful tho' you wrote with a pudding stick ; but if you attempt losic or sentiment , do it up rieht instead of leaning on us .

      Cfcarlfet Mt\\\%Tnt

      Cfcarlfet Mt \\\ % tnt

      BRIGHTON . The Land . —A public lecture was delivered by Mr . M'Grath , in the large room of the Town-hall , on Thursdav evening week , on the above subject , Mr . John Good in the chair . The worthy lecturer handled the subject in a masterly manner , and evidently gave satisfaction to all present . Discussion was courted , hit no one even ashed a single question . _ Mr . Page ni-otios-vl the followinsr resolution , which being seconded bv Mr . Lashford , was carried unanimously : —" ' That tho thanks of this meeting are enunentiv due , ami arc hereby given , to xMr . M'Gi-ath , for hi" able and eloquent lecture delivered this eveniiif and this meeting expresses its op inion that the subject of the Land demands the serious attention ot the industrious classes of this kingdom . " Avotcot thanks was given to the chairman , add the meeting then se parated .

      \ 1 ' ur . uc Mketixg was again held at the Artichoke Inn , William-street , on the following evening ( I ' vidiiv ) , to form a branch of the Laud Society , Air . Henry " Mitchell in the chair . Mr . M'Grath , in a lucid speech , explained the rules and objects ot tlie soeietv , which * save sreat satisfaction . On tao motion of Mr . Giles aiid Mr . Tullett , Mr . 1-iowcr was appointed sub-treasurer , and Mr . I ' age su > - secretarv , pro tem . A vote of thanks was again ojven to ' the lecturer , when several persons took o ; : t shares , and others promised to do so at our nest meeting . A vote of thanks was then given to the chairman , and the meeting broke up .

      IIOWICK . Lectcrk . —On Thursday evening week Mr . Andrew Wardrop delivered ah address in the Marketplace here . He commenced by showing , from the way that the members of the House of Commo-. - wci-c generally elected , and tlieir conduct in the house , that they had no claim to be called the people ' s representatives ; that tho people—the too col liding ' people—bad been basely deceived by themiduie classes during the Reform Bill agitation , when their constant cry was , " Help us to get our vote ^ and we will sooneit vou vours ; help , help , help ! " Lord John ' s famous declaration that the Reform Bill was a final measure was the first thing that opened the eyes of the people , and from that moment the Whig Ministry were doomed . Mr . W . adduced many convincing arguments to " prove that the people had been Pi-ratlv benefitted bv the expulsion of the Whigs from

      " DoY ,-u ' iv- --su-cet . He then adverted to the procccdin- 'sof the "Lea-rue , " and to their manulacturing of mushroom voters , < tc , Ac , and showed _ very tlearlv that a total repeal of the Corn Laws , without a corressonding reduction of the customs and excise duties , would bo an act of injustice ; and that even allowing that trade would increase , and wai ; es rise to the full extent predicted bv Cobden and Co ., it would onlv last till the hammer and file had produced so much machinery as would enable tiie capitalist to do without manual labour . Mr . W . then brought forward the People ' s Charter ' as the means to remedy tiie evils under which tlie country labours , and went over the six points in a clear and concise manner , showing the justice and reasonableness of each of them in rotation . "Mr . W . spoke upwards of an hour and a half , and was listened to attentively by the largest meeting that has been held in Ilowiek for a very long

      time

      SOUTH LANCASHIRE . PnocrtESS of the Land 1 ' lax . —Mr . Doyle writes as follows : — " Our Land Plan is ffoing a-hc-ad gloriously throughout the whole of this district . For instance , no less than thirty persons took out shares vesterdav in Ashton , and the sub-treasurer received ' £ 21 . Eleven took out shares last night in the Hall , and two of the eleven paid the full amount , viz ., £ -3 -Is . Orders come upon me thick and fast for cards ar . d rules , and I assure you I am kept very busy . Of course the labour pleases me right well , and I fervently hope that it may be so great , so heavy , that 1 shall not be able to bear it upon my shoulders . "

      South Lancashire Delegate Mketixo , ~ The South Lancashire delegates held their usual monthly meeting on Sunday last , Juno 2 ! U 3 i , 1845 , in the Chartist Association-room , Hartley-street , Hcywood . Delegates from Manchester , Oldham , Rochdale , Heywood , & c , were present . Mr . John Neill was called on to preside . The minutes of tlio last meeting having been read and confirmed , tlio following sums were paid to the secretary for the Executive : — Oldham , 7 s . 7 d . ; Rochdale , 5 s . 7 * d . ; Hcywood , Is . lOd . The following resolutions were passed unanimously : — " That a committee bo appointed to « ot out the local lecturers' plan . " " That Messrs . Donovan and- Radford be tho plan committee . " " That the hymn book committee report at the next delegate meeting and the report of the committee

      be either the money or books . " " That Mr . Doyle ' s route for the ensuing week bo , Sundav , July Cth , Rochdale ; Tuesdav , Sth , Heywood ; Thursday , 10 th , Bolton ; and Friday , 12 th , Ratcliffe . " " That the secretary insert a notice in tho " 'Star" to the various localities iu South Lancashire , calling upon them to state when they will be prepared to have the services of Mr . Doyle alter the 12 th inst . The delegates have to request that those places that can make it convenient , to lure lectures on the week nights will make their arri-ng .-nients , and communicate the same to tho secretary . Address , Richard Radford , No . S , Violet-street , Welcome-street , l'luhno , Manchester . " " That the secretary bo empowered to make such inquiry as will enable himto report at tho next meeting relative to the Victim

      Fund . " " That we , tho delegates , recommend the Land plan laid down by the late Convention ; _ hoping tho people will take it up with determination , in order to make it what it ought to be , a successful movement . " "That Mr . Donovan and Mr . Murray do audit the South Lancashire books , that tho same may bs laid before tho next meeting . " " That the next delegate meeting be held at Middleton on the last Sunday in July ; we , the delegates , therefore , request o . ioh locality to have their representative present , in order that they may discuss the propriety of holding a camp meeting in this division of the country ; the time and place to be determined at tho next delegate meeting . " The thanks of the delegates were given to the chairman , and the meeting adjourned until the last Sunday in July , at ten o ' clock iu the

      mornlnor

      LEICESTER . Mn . Coopek ' s Relief . —Agreeably to the notification in the # ar of last week , Mr . Smart , from Markfield , attended at this place on Sunday last and delivered two lectures on behalf of the funds which it is the object of the committee to raise for the purpose of enabling Mr . Cooper to satisfy the demands of his creditors , it being a well-known fact , that the cause of such debts is through relieving his fellowmen ami their families , while in a state of misery and starvation . To tho honour of the operatives of Leicester bo it recorded , that , notwithstanding ^ thc wretched state of trade in that place , and the miserable pittance which they are able to obtain even with their long continued hours of labour , both thc .

      lectures were , well attcr . ded , and not only the best sympathies of the people were roused by the detail of tho sufferings and the poverty of their old tried friend and leader , but a subscription was obtained , which , considering their very limited means , exceeded-the expectations of the committee . That body , however , are well aware that the sums thus obtained will be utterly insufficient to fulfil the design which they have in view without further and more powerful assistance , and to accomplish this , thev feel it to be their duty to appeal to the Chartist body at large . The name of Cooper is well known through the length and breadth of the empire , his services to tho cause of Chartism are appreciated by thousands , and his persecutions and sufferings are yet fresh in the minds of all our brethren ; and the committee hope

      and believe that Chartists will not suffer a man , of whoso sterling integrity and honesty of purpose there can bo no reasonable doubts , whose abilities are of a superior cast , and whose untiring energies are known to all who have ever seen or known him , to perish for the lack of that , which tlioy unitedly can supply . Assist us then , brethren and fellow labourers , to accomplish this good , this laudable , this charitable design , and let us l escuc onr friend and advocate from tho pit into which tlie malice of his enemies has plunged him . All monies for this purpose " must bo addressed for the treasurer , Mr . Crow , grocer , Ucdford-street , Bclgravc Gate , Leicester ; or Mr . White , at the Committee-room , 05 , Bedford-street , Leicester . Signed , on behalf of Mr . Cooper ' s Relief Committee , V . Woolley , secretary ; W . ( Jnow ,

      treasurer

      OLDHAM . Farewell Supper . —On Saturday evening , June 28 th , upwards of fifty members of tho Phoenix and Gauntlet Association , together with tueir friends , gave a farewell supper to Mr . Win . Jackson , at the house of Mr . Peter M'Donald , Bricklayers' Arms , Boardman Ground , Oldham , he being a member of the above association , previous to leaving England for tho United States of America . The supper consisted of the delicacies of the season and the substantial fare of our ancestors , to which tho company did ample justice , proving to the worthy host that his exertions were duly appreciated . Mr . John Mills , spinner , was , after supper , called to the chair The cloth having been removed , the room was

      thrown open to the fair sex , a number of whom attended . After which Mr . O'Connor ' s work on Small Farms was presented b y Mr . T . Hague to Mr . Wm Jackson , in behalf of the above society , with a suitable address . Mr . Wm . Jackson briefly returned thanks for the compliment paid to him . The evening was spent in a convivial manner , songs , toasts and recitations beguiling the fleeting hours awav Amongst the songs , recitations , & c ., wore the following : —Sous , " ilonry Hunt , " b y R . Bardsiey . Recitation , " Bvandvcth ' s Soliloquy in Prison " B Wolstcnci-oft . Toast , " Tho Trades—the source of all wealth : may they succeed by their organisation hi causing a fair distribution of the same ! " T . lla <* ue Song , " British Reformers , " John Mills . . Toa « t " Health and prosperity , long life and tranquillity ' to Mr . Wm . Jackson . " Toast , " Prosperitv to t ' io PhuMiix and Gauntlet Association , " W . Ma ^ i

      Hull. The Laxd.— A Public Meeting Was He...

      HULL . The Laxd . — A public meeting was held at the White Hart ; Saltlidiiso-lanef on the 21 st ult ., to near SureSe Land , by Mr . S . KiU , « f Glasgow After the lecture the following resolution was agreed to — " That a committee be formed iorthwith , to carry out the objects of the Co-operative Land " society " The following persons were appointed , with power to add to their numbers :-Messrs . Burnett , feastwooJ , Leach , Withington , Jancson , and Stephenson . _ ^^ - /^^^•• ' ^^ " - ' . ^ - ^¦^ - " ' ^¦ " '^"'''^^ - " ^ - ~

      Galileo And His Persecutors. O 'Coxxell/...

      GALILEO AND HIS PERSECUTORS . O ' COXXELl / S JESUITISM . It mav well be supposed that no conclave , whether spiritual or secular , will have it in its power to condemn scientific discoveries , like those ot traliieo . But reallv . when we hear that condemnation extenuated . ' it is time to keep some loos out . iyi-O'Conncll said , in his recent notable reference to tins cause f ugle : — I have ' half a mind to detain the house for a few minutes on tho subject of Galileo . ( Laughter . ) The right honourable baronet himself introduced it . The general idea is tliat Galileo was imprisoned for supporting the Copernican system , and that he ivas for ft length of time iu the inquisition . In point of fact he was in the inquisientire

      tion three days only . Three days constituted the length of time which Galileo spent in the inquisition ; and so far from his being sent to gaol for promulgating the Copernican system , the Pope , who was the cotemporary of the philosopher , was the very man who enabled Copernicus to publish his discoveries . ( Hear , ho « ii « . ) Galileo iv . is imprisoned for quite a different thing . He asserted the centralisation of the sun and the movements of the planets could be proved out of Scripture . He was forbidden to publish that doctrine ; he broke the prohibition , and was se : tt to § aol for tlncc days for a breach of the injunction ; and that was the history of the matter . A morning contemporary prints , in correction of this statement , the dogmatical declaration actually made bv the tribunal which sentenced Galileo : —

      " That the sun is the centre of the world , and immoveable in respect to local motion , is an absurd proposition , false in philosophy , and formally heretical ; , seeing it is expressly contrary to Holy Scripture . " That the earth is not the centre of tho world , nor immoveable , but moves even with a diurnal motion , is also an absurd proposition , false in philosophy , ami , considered theologically , is at least an error in faith . " Having referred to this old story ( chiefly to put on record the treatment of known facts possible , even in this age , and in the presence of educated listeners ) , we mav add a few particulars , in farther correction of that treatment , fmn Sir D . Brewster ' s little vo hnnc , entitled " Martyrs of Science , " which acquires additional interest at this moment , when it seems its author is about to bo made a Martyr of Science himself , and to have his professorial utility sacriiiecd to theological orthodoxy—not indeed as understood at Romebut at Edinburgh .

      , It is not accurate ( indeed there is not an accurate word in the statement ) that Galileo attempted to prove the centralisation of the sun , and the movements of the planets , out of Scripture . His language on that point was exactly the language of rational men ever since . "Galileo addressed a letter , in 1013 , to his friend and pupil , the Abbe Castclli , the object of which was to prove that the Scriptures wore not intended to teach us science and philosophy . Hence he inferred , that the language employed in the sacred volume in reference to such subjects should ho interpreted only in its common acceptation ; and that it was in reality as difficult to reconcile the I'tlolemaic as the Copernican system to the expressions which occur in the Bble . "

      That Galileo M'as only three or four days in the immediate custody of the Holy Office is literally true —but suggestively false , if meant to convey that this was all the Inquisition inflicted on him . To say nothing of being compelled to fall on his knees before the assembled Cardinals , " abjuring , detesting , and vowing never again to teach , tlie doctrine of the earth ' s motion and the sun ' s stability "—to say nothing of the imposed penance , " tliat , iu the course of the next three years , he should recite once a week the seven penitential psalms ( a labour eagerly assumed , . in his stead , by the filial devotion of his daughter , who , however , died only a month after mining - her persecuted parent)—to say nothing of these humiliations and penances—Galileo remained for five vears the close prisoner of the Inquisition , not

      indeed in their house , but in his own , at Arectri . lie was neiher allowed to see his friends , nor to go to Florence for medical assistance , in the maladies which oppressed him . At the end of tliat period , the Pope transmitted , through the Inquisitor Fariano , his permission that he might remove to Florence for tho recovery of his health , but he was still prohibited from leaving his house or admitting his friends ; and so sternly was this system pursued , that ho required a special order for attending mass during passion Week . He was again remanded to what he justly called his " prison at Arcetri ; " but , after he had lost the use of his eyes , the Inquisition relaxed its severity . It is only justice to spiritual inquisitors , to admit that they seldom show severity to those who will but shut their eyes , or do but lose them . —The Globe .

      Death Of The Attorney-General. Sir Willi...

      DEATH OF THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL . Sir William Follett , the Attorney-General , died ou Saturday last . He had passed a very restless night ; in tho morning he was delirious ; and in that state he continued till three o ' clock in the afternoon , when he expired . There were present at " the last scene of all , " Lady Follett , Sir William ' s three brothers , Dr . Bright , Mrs . Bright ( Lady Follett ' s sister ) , several members of the family of Mr . Pennell ( at whoso houso in Cumberland-terrace , Regent ' s Park , the deceased had been staying for the benefit of pure air ) . The bar thus loses one of its brightest ornaments , and her Majesty is deprived of the assistance of a Crown officer whoso talents and attainments were , perhaps , never surpassed , and whose personal character was without a blemish . E % -

      common consent the highest offices within tho reach of the legal profession have for years past been considered as open to him , and there cannot be a doubt that , had he lived , he would have attained the woolsack and a peerage . Sir William had not quite attained his 47 th year . He was the eldest surviving son of Benjamin Follett , ' Esq ., of Topsliam , near Exeter , by his wife , the daughter of John Webb , Esq ., of lvinsale , in Ireland In early life Mr . Follett was a captain in the 18 th Foot . On leaving the army he embarked in commercial pursuits at Topsliam , near Exeter , where Sir William was born on 2 d of December , 1703 Having received the rudiments of a liberal and sound education , he was sent to Trinity College , Cambridge where betook the degrees of B . A . in 1818 , andiVlV

      in ltui , ana Having been called to tho bar , and given unequivocal indication of those brilliant talents and acquirements which distinguished him in tho earliest stages of his career , was chosen one of the standing counsel for the univepfe In 1830 , ho married Jane Mary ,. the eldest daughter of tho late Sir Ambrose Harding Gifl'ard , Chief Justice of Ceylon , whom he now leaves a widow , with two daughters , and four sons , the youngest only thirteen months old Sir William ' s politics , were always decidedly Conservative , but his entrance upon political life did not tiikc placcuntil 1832 , when he stood canditatc for the representation ofthc city ol' Exeter , inconjunci ion with Mr . Duller and Mr . Diyett , and though he did not succeed in his immediate object , he laid the

      inundation of ' success in 1835 , when he was returned at tlte head of the poll , tho respective numbers of the uiree candidates standing thus : —Follett vino-Divert ( Whi g-Radical ) , lll ) 2 ; Lord LoS ' e Con : tervative ) , 1119 . v In November , 1834 , on Sir Robert Peol ' g first accession to place as Prime Minister , Sir William lollett was appointed Solicitor-General , and vl signed that post in April , 1835 , when Sir Robert Peel retired from office . In tho same year he received tbc honour of knighthood , from the hands ofS TVilhanithe Fourth On Sir Robert Peel ' s resS tion of the office of Prime Minister , Sir WiMam wm again appointed Solicitor-General On Sir F Pollock ' s elevation as Chief Baron , in April , miX ion . and lewnedjentleman succeedeS tfJS

      orney-ucnerai . Having by this promotion vacated his seat for Exeter , Sir William ' s re-election was opposed by Ma or-General Briggs , who , however was most signally defeated , he having nolle only 529 votes to Sir WiHiam ' 8 1203 . m % SSJ 3 m of Exeter is , ef course , again vacant . WiUiam wii ? 7 in ^ ° ? fwmal e 8 timat 0 « f Sir miliaro . Webb holletfs character as a lawver or pontjcian ; we shall liave other opportunities for that - but it may be justly said of him , that he will go down to posterity as one of England ' s greatest and best ; nea man whose wonderfufeapacit ? « fjJaVver was only quailed by his anikbiUW StoodSn tho uo S 8 e 8 si n of which , whilst it eialted h Si in the opinion of the public on'the one hand . ^ tKt

      ustiy endeare d him to the domestic circle , and to S , n ° -il , ^ P ^ tohnw of aii intimatcacqua ntanco w ith him . And let it not be forgotten that i loTu Cn 0 e T ? as ^ l a , ui ( , 3 t almost continued u health . His constitution was unequal to the heavy calls made upon it by his extensive practice . So early as 1824 his health gave way . Ho then left London awhile for relaxation , and recovered strength so as to beenabkdto return to professional duties n the latter part of 1825 . In subsequent years he had repeated attacks of illness , and took tho advico of his medical attendants to abstain from his e \ "

      hausting mental and bodily labours ; but honourable ambition pointed to tho road to fortune , and it was natural that one so young , so highly endowed , so eminently successful , should be desirous of mtvsuios it . At length , however , consumptive symptoms made their appearance , and ho then proceeded ac compamci by Lady Follett , to the Continent . There he remained for some months , and was apparently somewhat restored . He then detembed / eoJtaS to tho advice of his fnoads , to return to En " land loudly hoping that his insidious disease wou'd be but temporary ; indeed such was hi * anxiety about business that ho exclaimed ,. " Attached to my home and profeaional punuits , a- foreign air breathes no pleasure for mc" ' fo his nativo coactrv ho at W « is

      Death Of The Attorney-General. Sir Willi...

      returned , certainly r- 'cruited , but a slight devotion to business once nitre brought forth his old complaint ; , and he sank by . degrees , till , luesday last , when a most decided change for the worse took place . Drs . Bright and Chambers , his medical advisers , im mo . tliatclv said that all future exertions on their part would be futile . They , however , continued their visits up to the last . —Morning herald .

      Justices' Jus-Rice—A Fashionably Dressed...

      Justices' Jus-rice—A fashionably dressed gentleman is charged with stealing two knockers . The offence is proved , and tho magistrate , Mr . llardwi ck , docs not commit the prisoner lor trial , but fines liita os . What takes knocker-stealing out oi the category of felony ? If a man may get oil with a fine fftj stealing a knocker , why not line another 3 s . for steal , in" a leg of mutton ? The dill'crence between tlie cases that makes the difference in the punishment fc that the man who steals the leg of mutton has pro . bablynotos . topay forhisknaver . v . But the knocker , stealing is in sport ; and is it quite of good example to make a sport of stealing ? Persons addicted to such pleasantries should have the fun completed bv a

      turn at the treadmill . Felony in sport should (& punishment in earnest . Our well-dressed gentfe . man , fined 5 s . for stealing a knoci-zer , treated the mock punishment as follows : — " The defendant pulled out a £ 10 note and handed it to the police constable . When lie was asked for his address to place on the note , the defendantrephed , " Don't vou wish you may get it ? " At the same oflicc three "cntlcinen , whose addresses showed that they iiclnn ^ to the class which magistrates delight to favour , were charged with assaulting a police oiheer m the execution of his duty , the man having been thrown down ,

      and when down beaten by all three . J hey wei-o not sent to the House of Correction , but fined £ » each , which they paid forthwith and walked off . At the Thames Police-office a low ruffian for the same ofi ' eneo was sent by Mr . Brodorip to the House oi"Correction for a month . Mr . Broderip did his duty ; what tho Marlborou gh-streetjusticcdid , we need not say . The Commissioners of Police shouW interfere to protect the force from the effects of the bad example presented at Mariborotigh-street . The law directs a special punishment for assaults on tiie police , and what right has the magistrate to set it aside to indulge aristocratic ruffianism ?— Examiner .

      United Patriots Benefit axd Provident Societt . —The Coggeshall branch of this flourishing im-ti tution held their second anniversary at the Chapel Inn , on Tuesday week . The general secretary , Mr . UuiTey , was present , and laid before the members « full ami satisfactory statement of the condition of the societv . It appears there are nineteen branches , consisting of above 700 members ; and that other branches aro immediately to be added , which ( being an enrolled society ) bids fair to rival all institutions of the kind in the kingdom . This society has been established but two years , and has a good run ol voting and healthful members , which , if continued for a few years , will give them a capital , the intercut of which will go far towards maintaining its sicij membersand thus place this institution in a condv

      , tion which can neither dissolve nor decay it . The sub-secretary laid before the members the affairs ot the branch , " by which it appeared that a considerable number had been relieved in sickness—that £ 22 had been paid for funerals , and £ U 10 * . for births . Tiia members expressed themselves perfectly satisfied with tlieir position , and one and all seemed resolved to make an effort to sustain the society in its present position . Tlie numbers here are 102 , besides these who have left the town but not the society ; and there is every prospect of numbering 1-jO by Michaelmas . The dinner , at which Mr . Thomas Rowland presided , consisted of tho good old English fare , plum pudding

      and roast beef—supplied by Messrs . Browning and Hilly ; and too much praise cannot be bestowed on . Mr . ' and Mrs . Clark , the host and hostess , for the superior style in which everything came to the table . The first toast was " The People , " which was responded to by John Burrows , suli-seeretary . The next toast was "Prosperity to our society , " to which Mr . lluffey did justice , by " laying before the members their true position , and stirring them up to future exertions . The other toasts consisted of healths of different members , who addressed the meeting . We must not pass over the singing , which was of tiie best style . The proceedings closed in the same orderly manner in which they commenced . —Maccle-ifel ' d

      paper . " The Enixmrnon Observer , " a newspaper established nearly a quarter of a century ago , published , for many years , twice a-week , but latterly only once a-week , closed its existence on Tuesday , June 24 th .

      Bankrupts, &I

      bankrupts , & i

      Bankrupts. (From Friday'e Gazette, June ...

      BANKRUPTS . ( From Friday ' e Gazette , June S 7 . ) Samuel May and l ' ryce Mottram , Shrewsbury , drapers —lliehard Garr , Pora-street , Cripplegate , cheesemonger—William Greenweil . Ivcdcross-street , Soutliwark , wheelwright—James Forrester , Hampstead , baker—Charlotte Paine , Lewes , plumber and glazier—Robert Westmore , West JJerb . v , near Liverpool , joiner—William 3 fay , Liver * pool , draper — Fen wick Loraine , Newcastle-upon-Tyne bookseller—Edward Thomas , Bristol , grocer .

      BAXKItUI'TS . f " . Fi-0 ! ii Tuesday ' s Gazelle , July 1 st , 1315 . ^ Thornton llentall , Coutliall-chambers , stockbroker-Thomas Clarksou , jun ., Charles-street , Middlesex Hospital , upholsterers' warehouseman— 'William George Flynn , Lower Thames-street , merchant—Christopher Wakefield , Hampton-wick , Middlesex , victualler —James Couseus Wolton , Halsted , Essex , ironmonger—Thomas Drown , Dilliter-street , City , manufacturer of grylls whelp—Joseph Haycock , jun ., Wells , Norfolk , corn-factor—William Cole , man , Crcditon , Devonshire , victualler—John liindlev , Atherstoiie . Warniekjliire , hosier—Henry James "Witchell , Carnarvon , bookseller .

      DECIiABATlOKS OF DIVIDENDS . G . A . Gator , Leeds , wool-merchant , third and final divi . uend of Id and 11-lCths of a penny in the pound , any Tuesday , at the office of Jlr . Hope , Leeds . J . C . Johnson , Lawrence I ' ountiiev-liill , Cannon-street , merchant , second dividend of ill ill the pound , anv Wed . iiesdajr before August 1 , or after Kov . SO , at till ) offiCO of Mr . Pennell , Basinghall-strcet . J . Hextall , ltegent-streBt , draper , first dividend of Sd in the pound , any Wednesday before August 1 , or after Kov b 0 , at the office of Mr . Pennell , Dasingliall-street . W . JJishton , Parkfield , Sedgley , ironmaster , first divi . dend oi « d and 0-lGths of a penny in the pound , anv Thursday , at the office of Mr . Christie , Diriiiingliain 1 oilman dinnlane

      J . G . , Gruy ' -. , licensed victualler , first dividend of 14 s Cd in the pound , any Saturday , at tlte oflice of Mr . Edwards , Prcderick ' s-place , Old Jewry . S . and T . P . Jackson , liorniondsey-street , woolstaplers , final dividend ot Id m the pound , any Saturday , at the office ot Mr . Green , Alderiiianbury . G . Whining , Dover-street , upholsterer , final dividend ol 4 d in tho pound , any Saturday , at tho office of Mr . lii-een , Aldermtinbury . G . E . Lcefe and J . "Yates , Fore-strcet , wholesale haherdashers , final dividend of Is fid in tlte pound , anv Satur . ( lay , at the office of Mr . Green , Aldeimanburv . * J . \ ates , Fore-street , wholesale haberdasher , dividend of 20 s in the pound , any Saturday , at the office of . Mr . urecn , Alderiiianbury . J . Peters , Godstone , innkeeper , first dividend of 3 s hi A ? de & , y 7 SatUrdSJ ' ' ^ 0 ffieC ° ^ ^ J . Dear , ltauisgate , draper , dividend of lsin the pound . any Saturday , at tho omce of Mr . Gre , „ , l i SIt

      A . "Wmton and J . Webber , "Wood-street , Cheaps :. !* , warehousemen , first dividend of 20 s in the poundI We £ nesday , July 2 , and two followhi- Wednesdays at ^ thc office of Mr . Turquand , Old Jewrv / citv . ' > ' " * A . and D . > Vi . iton , and J . Webber , tioort-streei , Chenn . ^ . warehousemen , final dividend of C 5 d in the pound Wednesday , July 2 , and the two following Wedncsd ° ys at the ofl . ee of Mr . Turquand , Old Jewry , &" & a ,, y 5 ' third dS :, l rf J \ T * ' SfcffowUhiw , bvickmaker , ihe offlcerf Mr v . " ^ v " ? ' ? , ' , oum 1 ' " »? Tuursday . at me oince ot Mr . V alpy , Birmingham . E videnti of oidMn'ii , ^ 11011 ? " $ f c » -P ™ to " . h ' ual e » M * # Si J , d , l , wu ,, d » Wednesday , Julv 9 and Sei " S Wedne 3 dll > - ' at tbe ^ ce of Mr . Pott , MaJi . < w ? . 1 < 2 c , We ? ' Sinrket Drayton , Shropshire , linendriner first dividend „ f « s 4 Jdin the pound , Wednesday jffi StaK *^ ™»* 4 "t th e oftSfcBi

      DIVIDENDS . ^^ t ^^ assSsk enK-aijuh w r w' ^ ' V ^ f ' " «» wstcwnirc , Waller , VMe &^& i ^^ ^ l ? " pS tS & i ^^ ' ^^!^ ^ f ^ ir tts ^^^ r ^^^ Speeden , ffl ' pwSta f , Sd '" , ' ft P er-JuIy 24 ' * pool , Durham , butcher-Juiy 23 W Gii ' i ^ Ai W ' - , ' ^ £ " umberland , currior J ' 'l lbb ; Alnwick , * , orth . rr ^ sa-ssaa * - '' - '

      s-ffiilSIf sr « fis « K 3 g risSSSSrF-s-^ zssMgSpzss ^

      B V TT „ U , PABT ! i »" 8 W 8 S 0 IVED . ^^ SZSLi . ' iAJSt ^ v ^ - ShS ^^ P « -mermHlwrnil , f ° ^ Wa . !' k ' »» lwn « rdiiuiU-F . b neyg-ll and a u ' " , U-Sll « a « . Gray ' s-inu , attormm-lnuvts-t Dei . k " t ! n d J L re , ' ? h ° ' ™\* ' - " S sssf- ? ' ai ^^ ira ^ ss : roBarili fi '« i UW ' CllCs ! l »' c . cotton-spinners ; as for as S ^ - *»* S *« r . S » S F ^ - 'i-a Stride PromAli' " wj ^^ hMts-S . Terbury and O . !"„¦ ' ^ 'eSelwood , Somersetshire , nlumbers-D ., B „ ft rfth * " ™ f" ^ . V ^ rS ± { l . j . V . Long ' and , ' •" . i j . " willds . Mark-lane , City , wmcurokers-W . TuuisVe ^ a ds T \ r " " S-rotts , general carriers ; a . fir Ma -k ° W , H . r ,- K . ') S 0 n 7 T- C : Ml ! , " " ' * » ™ " A . Waylen , ¦ HjiK-iane , wtv . nifiiu < r « ntiiin < i » .... ~ : _ ¦*¦ '< n

      Off ^ f ^ f *^^^ rs ^ . l : irlk ^ o ^ en Sfre ^ ' ^ : rn ^ ib ^ W ^^ rs ; «" aft & U . i .. buttaby-J . \ f . and C . Burrows . Houiidsditch , s ^ rsssr ^ - ^^^ ^^

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), July 5, 1845, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_05071845/page/6/