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September 8, 1849, THE NORTHERN STAR. ^^...
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LETT E R S TO THE WORKING CLASSES. LVin....
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^ JOSEPH MAZZLNI. The following letter, ...
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ITALIAN REFUGEE FUND. • Committee. —The ...
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Sixgih.ar Fisuixg.—Mr. Taggavt, former c...
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SYMPATHY W IT H RO M E AN D llVXGARx. ME...
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<$» GREENWICH. On Monday a meeting was h...
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Tun Cholera at Ska.—The ship " Sheridan,...
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PARLIAMENTARY AND FINANCIAL REFORM.
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MEETING AT SYDENHAM. A district meeting ...
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The Harvest.—The harvest is proceeding f...
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Bottomlcv, Mr. Ed. , and tic rp*feji5K>»...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
September 8, 1849, The Northern Star. ^^...
September 8 , 1849 , THE NORTHERN STAR . ^^ , - -, •— - — _ - . . ^
Lett E R S To The Working Classes. Lvin....
LETT E R S TO THE WORKING CLASSES . LVin . " 'Words are tilings , and a small drop of ink Falling- —like dew—upon a thought , produces That which makes thousands , perhaps millions , think . " eibos .
" ALL MEN ARE BRETHREN . " Brother Puoletabians , Appended to this letter you -will find one from the illustrious Joseph Mazzixi ;—illustrious not occause crown or coronet encircles iiis brow , or troops of liveried lacqueys and soul-less slaves salute him as " prince " or ** peer , " for he does not belong to the "illustrious by courtesy "—the enslavers of the human race and desolators of tbe world . Jtfo I he is illustrious because he had breathed the breath of a new life into a nation which
despotism and priestcraft had consigned to the moral death which nations succumb to when Liberty expires;—illustrious , be c ause he has laid the foundation of Italian Unity , and assured for Eternal Rome a new age of g lory ; —illustrious , because tried by the double ordeal of persecution and power — triumph and defeat , —he has proved himself to be one of the few men who , by their immense talents and public and private virtues , are fitted to re-cast society , and shape the destinies of nations Such men are truly , illustrious , aud amongst the foremost of such , stands the incorrup tible and unconquerable Joseph Mazzixi .
Joseph Mazzisi commences his letter by declaring that the fall of Rome is a great crime and a great error . "The crime , " he says , "belongs entirely to France ; the error to civilised Europe , and above all , to your England . " I admitthe " error " out Iassert that Eng land has to ans w er for more , and for worse , t han " error . " With all respect for JOSEPH JLiZZINl , I must say , that in my view of the question , England is a sharer iu the crime of Eraucc . The error of permitting France to overturn the balance of power ;—the error of allowing Buoxapakte , Faixoux , and
Owisot to attempt the suppression of the Protestant princi ple of Free Thoug ht b y forcibl y restoring the Papal Tyranny ; - —the error of refusing to take a just advantage of securing the . gratitude of the Italian peop le , and ensuring to this country the leadership of liberal Europe , c a n n o t b e d i s puted ; a mi ghty threefold error is laid to the account of England ' s Government "Would that I could stop here ; would that I could pronounce our rulers onl y imbeciles ; but I must go farther , and mu s t declare the English Government a party to , and sharer in , the crime of France .
"Those -who permit Oppression share the crime ** and Eng land—or the English Governmenthas been guilty of that offence against Humanity . Worse still , the Eng lish Government connived at , encouraged , and applauded the crime of President Buonaparte and his ministry of assassins . Indeed , Buoxapaute , in hi s "Message , " boasted that the fratricidal policy of his administration had the perfect concurrence of the British Government ; and the subsequent admissions of Russell aud Pauierston proved the truth of Bu < mtakte ' s assertion . A question arises , whether this view of the conduct of the British Government is not too
lenient . On reflection , I am more than inclined to acquit the Whigs of everything like a charge of " error ;' ' but I can only do so by charg ing upon them a vast addition to the " crime " alread y laid to their account . I am strongl y of o p inion that treason to the interests of England has been combined with treachery and secret hostility towards the Italians . The conviction is impressed upon my mind , that it was no blunder which allowed the French to
overturn the balance of power ; no mistake -which led' to England ' s abandonment of the Protestant cause ; no error which forfeited for this nation the opportunity of seizing upon the leadership of the peop les of Europe ; No ! I feel persuaded that the interests of" England , both politic a l and reli g ious , were deliberatel y and treasonabl y betr a yed b y rulers who cared not what p rice they paid , so that they only accomp lished their secretly cherished desire for the overthrow of Democracv .
Joseph Mlzzm may assure himself that our st a tesmen , although none of the brig ht e st , are not exactl y fools . They knew very well -what they were about , wh e n they connived a t the ruffianism of the French Government , aud betrayed the interests of this country . They desired the destruction of the Roman Republic , and therefore they secretl y consp ired with Bcoxapahte and * Bakcot , Falloux and Ocdixot , t o c o mmit an ac t of inju s tice which will rank iu history with the atrocious dismemberment of Poland . The policy of the Eng lish Government in the Roman affair was no short-sighted " error ; " it was , on the contrary , a f o reseen and deliberatel y concocted " CltlME . "
Brother Proletarians , . read Joseph SIazzixi ' s account—his true and faithful account—of the state of Rome during his g lorious triumvership , and its state at thi s time under the rule of French brigands and Papal inquisitors ; read , and then blush crimson for our poor country , that she is ruled b y men who h a ve w ickedl y connived at this foul overthrow of Freedom and Right—this infamous establishment of Foreign and Priestly terror over a people who had " not furnished the slightest pretext for such violence , or made the s li g htest attempt against the peace of neighbouring countries . "
Following the Letter of Joseph Mazzisi you will read an Address from a , Committee formed to establish an " Italian Refugee Fund . ' I trust that address -will elicit a response on the part of the people of this country , worth y of Englishmen , and proportionate to the unquestionable merits and holy claims of those heroes and patriots in whose behalf the members of the Committee address their countrymen . "You may , " writes
Joseph Mazzkvi , " cons o le the exile of o ur combatants whom the French Government tears from their homes to cast them out—poor mistaken souls , who dreamed of the fraternity of France—in utter ph y s ic a l d e st i tutio n , aud despair of mind . " We must do so . To sustain , protect , and console the Italian exiles is , at this moment * perhaps , all we can do , towards redeeming our country from the disgrace of the Government ' s criminal consp iracy with the brigand-rulers of France . Protection of the defenders of Rome , and of all who have
strugg led aud suffered for Italian Freedom , is an imperative duty , which every man -worthy of the name will hasten to fulfil . Nof quarrelling with the terms of the Committee ' s address , I will merely observe that Eng land is not exactly the " free country " it is asserted to be by the Committee . Eng land maybe a free country for Lord Beaumont , and Charles Dickexs , Esq . —for Richard Cobdex , M . P ., and Douglas Jerrold , Esq . —bntitisnota " freecountry" foryoa , the -working classes . I make this observation p rinci p a ll y for the sake of the good cause represented " by the Committee . At the recent meetings for Hungary , the speakers of the
" noble , " " parliamentary , " and " respectable " clas s es , did some harm to the cause they espoused , by their eternal laudations of " our iree institutions , " and by picturing the Hungarians as fighting for mere British Constitutionalism—by no means a faithful picture of " that struggle . The said speakers , however , jnust hare observed , that their expressed admiration of our glorious institutions was any thing but shared by the working men who formed the ereat majority at each and all of those meetings . Were England a " free country , " * bn Brother Proletarians , would be much fetter prepared than you are , to subscribe to ? fee Italian Fund ; but , in d eed , England "free * ' the necessity for that fund vould not
Lett E R S To The Working Classes. Lvin....
have existed . Were the Parliament chosen by the universal suffrages of the nation , and the Ministry , consequently , the reflex of the peop le ' s will , Rome would not have fallen ; the Eng lish Government , instead of conniving at the French invasion of Italy , would have forbade that invasion ; and if words had proved vain , deeds would have compelled submission to England ' s will . Had the Charter been the law of the land , the Roman Republic would up to this hour , have remained unassailed ; and the freedom of entire Italy would have been triump hantl y won , and securely established .
England "free , " indeed , and represented by such a slave and tool of Jesuitism as that brute , More O'Ferral ! The impotence of the Eug lish people , with regard to their own government , is most strikingl y proved b y the fact , that that priest-led persecutor of the Italian patriots is yet permitted to tyrannise over Malt a , instead of being recalled , and brought home in irons , to answer , at the bar of Public Justice , for hiscrimesagainsthumanity , and the scandal he has inflicted upon this country—the honour of which it was his first duty to cherish and up hold .
While earnestly urging you to support the Italian Refugee Fund , I must remind you that the unfortunate patriots of many other lands claim your p hilanthrop ic aid . First , a word for Hungary . There can be no doubt that , for the time being , the Hungarian cause is lost . I regret to add , th a t there is as little doubt that the ruin of that cause has been brought about b y foul , unnatural treachery . At Nottingh a m and other places , I was questioned as to my opinion of Georgey ' s honesty , and my answer was— " That while I would pursue a known traitor tothegatesof . perdi
tion , I would not condemn any man uponmere suspicion ; " but from the evidence that has since then reached this country , lean no longer hesitate in coming to the painful conclusion , that Georgey 5 s a traitor ; and that , when he surrendered to the Russians , he sold his country , his cause , and his comrades for Russian gold , or some equivalent equally vile . And see , alread y , the fruits of his treason . Not only is his country enslaved , and her liberties of eight centuries destroyed , but even the comrades who shared with him the dangers and g lories of many a well-foug ht field , and who , unfortunatel y , escaped the bull e t and the sabre , are ,
now that they are disarmed and powerless , falling victims to that bloodthirsty ferocity for which the Austrian despotism is so infamously famed . A few days ago , the English public -were assured by the " Times , " and other vile journals of the same stamp , that Austria would pursue the path of clemency in relation to the discomfited Hungarians ; but already the hypocritical mask has been castaway , and the work of vengeance has begun . General Auiicu , and several other leaders of the Hungarians , have been butchered in cold blood—a frig htful f o ret o ken o f the blood y enormities that will shortl y be heard of .
There is a report that Bem has been arrested ; but I venture to hope that it has no better foundation than the false rumours , of a simil a r kind , alluded to in my last letter . I fear , however , that Kossuth ' s c hildren , his wife , and his mother—and the wife and children of General Guyon—have fallen into the hands of the Austrians . To what a volume of misery are these few words the index !
If not already arrived , the immediate arrival of a large number of Hungarian refugees may be anticipated . They will land in a destitute condition ; even the noble and wealthy will step on these shores penniless . A fund for the Hungarians will , therefore , be as necessary , as one for the Italians . I would suggest , that any surplus that may rem a in , after defray ing the cost attending the sending of the Hussars from Folkstone to
Constantinople , should be made the basis of a refugee fund . And if any persons who intended to have subscribed to tho Hungarian cause , have been induced to withhold their subscriptions under the impression that it was too late to subscribe , they will do well to reflect that more than ever their subscriptions are now required . Those who appiciudcd tho Hungarians will surely not see those brave men wanting bread ; but I cannot doubt , that if Lord Dudley Stuart , Lord Nugent , and other influential friends of Hungary , will appeal to the English pe o ple , those who so recentl y cheered th e heroes of that country , will succour and protect them from those miseries which too often
afflict the unfortunate exile . I have sanguine hopes that both the Italian and Hungarian patriots will find many friends , and very general support ; but there are others , to say the least , equally worthy of your esteem , aud equally unfortunate , who , I fear , will n o t share the patronage of the liberal section of the aristocracy and middle class . The Red Republicans of France and Germany , who h a ve e s c a ped the t e nd e r mercies of the traitor Buoxapaute , and the butcheries of which Baden has been the daily theatre for the last two months—these our brothers arc likel y to
find no friend in this country , save aud except in your ranks . I aiu acquainted with several who are , at this moment , in a state of absolute destitution . Amongst other good men there are some who , incited b y a zeal as fervent as that which insp ired the crusaders , and animated b y a still holier purpose , quitted their homes , their friends , and th e ir means of living in Americ a , to risk their lives to free the old world from the tyranny of usurers , priests and kings . The European movement crushed for the moment , these men find themselves d es titute and friendless in this
country—they have not the means necessaiy to enable them to return to America , and you know how difficult it is for the unemployed to find work . These men have claims upon your sympathy . Now that the reaction is everywhere triumphant a blow will he struck at the independence of Switzerland . Within a very few -weeks the Swiss Government will be forced either to expel the French , German , and Italian refugees , or the Confederation will be invaded by the troops of France , Prussia , Austria , and Russia—as a matter of course , the
Eng lish Government will look on and connive at this new atrocity . Perhaps a meaning less " protest , " or a remonstrance , by -way of saving appearances , may emanate from Lord Palmerston . Parliament not sitting at this time , we shall lose the flash y speech his Lordshi p mi g ht otherwise favour us with—no great loss to the poor Swias , who , whether Lord Palmerston speaks or holds his tongue , will b e sacrific e d , unless they can defend themselves against the leagued brigands of the Continent .
It may be fully anticipated that the Swiss will succumb , and in that case hundreds more of French , German , and Italian Democrats will he thrown upon this countiy ; their too prob a ble f a te i s a pp a lling to think of ; I warn you in time ; you must be prepared to aid your brothers , otherwise they will perish . In addition to the Italian and Hungarian funds , let there bo established a testimonial fund for the relief of all pure Democrats , without distinction of country . A bod y alread y in existence , the Fraternal Democrats , should take the initiative in establishing this fund .
About to leave London , and pressed for time , I cannot pursue this subject further this week ; but , I trust I have alread y supplied you with a few materials for thinking . Let action follow thoug ht . While the tyrants of Europe are deluging the nations with the blood of Liberty ' s defenders , and filling the homes of innumerable families with misery and despair , do you r eco rd the best pr o test y o ur position will admit of , that of succouring the persecuted and the oppressed . B y so doing you will annoy the despots , secure for yourselves the gratitude of your fellow-creatures , and win that true glory which kings and-conquerors
Lett E R S To The Working Classes. Lvin....
never achieve ; for true it is , as the poot has written , that" The drying up one tear has more Of honest fame , than shedding seas of gore . " L'AMIDUPEUPLE , September 4 th , 1849 .
^ Joseph Mazzlni. The Following Letter, ...
^ JOSEPH MAZZLNI . The following letter , addressed by Mazzini to a friend in this country , is now of rather an old date ( the 6 th ult . ); but , as a picture of the man , a historical interest attaches to it , and wc feel , therefore , no hesitation as to giving it a place in our columns : — " Rome has fallen 1 It is a great crime and a , great error . The crime belongs entirely to France ; the error to civilised Europe , and above all to your England . I say to your England , f or i n the t h ree questions which are now at issue in Rome , and which it is vain to attempt to stifle by brute force , England appears to m e , and did appear to us all , to be especially concerned . Three questions — the Question of principle , of international riant , of
European morality—the political question , properly so called , the balance of power in Europe , influence to be preserved or obtained—and the religious question —all were , in f a ct , raised already in Rome before the entrance of the French . The question of principle is , thank God , sufficiently clear . A population of more than two millions of men having peacefully , solemnl y , and legally chosen , through a constitutional assembly , regularly elected , a form of government , is deprived of it by foreign violence , and forced again to submit to the power which had been abolished ; and that without that population having furnished the slightest pretext for such violence , or made the slightest attempt against the peace of neighbouring countries . The calumnies which have
been for months systematically circulated against our republic , are of little importance ; it was necessary to defame those whom it had been determined to destroy . But I affirm that the republic , voted almost unanimously by the assembly , had the general and spontaneous approbation of the country ; and of this the explicit declaration of almost all the municipalities of the Roman States , voluntarily renewed at the time of tho French invasion , without any initiative on the part of the Roman government , is a decisive proof . I affirm that with the exception of Ancona , where the triumvirate were obliged energetically to repress certain criminal acts , of political vengeance , the republican cause was never sullied by the slightest excess ; that never was there any censorship assumed over the press before the siege , never did the occasion arise for exercising it
during the s i e ge ; not a single con de m na ti o n to death or exile bore witness to a severity which it would ha re been our right to have exercised , but which the perfect unanimity which reigned amongst all the elements of the State rendered useless . I affirm that , except in the ease of three or four priests , who had been guilty of firing upon our combatants , and who were killed by the people during the last days of the siege , not a single act of personalviolence was committed by any fraction of the population against another , and that if ever there was a town presenting the spectacle of a band of brothers pursuing a common end , and bound together by the same faith , it was Rome under the republican rule . The city was inhabited by foreigners from all parts of the
world , by the consular agents , by many of your countrymen ; let any one of them arise and under the guarantee of his own signature deny , if he can , the truth of what I say . Terror now reigns in Rome ; the prisons are choked with men who have heen arrested and detained without trial ; fifty priests are confined in the castle of St . Angolo , whoso only crime consists in their having lent their services in our hospitals ; the citizens the best known for their moderation arc exiled ; the army is almost entirely dissolved , the city disarmed , and the ' factious' sent away even to the last man ; and yet France dares not consult in a legal manner the will of tho populations , but re-establishes the papal authority by military decree . I do not believe that since the dismemberment of Poland there has been committed a more atrocious injustice , a more gross violation of the eternal right which God has
implanted in the people , that of appreciating and defining for themselves their own life , and governing themselves in accordance with their own appreciation of it . And I cannot believe that it is well for you or for Europe that such things can bo accomplished in the eyes of the world without one nation arising out of its immobility to protest in the name of universal justice . ' This is to enthrone brute force where , by the power of reason , God alone should reign ; it is to substitute the sword and poniard for law—to decree a ferocious war without limit of time or means between oppressors rendered supicious by their fears , and the oppressed abandoned to the instincts of reaction and isolation . Let Europe ponder upon these things . For if the light of human morality becomes but a little move obscured , in that darkness there will arise a strife that will make those who con . c after us shudder with dread .
" The balance of power in Europe is destroyed . It consisted formerly in the support given to the smaller states by the great powers : now they are abandoned . France in Italy , Russia in Hungary , Prussia in Germany , a little later perhaps in Switzerland : these are now the masters of the Continent . England is thus made a nullity ; the ' cclsd scdet Eolus in arcc , ' which Canning delighted to quote , to express the moderating function which he wished to reserve for his country , is now a meaningless phrase . Let not your preachers of tho theory of material interests , your speculators upon extended markets , deceive themselves ; there is history to teach them that political influence and commercial influence are closely bound together . Political
sympathies hold the key of the markets ; the tariff of the Roman republic will appear to you , if you study it , to be a declaration of" spmpathy towards England to which your government has not thought it necessary to respond . " And yet , above the question of right , above tho question of political interest , both of which were of a nature to excite early the attention of England , there is , as I have said , another question being agitated at Rome of a very different kind of importance , and which ought to have aroused all those who believe in the vital principle of reli g ious reformation—it is that of liberty of conscience . The religious question which broods , at the root of all political qu e stions s h owed it se l f ther e g r e at a n d
visible m all its European importance . The Pope at Gaeta was the theory of absolute infallible authority exiled from Rome for ever ; and exiled from Rome was to be exiled from the world . The abolition of the temporal power evidently drew with it , in the minds of all those who understood the secret of the Papal authority , the emancipation of men's minds from the spiritual authority . The principle of liberty and of free consent , elevated by the constituent assembly into a living active right , tended rapidly to destroy the absolutist dogma which from Rome aims more than over to enchain the universe . The high aristocracy of the Roman Catholic clergy well know the impossibility of retaining the soul in darkness , in tho midst of light inundating the
intelligence of men ; for this reason they carried off their Pope to Gaeta ; for this reason they now refuse alf compromise . They know that any compromise would be fatal to them ; that they must reenter as conquerors , or not at all . And in the same way that the aristocracy of the clergy felt this inseparability of the two powers , the French government , in its present reactionary march , has felt that the keystone of despotism is at Rome—that the ruin of the spiritual authority of the middle ages was the ruin of its own projects—and that the only method of securing to it a few move years of . existence was to rebuild for it a temporal domination . " England lias understood nothing of this . She has nofunderstood what there was . of sublime and
prophetic in this cry of emancipation , in this protestation in favour of human liberty , issuing from t h e very h eart o ancient Rome , in the face of the Vatican . She has not felt that the struggle in Rome was to cut the Gordian knot of moral servitude , against which she has long and vainly opposed her b ib l i cal societies , her christian and evangelical alliances ; and that there was being opened , had she but extended a sisterly h a nd to the movement , a mighty pathway for the human mind . Sho has not un d er s tood th a t on e bol d w o r d , ' respect for the liberty of thought , ' opposed to the hypocritical language of the French government , would have been sufficient to inaugurate the era of a new religi ous policyan d to c o nquer for herself a de cis i v e
, ascendency upon the Continent . "Is England beginning to understand these things , you answer me , yes , I doubt it . Political and religious indifference appears to me to have taken too deep root with you to be conquered by anything short of those internal crises which become more and more inevitable . But if it be true that the unequal struggle which has becn ' mainfained for two months in Rome has borne fruits—if it be true that you begin to understand all that there is of brutal in the league of four Powers against the awakening of the Eternal City—all that there is of grand and fi'uitful for humanity in this cry of country and liberty , rising from among the ruins of the capital—all that there would be ot noble , of
generous , of profitable for England in responding to this c ry , as to that of a sister towards whom a debt of fratitude is owed—yon ca n sti l l d o us a great good , bu may console—this you have always done—the exile of our combatants , whom the French government tears from their homes to cast them out , poor mistaken souls , who dreamed of the fraternity of France , in utter physical destitution , and in despair of mind . ' You can save for us these spirits , by preserving them iroift the attacks of doubt , and or unmeasured reaction . You can , by your press , by the voice of your meetings , fix upon the forehead of tbe French Republic the mark of Cain ; upon the front of Rome the glory of a martyrdom which contains the promise of victory ; you can give
^ Joseph Mazzlni. The Following Letter, ...
to Europ ' o the con sc iousness that Ital y is b eing bo rn anew and to Ital y a redoubled faith in herself . You may do more . The Roman question is far from being resolved . France finds herself , placed between the necessity of giving way to a new insurrection , and that of prolonging in de finit e l y the occupation by h e r troops , thus changing intervention into conquest . Assemble yourselves , associate yourse l ves , organise a v a st a g itation for the political and religious independence of the peoples ; and say to your government , that honour , duty , and the future of England demand that her flag shall not hang idly m atheistic immobility , amidst the contmued violation of the principle which it represents ; that France has not the nVht to dispose of tiie
noman states as she pleases ; that the will of the Roman people ought to be expressed , and that it cannot be freel y expressed while four hostile armies are encamped upon its territories . Call upon France to fulfil her promises . We could not admit "" nV ctCli of the people-that thev should be called upon to express a second time what they had already peacefully , completely , and in the most unfettered manner declared . We could not commit suicide upon ourselves in our most sacred right . But , since violence has annihilated the consequences ot its exercise , it is for you now to recall France to its engagements , and to say to her : " All that you are about to do is null and illegal , if tho will of
the population is not consulted . " And if your government remains silent—if France pursues Her career of violence-then it is for you , the people , to aid us you men of justice and liberty , in tho trugrle . With or without the aid of the peoples wo wi I re-commence this struggle . We cannot , wc will not , sacrifice our future and the destinies towards which we ave called by God , to the caprices of egotism and of blind force . But the assistance of the peoples may spare us many bloody sacrifices , much reactionary violence , that we men of order and peace , have striven to avoid , but which , in the powerlessness of exile , we may not be able to prevent . - „ Joseph Mazzzxi . A ugust 6 th , 1849 .
Italian Refugee Fund. • Committee. —The ...
ITALIAN REFUGEE FUND . Committee . —The Right Honourable Lord Beaumont , The Right Honourable Lord Dudley Coutts Stuart ) M . P ,, The Right Honourable T . Milnei Gibson , M . P ., Sir C . D . 0 . Jephson Norroys , Bart . M . P ., Chisholm Anstey , Esq . M . P ., W . H . Ashurst , Jun . Esq ., F . Carnac Brown , Esq ., Richard Cobden , Esq . M . P ., Charles Dickens , Esq ., T . S . Buncombe , Esq . M . P , John Forster , Esq ., W . J . Fox , Esq . M . P ., Sidney M . Hawkes , Esq ., T . K . Horvey , Esq ., Joseph Hume , Esq . M . P ., Douglas Jerrold , Esq ., Walter Savage Landor , Esq ., W . A . Mackinnon , Esq . M . P ., Thom a s Prout , . Esq ., William Shaen , Esq ., James Sfansfold , Esq ., Frank Stone , Esq ., Richard Taylor , Esq ., P . A . Taylor , Esq ., W . M . Thackery , Esq ., Colonel Thompson , M . P .
llonoraru Secretaries . —Sydney Milnes Hawkes , Esq ., James Stanfiold , Esq ,, T a vistock House , Tavistock-squnve , London . The generosity and love of justice which distinguish the English people among all tho nations of the earth are appealed to , on behalf of the Italian Bcfugees in England , under circumstances unparalleled in history . The exiles—to a generous relief of whose distresses the English heart is sought to be awakened —were engaged in the defence of Rome . They are the good citizens who , when Rome was abandoned by her Monarch and Executive , answered to the general voice , a n d aro s e to g ive her law , tranquillity and ' order ; who built upon the ruins of a monstrous system which had fallen of its own rottenness and corru p t io n , one of moderation and truth ; whe established and maintained a government ,
administered under the pressure of great difficulties , with a veneration for tho sacred rights of life , liberty , and property , new in Rome—administered with an honesty , forbearance , and singleness of pu rpose , that won the respect of dispassionate observers , of all principles and parties . They arc the soldiers who defended that government against the united arms of bigotry and despotism , and defended it successfully . They are the brave besieged who' held Rome with a courage and devotion worthy of her ancient glories , but with the magnanimity and clemency of Christian men . They are the dignified capitulators , who , when all means of defence were exhausted , opened her gates to a foreign army f o rty thous and s trong , assembled round them by an act of such stupendous baseness that it will remain an ineffaceable stain upon tho honour and the name of the French government , through all the coming ages of tho world .
It is not the only sorrow of tho Italian exiles that a noble cause is , for the time being , lost . Proscribed , and driven from ' their watch over the beautiful country of their birth and their affections , they seek a refuge here in England , almost the only free land where they may set foot . And if their claim on our hospitality and sympathy needs any strengthening , it must not be forgotten that one representative of tho English nation has deen found in tho person of Mr . Move O'Ferral , Governor of Malta , who , having received with open arms the Jesuits and friends of absolutism , did not think it shame to oast these wanderers forth from that inhospitable shore , as if the ships that bore them were infected with the plague .
Hunted by their , and tiie worlds , enemies ; forlorn and penniless , reduced to indigence , bereft of almost all that makes life dear , and bringing nothing from the wreck beyond tho Mediterranean Sea but Hope in the eternal might of the principles they have upheld ; the Committee named above appeals in their behalf to Englishmen , for present help . That they may not die of want , where they have found a fiomc '; that their noble spirits may not sink into despair ; that they may conncefcwith this free country in their future—be it what it may—such associations as such men should connect with it , and ever love and honour it with grateful hearts , as worthy of its freedom and its high renown ; the Committee issues this address , earnestl y soliciting subscriptions for their aid .
The funds raised are proposed to bo applied to the relief of the more immediate and urgent wants of the exiles , to the provision of the means of enabling them to reach other countries as thoy may d e sire , a n d gener a ll y to their assistance and protection . Subscriptions will be gratefully received by any of the members of the Committee , or by the Honorary Secretaries , Sidney Milnes Hawkes and James Stansfeld , Esqvs ., T a vistock H o us e , Tavistock : squavc , London ; or may be paid into the follownig Bankers " . —Messrs . Smith , Payne , and Smiths , 1 , Lombard-street ; and Messrs . Coutts , Strand .
Sixgih.Ar Fisuixg.—Mr. Taggavt, Former C...
Sixgih . ar Fisuixg . —Mr . Taggavt , former coroner of llushcn , now farms a part ' of Balladoole , and moreover , keeps a lot of pigs . An old practitioner in the deep fisheries had prepared his long lines and hooks for active service , placing them in an outbuilding of Mr . Tuggart's till the morning , after bating each with herring . By some carelessness the door of the building was loft open , and the pigs , scenting the tempting bait , entered , when lo ! 100 good fat herrings lay before them ] "Here ' s a glorious feast for us ! " exclaimed ihe old mother of the herd ; and at it they went , each pig seizing a herring , unconscious of the concealed hook . But they soon found that the stolen dainties , like the deceitful baits of sin , contained within themselves
the means of punishing transgression . The hooks were too large to pass the gullet comfortably , so they became '" fastened in the cheeks tongues , and snouts of the swine , which , jumping here and there in agony , t a ng led up the lines into a perfect snarl . The pigs stood in a circle facing inwards , tugging away lustily at the linos , and thereby planting the hooks deeper and deeper in their flesh . The squeaking and yelling was most strcperous . The outcry brought all the women of the village to the scene of uproar , who , unable to see the lines from tiie darkness , concluded at once that the warlocks had possessed the swine , or that the bi g boganc , invisible to mortal eye , had got them by the l egs , or the dark man himself , as once on tho coast of Gadcrono , '
had entered them , and the women soon expected to see them r un . down the steep beach into the sea . But the hooks and lines would not let the poor animals run—they were fairly caught—the faithful hooks doing their duty just as if congers and cod were concerned . This frightened the females as well as the swine ; who set up a scream of terror and alarm ; mid , what with pi gs a nd women , such a discordant yell never before disturbed the quiet of that peaceful village . Tho outcry brought t he men to the spot ; and the old fisherman , seeing the doleful plight of his hooka and lines , was able to explain the whole mystery . By the aid of knives , the poor pigs were at length cut loose , butthey departed from that haunted hovel with slit tongues , gashed checks and lips , and bloody mouths . —Manx Ikrald . Railway Liamlities . — At the last Windsor C ount y C ourt , a butcher at Maidenhead , named Durrani
, brought an action against the Great Western Railway Company to recover 30 s ., the value of a pig which had been run over by a train and killed , it being alleged that the defendants had neglected to keep a fence ( through which the pig t t ™ l ° - Mpon thc roihvay ) in proper repair . Mr . ii / It ms ' wn 0 appeared for the director ? , called the attention of the judge to a clause in their act ol parliament by which it was enacted that all actions must be commenced against the company sl m , n ! onths after tho cause of action had arisen . This period of time having been suffered to elapse beforo the proceedings were taken , the plaintiff was nonsuited . This clause in the act of the <» reat Western Railway Company is not genc-The Immigration into the United States continues on the increase . For the first seven months of the present year the arrivals at the port of New ii « ao 0 ? ' amounted to 143 , 222 immigrants , against in * m , ?* ""^ for the sam c P eriod in 1848 : ffi £ Su ? o !^ c ° . 220 ditto in 1846 ; -13 , 500 ditto in 13 . 45 ; 316 . 5-5 ditto in 1844 .
Sixgih.Ar Fisuixg.—Mr. Taggavt, Former C...
SYMPATHY WITH HUNGARY . ( From the Spirit of the Times . ) Some difference of opinion seems to prevail as to the mode in which we should express our sympathies on behalf of Hungary . At the great public meetings that have lately been held in London disagreements hare arisen between the prudent and tho impetuous . Ono party asks for friendly diplomacy , the other asks for war ; one wants to assist the Hungarians by protocols , the other would do it , if need be , by cannon-balls : and hereupon tho antiwar party become frightened , thinking , no doubt , that Mr . Julian Havney , who seems to be at the head of the war party , will entangle the nation in a scries of most expensive and bloody campaigns . Several even of the Radical writers share in these childish apprehensions , and Mr . Lushington , who presided at tho great meeting in the Haiioversqu a rc Room s , reminded the fighting men of the
impolicy of increasing the national debt—a reminder which was met by an unanimous shout for ivar on the part of the meeting . I think the prudent may safely bo informed that the country need not be apprehensive of being dragged into an expensive war by Mr . Harney . It is perhaps fortunate that tho power of declaring war does not lie with public meetings . There is only one thing which public meetings can do in this matter , and that is , as part of tho " gencral public , to express in the best manner their detestation of the odious proceedings of Austria and Russia . If any part of the nation is to be heard , let the whole of the nation be heard . If the Times represents us as Cossack > why should not Mr . Harney give the other a nd m ore g e nerous si de ; no dou b t , there are many in Eng l a nd who share the inf a mous s e ntim en t s o f the Times ; hut , it should be also understood that there are hundreds of thousands who would sanction
a w a r , and share in it , rather than see the heroic peopl e of Hung a ry cru s he d b e n ea th th e b rut a l power of Austria and Russia . Likely enough the great mass would prefer a more prudent course ; nevertheless , I say again , if the world has seen the scoundrel sentiments of the Times on this subject , let it also know that we have a generosity on the other side , which is more than a counterbalance for the vilenoss that shows itself through tho disgraceful columns of the Times newspaper . For myself , I must say that I am thankful to Mr . Harney improving at our metropolitan meetings , that the feelings of'large numbers of our countrymen go beyond prudently worded resolutions .
Sympathy W It H Ro M E An D Llvxgarx. Me...
SYMPATHY W IT H RO M E AN D llVXGARx . MEETING AT HALIFAX . In compliance with a respectable and very numerous ly si gned requi si tion , his worship the Mayor convened a public meeting of tho borough of Halifax , which was held at tho Odd Fellow's Hall on the 29 th ult „ to ex p r e s s s y mp a thy with Rom e and Hungary in the noble efforts sustained by the one , and the heroic struggle still carrying on by the other , to secure independent self-government . At the hour of meeting the room was about half filled , but ere long every part became crowded , and throug hout listened to the speakers with great attention . J . Baldwin , Esq . ( the Mayor ) , took the chair , and several resolutions were unanimously adopted . The meeting was addressed by Mr . H < mry Martin , Mr . Joseph Jennings , Mi . F . Maude , Mr . E . Sloane , Mr . T . Moorhousc , Mr . E . J . Morton , and Mr . S . Ky dd .
Ah . Kydd said : The question on which they had met w as neither local nor sectional , but was opposed to despotism and feudalism . It had both an internal and an international heaving . What did the Roman people demand ? They did not ask Pope Pitt ? the Ninth to leave Rome , to abandon his temporal aud ecclesiastical jurisdiction ; but he chose to leave Rome himself . ' The Romans wisely elected rt provision a l gov e rnm e nt , which they termed a junta , and this junta desired the people to elect a parliament—a course which was perfectly right , as all political economy writers of moment acknowledg e the people to be the source of government . The Romans resolved to dispense with tho Pope , and elected a-Governor from among themselves . The
Pope appealed to the Catholics to reinstate him , and I think that , in spiritual matters , any appeal to arms is absurd . In the present state of Europe , it may be asked whether it is advisable to interfere in the affairs of other nations ? International liberty is maintained by non-interference , and if civilisation is to progress it must be done by this . Now , in France , there was a declaration comprised in the code drawn up by tho republic , that France was to go to war with no power in Europe , and Louis Napoleon swore to maintain it . When Louis sent armed troop ' s io the gates of Rome he violated this p rinci p le , and broke his oath . Who and what was he ? The greater pal't of his time had been spent in debauchery , and he went to France without a policy
and without a ' programme . He soug ht a n i n terview with M . Proudhon , and professed sympathy with socialism , both in its d emo c r a t ic and in its s ocial aspect . Finding that the Socialists would not supply him with a majority , he turned his attention to the Catholics , an d b y supporting the Pope , knew that ho should gain their sympathy . But Louis Napoleon is no Catholic , ho- has no religion . He published a hook remarkable for its plagiarisms , for its absence of thought and of logic , and which added nothing to the literature of his country . Why does he attend fetes in the different mayoralties but because he wants to cease to be president , and to become Napoleon the Second . Mr . Kydd then alluded to the positions recently occupied by Loais Napoleon and Joseph Mazzini in this
country , and declared that tho latter would rank with " Rienzi , the last of the Tribunes , " when Napoleon and Nicholas had perished with the last remains of tyranny and oppression . In 1520 , Hungary ranked tho second nation in Europe , and every nation had taken an oath to maintain its nationality . Only about a year ago , Francis Joseph , the present Emperor , took this oath , and yet ho has already tried to * . ut down the Hungarian independence , for Russia and Austria have united to put down liberty there . Mr . Kydd concluded by declaring that tho day was not far distant when Louis Napoleon would seek an asylum in England , or he would bo without a head ; and the hope that Mazzini and Kossuth would have English sympathy , and their countries realise that liberty which was worth the sacrifice of both life and treasure .
Mr . Ostler moved , and Mr . T . Brook seconded , a resolution that a memorial embodying the resolutions be forwarded to Lord J . Russell and to Lord Palmerston , which was carried unanimously . Thanks were given to the Mayor for his impartial conduct in the chair , and the meeting dispersed .
<$» Greenwich. On Monday A Meeting Was H...
< $ » GREENWICH . On Monday a meeting was held at the Institution , Greenwich , in order to sympathise with the Hungarians in their present reverses . T . Graham in the chair . Lord D . Stuart said they were met there to consider tho state of Hungary and to pay a tribute to the glorious patriots . The Hungarian ' s had plr . yed a part the memory of which would bo handed down to the latest posterity . When we look at what they have done the last two years ever y kind of sympathy is called into play . The Hungarians had been a free people longer than ourselves , although they lived under the sceptre of a despot—they never would consent to bo treated as slaves . No sovereign had ever ruled over them without swearing to
observe their constitution . Their constitution was not perfect ; but was the English constitution a perfect one ? The Hungarian constitution was like ours—a constitution which was capable of reform without being overthrown . He then entered more at length into a description of tho country , ami concluded an excellent speech by proposing tho first resolution : — " That tho destruction of Hungarian independence by the combined army of a sovereign not legally entitled to the crown , and of a foreign foe , o n l y r e n d er s it more im p erat i ve on Eng lishmen to express their sympathy with the oppressed patriots , who have , in common with all mankind , an indefeasible right to a government of their own choice ; and whose liberties are , moreover , confirmed by positive compact , and are consecrated by time and historical records . " Seconded by Mr , George Thompson , and carried unanimously . '
Lord Nugent then proposed tho second resolution : — ' * That an address he presented to Lord Palmerston , in the hope that English diplomacy may successfully interfere to secure for the Hungarian nation its own liberties , instead of mere , fusion with the remainder of the Austrian territories . " Seconded by Mr . Thomas M'Estekb , and carried unanimously . —The thanks of tho meeting were then voted to Lord D . Stuart , Lord Nugent , and tho Chairman , after which the meeting separated .
Tun Cholera At Ska.—The Ship " Sheridan,...
Tun Cholera at Ska . —The ship " Sheridan , " Captain Cornish , arrived at quarantine from Liverpool . She lost thirty one of her steerage passengers and seamen by cholera . Captain Cornish had a very serious and trying time the first week out . The cholera broke out among the crew on the Tth of August ; for the first eight davs tlwvc were from ei g ht to ten new cases , and from three to five deaths daily for eight days in succession . Out of twentytwo seamen , only four could be mustered in a watch . Eighty cases and thirty-one deaths occurred since the ship sailed . All that could be done was done by Captain Cornish and his officers for the sick . Sevc ' - ral were ill when she reached Staten Island ; they were taken to the hospital . The vessel has heen detained at quarantine—Afro York Herald .
Merthyr . Tydvil , —The miners of Abcraman Iron Works have , we are glad to learn , commenced work again , having been ohliged to cease for the last ten weeks for want of water . During this time , h owev e r , Crawshaw Bailey , Esq ., has paid each man ten-pence ; halfpennv per day for repairing the works for which they are very thankful .
Parliamentary And Financial Reform.
PARLIAMENTARY AND FINANCIAL REFORM .
MEETING AT KING'S CROSS , ST . PAXCRAS A public meeting of the inhabitants of the King ' s Cross district took place on Tuesday evening atthe Prince Albert Tavern , Wharf-road , for the " pu rpose of forming a district society in support of the objects and principles of tho National Parliamentary and Financial Reform Association . Mr . T . Bate * gate presided , and was supported by several of leading inhabitants of tho district . The Ciiaiiiman having briefly introduced tlw business ,
Mr . J . W . Hall , a member of the council of tha Association , stated its leading objects . He contended that the Reform Bill was a failure , for tha members of the House of Commons were not representatives of the people , but nominees of the upper ; house , 850 of them being directly or indirectly connected with the aristocracy . ( Hear , hear , ) Tha great object now was to remedy this state of things , not by exciting a war of classes , but by uniting tha middle and working classes in an effort to carry out the existing law , as settled by tho Reform Bill " Sir It . Peel had got into power by attending to tha registration ; let others do the samc , not only in . London , b ut t h roug hout tho kingdom . For this purpose a powerful league of the middle and lower ? classes was neccssarv . They would thus reclaim
their own house , and recover control over the national purpose . ( Cheers . ) The cost of the army and n av y mi ght be reduced with advantage ; and the sooner the church was severed from the state , and an equitable distribution of its revenues mada amongst its ministers , the bettor , ( Cheers . ) Another subject worthy the consideration of a reformed parliament was the national debt . I t was preposterous to say it could not bo paid off ; for recently 400 millions had been raised for railways . ( Hear , hear . ) Tho debt has been incurred on security of the property of the country . Let , then , tha property pay it . Let a bold property tax , to pro « duco about twenty-five millions , be levied , whereby the debt might bo defrayed or greatly reduced , without burdening the working classes . ( CUeora . ) Were tho duty on tea reduced to Is . a pound , tha import might be raised from forty to one hundred millions , and thus an immensely increased demand
would be created for our manufactures . ( Uear . j Other taxes were equally prejudicial to the real interests of the country ; but till the people wer « fairly represented it was impossible that thesi things should be remedied . To e / feet this , th < r general support of the people was needed . It was their cause , a nd they o ug ht to make it their own , ( Hear , hear . ) Every man felt the annoyance of tha tax-gatherer ; they were willing to pay the taxes , but not more than was necessary . ( Cheers . ) Let ; the officers of the army and navy be generously paid by all means , when they were wanted , but not at other times , and not more than were wanted . ( Hear , hear . ) In the same way he would have tha working clergy paid , but would do away with tha drones . ( Hear , hear . ) In this populous neighbourhood he hoped to see a branch association of 1 , 500 members formed , for already there were 300 such associations in and near London .
Mr . II . T . Atkisso-v , ono of tho honorary sccro «< tavies of the association , observed that this was not a class question , but one concerning the groat body of the people , affecting not only the present hufe future generations—not only government in thia country , bui all over Europe . ( Hear , hear . ) In the continental changes of the last three years oue country had not participated , because tho democratic germ of the constitution had not been ealleoT into exercise . After noticing the effects of the law of primogeniture , in throwing the maintenance of the younger sons of the aristocracy on the country , and pointing out the gross inequalities of tho land tax , he observed that the principle of our present legislation was tha gveatest happiness of the smallest number , and this could only be altered by the cooperation of tho working men . Would they assist
in such an object ? ( Cries of "Yes , yes . '') It wa ? said Lord J . Russell would offer an extension of the suffrage next year , and that neither Conservatives nor Protectionists would oppose it ; but let the people work out a reform of their own , and not he humbugged . ( Cheers . ) Were the metropolis but unanimous in its demand for this reform , its proximity would enable it to boar most powerfully on . tho government . Meetings similar to that of Drury-lane would shortly be hold all over the country ; there would then bo a national conference ia tho metropolis ; and it would be seen whether tha people would he gulled by the coquetting of Lord John Russell . ( Cheers . ) The aristocracy owed a , long debt to the people of this country , which they would soon be made to pay , by being compelled ta support their own families . ( Cheers . ) Mr . Reeves moved : —
" That this meeting , highly approving of tha principles and objects of the National Parliamentary and Financial Reform Association , do form itself into a district society , to be called the Ring ' s Cross Branch Reform Association . " Mr . Bkxbow , in seconding the resolution , said ha had been an advocate for reform more than fifty years , and had acted in conjunction with MajoE Cartwright and all the great men of the day , who had advocated the reforms supported by this association . ( Cheers . ) He rejoiced in the union likely to be formed between the middle and lower classes , by which only real reform could be secured . ( Hear , hoar . ) For years past tho utmost efforts had been used to sow divisions between these classes ; but
this was now at an end . Sir James Graham , in hia reforming days , had shown that 113 privy councillors received £ 650 , 000 per annum of the public money . It would be well for the association to remember this . Let tho people take pattern from the people of Jamaica , who had stopped the supplies and brought the governor to submission . ( Cheers . ) The resolution was then unanimously agreed to . Mr . Patrick moved , and Mr . Lasosto . v seconded , ' the appointment of a committee to carry out the foregoing resolution . The proceedings terminated with a vote of thanks to the chairman . A number of gctulcme afterwards enrolled themselves as memhm of thQ branch association .
Meeting At Sydenham. A District Meeting ...
MEETING AT SYDENHAM . A district meeting of the National Parliamentary and Financial Reform Association was hold on Monday , at Sydenham ; Mr . Miller in the chair , ' Speeches , explaining and enforcing the principles of the association , anu recommending it as the only available means of obtaining any considerable and permanent extension of political rights , were delivered by the Chairman , Mr . West , Rev . W . Linwood , and some influential gentlemen of the neighbourhood . Mr . Sangster , who , at the preliminary meeting held a week or two since opposed the movement , again objected to it , but on somewhat different and more conservative grounds . Ho was answered by the Rev . Mr . Linwoo ' d , who afterwards addressed the meeting , and urged the necessity of affording every possible assistance to tho efforts of the parent association . Tho usual resolutions werq passed .
The Harvest.—The Harvest Is Proceeding F...
The Harvest . —The harvest is proceeding favoura bly , and tho largest part of the wheat crop in tha south of England has by this time been carried , and in remarkable good condition . Though the wheat ; ripened slowly , it has ripened well , and ample time in the field has generally been given ; so that tha new wheat is everywhere admitted to present a fina sample . A fall in price , which occurred in Marklane on Monday last , of some 2 s . per quarter , shows the impression of the trade that the crop will bg large . That it will yield well there is little doubt , that being always the case with wheat in a dry , warm summer . Oats seem to bo generally a poop crop , but the foreign supply of oats is perhaps mora constantly abundant than that of any other grain . For tho first time we seem likely to have a faifi trial of maize , or Indian corn , for fowling purposes . '
Hitherto the scarcity of potatoes has caused Indian corn to be used in Ireland as the substitute , so that the price has been too high for stock feeding . Soma persons who have used " it for pig feeding , d o not speak highly of its feeding properties ; but at a certain price we have no doubt that will prove most valuable to the British farmer . We have recently used both rye meal and rice meal to some extent ia feeding pigs , but we find both far inferior to barley peas , or damaged wheat for that purpo . se . One o £ tho most remarkable circumstances of the season is the universal and great abundance of peas ; a crop usually considered precarious , but which , wh e n productive , proves most valuable for all sorts of feeding stock . The general success , too , which hag this year attended the growers of winter beans and winter oats , especially on strong land , should be a hint to tho occupiers of clay soils to ' extend the cultivation of these safe crops . —Economist .
lloimcui / ruiui Snow . — On Saturday the first ; inst ., the cottagers in the employ of Messrs . Walker ' s and Co ., of Clayton West , near Huddersfield , worsted spinners , ( whose laudable and praisa * worthy exertions on behalf of the factory children of this country will be handed down to tho latest posterity ) held their first annual meeting in tho Wosleyan school , kindly lent by the trustees . Tha school was tastefully decorated with flowers aiui evergreens , and the productions of the cottagers consisted of kidney and round potatoes of first-rato quality ; the vegetables did credit to the producers . ' After the prizes were awarded to the best competitors , several interesting addresses were delivered by Mr . J . Child , Mr . Josep h Green , and the Rev . Mr . Smith separated , highly delighted with tcrtainment ,. it is to be hoped of this country will imitate the
waiitcr s , oy allowing their respective ^ M-peopJai . plots of land for garden cultivation . [^< 's- ' > r A HoMCEomiiic Hospital has bco > qstahltthed . m Dublin , on a largo scale , and it w $ ' M \ W fii $ ' opened for patients , . - " ,, \ -J .:. *\ ) ective ^ ori-peopJai . on . ^ LW ' 'I ^ is been- qstahljshed ; itwfcWwoft : ¦ ¦ V' > - ^ .: CJ : . ^¦ /' ¦ 0 ';~
Bottomlcv, Mr. Ed. , And Tic Rp*Feji5k>»...
Bottomlcv , Mr . Ed . , and tic rp * feji 5 K >» . the ewiiingV ^ n ? ••/ tho m » inufactnrerp ( r example of . Messrfr . N lottomlcy , Mr . Ed . i , andtjic UM * 8 iB 2 > v r > the CTei } ingVW 5 •/ , / • //>> tho mtoufacttirerpt' ;> ' I' i > ' [ example of Messrfr .... < i \ .. . ' # : '' : ,,-ii ; L ' ' -. ,, v '• : •• -- ~ -- ~ ' ; " s . f' ; " * . * . r \ r " t ' : / . ; t ' : // ^ -x .: - ^\ :: > .. < : r G / i" ( v \ N . ' '¦/¦ , ¦ , V o ^ JC O ^ s ' O ^ S '*'
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 8, 1849, page 5, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_08091849/page/5/
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