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Gfaxtist £ttttllig*ttce.
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-tflOXAL CHARTER ASSOCIATION. ' a^ccs— 1...
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Maxchestee.—On Sunday evening last ;Mr.E...
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MIL T. BRfJWX AND THE REFUGEES. TO THE E...
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NATIONAL LOAN SOCIETY. 26, Golden-lane, ...
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IRISH DEMOCRATIC ALLIANCE. Bradford.—On ...
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Redemption Societv.—The principal subjec...
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AND NATIONAL TRADES' JOTJML. * ¦:
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m_Pjii, _,, lmibon. mmm mam 8. ism. .jaB...
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A BRIEF BIOGRAPHY OF LOUIS KOSSUTH. Grea...
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TRIAL BY JURY, On Thursday evening tbe f...
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Frightful Death on Board a Steam Boat.— ...
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TiKE Hollow a-s's Tills to cure Asthmati...
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
Gfaxtist £Ttttllig*Ttce.
Gfaxtist £ ttttllig * ttce .
-Tfloxal Charter Association. ' A^Ccs— 1...
-tflOXAL CHARTER ASSOCIATION . ' a ^ ccs— 14 Southampton-street , Strand . The Executive Committee of this bod y ¦ id their usual weekly meeting as above on Jveducsday evening last . Present ; Messrs . iott , Grassby , Holyoake , Le Blond , and irlne / Messrs . Harney and O'Connor being : jj C country "were absent . Messrs . Hunt ^ Jones , through engagements elsewhere , a vc re also absent . John Milne presided . The C orrespondence received was read . C Mr . & J . Hol y oake said he had been requested by Mr . J . C . Dobson Collett , the Active Secretary of the Committee for the
tjopeal of the Taxes on Knowledge , to state ? hat that committee were desirous of obtaining flic aid of the Executive Committee in getting u a vigorous agitation for the purpose of feting the entire abolition of all restrictions tfliich act as a barrier to the progress of free thoug ht and intelligence . A long conversajiou ensued on the propriety of carrying out -i series of public meetings calling theattention " f the peop le to the various political questions 0 / importance in which the body politic -were deeply interested , and it was ultimately a greed , on the motion of Messrs . Holyoake aodLe Blond , — 'Thatthe Secretary be instructed to invite Mr . Collet to attend the
next meeting of the Executive , in order to ex p lain his views . ' After the tr ansaction of financial and other ' DUsmesB , the Committee adjourned to Wednesday evening , 3 ? ovember 12 th . Signed on behalf of the Committee , John Aksoxi , General Secretary .
Maxchestee.—On Sunday Evening Last ;Mr.E...
Maxchestee . —On Sunday evening last ; Mr . E . Lewis , better known as the boy-delegate to the factory workers in 1842 , delivered ; iu excellent and truly eloquent address , in the Veople ' s Institute , on ' The comparative c . or ± Siitoa o the 0 pei ^* *^ 1 ^ 3 ^^ i ^ reat Britain and . America / in- * wBfch latter country he has resided upwards of ei ght years . !\ lr . Lewis set out by describing the many annoyances to which emigrants are subjected durin <» the voyage , and the various extortions practised upon them on their arrival . He then proceeded to describe the position of ibe factory workers at Lowell , contrasting the happ iness they enjoyed with the misery
and privations endured by the factory slaves in this country , and concluded -with an eloquent appeal to his hearers to endeavour to belter their condition , not by forsaking the land of their birth , but by improving their minds , securing a bitter education for their children , and a more determined agitation for the enactment of the People ' s Charter , as the means of raising them from , a state ofvassal a"e to the dignity of freemen , and enabling them to enjoy all the blessings of liberty . - it home , in the same proportion as their brethren across the Atlantic . Mr . Lewis sat down amidst lond and long continued cheering from a numerous and respectable audience .
Bradford . —On Sunday last the following persons were elected as councillors for the next three months ;—W , Conuel , President ; W . Clarke , Treasurer ; J . Heigh , Corresponding Secretary ; It . Thompson , S . Clarke , It . Cameron , C . Boon , R . Milford , T . Wilcock , W . Far , J . Hudson , W . Long , M . Browitfc , T . Cameron , M . M'Crath . Auditors for the past quarter—C . Boon , J . Heigh .
Mil T. Brfjwx And The Refugees. To The E...
MIL T . BRfJWX AND THE REFUGEES . TO THE EDITOR OF THE JJORTHERX STAR . Sin , —As you and most of the readers of the 'Star / are aware of the great and gratuitous interest taken b y Mr . Brown for the support of the Polish and Hungarian Refugees , it may not be inoportune , —now that most of the exiles are provided for elsewhere—to allude to the position in which Mr . Brown is left , after devoting the greater portion of his time to alleviate the sufferings of the late inmates of the TurnnriU-itreet establishment . Several debts were contracted to meet the wants of the Refugees , which debts are unp aid , and devolve " upon Mr . Brown , whose means are restricted to the labour of his
hands . It is most certainly rig ht that the creditors should , he paid , and it would be wrong to ah ' wif Mr . Brcwn to sustain the entire liurden . A little from each Chartist locality would satisfy all demands , and Itrustthat the appeal wiil not be unheeded . The Refugees are too poor to contribute , or it would not be required that others should render aid in discharging the liabilities .
Any trifle sent to this office will be appropriated to the purpose alluded to , and will be duly acknowledged in the columns of the ' Northern Star ; ' or any small donations will he gratefully received by Mr . Brown , 21 , GTerkenwelTGreen . Yours , truly , " \ Y . RlDT . tt
National Loan Society. 26, Golden-Lane, ...
NATIONAL LOAN SOCIETY . 26 , Golden-lane , Wednesday Evening . Some interesting communications were read from the country , and several new shares talwn up ; instalments were also paid upon a considerable number of shares . An animated discussion toot place upon the future prospects of the Company and the probability of the amount of dividend likely to he paid . Ur . Wheeler reported the steps already taken by the Official Manager to procure the books and documents of the Company . The Secretary was inr-ructed to deposit the scrip in band with the trustees , and to prepare the accounts for the quarterl y audit .
Irish Democratic Alliance. Bradford.—On ...
IRISH DEMOCRATIC ALLIANCE . Bradford . —On Sunday evening the usual weekly meeting of this body was held at the Neptune Inn , bridge-street : Mr . M . Moloney in the chair . Several new members were enrolled , after which the case of Mrs . Qnigley was brought before the meeting and 5 s . subscribed * making a total of £ 1 5 s . We hope the good and true men who at the soiree some short time back cheered so loudly and encored so vehemently the beautiful song of " Who fears to speak of' 93 . " will not now be . backward in contribuing their mite to enable the venerable widow of the " Rebel Captain " to spend the remainder of her
days in peace and comfort , and free from the fear of breathing her last sigh in an Irish bastile . The election of three newspapers for the ensuing Quarter was brought before the meeting fay Mr . O'Sullivan , the secretary . The " Nation " was unanimously agreed to be one . The "Northern Star , " "Bradford Observer , " " Leeds Times , " and " Weekly Dispatch , " were severally proposed ; the "Star " was carried by a large majority , and the election of a third paper was postponed till Sunday evening next . A . committee of five persons were appointed to assist the council in obtaining a proper place out of a public-house to hold the meetings of the Alliance in .
Redemption Societv.—The Principal Subjec...
Redemption Societv . —The principal subject which engages the attention of the directors at present is the desirability of taking larger premises , so that the Co-operative store—which is progressing favourabl y—the Society ' s meetings and weekly meetings for lectures and discussions , not confined to social topics merel y , may be accommodated in the same building . A . committee bi » been appointed for this purpose . Monies received for the Keek-Leeds , £$ 19 s . 10 d .- Hyde , per M . Bradley , 13 s . 2 d . j Manchester , per JL Bloomer , 3 J . 5 d . Building Fund—Leeds , Is ; Hyde , 9 b . 3 d . ; Manchester , 2 i . Propagandist Fund , 5 s . lO ^ d . —J . Uesokssou , Sec , 162 , Kn ' agate , Leeds .
Wbeck ok the Goodw . lv Sism . —The loggers which came into the harbour on Friday afternoon October 31 st , reported a fearful loss , in the course of the night , on the north end or the Goodwin Sands . At daybreak a wreck of a largo vessel was discovered on the Sands , fast breaking up . Her masts were broken off close to the deck , and part of her stern was gone . From fragments which were afterwards picked up there is reason to be * here that the ill-fated ship was the Edward and fcophia , from the north , for Southend . Of the crew nothing has been heard , and we fear they have all met with a watery grave .
Redemption Societv.—The Principal Subjec...
THE JUDGE OP THE LIVERPOOL COUA'TY COURT . LORD CARLISLE'S COURT OF INQUIRY . At ten o ' clock on Wednesday morning , the Earl of Carlisle , accompanied by Mr . Eliice , the attorney general of the Duchy of Lancaster , and Mr . F . Dawes Danvers , his secretary , took his seat on the bench in the Court-house , to inquire into the conduct of William Ramshay , E < q „ judgo of the Liverpool County Court . For the memoralists , Mr . Monk and Mr . Tindal Atkinson were engaged as counsel ; and for Mr . Ramshay , the advocates were Mr . Sergeant Wilkins , Mr . Ovens , Mr . Sowler , and Mr . Thorburne . The proceedings were opened by his lordship directing the secretary to read the memorial and correspondence relative thereto . While the documents were reading , Mr Ramshay entered the court .
Mr . Mosk then proceeded to state the case , and referred to the various allegations made in the memorial . He next went through the proceedings of Ramshay , since he had taken his seat after the inquiry into his conduct , which took place before his lordship in London , and especially dwelt upon the speeches made in his court , where he appeared to think himself an object of persecution , and seemed resolved to resist it . The first time Mr . Ramshay took his seat oh the bench after the former inquiry was on the 25 th of August ; and it was of his conduct from that date that the memorial which complained of too judge's conduct had more especial reference . [ At this stage , of the p roceedings , the wit » ej « e & wew . 0 Tj | -Teu oufirf ^ Jjie coartij ^ r ^ Mdnk'th ^ oaliBa' h ^ r ^ dship ' s
attention to the mode in which the judge of the county court had proceeded to apprehend Mr . Whitty without a warrant , and went on to read the report of the proceedings , wherein it was stated that Mr . Whitty refused to go without a warrant , but said he would wait an hour while the bailiffs went to get one . The next circumstances , was the appro * nension of a man named Hadden , who was fined 5 s . for speaking rather loud in an ante-room of the county court , although he apologised , and certainly badnever intended to insult the judge or the court . And shortly afterwards another person , who was also talking rather loud , was brought up , the judge saying , " Bring him in here—I am tired of imposing penalties . " But this man was also fined , that being the sixth penalty inflicted on the same day . The learned counsel then went through the evidence of the witnesses connected with Mr . Whitty's apprehension , and called his lordship ' s
attention to the number of fines inflicted during those proceedings for trifling offences—or , more strictly , for no offence at all . Reverting to the placard , Mr . Monk said the paper itself contained not one word of comment on the judge ' s conduct . Mr . ltamshay ' a own decision was that the line alone in the placard was the offence which Mr . Whitty had committed ; and it was evident that the whole proceedings evinced a want of that patience , temper , and impartiality which were indispensable in a judge . And he should place witnesses before his lordship who would prove that Mr . Ramshay had both decided cases after hearing one side only , and also imposed a regulation by which the greater part of debts below 10 s . were virtually confiscated . Mr . Sergeant Wilkins submitting that the learned counsel must confine himself to the terms of his memorial . His lordship sided with the learned sergeant .
A note was handed to Sergeant Wilkins from Mr . Ramshay , who requested that the points referred to by Mr . Monk should be investigated . Mr . Monk resumed , referring to that part of Mr . Ramshay ' s address in court which stated that he did not care if it took a regiment of soldiers he would bring up every man who laughed at his officers or was guilty of any insult to them or the Court ; he submitted that this showed a very great want of temper , and as to the words addressed to his witness , " i ' ou ass , do you not known that a hand doubled is a fist . " Mr . Monk said that he would offer no comment on that , as it , must bo manifest the expression was wholly improper in a judge . The learned counsel then proceeded to read the reports of the proceedings in the case
of Brown the tailor , who was committed by Mr . Ramshay for contempt in applauding a sentiment uttered by Sir George Stephen . Here was a poor journeyman tailor dragged to Lan-. caster Castle in the middle of the night , whero on arrival the ofiicer found he was without a warrant , and the gaoler refused to receive him as a prisoner . After keeping him about the town all night , the officer brought him back to Liverpool , and was again shut up in the cell of the county court , and subsequently liberated on a payment of 5 s . There was another man , a Mr . Caldwell , a flour-dealer , who -was brought up for the same ofieiice , but merely because he was a " more respectable" man , Mr . Ramshay gave him the option of paying a fine of £ 5 , or going to prison for seven days ; and
ultimately remitted it altogether . That seemed an odd way of measuring a degree of contempt ; in which the distinction was made in favour of the man whose position rendered the act more unpardonable while the punishment was inflicted on the poor man with the utmost severity . But there was a small circumstance which he ought here to mention , and he would g ive it in the witness ' s own words , as it would afterwards be given before his lordship . One John Jones was brought up for putting his hat on in an outer room , while leaving the court , without one particle of evidence of intention to do anything wrong , and the judge said , " Do you know what I sit here for V I said , ' So , sir ; but to do justice 1 suppose . ' The judpe then said , ' I'll teach you what I sit here fur : I'll teach the people of
Liverpool to treat this court with respect . You are fined 10 s . for contempt of court . ' 1 said , * I'm a very poor man , and can ' t afford to pay it , sir ; I mean't no harm . ' But 1 was sent to Lancaster Castle for two day »; 1 had but eightpence in my pocket , and hadtowalknlltheway back , more than fifiy miles . '" The learned counsel said that such a punishment for really no offence , and after the poor fellow had apologised , showed that the judge was either unfit or incapable of fulfilling his duties with impartiality . But unfortunately it was only a portion of the system which that learned gentleman had pursued ; as , for instacce , his address to Mr . Whitty , " You look like a man in whose face the worst passions of our nature are pourtrayed . For the disgraceful offence of which you have been convicted ,
you shall be committed to Lancaster Castle for seven days . " And that was merely for insulting a bailiff . Why , if it had been one of those cases which were tried in criminal courts the language could not have been more strongly expressed to characterise a most disgusting crime . Mr . Ramshay had also said that he was not going to be bailiff and judge in his own court ; how much it was to be wished ( said the learned counsel ) that the judge had had as much objection to be accuser as well as judge , as he had to bei & g bailiff of his court . These circumstances would be laid before his lordship by the witnesses themselves , and he submitted that they would fullv establish the allegations of the memorial , that Mr . Ramshay had exhibited a want of proper temper , moderation , and discretion , in the exercise of his office , and either on the point of incapacity Or misbehaviour , his lordship would have ample ground for the removal of Mr . Ramshay from his officeThe case might be safely left here , but there
. was another circunmance which must be presented to his lordship ' s notice . A person named Joyce , who had assisted at the attempted apprehension of Mr . Whitty—not a bailiff of the court—while giving his evidence , was advised by the judge to bring his action in that court , and to lay the damages at £ 50 ; " when , " said the judge , " if the case should be tried before me , I do not know that I ought to CUt down the damages . " Surely that was a most improper exercise of the judicial functions ; and he ( the learned counsel ) would now take his lordship ' s direction as to whether this part of the case of the memorialists * which comprised the case of Mr . Whitty , sen ., should be established by the evidence , or if the entire allegations must be proceeded with . Mr . Sergeant Wiuaa requested his lordship to have the entire ease which Mr . Ramshay would have to answer , at once before him ; hut , perhaps he would permit an adjournment for ten minutes .
To this proposition bis Lordship acceded , it being agreed that ilr . Tindal Atkinson should resume the case on behalf of the memoralists , proceeding with the reporter ' s notes on the case of Mr . ffhitty , jun . The reading of these occupied & considerable
time . The proceedings during the whole day were of the most prolix character , consisting chiefly of the reading of the various reports , which nave already appeared in the public prints , relative to Mr . Ramshay ' s court . It is expected that the investigation will last throughout the whole of the present week , unless his lordshi p should be inclined to aflord Mr . llamsnay time to prepare for his defence , after hearing the case against him , which it was stated would be applied for by Mr . Sergeant Wilkins as boob as the memorialists bare dosed their evidence .
And National Trades' Jotjml. * ¦:
AND NATIONAL TRADES' JOTJML . * ¦ :
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A Brief Biography Of Louis Kossuth. Grea...
A BRIEF BIOGRAPHY OF LOUIS KOSSUTH . Great men are of a twofold utility to their age , besides the actual services they render . They at onoe elevate and embod y the popular ideal of human character ; thus exciting that tendency to hero-worshi p which is an indestructible and beneficial instinct of our nature , and kindling aspirations after like excellence .
They also , by the curiosity which they excite , greatly augment the aggregate of popular knowledge , and make the people of different nations better acquainted with each other ' s history and country . It is to subserve , in some measure , both these ends—to make more familiar to our readers the person of Kossuth , and the facts of the Hungarian story—that we weave into the following narrative particulars carefull y collected from various sources .
In the Hungarian county of Thurvez , is a small town bearing the name of Kossuth-falva ( or ville ) , and the chief family of the place , wear on their arms , the ram rampant—Kos being the Hungarian name for ram . But it was not here that the man who has given . world-wide celebrity to the name was born . LiJce many who have risen to eminence by public services , he came of a decayed family , his father living , at the time of his birth—an event which different narratives assign to the years 1802 , 1804 , and 1808—on a small estate at Monok , in the county of Zemplin , in the North of Hungary , between the great river Theiss and the western arm of the Carpathian mountains . Here he was reared amidst
influences in which the strength ol the old forest barbarians mingled with the richness of orientalism—a combination that is strikingly visible in his person ; the oval face and delicate frame , the eyes of blue and grey , and features that seem ever trembling with sensibility , surrounded by a storm of black hair . The spot is spoken of as the Egypt and the Goshen of Hungary—the overflowings of the Theiss as fertilizing as those of the Nile , the mountain slopes bearing the Greek vine without and veins of gold within , and the sk y ever brig ht and soft—and its historical associations run as far hack as the time when Attila led
from beyond the Danube the avenging destroyers of the Roman Empire . Besides the general traditions of the country , there was the family legend , that no less than seventeen of its members had been impeached of treason b y the Austrian governments during the repeated wars of the Hungarians , between 1527 and 1715 , in defence of their popular and Protestant institutions . And to these potent influences of climate and legend , race and pedigree , were added the most powerful of all influences on the character of the future man —that of a high-minded and affectionate mother—who has lived , as did those women of
kindred spirit , the mothers of Cromwell and Napoleon , to follow the fortunes of her son to their heig ht } and alas ! to participate la his sublimel y sad reverse . True to the memories of his house , the elder Kossuth took arms in " the war of liberation , " as was called the crusade against Napoleon , in 1811 , and shed his blood in the battle of Leipsig . The younger was sent , in boyhood , to the ordinary gymnasia of the country , and in youth—now fatherless and poor , though of the rank of a gentleman—he entered the Lutheran College of Potok . Thence he advanced to the University of
Pesth ; where ho made the acquaintance of two distinguished writers , the brothers Kisfaludyi , and under their auspices cultivated as a branch of literature , his mother-tongue , which it had long been the fashion among the gentry to neglect for French and German , but in which his patriotic sympathies foresaw a sure way to the hearts of the people , who loved their native Magyar in proportion as it was despised by the rich . Intended for the legal profession , he entered at Pesth the office of a . notary , worked there for several years , and obtained his diploma as an advocate—equivalent to our " call to the bar . "
It was in 1830 that he made his appearance in the comitat , or county meeting of Zemplin , where the deputies to the Diet were elected and instructed how to act . Two Subjects gave immediate employment to the young orator—the cholera and the Polish insurrection . The ignorant and superstitious peasantry had been persuaded that the many deaths and much suffering inflicted b y the mysterious malady , were the result of poison , sold by Jews to the nobles for the destruction of their serfs . Many of tliein rose upon their masters , and it was Kossuth almost alone who had the courage and skill to disabuse and soothe them . Great was tho sympathy of the Hungarians with the Poles
and Zemplin was induced , by the contageous ardour of its native orator , to beceme the focus of sixteen comitats , who sent a deputation to Vienna , demanding leave to raise a great army in support of the Polish cause . Mettcrnich and tho Austrian Cabinet , from jealousy of what Russia had recently gained from the Turks , were not altogether indisposed to sanction this ; but before anything could be done , beyond sending a few volunteers—among whom wasPerczel . adistinguishedgeneral in the late war , and one of Kossuth ' s fellow exiles—the patriots were crushed , and Hungary , like England , then and now , became the refuge in flight of those it would fain have aided in the field .
It is a peculiarity of the Hungarian constitution that in its Diet peeresses , or lady magnates , sit by proxy ; and delegates may also be represented by deputy—and as the instructions of the comitats are very precise , the country gentlemen frequently employ advocates thus to speak for them . Kossuth appears to have sat in the Diet convened in 1832—for the second time in a period of more than fifteen years , during which Mettcrnich had wanted nothing of Hungary that could not be obtained without the will of the Parliament—in both these
capacities ; as the representative of a noble lady , and of one or more of the deputies . A public press existed , and professed to report the proceedings of the Diet ; but Austrian censorship—contrary to the Hungarian constitution—contrived to make both report and criticism a mere pretence . Kossuthalready animated with hatred to this power , which had converted an elective and limited monarchy into a tyranny—conceived the project of inspiring the press with new life . He undertook , therefore , the report of the debate ? , and added to the record inspiriting comments . When this was tut down , he evaded the Government by lithographing his reports , and , to prevent them being stopped in the
post-office , circulated them through the country by means of the officers of the comitats ; whose debates he also made public in the same manner , when the Diet had closed , Baron Wesselenzi — a man of gigantic stature , and indomitable spirit—was at the head of the party of which Kossuth had thus made himself the spirit and the tongue . The former , the Austrian government prosecuted , in 1 S 37 , for a pretended conspiracy . Kossuth was his advocate , but unsuccessfully , and was soon his companion in imprisonment . Wesselenzi , Eljhaz , Kossuth , and others , were thrown into the Newhauss , a fortress in Pesth , where Wesselenzi became blind , and another a maniac ! Kossuth was in prison two years
without trial , was then impeached of hig h treason , and condemned to four years' imprisonment . The liberation of these captives became , at once , an absorbing Question with the comitate ; and when imperial necessities required the summoningof another Diet , the deputies were instructed to dem and , in the first place , the revocation of the illegal proceedings under which the patriots had been incarcerated . When the government demanded 18 , 000 recruits , they found it , after half a year ' s strugg le—though opposed by a very small minority in the upper Chamber , and a bare half of the lower—impossible
to be obtained without some concessions ; and , accordingly , in 1840 , an amnesty was granted , and the most obnoxious of the Ministry removed . Kossuth bad put his imprisonment to no small advantage . He had studied , during his three years' detention , the revolutionary periods of French and English history enriched his native eloquence from the worldmirroring pages of Shakespeare , and , moreover , wooed and won the daughter of a fellow-prisonerthe lady Theresa Meszlenyi ; whom he married in 1841 , the authorities of the Protestant and Catholic Churches ( the lady belonging to the latter ) sanctioning the union . Thus armed with new powers ,
A Brief Biography Of Louis Kossuth. Grea...
and inspired with a new motive , -for what is ambition or patriotism without the love of woman , and the hope of trnnsmittina- to one ' s son an illustrious name ?—Kossuth returned with renewed and daunt , less ardour to the war of liberty . The Opposition in the Diet took him for their leader—the people received him in open arms as he emerged from the prison—and a subscri ption of 10 , 000 florins was made for his famil y . With the year 1841 , he commenced the editorship of the "Pesthi Hislap ;" the publisher of which was glad to avail himself of Kossuth ' s name and talent , and felt insured , trom his possible imprudence bv the warning he had just received . But the editor , although not injudicious , was as bold as eloquent , and soon raised the journal -to an unparalleled circuation . In its columns lie not only defended '
the rights of the comi ' tats , " and urged the formation of a great national party in oppositioi & it & Austrian oppression , but prepared the public 'Wd ' tor those great financial " and civil measures ' wjlich are the basis of his fame . The Conservative ffivr ' ty ? started a rival journal , but its talented youngeaitfefc was prematurel y cut off bv death , and the whol & power of the press seemed in the hands of Koss ' uM- ' The government managed , however , to defeat liin * _ as a candidate for the Diet of 1843 , and under-tbjfc same influences , the publisher of the Pesth paper displaced him from its control . Kossuth weafcto " Vienna to solicit from the government tho necessary penniflsion to originate another newspaper , whiqto t fas . of- course , refused , but large offers . -welL i « ide for the service of his pen on the
otliersidewhich were spurned as they deserved to be . On his return , he commenced an agitation among'the trading and industrious classes , in order to raise an organised opposition to the Austrian tariff , which , in order to make Hungary politic i [ ly subservient , kept her exclusively dependent on Austria for her markets , forbidding export or import through other channels . It was in ISM ho formed the " Yedegylet / ' 11 league of 80 , 00 D persons , pledged not to use , in any form , Austrian goods . Austrian manufacturers were obliged , in self-defence , to establish manufactories in Hungary ; while the working men of that country were organised by this unresting spirit into trade . unions and co-operative societies . The year 1848 was signalised by the adhesion of Count Louis llatthyani , a nobleman whose house had given generals , ambassadors , archbishops , and even palatines to his country , and who had hitherto been the leader of the Conservative party . The Austrian government had made a bold attempt upon
the municipal liberties which Hungary had enjoyed for eighteen centuries , by designing to substitute for officers answering to our Lord-Lieutenants of counties , commoners appointed and paid by the crown . Under the presidency of the court , public meetings , or rather , conferences , were held in nearly all the counties , at which Kossuth expounded with great argumentative power the constitution of Hungary , and rallied the proprietors in its defence . These meetings were continued up to the opening of the Diet , in the autumn of 1817 . To this Diet Kossuth was returned for the first time , a member for the city of Pesth . Count Louis and other of the Opposition leaders , with several noble ladies , exerted their utmost influence in his favour , and triumphed over all the arts of the government . They also proposed to purchase for Kossuth a handsome property ; but this he , who has been so malignantly accused of peculation and cupidity , declined , preferring to derive his support from tho little estate he had procured by the pvoeeeds of his
pen , He at once took the lead in the Chamber of Deputies ; and it was chiefly by his influence that the Hungarian Archduke Stephen was chosen Palatine in the place of the Archduke John , who had died some m <; nths before . He proceeded immediately to announce a project of reform which would have secured him immortal celebrity had his career terminated with its adoption by the Parliament—a scheme to purify and re-invigorate the municipalities , and to emancipate the serf peasantry . In the comitats , which we have repeatedly mentioned , it was only the nobles that were represented ; but the nobility of Hungary had no resemblance to that of England at the present day—the whole condition of society there , indeed , seems rather to have
resembled tliat of our own country in the transition period of the rival roses , when there was a large class of freemen—the yeomen of the country , and the merchants , traders , and artisans of the townsbut another class of nf rieulturnl serfs , ov '' villeins " as they were called . So in Hungary up to the time of which we are writing . The nobility were all those who had descended from originally patrician families , however remote the linkage , atld llOWeVCl ' reduced the descendant . This traditional aristocracy , mingled with tho mass of the people—became merchants ^ , manufacturer , farmers , or professional men ,- and were only distinguished by political privileges . They amounted , in some counties to as many as 25 , 000 or 30 , 000 in number . Now that the Austrian government had resolved to subjugate the
comitats , t-y substituting for the Count Palatine , frequently absent in the upper Chamber of the Diet , a ltoyal Administrator—who would carry out the decrees of the government without submitting them to the county meeting—Kossuth saw that the onl y way to counteract thciu was by enlarging the constituency;— " not to make the condition of Hungary sucii thnt there should be 110 privileges for the few , but to erect a temple of liberty for all the people . " He proposed , therefore , to admit the serf to the political rights of the noble . But that serf must first be socially enfranchised . Actual vasialage had been abolished under Maria Theresa in 1705 ; but the peasant still had to pay his landlord " robot , " or rent in labour or lund , and do service to the State—in the words of Kossuth himself , •* the agriculturist had to work for his landlord 104 days in the year . If you take off the Sundays , the festival days , and the winter , why what remained
to him ? But still he had to give a ninth of his produce to the seigneur , and a tenth , or tithe , to the bishop . " In 1830 , the party of which Kossuth was then the inspiration , had proposed in the Diet , that the peasant should have a right to emancipate himself from his feudal and seiguorial burdens by paying ott' the capital sum to which thuy amounted , " estiTnated at the rate of five or eight per cent . " At first it was proposed that this should bo tho independent rhiht of the peasant , but as it was found impossible to cany that against the mag-¦ nates and the government , it w « s modified to a privilege dependent 011 the consent of the landlord . But even in that shape , the project , though agreed to by both chambers of the Diet , was rejected by the government ; and there was an end of it for tlie time . . Now , in November , 1 S 47 , on the eve of the French revolution—but before its outbreak could have been forseen—Kossuth reintroduced the project . It was preluded by a sort of general
declaration of grievances . " When we came to the Diet , " says Kossuth , " the first question I proposed , according to the instructions of my- constituents , was , that the municipal institutions of the country should be upheld in theirn . ifcuralpuri cy ^ ind that the system of arbitrators should be put aside , and that ]• ' this motion was not carried 110 taxes should be voted . On this motion the House of Commons and the House of Lords did not agree for two months . It was necessary that both should agree to carry a [ bill or resolution ] before it could be laid before the king ; but there was no limit to the number of communications which might have passed between the two houses , so that they might go on to the number of 100 or 300 till the question
was settled or abandoned . " It was d uring this struggle that the French revolution , broke out . In his own striking phrase , Kossuth resolved to seize " the opportunity which God had given , not Hungary made ;"—he generously resolved—he who has been libelled with h tving funned the pride of race in the bOSOm Of the M igyar , and oppressed the Sclave—to demand of the Austri in monarchy the restoration of constitutional rig ht to all the provinces of the empire . In a magnificent oration , delivered on the 2 nd of March , 1848 , he moved an address to ( the Emperor embodying this demand ; and was deputed , with Count Louis Batthyani to carry it to Vienna . Before he left , a national minstry was appointed , with the Count at its head , hinueif Minister of Finance , and Prince Estorhazy of Foreign Atfairs—a national guard was organised at Prcsburg—and patriotic associations were
established in all the chief towns , Above all , he had carried , in a parliament of landlords , the unconditional emancipation of the peasantry—that is , virtually unconditionally ; for the proprietors had only his assurance , as Financial Minister , that the national property was rich enough to compensate them—and a measure of reform , admitting every one to the county suffrage who possessed property worth 300 florins ( £ 30 sterling ) , or 8 acres of land . It was to obtain the sanction of the Emperor to theso large demands , and the ratification of his own appointment that , on the loth of March , he appeared in Vienna , then in possession of the people , who had risen in emulation of the eitmns of Paris . The National Guard and the students received the deputation in triumph , and threatened to storm the palace if their demands were not granted . It was then , as he says , that he held the life of the dynasty in his hand . He returned to Pesth a
A Brief Biography Of Louis Kossuth. Grea...
Minister orthB ) 6 mpire and of Hungary , authorized by the monarch of both kingdoms to " carry out the schemes -Which , had so long brooded in his noble intellect andioSmmanded bis eloquent advocacy . ; The DietSHfaV dissolved , and another summoned for ; the . 2 nd ; of ** July—for a Diet that sat from 1832 to ! 1836 i 3 the ' l ; 3 Iungarians call their Long . Parlia" meni ^ sspiBiiiar is the spirit of their constitution to ithatiSofttcdar' own . ' By this time , ' the sedition P t \ h' ^ 4 on | t . been ' fomenting among the savage tuheajO . f ^ f ^ tia- ^ apro vince ot Hungary , sepafatdd CF ^^ i feby ^ thoVriTer Drave-e-had broken outuntb ' armedi ^ belHoh j . and ,. threatened invasion nmlet ? f " a M 9 Mth ^ It was ' of ' course thought , by the . lovally j . unsus-P' ?» op . ^ at : the : Emperor had but to commandos
^? seljt . O ; i * tire ; 'an < l he would be obeyed . V ^ Couiit iBatttiy && was off these- ; aiid ' even after a . ConferettQewjtK Jellabhich , afc .- Innspruck—at whieh the Jatte ^& Upasted they-would meet again " ' ori the ptnUllQj . { that 19 , within ; the bonndaries ' ^ Hunrg » ry ;) -Continued to carry on amicable intercourse Itfity M $ Court . Kossuth saw througti "§ th $ con-: spiracy , ; and resigned his post in the Mihis { £ y , but ¦ $ a ? soon compelled , by the popular voiceVkb re-6 iime ; it . The Diet had removed "its- sipfngs from . Presburg , a small town oh the Austri » : u ; % ontipr , to the noble city ^ of Buda ^ psth , In ' $ qjr 1 i [ er Of his ijoidst celebratediOi-afcibns-TeYery oub % If ^ htc 'h was ap eVent—Kossuthr ' demanded au *^ tjjai 6 rdidary ^ ontrihiltion of ^ 5 0 ^ 0 ^ 0 aj . Qf ^ floJuMMdfglBT ^ ' 200 , pn | Liueu 1 ! wbic ^ tiori . After along and eloquerir ' argunient ho exclaimed , "To-day we ' are the miniatevs of this nation , to-morrow there may be others . This is a
matter of no consequence . ' The ministry Ciin change , but thou , O my country . ' must for ever endure ; and with this or another ministry , the nation must preserve the fatherland . Therefore , to avoid all misunderstandings , I say outright , and solemnly that , if I ask . this House for 200 , o 0 o soldiers , and the necessary sums thereto , and they do not— " Before he could finish his sentence the House , worked up to an intense pitch of excitement by the speech , rose as onemari , and shouted , "We give it , wo give it ! " It is said that all Kossuth could do in reply , was to bow low to the audience , the tears flowing down his cheeks , with the words . " 1 bow myself before the greatness of this nation . If there be as much energy in the execution as there has been patriotism in the offer , hell itself could never conquer Hungary . " The effect of t ' lis speech was such , that the President of the Assembly left his seat to embrace the orator , and the House adjourned , unable to attend any other business .
We cannot further follow one by one the steps of this great man—and we need not , for they are now imprinted on tho memory of the Ration . Wo would fain tell how Hapsburg perjury became manifest , and the Jellachich conspiracy was defeated—how the Palatine Avch-dukc Stephen fled from the head ofhia brave Hungarian army , and Kossuth was appointed in his stead—how Latour , the Austrian minister , fell a victim in Vienna to his own attempted treachery upon the Hungarians and Viennese—how Lemberg , sent by the Emperor to govern Hungary as his alter ego , was outlawed by the Diet , and slain by the populace on the bridge that connects Buda and Pesth—how the undisciplined valour of tho Hungarians chased Jellachinch to tho gates of Vienna , and would
have put that city beyond reach of Windischratz and bombardmcnS , but for the timidity and indecision of the revolutionary leaders—how , in one campaign , the savage hordes of tho Ban and the veteran troops of Ilaynau wore beaten back from the Theiss to the Danube—how , when a Russian army was on the frontier , tiie spirit of the nation rising to the height of Che great exigency , the Declaration of Hungarian Independence was issued from Debreczin , on the 14 th of April , 1819—how the bravery of the people , headed by Hem , Guyon , Dembinski , and Klapka , all inspired and guided by him whoso genius combined the eloquence of Chatham with the talent of Carnot ; and refuse to despair until tho traitor Gorgey first took from
the Eclf-sacrificing Dictator the power to control , aud then used it to betray—how the Conservative patriot Schzeni went mad with grief , the treacherous Zichy was hanged , the venerable Louis Batthyani \ gibbeted at Pesth , and thirteen noble prisoners of war at Arad—and , finally , how Kossuth and a little army of compatriots , escaping hither aiiJ thither ,, have ' pTOea ^ h a piison-refuge , owed their liberation to the humane fidelity of a Turk , and now , superior to calumny as to ill-fortune , are the honoured and beloved guests of two hemispheres . On all thij would we dwell—but time and space fail , May we have the happiness of some time continuing this brief biography of Louis Kossuth , to the day when he reassames the unadorned throne of Hungary , the ruler as well as the idol of his noble native land!—iVoncon / onm ' iii .
Trial By Jury, On Thursday Evening Tbe F...
TRIAL BY JURY , On Thursday evening tbe fifty-seventb anniversary of the acquittal of Thomas Hard y , John Home Tooke , and John Thelwall from a charge of hi gh treason was celebrated by the friends of parliamentary reform , at Radley ' s Hotel , Bridge street , Blackfriars . About one hundred gentlemen sat down to an excellent dinner . Dr . Epps presided . On tbe removal of the cloth , the Chairman gave as the first toast ' The sovereignity of the
people . ' He said the people might sometimes be led into excess , but ^ for that excess ' educa . tion wouhT be the remedy , and besides , their worst excesses , even during- the first French Revolution , were as nothing compared to the cruelties now daily perpetrated in Austria , in Hungary , and in Italy . ( Hear , hear . ) There should be no despot but the Creator , and after him the only safe depository of power was the universal people . ( Hear . ) The toast was drunk standing with three times three . The next toast was * The Queen . '
The Chairman said : Her Majesty was most different from the sovereigns of continental Europe , for whom he most sincerel y prayed that for their misdeeds they might before long bo brought before a jury of twelve honest men . ( Cheers . ) But although they were willing to have a queen bee , like the republicans of the hive , they did not want an oligarch y of lords and bishops , or other drones , o whom the Queen seemed as tired as themselves , for she retreated as often as she could to Osborne to get rid of their tiresome ceremonies aud importunities . ( Cheers . ) He hoped tbe day would come when our Queen would be no longer the head of the church , but that we should have such a parliament as woulcl sever the accursed union of church and
state , as until that was done there would bo no true realisation of the sovereignty of the people . ( Cheers . ) The toast was received with the usual honours . Mr . T . Hunt rose to give the Charter toast of the evening , ' Trial by Jury . ' He said he trusted that in drinking it they would not feel that they were toasting a mere
institution rather than the action of a * living spirit . Trial by jury was , in fact , the best specimen of the English living spirit . ( Hear , hear . ) If tho present generation acted only up to that spirit , they would not onl y retain the institution of trial by jury , but would obtain that perfect representation which would be their onl y sure means of controlling taxation . —The toast was received with much
enthusiasm . —Mr . J . W . Fox , M . P ., in giving The memories of Hardy , Tooke , and Thelwall , ' said it was a remarkable thing that fifty-seven years after the trial of these men they were commemorating their deliveranceand why ? because their deliverance was the establishment of a new principle—because it saved this country from the doctrine of constructive treason —( hear , hoar)—a doctrine which , by its cumulative process , would leave no man safe , however cautious or innocent . AVhat was the promise of a new reform bill b y the government but a concession to the princip les asserted GO years ago ;? ( Cheers . ) There was at the present moment no excitementthe reform act had turned out to be what it had promised to be , a compromise ; and no-
Trial By Jury, On Thursday Evening Tbe F...
, t- , ' .: ^ ;| if ^ h 0 . d 3 fc . was . surprised ¦ -or ^ Al ^ ppin ^ e ^^^ - ' LorlpJTibfi RusseJl tookM ^ ears ^ ti ^ d ^ ip he might hav ^ ascertimiM friW he iakeu the ti-oui . le . ^^ h eers . ) , ^ B ^ t | i |';; promised gi ' ernnieni ' , ir ^ s ufe / . w { i 8 ^ i |^|(^ , ' ; whilefthe creed and ;^!^ ft ^ fi ^ - w h aOhey ' vyf anted' wasl ' fullj ^ e ^; ^ " ! ~ ^ %£ epre 8 erjr ^ ¦ l ' ^ Iflifieant ' corrupt boroughs . ;^ tna ^' tHeyii "' ^^ Pll ?^ no noyelties . ' {¦ Trienni HJ ^ evean ; ^"""^• v fi ^ . rliiim ents , rha ( l , beeih : : tnefebefflrft ; U '
™ WWj haa biteh tried before , o « UuiaJ 6 o > ah }> extremely ' , extended 8 uff ™^ .:. ri 3 "W « it ^ tfiei > - - , wanted , rjin ? . fact , was ( much ; . more & conBti . 3 ptutionaf ^ than the - whig Substitute' that I they . i | had ^ obtained in '¦ : 1832 i v < Where foir instance ^ had they ^ fouiidi ? the i : £ loksuffrage— -where had they- fpund- ' th ^ principle of substituting brieks-for - bvaitis' ? ' ( Gheera and- laughter . ) B y thai ^ nchise they had let in the most dependent aiiu subservient class , the small shopkeepers , and had kept out the most independent , ihv intelligent operatives . ( Loud cheers . ) But thoy . were found
to wait with respect for Lord John s measure , but not too trustingly , and their distru & t would be increased by recent articles in . the : Whig press . He ( Mr . Fox ) had himself be . n misrepresented , to the effect thatihw had pro osed to exclude aril lords from the Legislature , He wished to exclude no lords who , like Lord Dudley Stuart , Lord Duncan , or Lord John Russell himself , had won the confidence of large constituencies ; but that was no reason why lords and lordlings should make their way into parliament b y means of small and corrupt boroughs of' 200 ' or 300 Voters . He had uttered
* similar sentiments at a recent meeting at . Bury in Laucaehire , aiid the papers had informed the pnSlic it was a small place , not like Bury ; StfjEfimunds . True , Bury St . ^ mmidlcfinta ^ g' ^ as . qpo inhabitants , J 3 ury ; i &! iBauQ ^ hir |^ ntauiRd ; 70 ^ 000 . > Byy f > St . Edmunds sent two iordlings ' to parliament , Bury in Lancashire sent only one an intelligent ironmonger , andr inhabitant ' of the town . ( Loud cheers . )' - So it wont
on through the list . The large towns were comparatively unrepresented ,- while the small , and corrupt , ami decayed ones h ; . d all the parliamentary inttuence . Lot them , then , toast the memories of tho early advocates of free representation , not in solemn silnce , but in full cheerfulness for the hopeful future which most surely awaited their princi ples . ( Cdcors . ) Tho toast whs , contrary to the annual custom , drunk with loud cheers and thvee times throe .
The Chairman read a letter from a person named Hall , COinjiLiiiiing that Hardy ' s monument in Bunhill-fields was going to decay , and suggesting a small subscription for its renovation . Tho suag »> stion was well received hy the meeting , jlr . Parry save the memory t . f the Scottish m ' nrtyrs , Muir , Palmer , and others , with a warm eulogy on their merits ; iiiJ patriotism . ( The toast was received with loud cheers . ) Air . Masson gave— " Radical reform of all abuses , and a full and truo rism'osontation of cfic people in pirliami'in . " " Tbe Tress , " " The Chairman , " and the other to ; ists on tho list were then disposed of , and the company teyuvated
Frightful Death On Board A Steam Boat.— ...
Frightful Death on Board a Steam Boat . — On Thursday afternoon , Mr . Carttar held an inquest at the White Hart , Erith , to inquire into the death of George Owen , tavern keeper , Uear-street , Loiccster-squ .-ire , who was killed 011 Tuesday last on hoard tho Queen of the Thames steam-boat . The circumstances ( which will be found in our 0 th page ) were sworn to hy tho witnesses , when the jury returned a verdict of" Accidental death . " The Alleged Muisder of a "Wife nv her Husband . —An . inquest was held on the body of Mrs . Elizabeth Dorothea Davis , aged 32 , who it was alleged , had lieun murdered by Thomas Davis , hei husband , who stands rema . vded from Clcrkcnwch I ' olico Court . Tho jury , utter hearing evidence , returned a verdict , " That t'lv ( Ict / iascil ( iied from inflammation of the iirm , but how caustd Uumi was not sufficient evidence to show . "
Druadfw , Steamdoat Explosion' at Bristol . — On Wednesday a steam tug named the Lad y Emily on the screw principle , blew ap on rhf ; river Avon , with a terrible uoise , and on the smoke , clearing off not a vestige of the steamer was visible . Thy deck had been rent to piuces , the fragment * were hurled into the air , and descended into the fields on both , sides of the water , while the hull , shattered and torn asunder , sunk to the bottom of the canal , which is about twenty feet deep in that spot . At the time the explosion took place the crew consisted of four persons , three of whom were killed on the spot ; the other has since died .
riilKS . —A fil'O luippouud at half-pusl two o ' clock on Thursday morning , at No . 22 , Mint-street , Borough , in tho occupation of Mr . John Court , grocer and cheese-monger , which was nearly attended with a loss 0 / two Jives . The residents having been aroused , they all succeeded in ctfi'CLing il Safe retreat , except two persons , who fell .- " useless to the floor , on account , of the density of the smoke . Fortunately , i » e Uoyri ! Society ' s fire escape came down just ii ! time , and the conductor having mounted the machine , iuueeeded in saving their lives , T 1 h > fire was not subdued until the whole of Mr . Coui't ' s stock in tr'ide was destroyed . The sufferer wtin insured in the British Empire Fire-office .
Another took place in the premises of Mr . Miller , tobhcconist , No . 11 , Harking Church-yard . The engines of U « r Majesty ' s Customs , Brigade , and West of England arrived us caily as possible , and the flames wen ; extinguished after considerable damage was done . About the same time a fire happened in the riromisoi- of Mr . Bryan , j Vo . 23 , Lambeth-road . Timely aid having been procured the fire was io : £ iiiguished before any very considerable damage was done . Two other fires took place about the same hour ; and one at No . 23 , Upper Chadwell-place , JUyddleton-square , in the occupation of Mr . F . Tallis ; the other in the premises of Mr . J . Stebbum , Daland-row , Cannoii-steeet , City .
Prepay all your Lettkhs , —All letters for tho United Kingdom posted from this day , Nov . 1 st , must bo prepaid by stamps or sent unpaid . The "Cape Town Mail" announces the arrival at the colony of Mrs . Pfdfter , the lady wlio has travelled round the world . She intended , it is said , to set out on a tour in the interior . Official Announcements . —Mr . W . Corrie is appointed police magistrate for the district of the metropolis . Mr . Govrie was deputy steward of tho Palace Court at tbe period of its abolition ; and the annual compensation then awarded to him is sared to the public , and is to be deducted from his present salary according to the decision of the Treasury . Mr . William Follet Synge of the Foreign office , has proceeded to Washington * f attache to Her Majesty ' s mission in the Uni » eu States . — Observer .
'Lue Newspaper Pkess is America . —The "Reformer ' s Almanack , " in an article on the Taxes on Knowledge , snyn : — " America has far outstripped England in the diffusion of intelligence by means of the newspaper press . While London , with a population of two millions , has but ten daily papers ; New York , with . 700 , 000 , has fifteen ; none of them costing mow . tlv . \ n twopence , and the circulation of some exceeding that , of the whole of tho London dailies . Every county and town , and frequently village , has its newspaper ; and these are ably conducted ; contain telegraphic intelligence to a hundred times greater extent . than our own papers , and are , generally speaking , free from objection on the SUOl'O Of moiUtiB iilid propriety . Three-fourths of all the families in America take a daily paper . Nearly every mechanic has one , and has it , not when the news has become stale , or after it has been thumped by a score of previous readers , but on his breakfast table between six and seven in the
morning , and that , too , at a cost of but 3 d . aweek ! All this is , no doubt , attributable p irtly to other circumstances , but it is mainly due to the freedom of the American presss from fiscal restrictions . It pays neither paper , advertisement , nor stamp duty , and the proprietors have to compl y With no Other prerequisites , and are subject to no moreliabilitos , "than any one starting a blacksmith ' s shop !" "Death op Lord President Hope . —With deep regret wo have to announce the death of the iti ghc Hon . Charles Hope , who so long , so ably , and so acceptably filled tho office of President of the Court of Session , and who has now expired at the ape of nearly fourscore and ten , leaving behind him a reputation which his brethren or successors will find it difficult to rival . The melancholy event occurred on Friday , Oct . 31 st , at his house in Moray-place . —fidinlurah Advertiser ,
SiitEowARn E , Disbrovtk , Bristol , Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of tho Netherlands , died at the Ilaeue on the 29 th ult . 5 Messrs . Barclay a . md Perkins' brewing rinn pay the Income-tax Commissioners £ 6 , 000 a- \ ear they estimate their profits at £ 200 , 000 a-year . ''
Tike Hollow A-S'S Tills To Cure Asthmati...
TiKE Hollow a-s's Tills to cure Asthmatic ^ Complaints , Old toughs , and Affections of the Chest . —The extraordinary efficacy of these invaluable Pdlsiu the miroofconiplainis alKcting the chest , whether arisint' from asthma , OW COUghS , Ol" OCaUSioUul Colds , is now so well attested by numbers of persons , both at home aud ali-oad , that have been cured by their use , that IlolU-waj ' s I'ills have become the most popular remedy for such diseases . A few doses will remove the phlegm , relieve the oppression : ot the chest , and thereby produce a healthy action ot thj lungs ; to assist it perfecting the cure , Uolloway ' s Ointment Should be rubbed into the cheat erery night .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 8, 1851, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_08111851/page/1/
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