Current:

Northern Star (1837-1852), 6th June 1846, Edition 2 of 3, Page 7, « lndl wfllwar, at leastinwerdsj (And—sh...

Page 7
Page 7
7 of 8

On this page

  • Departments (1)
    • ^owi ipc iHa^
  • Text (7)
  • Transcript

    • Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.

      Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.

      Juhb. >. -1646. : '¦ ,„ ' " _^ The North...

      Juhb . > . -1646 . : '¦ , „ ' " _^ THE NORTHERN STAR . 7 " ^ . ~~ ' ' ' ¦——_»—¦_______—__——__———_——— ^^ 1 —* --- ^* * ' *" * * , 1 , MM ^** ° - ** ' ----- _ nrll _ lw ______ . iM _ M . iMi _^« i . i i ' - i i ii

      ^Owi Ipc Iha^

      ^ owi ipc iHa ^

      « Lndl Wfllwar, At Leastinwerdsj (And—Sh...

      « lndl wfllwar , at leastinwerdsj ( And—should my chance so happen—deed * , ) Tfimall who war with ThoHghtr

      «I Think I Hear A Little Hird, Who Sings...

      « I think I hear a little hird , who sings J 6 e people brand b y will he the stronger . " —BUOS .

      Eastern Europe And The Emperor Nicholas....

      EASTERN EUROPE AND THE EMPEROR NICHOLAS . HO . V . A Terr interesting episode is contained in tbe third chapter of this work detailing tbe fortunes of ihe celebrated Russian Commander , Admiral TcMtcnagoff . TbisTeteran , almost the only Russian Commander , who exhibited anything like military talent when that talent was so much needed io cope with Xapoleon , is no longer a . Russian , or at

      least no longer a subject ofthe Autocrat ' s , hehavrng some years ago renounced his nationality , and transformed himself into an Englishman . The treatment this eminent man experienced at the hands of the Russian despots , Paul and Nicholas , graphically illustrates the character of the Russian tyranny . Admiral TchitchagofTs story deserves to he made widely known , bnt as it is _ u > t onr place to re-print ihese volumes , to the work itself we must refer our t-adersforthe partioulars of the gallant Admiral ' s history

      The fourth chapter i _ devoted to a brief review of the present state of the Slavonic races , and an inquiry into the probabilities of their emancipation . The author shows how erroneous is the opinion generally , or , at least , very widely entertained , that the Slavonic race is either irrecoverably gathered beneath the sceptres of the Russian , Austrian , Prussian , and Turkish despotism , or , worse still , as doomed to become generally Russianised . He enumerates the various nations belonging to this race , numbering , in all , from eighty to one hundred' millions , and shows that , of this immense multitude , only the Muscovite portion ( from ihhty-tbxee to thirty-six millions ) are the passive slaves of the existing tyrannies

      while their quiescence is based upon the idea they entertain of the omnipotence ef their tyrant . ' If once that idea was dispelled by the successful uprisings of any portion of the Slavonic family , the passive obedience ofthe Muscovite would cease , and the last prop ofthe Russian government would fail it . We have before shown the insecure state ofthe Austrian and Prussian despotisms , it is , therefore , unneeesary to reiterate the statements of the author concerning those governments . "Far from the battle being won , the strife is only impending , " and as regards numbers , energy , and an awakened and soulanimating desire for liberty , all the chances are on the side ofthe oppressed .

      Of all the branches ofthe Slavonic race , the Poles are entitled to take Ihe first rank , not only because they have made the greatest progress in civilisation , bat because on the one hand they form the connect , ing link , which , by mingling the spirit of both , unites the west of Europe with the east ; whilst on the other they stand the military antagonists of the Russian despotism , and of necessity are the champion tmd leaders of their brethren . To the Poles , therefore , or at least the thirteen ont ofthe twenty millions , belonging to what is called " Russian Poland , " the greater part of the next chapter ( V . ) is devoted Tinder the head of

      THE POLES IN THEIR RELATION TO RUSSIA . " Whilst in disposition the Poles bear a stronger resemblance to almost every other branch of the Slavonic family than to the Muscovites , they differ from the whole of it in one important particular , which assimilates them more nearl y with ourselves , and peculiarly fits them to lead the civilization of their race . " " AH the rest ofthe Slavonianslderivedjtheir ideas and their religion from that corrupt source the Eastern capital of the Christian world ; Poland , on

      the contrary , owed its civilization and religion to Rome , and to the West . " " All the lore and wisdom of aniignity—all those ideas of freedom and of justice which survived wherever Latiuity was transmitted , together with a large share of that chivalrie element which the Norsemen spread so widely when they took possession ofthe thrones and lordships of so many lands , —mixed up though both might be with Monkish rubbish and with feudal barbarism , have ' operated on the characterofthePolish nation , and have given it a deep and indelible analogy with that of Western people . "

      The Poles have ever been remarkable for their patriotism . The provinces torn from the ancient Republic by Austria and Prussia , are still regarded by their inhabitants as indissolubly part of Poland . In the provinces subjected to Russian violence resistance is continuous and indomitable . The Russian authorities avow their belief that nothing but extermination wifl permanently traaquM & ize the country . "And , in fact , what else remains to secure a conquest over a race which bo severity will reduce to resignation ? Where the women alone , as long as they propagate the population , will irreconcilably instil a deadly hatred of the oppressors into the minds

      of their lisping children , —where the first lesson of the mother is to point out to the infant where its grandfather , or its father , or its uncle , fought and bled , or was punished or imprisoned ; where , in 1845 , intermarriage between a Polish female and the most powerful and wealthy Servitor of the Emperor is -considered in the same light as religions apostacy ? " But how exterminate a people whose number at the lowest computation amounts to thirteen millions ? " For though the territory of the' kingdom of Poland' has bees cnt down till only five millions of inhabitants are left , the annexation , by Ukase , of

      Vilna , Grodno , Vitepsk , Jtfohilef , Minsk , Volyhnia , Podolia , and Bialystok to the Russian empire , has not sufficed to Rassianise ttiem in anything but name . " In answer to those who attribute to the Poles turbulence of disposition , and a pronencss M violence , the author of this work shows what has been and is the condition of Poland since the first partition ; and -educes therefrom the right and duty of the Poles to do as they have done , and will do , until they succeed in relieving themselves from the monstrous tyranny ander which they groan . From this part of chapter V . we give the following extracts : —

      atrocities conumED et cathsbix-. The Empress Catherine , the least tyrannic sovereign who ever ruled in Russia , wrote fifty-one years ago to -tennis , her ambassador at "Warsaw : — " This is why I must impress on yon to cause the armies now at your disposal in Poland , to act , setting aside all illusions of humanity , ( abstraction / nile de toultt les illusions de Vhvnvadte ) -with the energy necessary to deprive its inhabitants of all means , and ot all hope of revolting . Yon must not spare an ? of the inhabitants of this district , even if they should allege the quiet and retired lives they have been leading , excepting altrays such as may be taken in arms , after giving proofs of their

      valour . These you had better incorporate in my armies , as they may prove useful in the war which , as you know , we intend to carry into the south , after the pacification of Poland . " Afew days after , Warsaw was stormed ; and Snwarrow , one ofthe great captains of his age , and by no means the most inhuman of the Russian generals , pnt to the sword twenty- — . ve thousand ofthe inhabitants of the suburb of Praga , inclusive of its defenders , women , and children . This unscrupulous woman made energetic and cruel efforts . to secure her conquests . She prosecuted vigorously the task ( which experience had then not

      yet shown to be hopeless ) of extinguishing Polish nationality . She shut up the schools , caused the public libraries to be transported into Russia , and those whom she suspected of being political opponents into Siberia . Although she cared nothing for religion aad dispised all creeds , yet as a matter of state policy she ordered the commission of the most abominable atrocities to compel the Roman Catholics and the United Greeks to embrace the Russian religion . On this subject onr author quotes Colonel Sztbma , a Polish Protestant , _ rom which quotation WO give the

      following extract : — jfromthe returns prepared at the close of Catherine ' s reign it may he seen that not less than 3 , 160 , 000 Itomaa Catholics were then forced to \ go over to the dominant church- Hissio-s for converting Roman Catholics used to be accompanied by a military escort . Placed under such safeguard , they traversed the country , forced the ioore of Catholic churches and chapels in towns and villages , and consecrated them anew as if they had been profaned . Priests who wonld not change their religion were expelled their parishes , and were replaced ; by Kussian popes . Intimidation and rewards were in turn employed with the Catholic clergy , and when these failed to effect their object , many were thrown into prisons and flogged ; and the infliction of corporal ponUhment was jocularly called 'the anointing of m dfrw ^ brttima ;

      Eastern Europe And The Emperor Nicholas....

      Snch , in brief onthne ,. were the infernal acts ofthe " philosophic Catherittei " : towhiehyhowever v ' 8 honld be added , that she employed emissaries to excite the peasantry ofHumagu , inttiejnbrame , tomasiacrethe nobles , thus anticipating the infamy recently earned by the diabolical Austrian government . To complete the horrid work , as soon as the assassinations were over she hung Iheleaders of the assassins under a show of justice , while she in realit y had instigated them to their criminality . Was ever there a more

      horrible command issued by a despot than that addressed by her to R _ rar _ to show no mercy , to' « e £ aside the illusions of humanity , and spare none , even the peaceable and helpless ? Did ever fiend exist ; in human form more worthy of eternal execration ? Yet this Catherine was , we are told , the best sovereign that ever ruled in Russia ! If this she-devil was the best , * what language can do justice ; to one of the worst— Victoria ' s pet , the darling Nicholas ?

      Paul , though considered a tyrant by the Russians , was regarded by the Poles as a mild and merciful rnler compared with his mother . He put a stop to religious persecution , re-opened the colleges and schools , and set at liberty many victims of his mother ' s tyranny ; but in return for the sufferers he liberate-, he sent other and numerous victims to Siberia , or otherwise punished them—the victims of his capricious temper . We now come to the doings of that very Christian , very pious , Tery " liberal" hypocrite , Alexander , " whose ideas appear always to have been liberal til ] he was called upon to put them into practice , at the expense of theslightestshadow ofhiaown authority . " Who was according to Braos—The cox-comb Tsar , The autocrat of waltzes and of war J A Calmuck beauty with a Cossack wit , And generous spirit , when't is not frost-bit ; Now half dissolving to a liberal thaw , Bnt hardened back when ' er the morning ' s raw ; Tfith no objection to true liberty , Except that it would make the nations free !

      . The author of this work enters at some length into thestateofPoland , underthe " Calmuckbeauty . " The acts of cruelty and rapacity to which the Poles were continually subjected under his reign , sufficiently illustrate the value of his hypocritical professions . The " constitution" conferredonthe"k 1 ngdoniof Poland " he violated , and as good as annihilated within six years after conferring it . When the nobility : of Lithuania in 1818 , solicited him for permission to emancipate their serfs , he refused , and commanded them to proceed no further in the matter . We must refer our readers to the work itself for most of the author ' s illustrations of Alexander ' s rule , confining ourselves to the following extracts : —

      CRIMES OF ALEXANDER . It will be remembered that about this period Russia itself was still full of secret societies , many of which had formerly looked forward to Alexander as their warmest friend . In Germany , previous to the fall of Napoleon , these associations had been encouraged by the Austrian and Prussian despotisms , as having an anti-French tendency ; and in Poland , Alexander had been anxious to encourage them , when still hopeful of uniting the whole Polish nation beneath his rule . The fermentation of secret societies in Polandhad not , therefore , the same rebellious or dangerous signification as might be . reasonably attributed to them at the present day ; as their existence bad never been forbidden , it was not concealed ; tho secret only extending , like that of freemasonry , to their Institutions . The Polish youth then congregating in great numbers at the university of Wilna , had established many of these , amongst which the public society of ths " IUuminati , '' and the two secret orders ofthe Philaretes and PhUomates . Though these three societies were dissolved as soon as strictly prohibited by ukase , the mania of forming secret associations spread amongst the juvenile members of the community , and school-boys of twelve and fourteen years of age entered into conspiracies to uphold the threatened nationsdiry of Poland by their literary efforts , Alexander , who had encouraged secret societies , who had used his best endeavours to keep alive the nationality of Poland , and who had spontaneously declared , on the first establishment of the constitution , in the midst of the Polish diet , that he would unite the Polish provinces of Russia to the kingdom , and that he hoped to extend the benefits ofa free government to every portion of the vast dominions he had been called to govern , now allowed ~ Tovosiltzofz to enter on a career of persecution which , amidst all the Polish'people has since Buffered , is still indelible in its recollection ,

      If ot only did NovosUtzoff hunt out and punish all those who had formerly belonged to these associations before they were forbidden , but he adopted the Russian mode of political investigation , by torturing the accused to elicit the truth ; whilst Alexander confirmed their sentences of banishment . KovosiltzofF filled ten monasteries in the city of Yilna alone with youthful students . In every other part of Poland , the prisons were crowded with mere schoolboys . They were tried hy courtsmartial , and condemned to Siberia or to the mines , to confinement in the casemates of fortresses , or to do duty in regiments in distant parts ofthe empire ; and these mere children were sent off in irons hy hundreds , amidst the heartrending lamentations of their relatives . Though since that period such scenes have become common-place , the effect of this persecution has never been forgotten , and is frequently alluded to by the Polish poets . AU the normal schools were abolished . The Emperor Alexander declared by ukase , dated tbe Mth of August , 1824 , that the condemned Students had been guilty of high treason , in associating to perpetuate , by means ofliterature , the nationality of Poland . Long imprisonment , hunger , cold , and theinfiiction ofthe lash , were used with so much severity to elicit confessions of guiltfromthehapless stndentswhowere merely " suspected , " that hundreds sunk under this cruel nsage . But we have to add something still more devilish , a refinement of villainy on the part of the pious A __ xak _ er ' s government , unparalalled in the history oi imperial atrocities . To the maxim of " divide and rule , " was added that of " corrupt and rule , "

      The former professors and teachers were gradually removed from the universities and schools , and replaced by men who appeared to bare been chosen to give the Polish youth the example of every kind of dissipation and debauchery . Not only NovosUtzoff himself , but all the authorities to whom the superintendence of instruction was confided , seemed boastful of their crapulous orgies , anxious to propagate their degrading vices . There were no excesses , however morally and physically ruinous , to Which the Polish youth were not encouraged to resort , hy example , indnlgence , and approbation ; whilst all who resisted the pernicious influence , or who sought , however unobtrusively , to pursue their studies , were marked out as objects of persecution . It wonld be impossible to believe in the premeditation and cold-blooded execution of such a scheme , if the evidence of its existence reposed only on the character of NovosUtzoff , and ofa few of his agents ; but from the time of his being dispatched to Vilna , this policy became general , ' and was too openly avowed , too long continued , and too widely attested to admit ofa doubt . like an over-dose of poison , it failed in the effects it was intended to produce . The odium which attached to the character of these agents , on account of their cruelty , and the sadden deaths and loathsome diseases to which several of them fell victims , made their example serve as a warning instead of inducing imitation . "We wul not attempt to comment on this infernal scheme to poison the source of tbe moral life of an entire people , we leave our readers to form theirown conclusions , and express , if they can , the thoughts which , almost too big for utterance , must rise from the protesting heart of every being worthy ofthe form and name of man . 0 ! Englishmen , brother Britons , is it not time —————to teach the very stones , To rise against earth ' s tyrants ? In 1825 Alexander died , —but Nicholas , the ' beloved , ' demands a column or two to himself , and for this week we pause .

      The Obecox Question.—We Have Reason To B...

      The Obecox Question . —We have reason to believe that the object of General Armstrong , the United States Consul at this port , in proceeding to America by the Great Western , "was to take out a proposal for the settlement of the Oregon question on tbe part of tbe British Government . General Armstrong is a veteran soldier , a companion in arms of General Jackson and an intimate friend of President Polk , and yet a firm friend to the preservation of peace between the two countries . The

      terms which be is authorised to propose are said to be such as the Governments of both countries can agree to with honour . We think it necessary to mention what we have stated above , as we have seen it stated in some of the papers that General Armstrong has been recalled by his own Government to act in a military capacity . -He has not been recalled , and we have reason to believe that he will return to Liverpool in five or six weeks irom tho present time , we trust with a treaty for the partition the Oregon territory . — Livewool Tiim . ( Fudge . ) ' ^

      Ak Irishism .. — " I was going , " said an Iristanan , " over W « tmmster-brid gef the other day , and I met Pat Hewins . "Hewing , " saysl , " ' now are you ? " "Prettywell , I thank you , Done _ V } , " said « ^ 3 » nelly : Wl . "that ' s not irr name !" J jaitti ! no more is mine Hewins . " said fae . So we looked at each other again , and sure it turned out to be neither of us .

      Cotfferenc£ Op The Ffagonal Ass Qi.__*F^...

      COtfFERENC £ OP THE ffAGONAL ASS Qi . __* f ^ ia i ^ " Mascii _ sxi 5 R , --The first auuualcoiiferenee of this body commenced its sittings on Monday , in the Hall of : Science , Cam ' pfield , under the presidency of T . S . Buncombe , Esq ., M . P . The extensive and Eretracted strike among the building trades which as now lasted upwards of thirteen weeks in this district : the facts that the princinal nnint . nf ri ifference

      between the masters and the men of late has been the requirement of the former that the operatives sign a document pledging themselves not to belong to any general union , and that the employers have considered the association to be of so formidable a character as to call for the formation of an equally extensive counter-combination , —have given nse to much interest in its proceedings . The large number of delegates and the variet y of trades represented by them , also testify that the association had some influence over the working classes

      Ten o clock m the morning was the hour announced for commencing proceedings , but the forenoon was occupied by the Central Committee in receiving the credentials of delegates and other routine business , and it was not until nearly three o ' clock that Mr . Buncombe entered the Hall ; at which time there were about 120 delegates present , and a considerable number of spectators in the galleries . Mr . Dokcombb experienced a most enthusiastic reception , and order being restored , he addressed the meeting as representatives of the working classes , and said that iri pursuance of the resolution of last year appointing the . Conference to be held in Manchester this year , he and his colleagues had the honour and pleasure to appear before them , and to give an account of their stewardshin lor the last year .

      J _ e was proud on that occasion to meet so large an assembly , especially when he knew the immense amount of intelligence that meeting represented . He was also desirous of stating that their doors were open to the jiress of all shades of party ., One of the representatives of ' the press was present , whomhe was informed had been sent dowh . expressly to attend that meeting by the ' conductors of a newspaper which had always honestlv and ably advocated the interests of the working classes / ( Cheers . ) But he repeated , their meeting was Open to the press of all parties , and they invited criticism , because they sought for nothing but what was perfectly legal as well as just . ( Cheers . ) Before proceeding to other points , he would notice some of the publications issued by their opponents . The honourable gentle man then referred to a pamphlet issued by the mas *

      ters , in which reference was made to the Asaeciation as ' open to great objections and liable to gross abuse , on account of its giving power to the directors to promote all meetings having for thoir object the educational , political , and social improvement of the people . He did not see anything objectionable in such objects , and he left them tojudge of the animus of those who did ; but the writer proceeds to say that the laws were of suck a nature , that though they had the name ofa Member of Parliament appended to them , it was to be hoped it was ' merely nominal . Now , he felt it his duty to state , in this centre of industry , this mighty hive of the laborious , that not a single document had issued from the directors which had not his cordial approval , and botia-fide signature .

      ( Great cheering . )'• - Nor had they taken a step which was not characterised by justice and reason . ( Hear , hear . ) The writer then accused the Association ; , ©! imitating the general union of 1833 , in dictating tyrannical terms to ^ masters , and issuing mandates , which they were required to obey , without any responsible signature . Now , in the first place , he had signed all the documents issused by the Association , and was fully prepared to take all the responsibility of these documents upon himself ; and , - in the next place , the complaint came with a bad grace from the masters , who were now using the most illegal and tyrannical measures to each other . The hon . gentleman then proceeded to adduce several instances in which the Masters' Association had used threats and

      intimidation to small masters , lor the purpose of inducing them to discharge their men who would not sign the document pledging themselves to withdraw from the union . He Would next briefly advert to to the circumstances out of which the Association originated . A carrespondence heretofore took place between himself and Mr . Diury of Sheffield , which led to the convening of a national conference in Easier week last year . That Conference appointed a Provisional Committee , with instructions to frame a code of laws , to present the same to another Conference in the following July . The Cemmitteo did so , and issued an address , in which they thus stated the reasons which induced them to call upon the working classes to join this Association : —

      "In the history of man never did there exist a nation richer than Great Britain at the present moment—either as to the real property it possesses in comparison withits population , or the scientific mechanical , and industrial powers at its command . "Yet With this unexampled amount of accumulated wealth , and of powers for producing more , poverty is the lot of the working man through lifej "Numerous have been the attempts to amend this lamentable state of things , but in vain . "Politicalagitations , Trades'Unions , and Strikes have hitherto failed to remove this anomaly , or to arrest the downward career of the producing classes . Is the evil , therefore , irremediable , or have the means heretofore adopted been inadequate for the object in view ?

      " We believe the latter to be the true solution of the difficulty . New and more comprehensive measures arc imperatively required , based on sound principles on a full understanding ofthe evils to be removed and the causes which generate them . " After briefly describing the leading objects of the Association to be the adoption of means " by which the surplus labour shall be absorbed , or kept out of the market , and an equality be maintained between the work to be done , and the number of those required to do it , " he said , these objects were proposed to be carried out by the labouring classes expending " their funds in the erection of machines that will work for and not against them , and in the purchase or rental of land , whereon they can set to profitable

      employment the redundant hands , who , if suffered to remain in the labour market , would reduce the wages of the whole trade to which they belong . These measures are proposed not to supersede , but to aid those already adopted by organised Trades . " It is proposed to render them more effective by extending their sphere and operation . A General Union of Trades , for the purpose of regulating trades ' matters and trades' strikes , for collecting information and funds to one common centre , and thence distributing them effectively , was also resolved upon by the Conference . By means of this union the united strength of the whole Association would be enjoyed by every individual trade in any case of strike or dispute with employers . An orcanisation

      so general and powerful would , not only in the majority of eases , prevent the commission of injustice , and the occurrence of strikes , but when they did unavoidably take place , would bring them to a speedy and successful termination . We desire to create no invidious or antagonistic spirit in society ; but simpl y to pursue , by fair , open , and peaceable means , a course which shall give to the operative classes a fair participation in the wealth they assist to create . With politics , as party politics , we do not meddle . The social and industrial position of the labourer , and the means by which it may he improved , are the great objects at which we aim ; aud we invite the co-operation of good men and true , not only among the working , but all other ' classes of society . " Now .

      to show that the views expressed in this address were correct , and fully borne out by subsequent facts , he would refer to a document issued by Mr . Jones , secretary to the Central Committee of tlie Building Trades , reporting the result of an interview between the masters and men of Liverpool , before Mr . Rushton , the magistrate of that town , lor the purpose of adjusting differences , in which it was stated on the part ofthe masters , as a reason for declining to withdraw the document they required the men to sign , that " This strike was not for either wages or time ; but that the only point at issue was the General Trades' Union ; and that they ( the employers ) were unanimously determined that all men must sign the declaration on their resuming work—assigning for

      their reason that the protection afforded by General Trades ' Unions to the working men of any locality , is irresistible , inasmuch as the power of the whole union could be brought to bear on any one locality , if required . " Why , this was his very case—the very position he had taken last year at this time , and the admission of the masters showed that this association was already striking terror into those who had hitherto looked upon the working classes as mere machines , out of which they could create wealth for themselves . ( Cheers . ) It required some time in the formation of such an association before they could judge of what were likely to be its results , and it involved great care on the part of the Directors to guide the Association in its infancy . So far as they

      had gone their progress had been of the most satisfactory character , and if there was anything defective , anything that could be amended , that meeting had the power of applying a remedy , either by fresh instructions to tbe present directing bod y , or by appointing an entirely new directory . ( Applause . ) For himself , so long as he continued to have any share in the management of its affairs , he would , to the utmost of his powers , direct all its energies to the great and paramount object of securing for the honest , industrious , wealth-producing classes of the country , that participation in the fruits of their labours to which they were so justly entitled , and ef which they

      were at present deprived . ( Cheers . ) He trusted that the reports which would be submitted to them by the Secretary would give them satisfaction , and was certain that the points which the Executive had before them for consideration would meet with that calm , orderly , and intelligent revision , which his experience of assemblies of working men hitherto had taught him to expect . ( Cheers J He would not detain them farther , but simply repeat his gratification at so large a gathering of the representatives of labour , under such auspicious circumstances , and his confident hope that by judicious , prudent , constitutional , but , at the same time , bold and determined measures , they would ultimately succeed in achiev-

      Cotfferenc£ Op The Ffagonal Ass Qi.__*F^...

      i ^ thefmostxexteHsive'and . permancnt benefits for P ^ Sdustrious classes of the community . They had no desirelunduiy " or impfdperly ^ oihterfere ' withTtfth ' er classes , but simpl y to maintain-. those rights , and achieve that position in society which reason and justice alike point out as the proper position of those who are the very lifeblood of society . ( Cheers . ) With these observations , he would call upon the Secretary to bring forward the business in the order in which it had been laid down by the Committee . ( The hon . gentleman sat down amid loud cheering . ) The standing orders were then put and agreed to , and the sittings of the Conference were fixed to be from nine in the morning till one o ' clock , and from half-past two till six in the evening . Mr . T . Barhatt , the secretary , then read the following report : —

      In presenting their report , the Committee beg leave to state , that'in the whole of their proceedings throughout the year , in which they have hod the honour to direct the affairs of the Association , they have been guided by a desire to ensure through gradual and cautious progress , its future stability . Experience has shown , in previous attempts to form a national Union of the Working Classes , tbatruin has always ensued , by attempting more than the organisation could bear;—tbey , therefore , have been more intent upon perfecting the organisation of the Association , than of bringing it to bear upon its legitimate objects . . With this view they postponed , as premature , malting any levy for the support of strikes , conveying such intention to the trades who applied for assistance to tho following effect : — .

      That in the opinion of this Committee , the Association is not sufficiently matured to justify giving support to strikes . They are of this opinion because previous attempts to form an aggregate union of trades have faiied , entirely through entering upon strikes prematurely . Tlieyi therefore , have not felt it necessary to determine upon the allowance which the Association should give to those who they may support during strikes . ' The following questions suggest themselves to your Committee , in relation to this subject , upon each of which they beg the decision of the Conference . 1 . How long a trade ought to belong to the Association before eligible to receive its support ? Your Committee propose six months ; they think a shorter period would be inadequate to insure theimmunity of the Association , from nn accession of numbers , solely for their immediate support . 2 . The allowance in cases where it maybe necessary to cease from labour .

      Your Committee suggest that the allowance should not exceed eight BhiUings per week for each individual receiving support . This amount , of course , to be raised by a levy on the different trades belonging to the Association , and transmitted to the Society whose trade requires support , for distribution . ..: ¦; . -- . ' .. In case ofthe dispute being of magnitude , an agent from the Central Committee to attend and observe its progress . That the conduct ofthe dispute be carried on by the disputing trade , subject to the mediation of the Central Committee . . - . " .. ' The Committee here beg the attention of the Conference as to the duration of time such support shall begiven . 3 . Whether it be advisable for a time to limit Strikes supported by this Association , to the defensive ? ' 4 . What number shall receive support at the samo time ? * :, : ; .

      Circumstances , of course , must mainly determine this . Your Committee however submit , that unless the number to rective support bear some practical relation to the number contributing , efficient support cannot be given . It appears to yourCommittee , that as at present constituted , the numbers of the Association do not indicate that a very large number from any one trade would be upon its Funds . The Society . highest in number is 2 , 528 , and it is reasonable to suppose , that the whole of any given trade would very seldom be engaged in a dispute at the same time . Supposing the number of the Association to be 30 , 000 Id . per week ftom each will give 83 . to 312 members—2 d . to 624—3 d , to 936—4 d . to 1 , 248—5 d . to 15 C 0—6 d . to I 8 T 2 . This is supposing all , whether receiving or not , to contribute their quota to the levy .

      The Committee submit that , as it would not , in their opinion , be advisable to impose a higher levy than Gd . for each member of the Association , that the relative numbers , receiving and paying , should'be as 1 , 800 is to 30 , 000 ; that is to say , while the whole number of the Association is 30 , 000 , 1 , 800 might bs supported , and so on . Cases have arisen during the past year which suggest the consideration whether females and children shall be admitted upon a less contribution to the funds of the Association , or otherwise . This seems to be of importance , in certain trades , viz ., frame-work knitters , lace makers , hand-loom weavers , < fcc , Indeed it appears difficult to give effectual support to those trades , unless some support is also given to the women and children employed therein . This question , however , is so environed with difficulty that the Committee do not feel competent to offer any suggestion thereon .

      It appears to your Committee highly desirable that the Association should have a fund to meet any sudden emergency . They suggest that this fund should not be less in amount than fid . 'for each member of the Association . Your Committee now call attention to the following alteration ofthe Rules of the Association , alterations suggested by their practical working during the past year . 1 . To that section of the rule entitled duties of Conference , which state that no fundamental or important

      law shall be repealed or altered , nor any addition made to the rules without at least six months' notice being given thereof , and that such addition or alteration must have the concurrence of at least two-thirds of the Conference . In reference to this rule , your Committee beg to state that it was impossible , in the first year of the Association ' s existence , for them to know by practical experience what rule required alteration , the time for tho six months' notice having more than elapsed before they could gain practical knowledge of the adaptation of the rules to the wants of the society .

      They have , therefore , proceeded with the utmost caution , and are only desirous of such alterations as may appear to them necessary to its well-being . In the rule entitled Elections , they propose to change the words , within one month , to , not less than one month , which the Committee believe to have been the original intention ofthe Conference . Your Committee now propose an alteration in the constitution of the Committee . They suggest that the number of the Committee shall bo seven instead of eleven , and that they shall be elected from the London Trades ; it having been found impracticable to consult the country members of the Committee , on any subject without greatly embarrassing the movements of the Association .

      Your Committee do not so much urge the delay and enormous ezpence attending such proceeding , though these would in themselves be a powerful reason , as the utter impossibility of giving to members at adistance , an accurate knowledge of the position of the society ; knowledge of which can only be gained from its voluminous correspondence from all parts of the country , from time to time , in the diversified circumstances both of fact and opinion , as they continually arise , and which is only valuable as fused into coherence , by continued and unremitting personal " observation and assiduity . Such knowledge they need not soy cannot be transmitted by post . And they submit that legislation upon imperfect knowledge is an evil , fraught with danger so eminent to the very existence of the Association , as to justify the alteration they have proposed .

      Your Committee suggest , that the moneys of the association be vested at a banker ' s in tbe name of the President and Vice-President ofthe association ; the cheque , drawing out the whole or any part of such moneys to be signed by both of these officers . In the rule entitled Powers and Duties it is proposed to alter the two last lines , from ' shall elect another of the Conference Delegates to fill the vacancy , ' to ' shall elect another from among the members of those trade societies ' that form the Association to fill tha vacancy . ' In tho rule entitled Levies , your Committee propose , that it shall be imperative on the various societies to send the levies , week by week , as required ; it being impossible to convey the necessary support , unless such levies be sent in proper time . This is a question of considerable difficulty ; your Committee , therefore , will have much pleasure in consulting the Conference , as to the best means of preventing embarrassment and delay in this most important point .

      Your Committee now give some account of their proceedings during the past year . They commenced by issuing an address , explanatory of their views , setting forth the capabilities of your Association , and of the sister Institution for the employment of labour in agriculture and manufactures . Your Committee then organised a plan for visiting the various metropolitan trades ; this proceeding , though only partially successful in adding to the numbers of the Association , was ofthe greatest consequenee as a moans ef disarming prejudice . Your Committee next engaged a lecturer , who , in

      various parts of the metropolis and in Manchester , delivered lectures with the same end in view . The expenses of tho lectures was defrayed , jointly hy your Association and the Association for the employment of labour in agriculture and manufactures . These lectures , upon the whole , were not attended with success . This Want of success , which cannot in any way bo attributable to the want of zeal or of talent in tbe lecturer , nor the want of indefatigable exertion on part of your committee , caused lecturing to be superseded by organised visits to the various trades at their own places of meeting , a plan which , as far as it has proceeded , has been attended with

      success . Your Committee , in exercise of tho discretion given to them in the rule entitled " Expenses of Management , " have reduced the monthly payments from one penny to half-penny per month , They hope this measuve , which has contributed to increase the members of the Association , will met the approbation of the Conference . Your Committee have already alluded to a resolution delaying as premature and inconsistent with the stability of the Association , the imposing of levies for the support of strikes until after the Conference of 184 G . This resolution , which was the result c . f much anxious deliberation , your committee are gratified to find has met with the approval of various trade societies in the Associa . tion .

      Cotfferenc£ Op The Ffagonal Ass Qi.__*F^...

      Your Committee , however , anxious to render all the as . sistance in their jtower , at the request of the Mansfield framework-khitters / sentyourYice-Pre ' sidentasngerit ' tb that body . . Their case was one of great oppression , pre .. sentlng the anomaly of logislatioh in thoir favour which none of the magistrates would carry out ! The reason assigned was ,, that , from its obscurity , they could not understand the Framework-knitters Act . Your Committee , of course do riot impute any bnt . tba purest motives to these magisterial _ ianutoctarers , but they cannot help regarding it as a remarkable circumstance , that , while the working classes arc often defeated in their appeals for redress to legal tribunals on account of the obscurity of the law;—they never find the same obscurity when the law is appealed to . against" them;— the law is always precise , and the mental vision of its , administrators unclouded ! :. V

      Your Committee now advert to the proceedings of the master builders in Liverpool , Birkenhead , Maiichestrr , and , other places . In reply to the extraordinary and unjust pretensions set forth b y them to the public , your Cammittee have issued an address , which it is hoped will have the effect of silencing the . calumnies of these employers and of proviwg to the public , that the often repeated charges against working men are not only without foundation , biit belong in reality to their op . ponents . This contest proves the absolute necessity of working men joining this association . Your Committee cannot but contemplate the different aspect that would bo presentcd if this association had been formed some years ago and supported—as they confidently trust it will beby the majority of working men in the United Kingdom . They do not urge that under such a state of things , the anxiety and extreme difficulty of finding support for the men resisting this oppression , would not exist , but they are confident if the workimr classes had been thus

      organized , this contest would never have takon plaee . . .. In furtherance of the exertions of the Building Trades , your commute have united with the agents from those trades in visiting the various other trades in Manchester , i ts vicinity , and in London , to cbtain assistance in resisting this tyrann y * Your Committee cannot conclude their report without paying a just tribute to the indefatigable exertions , the exalted talent , and the high moral courage of your hou . Chairman . These qualities , known and acknowled ged by his political opponents , your committee have had the opportunity of personally witnessing , in full exercise , in behalf of the working classes ; away from the publio gaze , apart from any circumstance or motive but that of contributing to their well being . When your committee state , that on more than one occasion , your hon . Chairman has sat presiding over their liberations , and those of the Board of Directors of the Sister Association , for upwards of seven hours , without intermission , they are sure that such attention to their interests will be met

      by corresponding devotedness on the part ofthe working classes , . ,. '¦ '"" . In conclusion , your committee hare no doubt in delivering up the trust reposed in them , that the wisest ami most beneficial measures will be proposed by you in Con . ference , to be carried . out by their successors . The allusion to Mr . Buncombe ' s conduct as chairman of the committee was loudly cheered . The motion that the report he received was then put , and carried unanimously . The cash balance-sheet for the year was then read , which exhibited a balance of £ 00 in hand . This documenc was also received .

      TheGHAinMAN said that before entering upon the discussion of the measure recommended by the Central Committee for their consideration , it was necessary to mention that the laws of the Association precluded them from altering any fundamental law or principle without at least six months' notice . As no such notice had been given , it was competent for any member of Conference , if he thought that these alterations were of that character , to object to their being made . A Delegate suggested that as that course would probably be productive of inconvenience , he should propose that the conference should be at liberty to discuss not only , the propositions of the committee , but any others thai might be brought forward . The Chairman said the experience ofthe House of Commons and of other public assemblies , showed the absolute necessity of adhering to some , general rules ,

      and he doubted that much inconvenience , if not danger , would result from the adoption of the course proposed . The motion not being seconded , fell to the ground . The Jonference then took up the question of the time a trade should belong to the Association before it was eligible to receive support from tlie funds . Mr . Felkix , of Mansfield , delegate nom the framework knitters , moved tliatthe recommendation of the Committee , namely , six months , be adopted . This motion gave rise to a long discussion , in which several delegates took part . Various term ' s were proposed—four mouths , nine months , and twelve months , were respectively advocated as most likely to conduce to the prosperity of the Association . In favour ofthe shortest term it was urned that the last returns showed that some of the trades had withdrawn in the absence of any immediate support from the Association .

      The Secbktauy explained that the omission of the names of those trades from the quarterly balancesheet was owing not to their withdrawal , - but to tho the fact that their remittances had not reached the office in time to be included in the quarterly account . The original motion , that a trade shall be six months in union before receiving any relief , was ultimately carried , with only eight dissentients . ¦ The Conference then took up the question of the amount to be allowed per week from the funds of the association . The Committee recommended 8 j . A long discussion on this resolution ensued , and an amendment was moved , that the sum be 6 s . The question was not settled when the Conference adjourned at six o ' clock till nine next morning .

      Tuesday ; The Chairman took his place at nine 0 ] clock . The list of delegates was read , from which it appeared that credentials had been received from 120 delegates , representing in the aggregate 40 , 000 paying members . Mr . Blyth , of Leads , moved as an amendment , that all members on strike receive 12 s . per week , and be set to work for the same : in support of this resolution , the speaker said , some time since they had a strike in Leeds , and being allowed 10 s . a week for single men , and 15 s . a week for married men , he proposed that instead of expending the money in supporting men in idleness , it ummld be applied to setting them to work with it , as he believed that , by adding their labour to 10 s . worth of material , they could

      at least increase its value 10 s . or 15 s . He did this because he felt that all previous strikes which had been carried on upon the principle of supporting the men in idleness had not only been failures in reality but deservedly so , because based upon a false principle . ( Loud cheers . ) The trades of Leeds had expended 199 , 000 / . in support of strikes , and he did not see that they had reaped any benefit from the expenditure of that immense sum . At the time he made this proposition it was not received with that cordiality he anticipated . He was appointed the manager ot the business agreed to be established , ami though they commenced with only a small sum—a very few shillinas , in fact—they had prospered very

      much , having had several houses to build . —( L-uui cheers . ) If hehad had but a portion of the money which bad been expended on the strike in Manchester this season , he would long since have had the means of employing large numbers of his fellow workmen on independent terms . When the body ho represented joined the National Association , it was with the belief that it was going to abandon the old viciout princip le of strikes . What he , and those he represented , wished , was to see that the men who received support should earn tlie money awarded by the Association . This was not only necessary in a pecuniary , but a moral point of view , and could alouo enable them efficiently to attain the objects they had in view—( Cheers . )

      Mr . Dunnin g objected to the resolution , as pledging the association to set men to work ac less prices than paid when in regular work . Mr . Robson , shoemaker of London , suggested that the motion should be withdrawn at present , as he intended to bring forward the whole question at a future period . He fully concurred in every scntiment uttered by the delegate from Leeds , from a deep conviction that it was the only means b y which their class could be elevated in the scale o ' f society . Mr . Jacobs , cabinet-maker , Bristol , while concurring in the principle of the amendment , could not support it , inasmuch as it would tie up the Com . mittee to a certain course of action which might not be practicable in all circumstances . Again , it would

      be seen , that to give 12 s . a week to men who were only able when at work to earn Gs „ would lead to great abuses . He thought that these low-paid trades should be improved , but this was not the way to do so . It could only be done on a large scale by the association itself , and it was not at present prepared to enter upon arrangements for that purpose . Mr . Roberts , of Manchester , said that the only way to improve the condition of the low-paid trades , was to set the example themselves . Twelve . shillings was little enough , but to give that money to keep men idle was a fruitful source of demoralisation and debasement . Let them make a ^ , liberal allowance , but not to be spent in idleness ! . ( Chceis . ) A question of order having been raised , in consequence of Mr . Evans , from the Potteries , desiring to address the Conference .

      The Chairman said he understood Mr . Evans , thoug h a director of the association for the employment of labour in Manufactures and Agriculture , was not a delegate to that Conference , which was composed of delegates of tlio association for the protection of industry . With respect to the proposition of the delegate from Leeds , he suggested its withdrawal at present , on the ground that it was pre mature . They mi g ht afterwards go into its consideration . He believed that they were all of one mind as to the improper and erroneous manner in which past strikes had been conducted ; and it was one of the peculiar features of the association that it contemplated the abrogation of the system of enabling men to walk about the streets , living upon the money contributed by those who were in work ,

      Cotfferenc£ Op The Ffagonal Ass Qi.__*F^...

      So long as the trades resorted to that system , tbey would inevitably be beaten . Capital had such a tre . In niTdpiis pdw ^ effectively ) hieetit by . sueb iv . eans . —( Cheers . ) The ; only eourso was for thorn'ib employ ' ; their " uwi ' i labour and capital ruproductiviily , as was proposed at . the outset of this mbve-niuftt . , He svns convinced , ' that by . , this .. plan alone , they could be enabled to cominand and maintain a lair day ' s wages forai ' air day ' s labour . _( Ohceie . ) . " . ; ... ¦ Mr . Bwth withdrew his amendment on : this suggestion , with , the understanding that the question would again bo brought forward .

      Mr . Robsoji then moved that the levies of this Association be contributed in the- following ratio : — For alevyof 2 d ., the trade-to ' receive ' & v weekly ; for . 4 d . , to . ; . and for Oil ., 10 s . weekly ; : leaving to the different trades to join these sections at their own option . In proposing , ' this resolution , he must state that Ik had ho faith in strikes as thsv means of improving the condition ofthe working classes .: There was a time when strikes could do mush ,, but it had now gone' by ; icisnee and machinery had altered the posit on of the labourer , had introduced a totally different order of social relations . They had marched past the old system , and if the labourer was to participate in the benefits of the new order ' of ' things , they must march with it . How could tlm be done but bv becoming their own capitalists ? ( Cheers . )

      There was no law against ' that . ( Cnefrs . } lie understood that it was now desired that ti ; is Association , instead of being of a positive character , an active instrument for improving the condition of the artisan , should be simply ofa negative and defensive ch _ racter ., « . Wi ) y if so , of wimt value would it be to the low-paid trades—to tlie men with live shillings a week ? Such a sum was not worth defending ! If they limited their efforts to such ¦ . objects , they would give no cnuouragement or hope to iheluw-p . ' iid trades of any benefit from this association . ( Hoar , near . ) With respect , however , to the proposition hesubmitted to the conference , he thought that to fix an equal sum to be . pa id toali classes of tradesmen , and

      to impose equal levies un ' -the hamiiooiu weaver . with five shillings , and the bricklayer with thirty shillings a week , was . ' «¦ self-evident sbaimity , and would be . utterly impracticable ' . aa a working measure .. . Even were it practicable , it would be injudicious : ts give a larger sum to men on strike than they received while no work , would be in fact a premium on idleness . ( Cheers . ) By the ' plan he proposed , the trades would have- an opportunity of joining any class whatever , and would receive benefits in proportion to their payments . ( Uear , hear . ) The motion having been seconded , a long distussion followed . Several delegates from the low-paid trades m ^ c t \ that a large levy would be utterly beyond the power of their trades .

      Mr . Dkax , dt'lejiate from the frame-work knitters of . . Loughborough , said that he considered himseitweli paid if he took home . 3 s . on a Saturday night , and a large . Jery upon him and his fciJowsutt ' erers would practically exclude them . The only way he could tee to the improvement of their condition was by . independeiit employment being provided by the Association , as he understood it originally contemplated . Mr .. Lknacuk , from the Wigan hand-loom weavers , thought the scale proposed by . Air .. Robson was not an equitable one , as from calculations he had made he thought a larger sum could be given in mum for a twopenny levy . Though bis trade , were ground to the dust in their struggle with machinery , and their permanent let was and had been one of misery , they were still desirous of becoming members of" that grea ' n

      confederation upon honourable terms . ( Hear , hi ar . ) His trade disclaimed all idea of becoming dependent on the generosity of their higher paid bicthicn , and in order that they might cu-operate with what he might call the aristocratic trades on independent terms , and such" as were suited' to their limited means , he would recommend they should commence at one penny . Having been chairman ofa committee to inquire into the condition of the haudioom weavers of . Wig-. m some time ago , he was t-unbled -to state that many families did not earn more than ts , weekly , ont of which they had to pay lOd . a wuuk far bobbin mending , leaving 4 s . 2 d . to support tbe family , out of which many had to pay Is . 6 d . and 2 s . for rent alone , ( lleav , hear , ) lie would ask , therefore , if people in so miserably denressed a condition could do more than give the merest fraeiioii to sup * port a body like the prc-ent ?

      Several other propositions , modifying the origmil motion , having been sent up to the chairman , he suggested that it would-be betti-r to confine tbe attention of the Conference to the propriety of adopting the principle of a sliding scale of contributions and relief , and having settled that in the alh ' rmative , to remit the whole of these proptsitions so a committee , to bo digested and reported upon at a subsequent stage of these proceedings . The motion was then withdrawn , and Mr . 'Young , carpenter , of Lon- ' on moved that a committee of nine be appointed to draw oui a plan of levy and support on liie principle of a graduated scale . This proposition was resisted by several of the delegates friendly to a fixed amount being paid to all trades alike .

      Air . Gow , lithographer , contended , in answer to those objections , that the natural and inevitable result of the present system was to generate a feeling of isolation andexclnsiveness among the trades ; and he did not believe that the high paid trades would be satis lied with a fixed levy . At the same time he was convinced that the only way to improve the wages of such low-paid trades as the haudioom weavers was not by means of levies and weekly payments , but by the Association purchasing looms , which he undoistood costs . ' , each , and suiting the weavers to work upon them . lie wits informed that larger profits were realised from the ' productions of these looms ; ai . d , if so , it was better that thes . Jar „ e profits should be applied to improve the condition and raise the wages ot tho labourer , rather than suffer them to add to tlie already too large heaps ofthe capitalist .

      Mr . "Wi NTKiiS , framework-knitter , of Leicester , in supporting the proposition to refer to a committee the principle of a graduated scale , said that bis trade was subject to peculiar eviis . There had been great fluctuations in their wages . In 1811 , Che price of 2 i-gauge women ' s stockings was 10 s . per doz ^ u : in 1810 . 6 s . ; 1817 , 10 s . ; 1819 , Is . 0 d . ; 1 ® 5 , Ss . 6 : 1 .: and in the present year they were paid only 3 j . 9 d . to 5 s , for the same descri p tion of work . While such was the depressed condition of the operative , the capitalist was realising large profits from these , very

      goods . The cost of production was 0 s . < Jd . per dr-zen ; the market price was Irom l ! 5 s . to 14 s . 'flic net average wages were not more than 5 s . weekly ; the gross average wages Ss . ; but from this 3 s . weekly rent of loom , was deducted on all occasions , whatever the amount of earnings might be ; and ihey ' h ? . d numerous instances in which the whole of the earnings in certain branches were absorbed by frame rent , when the work was short , and the weaver not able to get a full week ' s work . Sometimes they were even iu debt , and such debt was deducted from their Srat , earnings .

      Mr . Williamson , tin-plate-worker , London , said that many of ihe most powerful trades nad hitherto stood aloof from this Association , from the fear , that they would be continually tailed upon to payto . the support of the trades with small waues , who were not only most immediately in need of improvement , but were also the most numerous . The adoption of a sliding-seiile was the only way of meet ing the ?© prejudices , and show that the benefits to bo realised by joining tho Association were in proportion to the sums contributed , it was useless to talk of benevolence aud generosity ; they must act upon general principles , applicable to tlie actual state of" the trades , and their feelings with respect to it . If m-t , himself and others who were present , mere for the purpose of watching the proceedings , with a view to guide their future conduct , than anything else—would be compelled to make sui-h a report as would still prevent these trades train giving their adhesion to the Association .

      Mr . Main , representative of the General Garpen ters' Association of Loudon , said that his con & uuims were of opinion that local associalions were usele >? , and that by means of a graduated scale of pa ) men is , the separate energies of each trade could bo united under proper arrangements , and made powerfully effective for lifting up the working class from the dependent position they at present occupied . Several other Delegates having spoken in favour of the graduated scale , Mr . James ( of London } , on the part ofthe Central Committee , explained that the Committee weie not

      pledged to the proposal of a fixed levy , but had merel y thrown it out for discussion , iiis experience Lad shown him , that the adoption ofa sliding seaie would cause a large and influential section ' of ihe trade to join the Association , lie considered this mustion as one of themsst important that they eeuid discussonowhich , in fac ^ iuvolved the veiy existence id the Association itself . '' "Htrhopcd mid " kdicved , that if tbe Association was conducted with prudence and honesty , it wonld viltltaWtely . a . bsoibali local unions , but , as a preliminary " to that desirable com-ummation , it was essential to give tlio [ present , unions coiiudenee in tlio moderation and : lpract-ical wisdom of the

      measures . . The motion for the appointment of a . Committee was then put , and carrird unanimously , i . si-i the following delegates were eleekd , representing the hig h and low paid trades—Messrs . Itobson , of London ; Winters , Leicester ; Gow , Manchester ; Jacobs , Bristol ; Lenagan , . Wbjan ; King , Manchester ; Williamson , Loudon ; IMrkett , Liverpool ; aud Forrest , ef Cradley , Worcestershire , it . was then resolved that the conference , at its rising at oneoVoek , adjourn till to-morrow morning at nine o ' clock . , in order to afford the Committee lime to consider tho subject , with the understanding that the del .-gates should attend to give any information the Committee might require . Report to be presented to-morrow morning ,

      The next resolution put bv the Chairman was , that children and females be admitted at a less contribution to the funds than that paid by adult males , and that the amount of that contribution be fixed by the Committee , —Un animously adopted .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), June 6, 1846, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_06061846/page/7/