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Northern Star (1837-1852), 6th June 1846, Edition 2 of 3, Page 1, Accident on the Newcastle and North Shields

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    • . -._ J- fc . '. - -" ¦¦ jO THE MEMBERS OF THE CHARTIST CO-OPERATIVE LAND SOCIETY.
    • $mpm'al pilfammL
    • Cant0jponx»enm
    • FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
    • Accident on the Newcastle and North Shields
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      . -._ J- Fc . '. - -" ¦¦ Jo The Members Of The Chartist Co-Operative Land Society.

      . -. _ J- fc . ' . - - " ¦¦ jO THE MEMBERS OF THE CHARTIST CO-OPERATIVE LAND SOCIETY .

      Jfr Dbaafaffijros ,—As It Has Been The I...

      jfr DBAaFaffijros , —As it has been the invariable jjacaceefaH ' pMfiratokwp you in profound ignorance of the -value of the Land , and of the mode of ^ jgTurfng it , I feel convinced that every incident , ^ gathe most trifling , will lie of interest to yon . possession of the Land of this country has been long a ssociated with an undefined superiority . _ The man who had £ 100 a-year derived from Land considered jimself vastly sup « ror-tatiwraw / wjui > a ^ Sved j £ 500 8-year from trade . A landed or " tftady ^ hioliey qualification alone entities Squires to shoot , a landed ;

      qualification alone qualifies members to sit in Parliam ent . For instance , a man may have ten millions of money and not be qualified to tit in Parliament for county or borough . To represent a county he must be qualified with £ 600 a-year derived from land : to represent a borough , £ 300 a-year derived fr om the same source—in short , the term , landed pro prietor , has always carried with it the notion of class distinction , while the law of primogeniture , of settlement and entail , has precluded the possibility of the working classes buying , or even renting , as much Land as they could compass capital to cult ivate .

      . In 1 S 35 , when I opened a commission from the great Radical Association of Marylebone , at Stock port , and throughout my several subsequent tours > 1 shewedyou very clearly that , in less than two years you might purchase as much Land as would be an fiquivalent for the tithes of the country—that , in five years , you might purchase as much as represented the interest of the National Debt—and in twenty years you might purchase all the Land of the country—upon the principle of Co-operation . Since then , I have pointed outtoyou that all the properties , made by canal coiHpani « , ihsuranoe compaxues / railway companies , and joint stock companies of every description .

      were all made upon the principle of co-operation . Now I will lay down * simple fact for you , one strictly analogous to the land plan that I am now so prosper ously progressins ; with . In 1835 It used to cost me for coachmen , guards , and living on the road , about £ 610 a . to go to Manchester in twenty hours , with my legs cramped up to my chin , and unfitted for active business for twenty-fonr bonis . I can now go to Manchester with comfort in thirteen hours for £ 1 , living included , and can go from the train to a public meeting . Now , noone man could have effected this redaction , norcould all the coach proprietors in theking dom , of themselves , have made a road to Manchester .

      This has been all done by co-operation . So precisely with Labour and the Land : even 100 of you cooperating canld not have withstood the legal ex ' pence of making out title , and transfering the pro perty , and performing such other requisites , nor , wereyou able to purchase it , could you have sufficiently assisted each other to insure ultimate success . I have so far succeeded , however , in taking the veil fromyoureyes'astohave ' convinced thousands and tens of thousands of persons , not only of the capabilities of the soil , but of the people ' s ability to possess themselves of it . Believe me , that this was no easvtask , and one in the accomplishment of which I

      was sure to meet with the hostility of the press , Ihe opposition Of those whe live upon labour , and last , not least , those who thrive by mouthing labour ' s wrongs and preserving labour ' s sorrows , that they may fatten upon its misfortunes . They hoped that your ignorance of the science of Agriculture , and of " the value ef Land , would make you easy believers in their ravings . They never told you that their own opposition , in part , sprung from their ignorance of the subject , and that a want of knowledge of it would Tender agitation an unprofitable trade . I shall shortly , however , be in a situation to put a few

      awkward questions to the several philanthropists who , eotemporaneously with myself , proposed to build houses for you , and otherwise to relieve you from a portion of your sufferings . I shall resort to my old plan upon such occasions , and shall ask those gentlemen for THEIR BALANCE SHEETS . I shall ask them to show me what has really been done in lie process of emancipation ! And More they answer me I shall be able to point to not less than 500 Acres , not of barren Land , but of the best description of land , purchased within LESS THAN OSE TEAR since your Association could be said to be established .

      Every public man who really desires to better the condition of the working classes , will always court the fullest and most searching inquiry into every one of his actions . In fact , the very life of our society is INTEGRITY . I would much rather be cheated out of £ 500 ot the society ' s money by being taken advantage of in a speculation , than that one of its most insignificant officers should be a defaulter to the amount of sixpence . And , besides all pecuniary eon-Hderations , there must be confidence in the ability as well as in the intentions of those who undertake the management of so gigantic a scheme . In order then to establish that confidence in me , it was

      necessary thai men nrom different parts oi the country should see and judsefor themselves , between the anticipations and forebodings of my enemies , and the real thing itself . This opportunity has now been extensively afforded . Hundreds of persons , £ rom all parts of England—Manchester , Liverpool , Leeds , Nottingham , Northampton , London , Essex , and in fact from all parts , have visited the Chartist Estate ; and the plain blunt truth is , that they would scarcely believe it possible that such a paradise could fall to the lot of their order . It gave me extreme pleasure to escort these parties , so interested in the undertaking , over labour ' s first purchase ; and the many

      times they shook my Jiand and implored blessings upon me , and turned up their eyes in wonder , more than repaid me for all the trouble that I have taken forthem . Some matters of minor detail appear to stagger some of our distant friends , who will not believe that cows afar off always have long horns , and who were sceptical about my cow , though she has no horns at all . I showed my cow to every one , as I take great pride in her , especially as I have made her so tame that she will come up to me in the middle of the field and put up her head to have it

      scratched . One of our members from Nottingham ( Hanhing ) who has five cows of his own , visited me on Tuesday ; he will tell the people in his district whether or no I overrated the cow . He said , that he never saw such a cow in his life—that he recently bought one himself that gave TWENTY-blX quarts a-day—he offered to pay me down the money I gave for her , although I sold the calf for 45 s ., and to leave me the use of her for two months . Now all that I shall say of my cow is , that all who don ' t believe in her let them come and see her , and jud » e for themselves .

      I shall how direct your attention to what to you is of the greatest importance , namely , the knowledge as to how money is made of labour . I have shown you many a time that the man who employs a thousand operatives , and who reduces their wages by two pence a day each , makes £ 2 , GQQ a year by this filching alone . I will now show you how a farmer can make his money , though more creditably , just by attending to his men . A farmer who employs twenty men , and stands ever them , can always , independently of his fair profit on labour , make £ C 2 C a year as a bailiff , thus—Every labourer who works under the eye of a master will return that master 2 » .

      a day over and above the legitimate profit upon the other two shillings a day . That is , the twenty men scientifically put to work will do more work in three days than twenty men left to themselves will do in a week , just as twenty well officered men will beat forty who are badly officered . This is a subject which lam most particular in keeping for ever in your view , because in the case of our occupants , every soldier is : an officer ; every man works task work , but it is for himself , and he will take care not to go beyond his strength . As to the buildings , some of the shareholders have seen the materials , and when

      they saw ihe seasoned old oak & r window and doorframes , and the strong pannelled doors of the best deal , their observation was , "Eh ! but that ' s rare stuff . " Now let me show yon what co-operation can effect . Lady Bentley , who professes to be a great philanthropist , has built some cottages for the poor in the neighbourhood of Herringsgate : each cottage consists of two rooms , a kitchen and a room above it , and in order to MAKE THE POOR COMFORTABLE , her philanthropic ladyship lets them at a rent of 2 s . 3 d- a week each , or £ G 10 s . by tile year , without a morsel of ground , and without the £ 15 , the £ 2210 s ., or the £ 30 , and even without

      Jfr Dbaafaffijros ,—As It Has Been The I...

      the certainty of remaining in beyond her ladyship ' s pleasure . This subject is so new , and the advantages of the plan so break upon me as I proceed , that I must keep it eternally before you . I can refer to all my speeches upon the subject and so can you , and you must bear in mind that I have told you that I did not want yon to go in carriages or even to ride—that I didn't want you to be idle a day in the year , except when you were not able to work ; but that what I did want was to make you independent of all casualties , uncertainties , and markets , and toa # you independent of the tfnfluence of capital , the

      GRINDING EFFECTS OF MACHINERY , and the caprice of masters . What I did want was to see you with yeur families comfortable and independent about you , - never wanting a day ' s meal or good clothing , able to give every one of your children a good education , to see you independent of ^ parish re lief , and to find you every day in the year with more money in your pocket than ; would' be demanded to meet any casualty , calamity , otuncertainty . Well , I assert without the fear of contradiction , that I have done that , and more than that—that I have placed every shareholder and his family in a situation to eat , if they can , every particle that grows upon two , three , or four acres of ground , while their spare labour , sold at the

      lowest rate , will always fetch more than will pay the rent . Nay more , I now assert , in the teeth of the enemy , that in less than five years from the day each manislocated , he will be enabled to purchase his allotment for ever , while , besides that , the land will be worth £ 2 an acre more than when he gets posses sion , as every inch of it will be like a market garden within that time . I am determined to put this question before you in every shape and form . A man gets four acres of land , say worth a pound an acre ; in five years that man will have lived upon it , and have saved as much as will purchase it , and at tbeendofttejive yeartiimll be worth £ 2 an acre more than his rent , that is £ 8 a year , which , at 25 years purchase , is £ 200 , which he will have earned , besides living and purchasing his land within the five

      years . Now , I defy any man living to controvert this as sertion ; or I defy any located member , unless he is an idle vagabond , to want a day ' s meal . Let me new suppose a man to be in the lowest state , and to be copartner with a breeding sow . and never to devote his time to working off his farm , and his family never to earn a shilling , and that their whole labour is devoted to the maintenance of themselves and the sow ; and suppose that sow only to have pigs once a-year , and six pigs at each litter , and that the young ones are sold when they are worth 25 s . each , this partner of the pig has £ 3 a-year over and above the rent of his house and land—in short , there is no possible way by which the weakest man can apply his labour to two acres ef ground , that the produce will not pay the rent and produce double as much as Ms family can consume .

      The houses of the ^ emancipated paupers are now proudly rearing their heads as a sample of what cooperation , energy , aud integrity can do . The estate appears covered with industry ; and besides the future blessings that it will bestow upon its owners , it is refreshing the whole parish with the expenditure of the Society's funds . It would be impossible to describe the difference of the appearance either in the estate or myselfj from weeR to weeK . M'Gratli and Boyle are zealously and manfully aiding in the good work , and are , I assure you , fully earning their wage by saving it , and more , to the Society . I hope , while Clarke and Wheeler are performing cabinet business , soon to be in a situation to make a

      commencement for Section No . 2 ; and now I shall conclude with an anecdote that will make you laugh . On Monday last I was superintending the cutting down of some underwood . I was sitting on the stump of a tree in the shade , when an Irishman with a bundle on his back accosted me , and the following dialogue took place : — Well , my good fellow , what ' s the matter ? I ' m come to see if your honor will give me a job . I have no job for you I'm afraid : what have yon been worMngat S Wisha 1 I was a soger . Were you discharged ? I was .

      Did they give yon anything ? Wishal they did . How much , and when were you discharged \ About nine months ago , and they gave me two months ' pay . Well , and have jou spent it all ? Oh ! then , and indeed I nave . What , spent it all in nine months , and ow want a jobl Ah , then , where the devil is the use of talking that way !

      Shure you knows that there ' s fools as well as wise men in the world , and I ' m one of them . Well , I am very sorry , bnt I haven't a job for you . Wisha ! its bad enough , may be you'd have something to give me agin the road ? Indeed I have not . . Go to his lordship , and ask him to give jou something . [ Doyle was his lordship . J Who the devil is he ? IiordTonington . Presently my friend returned , and the dialogue was resumed as follows : —

      Well , what did be say ? By J s ! bnt he is a poor Lord , he says he has no money . Go to him agaiu , and tell him that there ' s no compassion in this country for a poor Irishman , if he happens to be a Tory and a Protectionist . Well , what does his lordship say ? He said he never interfered in money matters , hut to come to you , and that he left it all to you . Well , but you know I ' m but a working man myself . A working man is it , by J s but you ' ve got a fine easy job of it , if you call that working .

      Now , my friends , requesting that no one will recommend parties to leave their homes on the chance of getting work , and that all visitors will REMEMBER TO PAY FOR THEIR MILK , I remain your faithful friend and bailiff , Feargus O'Cosnois .

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      House Of Commons.—Friday, Mat 29. Adjour...

      HOUSE OF COMMONS . —Friday , Mat 29 . ADJOURNMENT OF THE HOUSE—PROGRESS OF GOVERNMENT MEASURES . Sir R . Peel . —Sir , pursuant to the notice I have given , I beg leave to move that the house at its rising do adjourn until Friday next , and 1 shall avail myself of this opportunity to state what is the business which we propose on the part of the government to bring forward after the Whitsuntide recess . If the house adopt the proposition I now submit for their consideration , we shall meet again on Friday , the ath of June . I intend proposing on that day to proceed with the Committee of Supply , and on the Monday following , that is , the eighth day of June , 1 mean to move the second reading of the Irish Bill for the prevention of assassination . I would have moved the second reading of the Irish Life

      and ^ Property Protection Measure on Friday , the 5 th of June , but I understand that some of the Irish members have gone over to Ireland , and deem it inconvenient to move the second reading at so early a period . Therefore , Sir , I give notice that on Monday , the 8 th of June , the Irish Bill for the Prevention of Assassination and the Protection of Property be read a second time . Then on the Friday following , the 12 th of June , I shall propose , on the part of Govurnment a motion relating to the sugar duties , and if the debatearisiug on the motion should be adjourned over , I will move that the adjourned debate have precedence over all the other orders . I also beg to give notice that on Friday , the 5 th of o 1 * J T ha 11 move that on and after Thursday , the 18 th of June , the orders of the day shall have precedence on Ihursdayineach week over the other notices of motion .

      Mr T . Duxcombe expressed a hope that the right hon . baronet would consent to have the Poor Removal Bill discussed without further delay , as it was o . the utmost importance that it should be enacted eotemporaneously with the Cora Bill , which he trusted the douse of Lords would immediately sanelion . Ihen there was the Bill for the enrolment of

      House Of Commons.—Friday, Mat 29. Adjour...

      the militia , which ought to be disotissed in the middle " of the sessions , when memteraiininieanibered with a press of Parliamentary business , could scan and minutely examine its provisions . The intention ol introducingt the Bill was announced long before Easter , and as yet they saw nothing whatever of this piece of proposed legislation . ' Now he did think it was treating members most unfairly to defer till the end ot the session bringing forward a measure against which there had been already manifested such \ fH ?™ ^ oMoor opposition . ^ He had hoped that the Militia Enrolment Bill would not be proposed , at all events until hon . gentlemen were afforded an opportunity of carefully examining the provisions of the measure , and it was his decided opinion that the bill ought to have been brought forward , if brought forward at all , before they separated" for the Whitsuhtide recess .

      Sir R . Pbel hoped that the house would make allowance for the position in which Her Majesty ' s Government were placed ( hear , hear ); they had only two days in the week for public business , and there had been a great pressure of public business . ( Hear , hear . ) He should take the Poor Law Removal Bill on Friday , the 5 th of June , giving up the supply in order that no one might say the GovernmemVwere not anxious to bring on the Poor Removal Bilk The house , however , must feel that ' the Government were bound to go on with the Irish Bill without any delay , and he could not consent-to postpone it for the Poor Hemoval Bill . The motion for adjournment was then put and agreedto .

      THE OREGON TERRITORY . ' Mr . Hume inquired if notice had yet been given by the President of the United States of America to this country relative to the termination of the convention . Sir R . Pbbl said the President had given . notice of the termination at the end of the year , and in doing so had used the terms which were adopted by both Houses of the Legislature , with a view to lead < ing to an amicable adjustment of the question . ( Cheers . ) '

      THE BUDGET . The house having gone into a committee of supply ; The Chancellor of the Exchequer opened his Budget before a remarkable array of empty benches . Mr . Goulbura commenced his operations by admitting that the mott interesting portions , the Customs ' reductions , being already known , he had little more to communicate , and that nothing remained for him to do but to bring into one general view the statements already before the house , and to show how successful had been the financial measures of the Government . Mr . Goulbura , without further preface , plunged into the usual Budget array oi figures the substance of which was that the estimates of the total income , of the present year amounted to £ 51 , 650 , 000 , including £ 700 , 000

      receivable from China , and-, the right hon . gentleman , after applying the requisite sums for the charges of the . debt and Consolidated Fund , including the public works in Ireland , after providing for the expenses of the army , navy , and ordnance , die ., had still a surplus of £ 2 , 200 , 000 which the right hon . gentleman applied to a small increase in the cost of the army to the extent of £ 140 , 000 —to the charge of organizing the militia , which we believe would be about £ 200 , 000 ; the increase of the " navy , £ 500 , 000 to £ 600 , 000 , including the additional charges of war steamers ; the additional charges in the Ordnance , about £ 400 , 000 , which , with £ 200 , 000 increase in the miscellaneous estimates , and the expenses thrown upon the Consolidated Fund by the sums to be expended in Ireland ,

      incidental to the arrangements for providing food for the poor , the cost of schoolmasters in the union workhouses , would leave an estimated net surplus of about £ 776 , 000 , with which he should enter the new financial year with increased confidence . The right hon . gentleman then entered into a long argument to shew that by the duties reduced upon a vast number of articles of merchandise , since 1842 , the comforts of the poorer classes had been greatly augmented . Mr . Goulbura then proceeded to show that the capital of the public debt had been decreased seven millions since 1 S 42 . The debt on deficiency bills had been reduced £ 4 , 133 . 000 , not inferior to the decrease of the £ 7 , 000 , 000 on the capital debt ; whilst moreover £ 1 , 500 , 009 was the annual amount of reduction on the interest . Mr . Goulbura asserted that this improvement did not arise from the moneys received from China , but from the free-trade system adopted by Parliament . The Right Hon . Gentleman in the course of his

      speech , alluded to the progressive improvement in ihe Post office revenue , as well as to the marked increase which had taken place in every item of the Excise duties , whilst on the other hand , by the flourishing condition of the Saving Banks , which although they gave a reduced interest to the depositors , yet still had vastly increased ; so that consumption and accumulation were going on simultaneously . The Right Hon . Gentleman , after alluding to the decrease of crime , the increase of churches , and the general improvement in the moral habits of the people , concluded by expressing his confidence that the system of financial and commercial improvement proposed by government would contribute to the interests of this mighty country . 1 After a few observations from Mr . F . Baking , Mr . Hume , Lord Geohge Bexii . nck , Mr . Charles Wood , Mr . Cardwell , Mr . Wiu-iams , and Mr . Hudson , the House then resumed ; and after disposing of the orders of the day , adjourned till Friday .

      HOUSE OF LORDS , Thursday , June 4 . This evening the House of Lords re-assembled , after the Whitsun holidays . The Earl of Daluousie moved the second reading of the Customs Duties Bill . The Duke of Richmomd opposed the Bill , and moved that it be read a second time that day six mo ' . iths . This amendment was supported by the Earl . of Wicklow and Lord Ashburtojj , and resisted by Earl Grey and Lord Monteagle . Ultimately , the question was put from the Woolsack , the amendment negatived , and the Bill read a second time . . On the motion of Lord Dalhousie , the Committee on the Bill was fixed for Monday week . The Friendly Societies Bill passed through a Committee , And the House adjourned at a quarter past eight o ' clock .

      Cant0jponx»Enm

      Cant 0 jponx » enm

      Me Coming Election—Duty Op The People Le...

      ME COMING ELECTION—DUTY OP THE PEOPLE LETIEB II , TO THE ED 1 TOEOFTHE "NORTHERN STAR . " Sib , —If food and clothing and habitation can only be raised from the earth , and if that earth must he monopolised ; if a few only amongst mankind must possess it , then the landless must necessarily lie at the mercy of these lew ; and their only hope—their only chance of enjoying auj approach to a sufficiency of the necessaries and common comforts of life , depends upon the checks which government shall place to the rapacity of the monopolists . The least reflection , the smallest amount of consideration , will be sufficient ( o convince any man of this truth . In all ages , and by all governments , however

      constituted , this has ever been done , either to a greater or a less extent ; and in proportion to the efficiency of these checks hare the people been ill or happily governed . In fact , sir , society could not long exist without them ; yet , in defiance of this obvieus truth , there are a set oi * men pretending to know more of the science and philosophy of governing than hath ever before dawned upon the intellect of man , calling themselves political economists , who maintain that these checks ought not to exist , and who have already infected government with their doctrines . ' If ever doctrines deserved the name of " damnable , " these are of the number ; and if they must continue to pervade the councils of the nation , their effects will be direful in the extreme .

      When inventions have been discovered calculated to mitigate the primeval ban , they have ever been wrested to the unholy purpose of ministering to the ambition oi a few ; and when , in the conflict of opinions , principles have been elicited which exhibited in too glaring a light to permit its continuance , the injustice of any law or institution then in being , advantage has been taken of the moment to make or establish another , tinselled over with mock liberality , which gave to the oppressor a still wider range . Under the pretence of fostering science for the benefit of the human race , the former was encouraged , and under the mask of growing civilisation , the latter

      was removed . The landless were once the acknowledged property of the owners of the soiJ , and bought and sold them like their cattle . Benevolence and humanity warred against the system , till the mind of age would no longer tolerate it . Their emancipation followed—a freedom which absolved the rich from the charge of support in helpless infancy , decrepit age , and secured to the poor the privilege to toil whilst strength remained . Thus the advantages of emancipation have been on all sides ; the poor have gained in name only—the rich in reality . So that were the poor to desire the restoration of their former state , it would net be permitted ; and they might long for the flesh-pots of Egypt in vain .

      But , sir , whether our wanderings through the barren wilderness since hath brought us nearer to the " promised laud , " I know not ; yet , from the tops of our long chim-

      Me Coming Election—Duty Op The People Le...

      neys ^ geoaly countries ' have been descried , where wine , and grain , and fruit exists in overflowing abundance . The 'f spies" have given a good report ; Cobden is one of them . The march is begun / The advance-guard has dressed the boundaries as miraculously as of yore j arid Jeruhb ' s walls are evidently about to tumble from the effects of mere sound , like the blasts of ram ' s horns , alone . Our sorrows are nearly at ah end ; and ease , and plenty will soon bo enjoyed by all . " Do not suppose that . the . opposition ' of our . great leaders to women and children toiling only ten hours a-day , proves anything against this ease and plenty being hereafter enjoyed . It is enly for a great principle that they contend— "to buy in the cheapest market , and sell in the dearest , either food or human labour , " without the interference of law , as here , tofore , to limit the freedom of commercial intercourse . Wine and spirits may hereafter be brought us without incurring the penalties for smuggling ; and women may prostitute their persons and men their strength , without encountering laws to restrict their bargain .

      If the land was not monopolized , and tithe and rent exacted for the mere liberty of cultivating the soil , there mig ht be nothing in all this freedom inimical to man's happiness ; but owing to this monopoly , our females are driven from the country to overcrowded cities , where hundreds fall victims to licentious wealth ; and men depressed by competition , must hire out their labour , as in Ireland / for sixpence per day . It is a gross delusion to talk about freedom of barter , whilst such monopoly exists ; our necessaries become a law more binding and imperative than any which can be made by man . Pride will do much , but hunger more . : ; . .

      This course then , fellow workmen , must be pursued in future . Either our natural inheritance to which we , as equal descendants of Adam , are alike entitled , must be restored , or government must protect us from the avarice of our employers . Hitherto we have foolishly imagined that the removal ef some great tax would benefit us . If the national debt were removed , we should not derive a years' advantage therefrom . We have alike deceived ourselves with regard to Trades Unions , forgetting that the power of Government was for good or ill . Many legal restrictions have been placed upon the owners of cotton factories ; if no such restrictions had been laid , the machinery would have remained unboxed , regardless of the number of cripples , and our mills have still been running like the lace factories of Nottingham , night and day , though thousands sunk yearly to the grave , from sheer exhaustion . The battle must be transferred from the employers to the governing power , the petty warfare upon minor fortresses , for an attack upon the Capital .

      Our labour is now performed , not as formerly in an isolated , but in a collective capacity . We must insist on the hours of labour being reduced to those limits , which crowded rooms and a vitiated atmosphere , renders absolutely necessary to thepreservation of health and strength . The wages of the workman must not be reduced below that standard required for a full supply of the necessaries of life ; and our unemployed must have full support , not left to the Guardians or Poor Law Commissioners to limit , but fixed by law . These things are essential to our safety—our very existence in times which are rapidly approaching . 'We may contend for them without losing sight of those principle of political freedom , which will enable us to command that which all are compelled to admit , as justly our due . They cannot deny the fact of a limit to man ' s endurance of toil ; they cannet deny our

      being entitled to a sufficiency of food for our labour , or our right to support when labour cannot be had . The mean dastardly villains , who , like Cobden and Bright , are drawing thousands a year from your toil , may say , and will say , this cannot be done ; but when new inventions have multiplied so within the last forty years , that thousands may now produce , what would without these inventions have required as many millions , are we to believe that we cannot be as well fed as before ? Pshaw ! they saw we are devoid of intelligence ; we have been fools it is true , but our folly has mainly consisted in believing that they meant us well , and in trusting to their professions . They have abused our confidence , and furthered their own ends at the expense of our too credu . lous faith . That credulity is at an end , all confidence is destroyed . Neither their sympathetic twaddle in

      Parliament , nor their professions at the hustings can be any longer believed * but if the present system must continue , it is high time to seize upon every opportunity to bring within the arena of public discusssion , ike leading doctrines of the unfeeling political economist . If these doctrines must prevail , it would be mercy to put at once into practice Marcus ' s plan of painless extinction ; and also to give a death dosa . of laudanum to every working man who has . attained to forty years of age . Already half our children die before they are five years old , after enduring an amount of suffering which would make the stoutest heart bleed to behold ; and if a man has arrived at the age of forty , and should happen to lose his situation in a mill , it is an hundred to one if he ever gets

      work in any of them again . If this horrid state of things must continue , I would if nothing better could be done , cry loudly for mercy ; mercy to the infant by legalizing the theory of Marcus , and mercy to the unemployed , by hurrying them with equal speed to a premature grave . Nothimrbut a limit , fixed by law , to the grasping power of avaricious employers , will ever amend our condition , whilst society is constituted as at present . Peel ' s present measures or any others , however extensive and liberal , without this limitation , will only end in miserable disappointment ; and like Catholic Emancipation and the Reform Bill , but increase the power of our oppressors , add to our privations , and rivet more Grnfly our chains . Yours respectfully , Preston , June 2 nd , 1846 . Richard Maesdek .

      Foreign Affairs.

      FOREIGN AFFAIRS .

      Algeria. Massacre Of Tiikeb Hundred Fren...

      ALGERIA . MASSACRE OF TIIKEB HUNDRED FRENCH PRISONERS BY THE ARABS . MARSEILLES , May 27 . The Frame Aljericnne , in date of 23 rd May , has the following : — "The master of a small sailing vessel , which left Djcmmaa-Ghazaouat on the 9 th instant , has announced to us a horrible event—the massacre in the Deiraof Abd-el-Kader Of all the French prisoners . General de Lamoriciere immediately ordered the Gregeois _ steamer to repair forthwith to Djernmaa-Ghazaouat with Col . Martimprey on board to examine the merits of tills alarming report , to establish its authenticity , or otherwise , and to collect all the particulars of this odious act of barbarity , of the

      fact of which we would fain doubt , but alas ! we fear it is but too true . The state of the sea prevented for three days the execution of M . de Martimprey ' s mission ; the Gregeois , however , arrived at length this night . From the report of M . de Martimprey , as well as from all the reports collected relative to this fatal event , it is clear that Abd-el-Kader ordered the massacre of our prisoners , and that this order has been executed . We hasten to state that up to the present time this order lias not extended to the officers , who have escaped this horrible butchery . I will now summarily relate the reasons which induced the Emir to adopt so merciless a resolution .

      REVOLUTION IN PORTUGAL . The important intelligence has been received from Portugal of the downfall of the Costa Cabral ministry , and of general insurrection having broken out in that country . Public excitement was at its greatest height , and deep alarm filled the minds of all classes . The dissolution of the government took place on the 17 th of May . The Queen had commanded the Duke de Palmella to form a new ministry ; but up to the 20 th he had not made any sensible progress in the execution of his task . Count Villa Real had been previously sent for by the Queen to form a ministry , but he failed in the attempt . With regard to the extent of the insurrection , the Lisbon correspondent of a morning paper says : — "The shadow of this

      approaching event had been perceptible tor some days before ; for , although the official journals daily announced the defeat and dispersion of the insurgents , facts had come to light which plainly showed that the insurrection , on the contrary , must hare been gaining ground . It was known that young Villa Real , a son of Count Villa Real , had put himself at the head of large body of armed peasants , and taken possession of the town of Villa Real , in the province of Tras os Montes , whence his father ' s title is derived ; that another body of malcontents had surprised and disarmed a strong detachment of troops at Amarante , and by making themselves masters of the bridge over the Douro , at that town , had opened a communication with the Minho , insurgents ; and that the movement had extended through other parts of Tras os Montes . Notwithstanding all this , the Lisbon public was

      completely taken by surprise , when , on Sunday morning , the Oporto steamer came over the bar , having on board , evidently as a runaway , the Minister of Justice , iVI . Jose Oabra ) , the very individual who so shortly before bad been sent to that city armed with the mostampleand unrestricted dictatorial authority . As far as I have been able to learn , it appears that the Ihvme of insurrection spread rapidly from the Minho all over Tras os Montes , in which latter province alone about 8 , 000 men wore in arms , under the direction of a junta composed of the most influential of its proprietors , including young Villa Ileal , and tliatthe commander ofthe military division , Viscount Vinhaes , seeing this formidable array , and observing an evident disinclination on the part of the soldiers to act against the people , entered into negotiations with the Junta , the result of which was an agreement to a suspension of hostilities for six days , to await the

      Algeria. Massacre Of Tiikeb Hundred Fren...

      Queen ' s answer to the demands of the insurgents , which were—the dismissal of the Costa Cabral Ministry , and the repeal of ' all taxes upon labour . On receipt of this unwelcome intelligence , and perceiving unequivocal symptoms of a revulsion of popular feeling against him in the city of Oporto , M . Jose'de Cabral thought it prudent to make a precipitate retreat ; and the Duque de Porto having been kept in readiness with her steam up , he stole , quietly on board during the night , and when daylicht came the redoubtable dictator was non inventus . In a few hours after the arrival of J . Cabral in this city , a Council of Ministers was held , at which it was resolved that , they should tender their resignations . The whole pepulation of the province of Bcira has now risen . A body of insurgents ,

      computed at from 4 , 000 to 5 , 000 strong , have entered Coimbra , driving out the troops there stationed , who at first offered some resistance , but gave up the contest and retreated towards Oporto , on finding that the inhabitants of the town were against them . Coimbra is the seat of the University , and is about 70 miles south of Oporto , and 130 north of this city . Reports are in circulation of fresh outbreaks in all directions , and by this time , ho doubt , nearly the whole country is in a state of insurrection . In this city the ferment is constantly increasing . So strong is the feeling against the Cabral brothers in this city , that it is generally thought they will be off for England by the packetgoing to-day . That they are in great" bodily fear" is evident from the fact of their having slept last night and the night before at the barracks of the municipal guard .

      Poland's Regeneration. The Democratic Co...

      POLAND'S REGENERATION . The Democratic Committee for Poland ' s Regeneration assembled on Monday evening , at the office of the Chartist Executive , 83 , Dean-street , Soho ; Mr . T . Clark in the chair . A balance-sheet of the receipts and expenditure was laid before the Committee , and will be published in this journal after being examined by the auditors . The following propositions were then discussed and ultimately unanimously adopted : —

      OBJECT OF THE COMMITTEE . The object of this Committee is to aid the Polish patriots in their efforts to establish the independence of their country , and the equal political and social rights of all lasses of the Polish people .

      MEANS . 1 st . By the creation of an enlightened public opinion in support of the Polish cause , towards creating which opinion , the Committee purpose to publish at certain intervals , Reports , Addresses , and Tracts illustrating the past and present state of Poland , the wrongs , Bufferings , and patriotic acts of the Polish people , and the bearing which the question of justice to Poland has upon the general cause of European progress . The Committee will also hold public meetings whenever by so doing they may best serve the Polish cause . Lastly , the Committee will endeavour by petitions and other available means to agitate the Legislature and influence the British Government in behalf of Poland . 2 nd . By obtaining for the patriotic exiled Poles pecuniary assistance when needed , and aiding them and their cause by every other practicable means .

      BESniiUTIONB . 1 st . The Committee will hold regular meetings the first Wednesday in every month . 2 nd . The Secretary shall prepare , and at every monthly meeting lay before the Committee a condensed report of all events during the preceding month connected with the Polish question , —such as acts of oppression on the part of the oppressors of Poland , and of resistance and suffering on the part of the oppressed , and all political movements bearing on the Polish question . The Monthly Report to be published in the Democratic Journals . 3 rd . The Committee shall publish quarterly an account of all moneys received anil expended , together with an " Address" to the British People on the events ofthe preceding quarter , and the progress and prospects of Poland's Regeneration .

      4 th . The Committee shall hold special meetings on the anniversaries of memorable events . The Secretary shall also have the power to summon special meetings of the Committee whenever he shall see cause . Feargus O'Connor , Esq . was appointed Treasurer to the Committee , and Mr . J . Moy , Financial Secretary Some other business was transacted , and the Committee adjourned till the first Wednesday in July . G . Julian Habnet , Hon . Sec .

      Accident On The Newcastle And North Shields

      Accident on the Newcastle and North Shields

      Railway.— An Accident Occurred On Monday...

      Railway . — An accident occurred on Monday , on the Newcastle and North Shields Rail way . at the Newcastle terminus , but fortunately without any serious consequences to life or property . The sevon o'clock train from Shields , heavily laden with passengers , overshot the station , and ran with tremendous force into a stone building , used as a warehouse at the end of the line . The engine struck the gable corner , and brought down a third of the building , which it penetrated nearly a yard , where it stopped , being little more than a couple of yards from the coal depot , a precipice fifteen or sixteen feet below the level of the line- The engine was partially covered with

      the debris , which arrested its progress . ^ or the catastrophe would have been appaling . As it fortunately happened , however , the steam had been turned off and the wasehousc checked the momentum of the train . The shock was , . of course , extremely alarming , and the screaming of the passengers , principally females and young persons , was heard at some distance in the town , which soon caused a large crowd to assemble . The railway attendants , however , got the passengers out as soon as possible , and closed the station gates . None of the carriages were broken or displaced , and they were very soon detached from the engine aud removed on to the other lino . Several of the passengers received blows , and two or three had slight abrasions .

      To make Water Cold for . SviMMER . ~ -The following is a simp le mode of rendering water almost as cold as ice : —Let the jar , pitcher , or vessel used for water be surrounded with one or more folds of coarse cotton , to be constantly wot . The evaporation of the water will carry off the heatfrom the insidc , gand reduce it to a freezing point . In India , and other tropical regions , where ice cannot be procured , this

      is common . Suicide and Attempted Murder . — The town of Ncwnham about twelve miles from Gloucester , was thrown into consternation on Wednesday last , by a most extraordinary suicide and attempt to murder committed by Mr . John Knowles , of the above town . On Wednesday afternoon Mr . Knowles went into the shop of Mr . Morse , the postmaster ; Mrs . Morse put out her hand for Mr . Knowles to shake , but instead of doing so , he took up a mallet used for breaking sugar , and struck her a blow on the forehead , which felled her to the ground . The shopman seized him by the arms behind , and , while in this position , Knowles contrived to open arazor , which he had concealed in his breast , and drawing it across his throat , he fell to the ground , and died shortly afterwards . The deceased was a respectable shopkeeper at Newnharn , and no motive is assigned for his extraordinary conduct . The general opinion is that he was labouring under insanity . Mrs . Morse is recovering .

      Good Government . —What is the object of all government ? The object of all government is roast nuittan , potatoes , a stout constable , an honest justice , a clear highway , a free school . What trash to be bawling in the streets about the Green Isle , the Isle of the Ocean ! The bold anthem of Erin go Bragh ! A better anthem would be Erin go bread and cheese , Erin go cabins that keep out the rain , Erin go pantaloons without holes in them . —Sydney Smith . r " *" . ' . Serious Riots in Glasgow . —The notorious 7 Gth . —Since the arrival ofthe 76 th Regiment in Glasgow the inhabitants and police have been seriousl y annoyed by the drunken , disorderly , and blackguard conduct of a large number of the corps , who , so fur as present appearances are concerned , seemed bent

      upon setting the laws of ordinary decency at defiance . On Monday evening a very formidable riot took place at the foot of Saltmarkct-strcet , chiefly occasioned , we have no hesitation iu saying , by the irregular and improper conduct of a large party of the 70 th , during " which 2 < i ofthe police force were more or less injured in their persons . The disturbance was commenced about G o ' clock b y a number of soldiers coming into collision with the police , and the rioting after that time , particularly in the vicinity of the green , had all the characteristics of a regular engagement . The evening being celebrated as the birthday of Her Majesty by the youth of the city in the usual noisy way . there was mote than an

      ordinarily large turn out of people in the streets , particularly at the Cross and the foot of Saltmarket . The soldiers mixed themselves up with the crowd in parties of three , four , five , and six , exciting them by exaggerated statements of facts connected with some rioting on the previous day , and by and by the police , to the number ofabout 20 men , were attacked near the Adclphi Theatre by an immense mob of blackguards , who had congregated on the green opposite the Old English Chapel . Staves , brickbats , and all kinds of missiles were showered upon them , and they were forced to retreat up Saltmarkct-streot . On Tuesday night a riot similar to that detailed above took place at the foot of Saltmarket-street

      Railway.— An Accident Occurred On Monday...

      accomnanied , if possible , by more ruffianly and outrageous conduct on the part of the soldiery of the 76 th Regiment and with more serious consequencs to the bodies ofthe police . As in the former . cas ^ we have referred to , the soldiery , were encouraged and supported by the veriest scum pi ' the . city . The not commenced about 6 o ' clock " , aii ^ was continued for several hours , during which no fewer than .-21 officers and watchmen were struck with stones , sticks , and soldiers' belts , and many of them were seriously injured . The origin ofthe afl ' ray , so i ' aras we have been able to learn , is entirely to be attributed to the conduct of the military .

      Dheadfcl Shipwreck . —By the Cambria steamer which arrived in the Mersey on Thursday afterneon , intelligence of a distressing nature has come to hand , announcing the appalling shipwreck of the Kals . crona , a Swedish Indiamam , and the loss of no fewer than 115 lives , in a dreadful storm off the coast of Matanzas . From all we have been able to eollect , she appears to have been one of the largest class in the Swedish mercantile service . In all , there were 133 persons on board . The last port she touched at was IlaTannah , where she shipped a valuable cargo . On her departure , the intention of the commander was to proceed direct to Sweden- On the morning ofthe 1 st of May , when the ship was a head ot the coast . of Matanzas , she encountered one of tlic fiercest hurricans ever experienced in that quarter , during the height of which she capsized and instantly sank , carrying with her 115 persons , every soul of whom was lost . Seventeen of the crew managed to lay hold of one of the ship's cutters , which , as the vessel went down , floated over the deck , and saved them . They endured the greatest privation , being without provisions and water for several days . They were picked up on the sixth day after the deplorable occurrence , in lat . 25 , long . 80 . In the course of tne same storm , or , as it has been termed , tornado , ' no fewer than 13 vessels were driven ashore on tha coast of Cape Canso . Many lives were lost . Amongst the ships wrecked were the Princess Alice Maude , of London , and the St . Martin , from Liverpool . Both were insured to alarge amount .

      Fataii Accidbkt in ; a Stonk-tard . —Mr . Payne held an inquest on Tuesday , at St . Bartholomew ' s Hospital , on the body of Timothy Flannagan , aged sixty-six , a stone-mason , in the employ of Mr . Lee , of Chiswell-street . On Thursday last the deceased , with another man , was employed in moving large blocks of stone from a waggon in the street , into his master ' s yard . lie was putting one of those blocks , weighing about 3 cwt . on to the rollers , to wheel it into the yard , when it slipped on one side , and fell upon his foot , crushing it almost flat . He was removed to the above hospital , and died from the effects of the injuries on Monday morning . Verdict , " Accidental Death . " . - ¦ ¦;•>'

      Fatal Accident on tub Greenwich Railwav . --Tuesday afternoon , as the train was proceeding from Greenwich to London , a young man named Charles White , an engine cleaner , in the employ of the South Eastern Railway Company , fell from the platform beneath the carriages , and before he could be extricated his legs were broken in two places , and he was otherwise dreadfully injured . He was removed to St . Thomas ' s Hospital , where he expired in dreadful agony shortly after . Death from Drowning . —An inquest was held on Tuesday afternoon , at the Angel and Crown Publichouse , Datchet Bridge , before William Maclin , Esq ., coroner for the borough of Windsor , upon the body of a young man , named William Howes , in the em-E loy of Messrs . Meux and Co ., the brewers of Tottenam-court-road , who was drowned that morning in the Thames between Windsor and Datchet . Bridge . The deceased and another man , named Louch , also in the employ of Messrs- Meux and Co ., left the brewery at a very early hour on Monday morning , in charge of two drays , laden with beer for the Canteen , at the Infantry barracks , Windsor .- On their return to London , between ten and eleven o ' clock , after delivering the beer , as they proceeded from Windsor to Datchett , they determined t > bathe , at a retired spot , in the Thames , known as Swan Bridge . The deceased had no sooner plunged into the river than he cried out for help , and almost immediately SUUH . J . fc »|> poo . wott ^ 4 l \ at . t » . _ la *" 0 O .. hftlft invwarrto .. t \ f . \ fifteen feet deep , had been excavated in that part of ' the river for the purpose of raising ballast . This was unknown to the unfortunate man , who was but a poor swimmer , and who in consequence perished . The Jury returned a verdict of "Accidentally Drowned . "

      Fatal Scaffold Accident . —On Monday evening an inquest was held by Mr . Bedford , at the Crown public-house , Green-street , Leicester-square , c-n the body of John Morgan , aged forty ,, who was killed by a fall from a scaffold in Pall-mall , ninety feet high . The Jury strongly deprecated the conduct of the authorities of Charing-cross Hospital , who , having drawn a " screen" in front of deceased bed , positively refused tO a'l ow his widow to be present at his dying moments . The Coroner fully concurred in the opinion of dissatisfaction expressed by the Jury , who returned a verdict of " Accidental death . "

      Suicide bt a Clerk . —Mr . W . Baker , Jun ., deputy coroner , held an inquest at the Three Crowns ,. Newcastle-street , Whitechapel , on the body of John Dark Davis , aged 24 , a collecting clerk , residing in Newcastle-street . The deceased was very eccentric ; and complained repeatedly of pains in his head . On Thursday evening , he retired to rest . very early , and requested a basin of gruel to be sent up to him ; When his landlady went to his bedroom , she found the door locked , and could obtain no answer . She became alarmed , and the door was broken open , when the deceased was found suspended from the bed-post , with a handkerchief round his neck , in a state of nudity . He was immediately cut down , and a surgeon sent for , who said the deceased had been dead some time . The Jury returned a verdict of "Accidental Death . "

      Fatal Accident at a Ship-builder's . —An inquest was held on Wednesday forenoon , before Mr . W . Carter , the Coroner , at the Duke of York , Churchstreet , Rotherhithe , respecting the death of William Smith , aged G 7 , a shipwright , lately residing at No , 19 , Upper York-street , Rotherhithe , Old Town . The deceased was a sober steady man , and had been in the employ of Mr . Hackwood , the ship-builder , for many years . On the evening of Thursday last , the deceased was at work pn a scaffold erected on the larboard side ot a large vessel , which was undergoing

      repairs in a dry dock at the rear of the premises of his employer , when one of the planks by some means was displaced , and when the deceased was stepping from the scaffold the outer-plank gave way , and precipitated him about fifteen feet to the bottom of the dock . He was lifted up in a state of great agony , and promptly conveyed home , where he was seen by Mr . Bardock , a surgeon , who ascertained that he had fractured several ribs , and sustained other internal injuries , which caused his death at an early hour on Sunday morning . A verdict of " Accidental Death '' was ultimately recorded .

      Fatal Accident in Botolpu-lane . —On Wednesday , Mr . Payne held an inquest in St . Thomas ' s Hospital , on the body of Charles Matthews , aged fifteen , a labourer in the employ of Messrs . Pickford of Wood-street . It appeared that on Tuesday last tliatthe deceased was walking up Botolph-lane , City , at the time another of Messrs . Pickford ' s men was leading a horse and cart through the thoroughfare , when all of a sudden the deceased fell forward into the gutter , and the wheel of the cart pressed his back against the granite kerb . He was taken in an insensible state to the hospital , where he died . Verdict—'' Accidental death . "

      Fat . il Accident by Earl Fitzwili . ia . m '" s Carriage . —On Wednesday evening an inquest was held before Mr . Bedford , at St . George ' s Hospital , on the body of John Allen , aged eighty , a shoemaker . The deceased resided at 7 , James-street , Oxford-street / and was in a very feeble state of health . Between ten and eleven o ' clock on the night of the 25 th ult .,. the deceased was crossing the carriage-road in Parklane , opposite to Holderness House , whon a carriage and pair of horses , belonging to Earl ' Fitzwilliam , was passing at the time , driven at a steady pace , and the coachman called to him to get out of " the way . The deceased did not hear , and before the iiorses could be stopped the pole of the carriage struck him over the left eye and knocked him down . lie was removed to the above hospital in a state of insensibility , with a severe wound over the left eyebrow . Inflammation of the wound ensued , which caused his death on Saturday last , Verdict— "Accidental death .

      Fatal Experimental Hanging . —A youth , about seventeen years of age , named William Bowman , residing with his brother , who is a hairdress' -r in Olive-street , North Shields , was on Sunday discovered . to have hung himself under the following extraordinary circumstances : —On Sunday , tlieu- father visited them from Newcastle , and , on his --turn in the evening , the elder brother accompaniad him to the tram , leaving the deceased in the house . On the brother's return he found the door lucked inside . The door was broken open , when the unfortunate youth was found suspended from the ceiling , quite dead . The deceased was dressed precisely " similar to a culprit whom he had recently seen executed , and kis neck was protected from tliecord by a pillow which had been placed between it and the rope . A nightcap was pulled over his faceand his legs were tied

      , together , and he seemed to have made an attempt to pinion his arms , but one was at liberty , having , it is supposed , got loose during the poor fellow ' s struggles . _ The rope was drawn through a ring-bolt in the ceiling , and a chair was placed near him , from which ho is supposed to have thrown himself . No reason whatever can be assigned for the act . The deceased was generally considered an active and intelligent lad ; and it is a singular fact that ho has for years visited every execution which i :: vs taken place ill London , whore the parties belong , having resided only a few months at Shields . Ho frequently conversed about hanging , and expressed a belief that it was no punishment at all , being an easy death An inquest was held on Tuesday , when the Jury returned a verdict , " That the deceased had hung himsell in a fit of temporary insanity . "

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  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), June 6, 1846, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_06061846/page/1/