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Northern Star (1837-1852), 8th May 1847, Edition 2 of 3, Page 3, "Thb TiMBS."-rA« Times of Wednesday came...

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      Vfm/If^Rmr ^ " ^ - - - T1te Northern Sta...

      vfM / if ^ rMr ^ " ^ - - - T 1 TE NORTHERN STAR ; _____ " '" V

      Jftatonjesocte Pari Iii.

      jftatonjeSocte Pari III .

      [Hi The Spring, Which Has Thus Far-Throw...

      [ hi The Spring , which has thus far-thrown cold water n pon 1847 , renders the reprint of tbe following lines tifftttin & ble and appropriate : —

      SPRING . A » XW VI 11 IOS . BY THOMAS HOOD . i Sam . The air bites shrewdly—it Is very cold . J Ear , It is a nipping and an eager air . Sawlet . ' < Come , goal * S pring ! etherealmOdnets come !" ( Oh ! Thomson , void of rhyme as weHas reason , Ic How conldst thou thus poor human nature hum ? There's no such season . 't The Spring ! I shrink and shndder at her name f For ; why , I find her hreath a bitter blighter ! h Andsuffer from her 6 ' < 7 t »» as if they came From Spring the fighter . Ii Herpnnses , then . let hardy poets ring . And he her tuneful laureates and upholders , if Who do not feel as if they had a Spring Ponfd down their shoulders !

      U Let ethers eulogise her floral shows , From me they cannot win a single stanza , [ I know her blooms are in full blow—and so ' s The influenza . 3 Her cowslip ! , stocks , and lilies of the vale , Her honey-blossoms that yon hear the bees at ; S Her pansies , daffodils , and primrose pale , An thfngf I sneeze at ! I Fair is the vernal quarter of the year ! And fair its early buddings audits blowings—I But just tuppose consumption ' s seeds appear With other sowings ! 3 Forme , 1 find , when eastern winds are high , A frigid , not s genial inspiration : ! Xor can , Kke iron-chested Chubb , defy An inflammation .

      ! Smitten by breezes from the land of plague , To me all vernal luxuries are fables , Oh ! wheie ' s the Spring in a rhemmatic leg , Stiff as a table ' s ! 1 limp in agony . —1 wheeze and cough ; And quake with ague , that great agitator ; Sor dream , before July , sf leaving off My respirator . That wonder if in May itself I lack A peg for laudatory verse to hang on f—Spring ! mild and gentle !—yes , a spring-heeled Jack To those he sprang on . In short , whatever panegyrics lie In fulsome odes too many to be cited , The tenderness of Spring is all my eye , And that is blighted !

      The Following Stanzas By An Old Friend A...

      The following stanzas by an old friend and contributor in tbe land of the Shamrock , possess sweetness and simplicity : — LINES TO THE STABS . Bonnie , twinklin starnies , Sae gentle , andsae bright , Ye wooe me , and ye win me , Wi ' your saft and silver light , Kowpeepin o ' er the mountain—Now glancia in the stream-Now khtsin the red heather beB , A' wi * your winsome beam . Bonnie , twinklin starnies , Sae gentle , and sae bright , Ye wooe me , and ye win me , Wi ' your saft and silvsr light , Bonnie , twinklin starnies , When gloamin sheds its tinge . And strings tha chrystal dew-drop Around the gowan ' s fringe , How often do I linger ,

      Wi * keen and anxious eye , To watch your bonnie faces Come glintin frae the sky . Starries , twinklin starnies , Sae gentle , and sae bright , Ye wooe me , and ye win me , Wi'your ssfc and silver light . Bonnie , twinklin starries , Bright guardians o' the skies , How can ws dream o' wickedness Beneath your sleepless eyes ! Cauld and pulseless is the heart , And deeply fraught wi' guile , That does na feel the " lowe 6 * love , * When ye look down and smile . Bonnie , twinklin starnies , Sae gentle , and saejbright , Ye wooe me , and ys win me , Wi' your saft and silver light

      Our next poet shall introduce himself : — "The inter of these imperfect lines is an uneducated mechanic , and about six months since was a resident in the United States of America , where he exerted Ms mental powers in the glorious work of arousing the slumbering energies of the working classes to assert their just rights , and rise above the degrada-Sontoo often attached to their order by the more fortunate of the human family . He is thankful that Ms efforts were not altogether useless ; and seeing jour journal , and deeming it a beacon-light to the neglected artizan , he would lay this small offering at tie foot of Light ' s altar . God speed the day when the ( bra-trodden artisan shall stand forth as a child of Freedom and the nobleman of Nature !"

      THE HUMAN HIND . By Joseph H . Butleb . The human Mind—that glorious power That makes a lord of Han—What chains can bind its upward flight Since first its life began S Like the sun-daring Eagle , high It soars on upward wing , Scorning the blare of forked bolts , It hears the tempest sing . With Newton—' mid the boundless bine It tracks the comet ' s

      car—Or gaxes with unshrinking eye Upon each burning star ! Or with the soul of Franklin strong , Watches the lightnings By In awful beanty from their homes , Across the stormy sky . It penetrates earth's darken'd ball-Where lurk the seeds of death , Ia roaring Etna ' s fiery gulph And pestilential breath ! It binds the elements in bonds . Or roles the raging flood . How wond ' rous is thy power , 0 ! Hind ! Bright attribute of Godl The gloomy tyrant on his throne

      Would curb its onward flight , Jut it quails not to the clash of spears ¦ Amid the shock of fight , The dungeon cannot quench its ray , It speeds for ever on , Prompting to mighty deeds the soul ' Of some young Washington ! It sails upon the winds of heaven The dreadful deep it braves , And'f earless in the face of death Rides the Atlantic waves-Its spacious wings embrace the globe Free as the realms of air . Eye may not see—or footprint press One spot , bnt it is—there !

      It grows and strengthens with our sears . It yields to Culture ' s sway , And , Uke-tbo Roman Testsl ' sXamp , ¦ Burns ever , night and day . O ! guard it safe—oh cherish it For'tis a holy fire-Let not earth ' s eloady vapours dim , Or bid its light expire ! Corrupt it net with gold—or power With pride—orpassions dark , Perchance thy soul ' s eternal fate "Hangs on that mystic spark . Hake it a sacred thing to thee In waking—er repose And it shall in thy after years Blossom as Sharon ' s rose !

      Art thou a titled lord of earth f Art thou his vassel low ! What matter—in thy bosom ' s shine This quenchless lamp shall glow— . When midnight lifts her stormy flag Or Luna mildly beams , The mind takes np her Pil grimage In the wild land of dreams . If in the lowly vale of Lift , It be thy lot to toil , To build the bark—or raise the cot , To torn the fruitful soil , — Thy honest labour cannot dim Its bright aspiring beam , A Hair thou art , tho ' prouder ones Par less , would bid thee seem—Awaken from the dost—and rise

      Thon art ho ssxklzis clod , The night of rrong to knowledge yields Thon art—a child of God ! Go—dad thy mind with eagle ' s wings , Charge ' mid the darkness brave ' * Unto the rescue" be thy cry " I die not thus—a stave !!" Bristol , April , 1847 . The above lines speak for themselves . If J . H . -Butler can write such , he has every encouragement to try to mitigate by nis own efforts the great misfortune of non-education . He should forge for himself the arms to achieve his deliverance from the bondage which appears to be his lot . Welcome to the poetical scullion who sings the glories of Monsieur Seyer .

      -: THE SOYER SOUP-PEEDERS . MOSSIECa SoTEb ' s HoDELKiICHEN . 'RoTALBABSACK , Espiasade . —This kitchen will be open this day for the preparation of the various serts of food used at the Hendiary Institution . The children of the schools , oakum

      The Following Stanzas By An Old Friend A...

      pickers , and knitters , will be set down at two o ' clock to be fed . Admission to be present , sixpence , — IhMn Papert , Honday . April 19 , 1847 . Soyer , the Model Kitchen , Barrack Royal , And Esplanade—all finely sounding phrases ; The cook , the cauldron , and the place of trial , Where want is put through all its novel graces . Then come- 01 haste ye to tbe exhibition ! Even no w the belly ' s calls are most uproarious • lis only " sixpence " to obtain admission , ' To fee how sonp o ' er hunger proves victorious ! Could ever WombwelL iu hisdajs most mighty . With lion , tiger , wolf—so fierce bewitebin ' , Boast inch a gormandizing to delight ye , As in this savoury-smelling soupery kitchen t Here is the place to cure the stomach grumbler , So lank , so woe-begone , so spirit-sunken ; He whom the slightest smell of whiskey tumbler .

      Would send off tumbling like a sot when drunken Came , and behold ! such fussing and such feeding ! The famished Irish helped in way most clever : 0 'tis a sight , all other sights exceeding ! And if you miss it now you'll miss it ever ! " All in a row , " like to the marvellous story That charmed our childhood in the blackbirds cooking Dishes galore in order placed before ye , And two eyes ravenous on each dish down looking And from these dishes gushing forth such vapour . Neither of flesh nor fish—a mystic scenting ; And every spoon all eeger for a caper . To dash therein , and try its rib-tementing ! Aad 'tis but" sixpence , " for a gent or lady , . To see this greater wonder than KUlarney ; The wretch as happy made as any Hay be ,

      The whilethe cook displays his Gallic "blarney . ' " A broth of boy , " indeed , is he , this Soyer ! A very god-send to tha Irish nation ; In flood oftovtp commissioned to np buoy her , And coax her onward with bis scent salvation ! Then came—0 ! quickly come ! 'tis time to enter ; Tbe curtain draws—the hunger bites exceeding ; lis only " sixpence "foryou to adventure—To vxsickihw lruh in their hour offetdmgl Soke ' s PoETicatScoxuoir .

      SONG 0 ? AN OLD SCOTCH CHARTIST The warld's a' gane gy te , I ween , Sin' days that I ha'e min' , There's nae sae muckle happiness , As us'd to be langsyne . When ilka bodie had a bsme , Apart frae dole and gloom , Unlike the black unhallow'd leuk , O this dark , dinsometonri . Hae cottage hera , nae shaded grove , Or wimplin'burnis seen ; - Hae throstle sings its e ' ening sang On tufts o' ivy green ; Nae ingle-side sae cheerie-like , As whar my mither- spun , Or , whar the list and corn deckt , My faider's plot o' gran .

      The bills where aft I herded kye , Aad whar mybairnhood grew , ' Ha ' e wither'd neith oppression's ban ' And darken'd in my veiw . - The cottar ' s skfppin' lambs ha'e fled , The flowery mountain ' s side ; And monld'ring low , mang thisels lie , The cot , the cottar ' s pride . Bnt better days I hope to see , Wi'years no far awa ' , When freedom woa . aud peace begun , Shall reign among us a ' . When mither-natnre ' s nursing-breait To a ' alike laid bare , Shall ha'e nae stepbairn-born-raoe Excluded from her care .

      When happiness like heaven a rain On a ' alike shall fa' , To cheer the peasants humble cot , As well as lordly ha' / When Britian's and when Erin ' s isles United true shall be , And heaven ' s sun shine on thsm as Tbe happy and the free . Till then , ye patriotic a few , O' " social blithers leal *

      Wha ' s motto is the People ' s Bights , Wha ' s aim the gen ' ral weal , Hay heaven speed your efforts all To gi ' e the warid relief , And bless wi'health and happiness , Your glorious Chartist-Chief . Shittlkstoh . Last , not least , we conclude this Feast ( if the Posts with the Mowing poem , extracted from this month ' s number of the Labourer

      :--A SONG FOR HAT . BY SaHEBT JOKES . Spring is come , and shades depart Lighter beats each human heart ; Ghost-like snow—is fleeting slew , And the green spring-grasses grow . Streams , that long have crept like slaves , Hash along their gallant waves : Han , that wonderest by the brink , Pause upon thy way , and—tftinfc . Every bud is filled to bursting With its future trait and flower ; Hearts of men ! are ye not thirsting Por the fruits ef Freedom ' s hour f See ! the fields are turning fairer , And the skies are more divine ; Oh ! whatglorioos growth shall ripen !

      Oh ! what glorious light shall shine I And shall man in slavish darkness . Moulder downward to the sod ! God made earth ao earth for freemen : Thou ! be worthy of thy God ! All that beauty of creation , On the hills , and winds , and waves , All its endless animation Was not—was not meant for slaves ! See the sower freely striding With the seed-sheets round him wound , And the gold grain-corn abiding In the treasure-clasping ground . See the furrows open kindly Where the earth with generous sap Like a mother nurseth blindly

      Fairy-growth on dark-brown lap . Think ! of all the ' treasure teeming In that earth , and sea , aad air , —

      The Following Stanzas By An Old Friend A...

      ^ Labour ' s toll to Mammon ' s scheming—What shall falltolabour ' aiharef Think upon the hour tfbarmc—Little mouths shall ask fer bread * - But the wain goes past thy cottage , To the farmer's richhome-stead . Dies away the children ' s laughter-Hungry hearts are tame and still—And the antumn ' s on the ferest , And the winter ' s on the hill . Then , amid the desolation , Stand—a helpless human thing ; Cry : ' We are a glorious nation ! Love the church ! and serve the king !' Then toil on with brow of anguish , From the cradle to thy grave : Oh , if that be God ' s intention ,

      Han is buta wretched slave ! Bnt they tell us of a guerdon , Won by Labour ' s thrifty toil , And bow he who folds the furrow , Should be owner of the soil . How the means for man ' s redemption , In bis own possession rest , How the country can be happy , And the people can be blest . And how some have chosen wisely , And how some have acted rixht : How the taverns grow more empty , And the cottages more bright . And bow these are proud as monarohs , Living gaily on tbeir own , With their freehold for their empire , And their fireside for their throne ,

      Where the corn-lands' pleasant tillage , Orer-waves the graceful hill , Aad a wood-embossed village , Rises at © 'Cossovmile . And they beckon to their brothers , Who are still in slavery ' s wake , To be striving and be stirring , For their own—their children ' s sake , People , rise ! and arm thee well ! Hope , that care cannot dispel , Self-reliance , firmly wrought . Wisdom by Experience taught , Thrift and order , courage true , These are arms to lead us through ! Wield them now—as you would drive ! Onward 2 'tis the time to strive !

      The Spirit Of Freedom. A Breath Like Tbe...

      THE SPIRIT OF FREEDOM . A breath like tbe sigh of a summer's soft breeie , Ia wafting afar o ' er tha nations of earth , And slaves of each clime tho' divided by sias , Proclaim to earth's tyrants the right of their birth ; That breath is the spirit of freedom ' s own voice , Resembling the deep distant sigh of the sea , Its language is nature's—let nations rejoice , And join hands in union—all , all mutt be free . That spirit hath breathed thro' the ages that * a gone In accents prophetic to slumbering man , Its predictions unheeded now come rolling on , Like the storm that bursts from a deep cradled calm ; II speaks to the nations , and tyranny groans , 'Tis greeted by nature ' s fair nobles that be , Theprond ones of earth aghast quake on their thrones , For freedom ' s own spirit saith man mutt be free . Tho' war and its horrors frown dark o'er the world ,

      And lust and ambition lay wait for their prey , Scon , soon ' neath tha banners of freedom unfurl'd , Shall menarchs and brigands be chased far away ; The faeydaj of despots shall sink down in night , For dark are the deeds of their revelrons glee , While truth o ' er the nations is pouring its light , The spirit of freedom saith all must be free . Beneath freedom ' s altar , sect , party , and caste . And men of all countries and colours must kneel , Sing lond the last dirge of the miseries past . And breathe the sweet anthem of freedom ' s proud weal . Then welcome fond freedom , slaves rouse and rejoice , And let not a mountain , a hill , or a sea , Divide vou in brotherhood—behold ye the choice , To sink under chains , or be happy and free ! Greenock . JohuPsacoce .

      We have mislaid the letter accompanying the following lines , but we have an idea that tbe writer of them is John Ackroyd , Thornton , near Bradford .

      THE LASD . a bono . I slngof the Land , the delightful old Land , Thekindest employer , the trustiest friend , Whose toils are the sweetest , and give in return , The best sort of wages , health , fruitage , and corn Oh give me , oh give me , a portion of soil , Where for . mine and myself , I may cheerfully toil , Then , though gold-hunters fail , and their commerce decline , The Land , and its life-giving stores will be mine . Oh , give me my acres , and then I shall be , With labour and health , independent and free , Free , free , from the wants and the fears of the slave , And free from the grasp of the tyrant and knave .

      Then may I my banner unfurl to the sight , And defend what is true , and support what is right—And the objects ahd aims of m ; being pursue , Nor fear what oppressors and tyrants can do . lam not ambitions , I wish not for more , Than to plough my own soil , and to reap my own st re , And a little to spare when each want is redreEs'd , And leisure for thought , recreation , and rest . Oh , that each lonely child of the world ' s weary throngs , Had one preen lovely spot to flee to from his wrongs , Where his trampl'd affections might flourish and bloom , And his heart mount in song to his happy swee home .

      &Ebfeim

      & ebfeim

      The Labourer. A Monthly Magazine Of Poli...

      THE LABOURER . A Monthly Magazine of Politic . literature , & c . London : Northern Star Office , 16 , Great Windmill-street . The number for May of this very successful and popular magazine contains a rich variety of interesting matter , both in prose and poetry . The usual poetical , contribution by Ernest Jones , which we have transferred to our columns , speaks for itself ; " good wine needs no bush . " From an eloquent and ably-written letter to Lord John Russell , we give the following extracts : —

      TUB FIUSB 0 ? POLITICAL PARTIES . Since the meeting of Parliament we have narrowly watched your every move , and , withont a single exception , they have been one and all governed by the old and debasing policy of catering fur party support . Your Poor Law has been emasculated by your mode of appointing guardians from that very class from whom you have been compelled to admit the poor invariably receive insult instead of relief . But as Ireland has no hope from your policy , we hail this lesson of self-reliance taught to the Irish people , while we warn you of its evil consequences . Indeed , my Lord , it wocld appear as though English duty to Ireland was confined to the enlistment of Government support , without any the slightest reference to the nation ' s welfare , as one moment's reflection might have taught yen that your mode of appointing POOR LAW GUARDIANS will andmustresultindeadly fends between the IRISH OPPRESSOR AND THE

      POOR OPPRESSED ; and pardon ns , my Lord , if , from past experience of your policy , we arrive at the conclusion , that such was your object in submitting to the con . dition , a conclusion based upon the fact , that the principle by which England has invariably governed , not only Ireland but her own people , at home and abread , has been " DIVIDE ETIMPERA . " But , my Lord , we would caution yon against pushing this principle NOW TOO 'FAR ; for , believe us , however unpalatable the assurance may be , the mind of man has gone beyond the limits of party expedience , class necessity , and ministerial intrigue , and that , sooner or later , you will be forced to yield ungraciously , because tardily , or to surrender ig . nominiously , because defeated . Tour whole policy during tbe present session has been precisely what we predicted in December last , before your views were known . But , my Lord , we were prepared fsr it ; we rightly estimated that it would be a faithful relianse upon the old . Whig tactics , without the slightest reference to PLAGUE ,

      PESTILENCE , or FAMINE , GOVERNMENT , CHARACTER , or NATIONAL HONOUR . And were we not justified in the estimate x Have yon not endeavoured to turn famine to Whig purposes by allowing the Irish landlords to all but dictate thtirown terras f and have jounot blighted your Educational grant , by excluding from its Influence the very class which you and your organs aver stand most in need of it ? Thus you have used Famine as a political bait to catch the Irish landlords , and an exclusive system of education to entrap the professors of pure Protestantism by patronage , and tbe Wesleyan Methodists by insulting the Catholics . Do you yet indulge in the exploded notion , my Lord , that because one Mammonspeculator can affect Europe by a single OPERATION ; that because a ceuple of Jew houses can enable you to

      carry on your system for yet a little longer ; that because a few gorged idlers , speculating in human misery , can sustain you by their speculations inhuman fears and susceptibilities ; that because one idle capitalist can regulate the domestic affairs and the comforts , nay , doom to starvation and the grave the thousands who create his riches and minister to bis absurd , unmanly , and unchristian luxuries ; that because one Church has assumed to itself the exclusive prerogative of the salvation of soals ; that because one woman swears impiously to preserve the intolerance , supremacy , and dominion of that pampered Church ; that because one man and his servile place-huntingfollowers s « e their own supremacy In deference and subserviency to these several corporations ef speculators , that all unitedly can much longer hold

      the vast corporation of men and mind , intellect and necessity , in base and servile submission t Believe us , my Lord , that the cold and lifeless bodies of men , women , and children , prematutely cut off by the blight of Misrule , in the bud of life , the prime of manhood , and winter of old s > ge , are more portentous and significant omens that those eked by cunning priests and hired soothsayers out of the smoking entrails of wild birds and wild beasts , and on which , in olden times , the fame of tyrants , the fate of nations , and history of empires has been founded . My Lord , even the mind of Ireland is beginning to awaken from the influence of the cawing of crows , the croaking of ravens , and the howling of wild beasts ; and pray do not lay the flattering unction < to yonr soul , that because you have MESMERISED THE CHARMER you have captivated tbe Irish nation ,

      or spell-bound reason—no , my Lord , tbe mind of man is as ' tbe mainspring of thonght andaetion ; the great juggler- failed to lure tbe fancy of a starving people by the old appliances of his . art , yet so much wisdom have his tales of necromancy taught , that tbe deceived will now turn it to a better purpose . My Lord , your friend and coadjutor is merely SHAMMING ABRAHAM , as military men characterise such a timely retreat , and no worn-out actor better understands the value of absence than does Daniel- O'Connell . Yon will read . of his miraculous recovery , of bis reappearance and his enthusiastic reception after a pilgrimage to . the Reforming Pope , and you will hear yonr every measure , which he feared to oppose , characterised in his best style « f bestiality , should the next harvest promite a more ^ profitable return than the last , MY LORD , HE FLED TO AVOID THE RESPONSIBILITY

      OF MEASURES WHICH HE WAS PLEDGED NOT TO OPPOSE ; HE WILL COME BACK AND DENOUNCE THEM . He fled to allow his son the opportunity of conciliating the Young Ireland party ; he fled to avoid an exposure of the accounts of his show box ; he fled because he was not equal to the emergency he created , and lest his confiding dupes should insist upon his making ENGLAND'S WEAKNESS IRELAND'S OPPORTUNITY . My Lord , yon revel in political venality while the most valuable portion of a whole nationcursed by your sway—is perishing of want . We read of thousands of famished Irishmen , women and children , lying uncovered in the churchyards , while you are

      talking of educating tbe growing generation in tbe exclusive faith , the maintenance of which has been the cause ofsomnch ignorance , crime , and cruelty , which you and jour supporters vainly hope to perpetuate for no better purpose than to insure your continusnee in office . That , my Lord , is the grand , the all-absorbing question which now monopolises your every thought , and regulates your every act and vote . But do not deceive yourself , my Lord ; the nnirersal shout from every insulted freeman in England , and front the SURVIVORS in Ireland at the next general election , will be , «' DO WN WITH THE BASE , BLOODY , and BRUTAL WHIGS !" So that you see , my Lord , if the Juggler has fled , he has left us words of FEARFUL HATE TO CONJURE

      WITH , * * . How could you insult the famishing with the unchristlan mockery of a FAST—the very enemy , the deadly enemy from which they are struggling to release themselves v Did you fast , my Lord ? and did you pray 1 and if you did pray , whether was it for abundance for the hungry , or that it might please God to preserve the Irish landlords to your kindly use , so as in due time you may enjoy tbe fruits of their corruption ? My Lord , as we predicted , you have lost a great opportunity . In the littleness of your nature , yovt have looked upon the few Irish landlords as Ireland , and upon your timeserving , supporters in - the House of Commons as Europe ; hut , believe us that a tide of Mind is pressing upon the barriers of Corruption Vrith an ungovernable and irresistible force , which , if not met and directed into suitable channels , will overwhelm you and the system of which you are the advocate , Continuations of the " Confessions of a King ;"

      The Labourer. A Monthly Magazine Of Poli...

      Insurrections of the Working Classes ; " "Tbe Romanoeof a People ; " «• The Jolly Young Poacher ;" an article on "The Land ; " and a "Letter from an Agricultural Labourer , " are amongst the attractions of this number . The next number will complete the first volume , ana will , we understand , contain an excellent portrait of i , 5 . Buncombe , the people ' s Parliamentary leader .

      These Are The Chambers' Of 1848. [We Hav...

      THESE ARE THE CHAMBERS' OF 1848 . [ We have already shown to our readers the Chambers of 1847 ; we now refer to the pmiou * opinions of these changeable economists . Whence this wonderful change ?]

      Improvement Of Waste Landsspade Husbandr...

      IMPROVEMENT OF WASTE LANDSSPADE HUSBANDRY . ( From the Information for the People , No . 12 . ) [ Continued from oar last . ] Value op tub Produce . —The land thus managed will certainly produce , by means of the extra industry of the family , and at a small expense , a most important addition to the income which the cottagermay derive from his ordinary labour . For instance—. « ,. - ,. * & ,. Per * nnum . 1 . The orchard , after the trees become fruitful , will probably yield ... ... jgi iq q 2 . Three roods of turnips and potatoes 4 0 0 3 . Eighteen bushels of barley , at Is ... 3 . 12 0 4 . The Cow and Calf 70 0 5 . Hogs 3 0 0 0 . Poultry and eggs ... ... ... 2 0 0 Total ... £ 21 2 0 Where wheat can he raised instead of barley , the profit would be still more considerable . Opinions will differ much regarding the value put on each article ; but that is of little consequence , as the total cannot be accounted too high . Time Required fob CoinvAnira ihk Land . — The quantity of land intended to be cultivated will not materially interfere with the usual labour of the cottager . It will only require to be dug once , and is then fit to be cropped . It is proposed that only nine roods shall be annually cultivated ( the remaining three roods being under clover and rye-grass ) , and nine rooods may be dug in the space of about 658 hours , or at the rate of 62 hours per rood . This may ^ be done at by-hoars ( more especially when the family of the cottager shall be somewhat advanced , and consequently more able to furnish assistance ); but supposing that the digging , manuring , harvesting , « fco ., will require twenty entire days per annum , in addition to the by-hours , and allowing sixty days for Sundays and holidays , there will remain 286 days for the ordinary hand-labour of the cottager , which , at Is . 6 d . per day , would amount to £ 217 s . 6 d . ; the earnings of the wife and children may , at an average , be worth at least £ 4 per annum more . This is certainly a low calculation , considering bow much may be got during the hay and corn harvests . But even at that moderate estimate , the total income of the family will be as follows : — 1 . Produce of the farm , ... £ 21 2 0 2 . Labour of the cottager , ... 21 7 6 3 . Earnings of the family , ... 4 0 0 Total , ... £ 46 9 6 Rbnt and Balance op Incomb . —The rents of cottages and of land vary so much in different parts of the kingdom , that it is difficult to ascertain an average . But if the cottage shall be stated at £ 3 per annum , the land at 25 s . per acre , and the orchard at 10 s ., the whole will not exceed £ 715 s . The cottager will also he liable to tbe payment of some taxes , say to the amount of £ 15 s . more . Hence the total deductions would be about £ 9 , leaving a balance in favour of the cottager of £ 37 , 9 s . 6 d . Considering the cheap rate at which he is furnished with a quantity of potatoes , equal to several months ' consumption , and with milk for his children , surely with that balance he could find no difficulty not only in maintaining himself and family in a style of comfort , but ahjo in placing out his children properly , and laying np a small annual surplus , that will render any parish assistance , either in sickness or old age , unnecessary .

      Advantages . —The land possessed by the cottager would be completely cultivated , and rendered as productive as possible . The dung produced by the cow , pigs , & o ., would be amply sufficient for the three roods under turnips and potatoes , which would afterwards produce—1 . Tares ; 2 . Barley ; and 3 . . Clover ; with a mixture of rye-grass in regular succession , without any additional manure . 'I he barley should yield at least 18 bushels , besides 3 bushels for seed ; and if wheat is cultivated , in the same proportion , ' The milk , deducting what may be necessary for the calf and for the cottager ' s family , might be sold in its original state , if there shall be a market for it ;

      or converted into butter , for the purpose of supplying the neighbouring towns or villages . Such cottagers , also , might certainly send to market both eggs and poultry . It is hardly possible to suggest a measure more likely to promote the benefit of a numerous and valuable body of people . The system of keeping cows by cottagers , which has been found so advantageous in the grazing districts , may thus be extended over the whole kingdom : and indeed , if the above plan is found to answer , in place of four or five acres employed in feeding a single cow , it would be much better , even in the grazing counties , to restrict the land to a smaller quantity , under a tillage mode of management .

      It is of infinite consequence to establish the practicability of this system , as the means of removing a most unfortunate obstacle in the improvement of the country . It is well known to be the only popular objection to the enclosare of our wastes and commons , that , while unenclosed , a number of cottagers are enabled to keep cows by the means of their common rights , and that their cows disappear when the commons are enclosed . But it so small a portion of land as 31 acres , when improved and properly cultivated , can enable a cottager to keep a cow to more advantage than with a right of common , which can hardly be doubted , as he is enabled to provide winter as well as summer food , there is an end to that obstacle to improvement . Indeed , if sufficient attention be paid to the principles above detailed , the situation of the cottager , instead of being deteriorated , would be materially bettered by the enclosure ; and his rising family would be early accustomed to habits of industry , instead of idleness and

      vice . I shall conclude with asking , if any one can figure to himself a more delightful spectacle than to see an industrious cottager , his busy wife and healthy family , living ia a comfortable house , rented by himself , cultivating his little territory with his own hands , and enjoying the profits arising from his own labour and industry ? Or whether it is possible for a generous landholder to employ his property with more satisfaction , or in a ^ manner more likely to promote not only his own but the public interest , than by endeavouring to increase the number ^ f such cottagers , and encouraging , by every means in his power , the exertions of so meritorious and so important a class of

      the community . To the article comprehending the above account , there is added an appendix containing a letter from Sir Henry Vavasour , describing the field gardening on his estate . We extract from it the following passages : — "I have for some years encouraged my cottagers in Yorkshire in this mode of managing their small garths or gardens , which are in general from one to three acres . I have now an opportunity of stating the husbandry of a poor industrious cottager ' s garth . As the man can neither read nor write , these particulars have been transmitted to me from his own mouth ; and as I saw his land almost every day during the last harvest , I can vouch that this account is not far from the truth .

      Produce value . a , a , > . 240 Bushels of potatoes , £ 24 0 0 . 0 3 0 CO Ditto of carrots , 0 0 0 0 10 S Quarters of oats , at 44 s per quarter , , 11 0 0 0 3 20 4 . Load of clover , part in hay , part cat green , 12 0 0 1 0 10 Turnips , 10 0 0 0 20 In garden-stuff for the family , namely , beans , peas , cabbages , leeks , die , 0 0 0 0 0 80 £ 54 0 0 8 0 0 Deduct rent , £ 9 9 0 including the Seeds , & c , 3 3 0 [ bouse . Talue of labour , 10 10 0 » Produce before stated . £ 23 2 0 £ 54 0 0 23 2 0 m ¦ T Profit , * £ 80 18 0 if sold at market , exclusive of butter , I [ His stock was two cows and two pigs ; one of his cows had a summer ' s gait for twenty weeks , with his landlord . The land was partly ploughed and partly dug with the spade , cultivated ( the p loughing excepted ) by the man , his wife , and a girl of about twelve years of age , in their epare hours from their daily tow * work , seldom a whole day off , except in harvest : made the rent in butter , besides a little used in the family . The man relates that he thinks he clears , one year with another , from the three acres , about £ 30 . The daily wages his family , earns nearly keep them . It is very evident that this man clears , from his three acres , mere than a farmer can possibly lay by from more than eighty acres of land in the common husbandry of the country—paying i ' oi horses , servants , & c . ; and it must be obvious te every one how great the advantage must be to society ia cultivating land ia this manner . It would have

      Improvement Of Waste Landsspade Husbandr...

      taken more that half the quantity of his thre « acres m pasture for one cow at grass during half the year ; whereas ( excepting the summer ' s gait for one of his cows , as • mentioned before ) his stock of two cows and two pigs is kept and carried on the whole year . ine family hves well ; and a handsome sum hasbeen yearly saved , to-place-out two sons , and supply them with clothes , washing , < fcc . " ( To be continued . )

      * These And Tbe Preceding'calculations R...

      * These and tbe preceding ' calculations refer to prices a number of years ago , —Bo ,

      Wurlttit&

      Wurlttit &

      . ^H.Vv.Nnn^^^^^^^^ A Five-Shilling Piec...

      . ^ H . vv . nnn ^^^^^^^^ A five-shilling piece of Charles-ll . was sold at Col Durrani ' s sale , on Monday last , for £ 155 . This was Simon ' s celebrated trial-piece , with the inscription on the rim , and the identical coin presented by Simon himself to Lord Chancellor Clarendon . It was bought by a Mr Bale . Among the numerous deaths recorded in the country papers , that of the Waterford Freeman , for some time a diligent recorder of tho deaths of others , is mentioned . A famine of subscribers , and a consequent destitution of the supplies , necessarily proved fatal . It was a repeal journal . Edward Mansell , a painter , twenty-three yoars of

      age , died at Manchester , a few days ago , of hydrophobia . _ Ho was bit in the hand by a dog , and slightly in the lip by a cat , with both of which he was playing about Christmas last , and the surgeons could not say whether his death arose from the bite of the cat or the dog , or from both . The Irish Poor Relief Commissioners state , in their hrst report , that , between the 27 th of February and the 10 th of April , in the shape of circulars , instructions , reports , correspondence , 4 c , they have consumed fourteen tone of paper ! . A . dentist in the New York papers advertises that lie inserts teeth on the atmospherio pressure principle . r

      Mr Etty sold his picture of Joan of Arc on Friday , at the private view of the Royal Academy , for the large sura ol 2 , 500 guineas . It is supposed that in England the letter Q , is always followed by U . Not so in Scotland , for in a Glasgow paper , we find mention made of the Rev . DrM'Qhrae . A Wigan auctioneer advertised , on the walls , for public sale , last week , sundry silk dresses , merinoei , & c , winding up with \ " one bottle of rum , one bottle of whisky , and several other articles suitable for ladies . " ( l ) The annual Polish Ball , at Willis ' s Rooms , is fixed to take place on Friday , the 21 st instant . The Edinburgh Stock Exchange has petitioned government for the suspension for six months of the Bank Act . Some curiosity has been excited at Cork by the arrival , from New Orleans , of a ship wholly manned by blacks . There is now an arrear of 455 causes standing for hearing in the Courts of Chancery .

      At Newark , the other day , Thomas Dring , a shoemaker , aged 22 , bought some French mercury in order to charm his sweetheart . He first , however , experimented on himself , and so effectually , that he died in consequence . - A Dutch paper asserts that a woman , named Vandervlies , has lived without Sany food or drink sines 1820 . She is now nearly sixty years of age , and has been attacked with an illness which is expected to end fatally . Tho Prussian Consul at Rio has presented a splendid edition of the works of Frederick the Great to the national library . If Frederick had not fought better than he wrote , no one weuld have thought his works worth publishing . On the third publication of the banus of a morringo at Benchley Parish Church lately , a young woman rose , and said , "I forbid the banns . "— "WhyV asked the clergyman . " Because I want him myself , " was the reply ; " and 1 hold In my hand his written promise ot marriage to me . "

      A requisition is in progress to Lord George Manners to come forward for Cambridgeshire , in the place of Mr Eaton , who retires on account of illhealth . A Paris paper says that a rumour prevails that Mehemet Ali , in imitation of the Emperor of Russia , has offered to exchange two millions sterling worth of corn against French Treasury Bonds . Miss Cushman has been lying very dangerously ill at Seaforth Hall , the residence of James Muspratt , Esq ., where she arrived a few days age from Ireland .

      Roman relics have been discovered on tbe works of the Wilts , Somerset and Weymouth Railway , consisting of skeletons and urns . An Indian paper mentions , as a curious instance of the mutability of human affairs , that the state barge of the late Ameers of Scinde is now employed in carrying cargoes of mud . The people of the state of Vermont have resolved that no license shall be granted tor the sale of intoxicating drinks , except for medicinal purposes . The Russian government has ordered the pawnbroking establishment of St Petersburg to grant loans on the security of houses and lands . Alexandre Dumas is said to be preparing for his new theatre a drama , in fifteen acts , the performance of which is to last tor three consecutive nights .

      A college is about to be established in North Wales , to be called the " Powis College , " as a testimonial to the Earl of Powis . The site is not fixed upon . A fatal murrain is stated to be very prevalent among tbe horses in the counties of Haddington , Berwick , and Perth . Shooting at a target with a pea rifle is said to be a favourite amusement of the ladies in the Emperor of Delhi ' s harem . RALLY HOUND YOUR CESSPOOLS .

      A BONO FOK SIS FETES . Parishioners of Pancras , and of St Marylebone , And Westminster and Pimlico , strike boldly for your own 1 Come forward , mt > n of South wark , too—a slave is he who slinks—And rally round your cesspools , and your « ewers , and your sinks . From Paddington ' s famed terminus to Chelsea ' s farthest bound , Loud let each vestry ' s trumpet bray , each parish tocsin sound ; For vested rights and int ' rests make a stern and valiant stand , Ere the Health of Towns Bill sball become a statute of

      tbe land . The citizens of London bold , their teeth had bnt to shpw , To frighten from the battle-field the sanitoryfoe : As fat as they ' re concern'd this most obnoxious measure's dropped , And Dr Seuthwood Smith and Co . 's pernicious course is stopped . What destroys Typhus , like the wind , shall revel free , Miasma roam through court and lane with fullest liberty , And Fleet-street , as heretofore , for ever in repair , Exhale its cavern'd essence with Death to load the air t

      Shall they lord it o ' er our gutters t our free drains shall they invade f Shall our liberty ' s last remnant be thus shamefully betray'df No , we'll not be sweet and clean by the compulsion of a bill . - , ' . . What Briton but would scorn to wash his hands against his will ! No : battle for your cinder-heaps , your giillyhole , and slush ; , To the rescue of your shambles and your charnel-houses rush , ( Thtugb with each breath fell Pestilence , meanwhile , each freeman drinks , ) And rally reund your cesspools , and your sewers , and your sinks . Pmeh .

      The King of Naples has granted a full pardon to thirty-six prisoners , and reduced by one-half the periods of punishment of ten others . In the first batch were included five persons condemned for political offences . Lord Campbell in his Lives of the Chancellors , tells a story of Mr Clarke , a bencher ot Lincom ' sinn , who , being told ot the hardship of excluding a Jewish gentleman item the bar , exclaimed— "Hardship !—no hardship at all . Let him become a Christian and be d—d te him . " A youth , in Manchester , who visited a penny show , whero a murder was enacted , had his imagination so interested and horrified , that he has since become insane .

      Skrioo T Fiss.-On Wednesday Morning, Sho...

      Skrioo t Fiss .-On Wednesday morning , shortly aftor three o ' clock , a fire , which was attonded with the most disastrous consequences , broke out upon tho premises situate at 12 , Catherine Wheel-alley , Bishopfate-stroet , in the occupation of Mr John Campbell . It originated in the first floor , from a park having shot from a lighted candle , and , falling upon the bid , tbe samo was speedily in a blaze . At that time Mrs Campbell was m the bed aileep , and it was not until the fire had encircled hw that she became aware of the autbreak . The police , who were passing down the court at the timt , instastly ran into the building , and the poor woman was rescued , but not before she wasmost frightfully burned , so much so that the skin on her back when she moved

      hung down liks a sheet . The fire , after tome dimculty , was extinguished , not , however , until the bed and bedding were destroyed , and the premises injured by water . Fbwhwuii Accidini irr ins Edobwabk-boad . — On Wednesday afternoon , between three and four o ' clock , an accident of a most frightful if not fatal character occurred to Richard Briggs , aged torty , a carpenter , in the employ of Mr King , of Gold Hawk Cottage , Shepherd ' s-bush , who at that time was proceeding along the Edgwarc-road on an omnibus , when being in & n almost inscnrible state of intoxication , he fell from the box , thus fracturing his left arm , breaking a leg , and other serious injuries . He was removed to the Middlesex Hospital , and placed under the care of Mr Dixon , the house surgeon , but remains in a very dangerous condition ,

      Wi*Ttuunit&

      Wi * ttUunit &

      "Thb Timbs."-Ra« Times Of Wednesday Came...

      "Thb TiMBS . " -rA « Times of Wednesday came out with a double supplement full of ^ advertisements . This publication contained the enormous number of 2 , 062 advertisements , _ including two hundred and ninety-seven for situations , the latter occupying between five and six columns . The duty payable on these advertisements is £ 154 13 s . We believe the circulation of The Times now is about 25 , 000 per diem . * Well may the French expresstheir astonishment at this monster establishment , the business department of which is conducted with all the ease imaginable . —Brighton Gazette . * Our contemporary is several thousands under tho mark . — JTimM .

      Nkw PtAvs .-Sir Edward Bulwer Lyiton has two new plays ready for representation , which he offered to Mr Webster , of the Haymarket , and which have been written for Mr Macready . Factories . —It appears from a document issued by order . ofthe House of Commons that the total number of persons employed in factories was as follows : — Cotton factories , England , 2 ? 7 . 029 ; Scotland , 35 , 116 ; Ireland . 4 , 183 ; grand total , 316 , 327 ; Woollen , —England , 62 , 687 ; Scotland , 9 , 367 ; and Ireland , 1 , 082—grand total , 73 . 406 . Worsted—England , 51 . 797 ; Scotland , 143 ; Ireland , 238—grand total , 52 . 178 . Flax . —England , 19 , 840 ; Scotland , 21 , 330 : Ireland , 17 , 088- » : rand total , 58 , 628 , Silk —England , 43 , 600 ; Scotland , 1 , 017 ; Ireland , none —grand total . 44 707 .

      Dogs and Dbummkrs—An order is said to exist , that , on the northern terrace of Windsor Castleneither dogs , drummers , nor private soldiers shall be allowed to walk . From this order are excepted dog * belonging to the royal household , and soldiers wear * ing good conduct stripes . A New Doctor . —The Parisian papers e . ive an account of a woman who prescribes for the sick accord * ing to the smell and appearance of their hair , nomatter where herpatients may be . She also tells the seat of their disease , and prophecies its result . She sits all day in a twilight room , with a physician * to >

      write her prescriptions in form ; and she is consulted by visitors from all parts of the world Singular Occvrrbnok . —A gentleman well known , residing at Walling , in Kent , has rendered Canarybirds so familiarised to the garden that a couple built themselves a nest in a bush , and the hen began to sit upon four eggs on tne 13 th ult , and , notwithstanding the severity of the weather , three young birds were hatched on the 27 th . Street Law- —Owing to the crowded state of the thoroughfares in Paris , an ordonnance of the prefect of police calls upon pedestrians to keep al fraysto the right hand on the footpath ,

      Dignity of thb Ass . — A person informs the Christian people of St Louis , that he will sell a superior Maltese Jack , and receive in payment goods or negroes ! A Runaway . Apprentice is thus described in an American paper : — " He is thick-set , usually wears a glazed hat five feet high , andiron-shod shoes with cross eyes . " A Spotted Child . —An American paper mentions that a spotted child was lately deserted in the streets of New York . It was a little girl about

      sixteen months of age . About one half of her body was of a fair complexion , but the remainder was of ft ' rich copper colour , and the dark spots were alt covered with long white hair . In tho centre of her forehead was a round dark spot , and the same hue covered the breast and legs . The countenance of the child was beautiful , and her health steraed to he perfectly good . »_ New Coinaoh . —A new coin is about to bo struck —a two-shilling piece ; to be called Queens , or Victorias , or Victorines , as her Majesty ' s pleasure may direct .

      Nbvbr too iatb to Learn . —Some people scorn ts be taught ; others are ashamed of it , as they would be of going to school when they are old ; but it is never too late to learn what it is always necessary to know ; and it is no shame to learn so long as we are ignorant—that is to say , so long as we live . Gaelic Newspaper . —An advertiser in the North British Mail proposes to establish a Gaelic newspaper "for the purpose of diffusing general intelligence among the Gaelic population in the Highlands of Scotland . " Could this benevolent speculator devisemeans for teaching the Highlanders to read the English papers his object would be much better effected . A Prolific Cow . —Mr Tyler , of Llancagee , in

      theparish of Llangarren , Wales , has a cow with three calves , two bulls and a heifer . They are now a fortnight old , and all doing well . Post-Office . —Later Reception o » Lbttbrs . — On Saturday , a notice , Jin accordance with what we announced some days since , was issued by the General Post-office , that on Wednesday the receiving-houses in London will be kept open till six o ' clock , p . m .,. instead of half-past five as hitherto , for the receipt of inland , foreign , colonial , or ship letters . After half-past five , payment of the late fee of one penny will be required , either in coin or a stamp . Otherwise , such " late" letters will be detained till the next despatch .

      Birthday op the Duke op Wellington . —Saturday was the birthday of the Duke of Wellington , oa which day he completed his 78 th year . Robbery in the 2 nd Life Guards . —On Saturday * information reached the various police stations that a wholesale robbery had been committed op the band ot the 2 nd Life Guards , by a man named William T . White , aged 22 . It seemed that he bad free accessto the musical department , but , on the mustering of the band , it was ascertained that White had deserted , and taken with him various musical instruments , and gold lace of great value . The Nj » w House of Lords . —Mr Barry ,

      thearchitect el this very beautiful building , has given a sly but very severe dig at the peers , for he has so constructed tbe upper house that none of the speeches * of their lordships are audible in any part of it . The peers can neither hear each other , nor hear themselves , nor be heard by any one else ; so that , according to Mr Barry ' s plan , a debate has been treated as a thing to which it is worth no one ' s while to listen . Considering what a common habit it has been for several of their lordships to talk at the same time , this new acoustic regulation will be found very convenient , tor they can all speak at once without disturbing each other , or creating the smallest con . fusion . —lunch ,

      Opening op the Epsoji Railway . —Tuesday the branch line of the London and Brighton Coast railway to Epsom was completed , and will be opened on Monday next to the public . This direct railway to >¦ Epsom is within ten minutes' walk of the course . German Emigration . —The New York packet- , ship llendrik Hudson , Capt . E . Knight , was hauled I out of the London Docks , and then taken in tow by r a steamer , with 380 emigrants , principally Germans ^ , who intend te settle in the United States and I Canada . It is expected that 13 , 000 more will sail from the port of London during the next three- i months .

      Descent op the Balloon . —On Monday night the > balloon which ascended from the Royal Standard 1 gardens , Shepherd ' s-walk , City-road , crossed and re- - crossed the river Thames four times . The balloon » finally descended in a turnip-field in the parish ot t Raynam , between Dagenham and Romford . Illness op the King op Holland . —A gentleman i while passing the other day through the Hague , was s informed on the best authority , that the King of f Holland had experienced another attack of palpita- ,-tint of the heart , and that the state of his health in-1-spired much alarm . Sailing ov the Britannia- — The British andti North American Royal Mail-steamer Britannia * sailed on Tuesday at noon , with the usual mails Is and about 90 passengers . The specie she took our > V it appears , was about £ 150 , 000 , a further sum of > f 10 l \ 000 J . having been ralanded agam after ship-i > - ment .

      The Great Britain Steamer , —Wo learn that on » n the spring tide of Saturday last the Great Britain , as is soon as the water was about three-fourths up , rose se with it until high water , when she appeared from rathe shore to be neatly level . This must be hailed asas a good sign . Reporters in Prussia—In consequence of a re-request from the Prussian government , the Saxon ca-abinethas just sent to Berlin Professor Wtygandt , dt , head of the bureau of Stenography of Dresden , andnd three of the short-hand writers under his orders , to to recognise , at the General Diet of Prussia , a similarlv bureau of stenography : the one now at work thereerei does not at present appear ts give satisfaction .

      Bohemia . —Pbaobe . —The peasants of Bohemia raw " fuwto submit to the corv 6 e . - This question wiUvilll attract the particular attention of tho Diet , whichicbi was to be opened at Prague on the 1 st of May . Gkruan Emigration—Hamburg , April 28 . —Ob-Obi Monday and Tuesday last four large ships , with 2 , 00 ( 00 C emigrants on btard , sailed from Hamburgh for Newfew York . They aro mostly labourers and workingini men . One vessel was full of woman and youn | un ( i children . Yankee Fwhting—Tkh Shihzd Revived . —To / To ji new feature in military warfare aaongst the Amerheriv cans the Dundee manufacturers are indebted for for ii considerable consumption of their manufactures . £ £ ' . large order was given in New York for linen to matwatui bags , which were filled with sand , each soldier uiuuiinji it ass shield when attacking a fortress .

      Ths End of the Wobld .-Ths Naw r ^"' - ? : " We give the following from the New York dun . ^ v .-" lfit bei trueitliat this planet , which could notonconc ; be clearly seen by ordinary telescopes , can now few V » i seen almost byltlie naked eye , it certainly is rapidlpidll broachin g the earth , and is , therefore a comet no , nc ; a planet . It is said to travel towards the earth ati at rate of a million and a half miles in two hours . W WI believe that this announcement , now going the rounounu of all the papers , is not verified by actual observatiffatio : It seems to be an idle story , circulated by some waa waj who mig ht have made it move alarming by addingJingv ' Philosop hers express apprehensions of its coming ling contact with our earth , and , being a very large bod bod ] it may anni hilate our globe , and thus fulfil the pue pn diotisns of the Millerites . " We make this suggiugg " tion for the benefit of editors . "

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), May 8, 1847, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_08051847/page/3/