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Northern Star (1837-1852), 9th August 1851, Edition 2 of 2, Page 3, . PUBLICATIONS KEOEIVED. The Girlhood of...

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    • Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.

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      Caligula's Example. "Ciacn Britons As Pa...

      CALIGULA'S EXAMPLE . " ciacn Britons as pay yearly rents * ' Of ten good ponnds . aud . rates beside—. go Acts of Parliament ^ proTidejjjy choose the " honourable " '' gents . Who very kindlyTinderSake—Merely , of course , for " honour ' s '' sake—Our clear and useful laws to make . . - pjp . styea or palaces—no matter . , . .. The test of voting fitness , Bent , Is universal , and is meant . fo show that Justice cannot flatter , Peers more tban pigs ; the testis fit For both—the house and not the wit ' . Of those inside , who pay for it . 3 ) o pigs pay . rent ? . Waith . they do ,. Or else ' tis paid by men who feed them . Peers' are a " fancy stock ; we breed them , provide them -victuals ; dwellings too J The parallel holds good all through ;

      They neither earn their meat- ^ -MEs do ; Ttt seen both deck'd with ribbons too But precedents may yet be cited , JEren from polished , classic Rome > . ( I ' or which see any schoolboy ' s tome ) That brutes , as citizens ,-were knighted—- 2 fay , more , were senators at times , - Ma le so by Emperors whose crimea I'd rather n ot -weave into rhymes . Shade of- Caligula ! behold _ , _ What value Englishmen do set On thy example even yet I Ihy horse , the senators were told To rank as one of them ; tue beast

      ? Was in brutality the least : .. Of thee and him' Rank Folly ' s feast Is still-set forth , and even yet Mankind , as in thy own foul time , Still " slavish wait on princely crime—StiU do their dignity forget I But not for ever in the mire . • ' Shall lie the torch of Freedom ' s fire—As soon shall holy Truth expire ! Potteries . W . B

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      The Six Colonies Of Sew Zealand. By W. F...

      The Six Colonies of Sew Zealand . By W . Fox . London : Parker and Son . Uew Zealand is ,. perhaps , one of the deplorable illustrations of the perversity of our Colonial office , and the systematic way 10 winch thai department of tbe : Executive does ' those things which it ought not to do , and leaves undone those things which it otigbt to do . ' The story of its misgovernment , and the deplorable consequences has often been told , but never before bo well as by Mr . Fox . In 18 i 0 the author left the Inner Temple , of which he is a member , with the intention of becoming a practical Colonist . Circumstances arose , however , which prevented ., him from converting a

      lawyer into a husbandman . He was called upon to fill "various offices of trust and responsibility for the New Zealand Company j and on leaving the country , at the breaking np of the Company's establishment , he was appointed honorary political agent in England for tbe Wellington Colonists . In the course of his official experience he became well acquainted with the various settlements , aud on hi 3 return home , after . nearly nine years residence in tbe colony , he found the 'ignorance of the many , who know nothing about it , only exceeded by the misapprehensions of the few , who know a little ; * under these circumstances he felt it an incumbent dut y to give the results of his experience .

      Mr . Fox divides his book into three sections . The first contains a descriptive and statistical account ef the islands ; the second is devoted to the natives ; the third to the goverment . 'Statistics , ' f description , ' and'thenatives / however , are "vesy different topics in Mr . Vox ' s bauds from what they are in the generality of publications on colonies . . Everything is fresh , the product of observation , or of reflection on the '^ rcality itself , not of statements about the facts , however able , There is an earnestness and directness about the book , which liter rary skill , however great it may be , does not " attain . The author proposes to furnish information of a certain kind , wit hwhicll Ms own mind is full , and he furnishes it—everything tbat is not essential . to the purpose is thrown aside .

      In looking at the geography and capabilities of the islands , and of the six settlements that have been founded , Mr . Fox sees . more than the mere material characteristics of each , or the kind of industry that physical circumstances of necessity g ive rise to . The extinction of the ' natives' is a fertile subject for declamation , projects and discussion . Mr . Fox treats of the subject , but in a more philosophical way . He pronounces

      extinction probable , almost certain , and that within two generations . Amalgamation might take : place if there were time , but there is not . The' causes which trill extinguish the aboriginal race are—1 . physical , and phy sical practices ( originating , however in mora ! defects ) ; 2 . moral . Notwithstanding the numbers who have written upon the subject , we have : never seen so clear an explanation ofthe action of what is so uniform as to seem an

      inevitable law—the . extinction of the Red before the civilized man ( for the Negro and the Mongolian have a power of . resistance ) . Having enumerated the five physical causes tbat are reducing the native race , Air . Fox proceeds to tbe moral . \ , The moral cause in operation is perhaps less obvious , but no less certainly at work , and probably little less" effective ' . ' It cohsists ' in a depreasionof spirits and energy , which in the mind of the savage ensues upon his contact with civilized : men . He soon sees his inferiority : ' his pride may struggle against ah admission of it for a time ,-r-he may still occasionally bedeck himself with the ornaments-of

      the warrior , " and endeavour-to shame by his , barbaric splendour the plainness" of civilized industry y but thegreat ships that throng his harbours , the ( to him ) magnificent buildings that spring up on every side , —the display , if there beany , of military force , —nay , what to the " colonial are the merest articles of . every- ' day use , his watch , his plough ^ his axe , " his pocket knife , all declare , in a language which he cannot mis-understand , that it is a superior race which has come to share bis country . From the day when he makes this

      acknowledgment to himself , he feels . that bis greatcess is ; departed , that his nation is henceforth a nation of Ilelotsj . He " cannot form in his mind the hope of rising to the level of the superior race jits existence , and everything connected with it , are a mystery to him—what the ybrth Americans call a " great niedicini ' , " the Sew Zealanders a Typo , or divinity . The " gulf between him and the new comer is too great ; . he- cannot conceive the possibility of bridging it , —so he sits down and broods in silence til his appointed time . . "¦!¦

      -.-The most probable method by which the operation of these , feelings could . Jhave been checked in New Zealand , Would' have been the , " encouragement , to tbe greatest extent compatibleJirith the general goternnientbf the colony , of thejnstitution of chieftainship ; which we found existingamong ^ thenatives The men of the' most enlarged minds , and ofthe greatest' influence were of that class ; and had they tottn , as I think . ' tbey ' mighfc ^ maintained in an - elevated position , and tji ' en ' ifendal . authority supported at least for some ' years , it would , have given them a position round , which tbe rest of the race

      ™ gbi hare rallied , and whence they might' have tften their first step towards one more elevated and pranced ; ' Bat ,, . with ' the- exception of tne ^^ founders' of theWellington settlemen t ; it has been * ' w policy of those ' ia . whose hands were tbe destinies ° f the natives , to discourage , the institution of c aieftainshi p , * and to reducejo . ajjenerai level all classes of natives . An ' mdividuarcbief may occasionally , and ' sometimes veryjndiscreetly , have been Mied arid encouraged . But . the ! " chieftainship , " a *> d the various shades of nobility and gentry sub ? ° rtinate to it , have'been allowed to ' sink into ruin , « M carry all along with them to a lower social level l before ; ' - - - : ¦ .

      The erection of this species of feudal society ^ "ght not have been easy under any circum-Sj & nces frith the missionaries on the spot and « e Government ; aty a distance , it seems to * ave been impossible . Familiarity , saya the Proverb ,, breeds ; contempt . " T 7 ith the Ne , w ^ ealander it produces ' something inorer-aver-® ° o > from his gross habits and grosser morals . ** o or three generations might have obviated tIU 3 , probably ; Im £ there " was still a difficulty ^ nnected with the chieftains . Those who Assessed energy of character enough to govern

      The Six Colonies Of Sew Zealand. By W. F...

      were loo energetic to be trusted to govern . This is a , well-known ruler—one specimen too of a 'convert . ' : . Eauperaha has often been described . His ernel treatment of his enemies , whom he ' seduced on board a ship , hanging them by hooks through their thumbs , cutting ' them to pieces , and boiling them for food'in the ship ' s coppers ; his treachery to his relative Te Pehi , whom in the critical - moment of battle he deserted , securing thereby his own elevation to the chieftainship of the tribe !;' and the part which he bore in the Wairau massacre ; are the leading events by which his name has become familiar to the English reader . After the latter event he placed himself under missionary

      protection ; , aud by pretended conversion and likening himself to St . Paul ,. he succeeded in hoodwinking his protectors , and persuading ; the . government bf hisi fidelity , at the very time that he was supplying Iiaugbiaeta , the open rebel with arnis and ammunition . Detects ! , seized , ' - and imprisoned on board , the Calliope frigate , he was releaecd at the end of a twelvemonth , and handed over to the chief of- the Waikatosj ' who became bail for his , good behaviour . Carried by him totbeXorth , he was upbraided by Teraia , the man eater , while the " mbre-generous TeWhero-whero endeavoured to ' sbothVis affliction . After a few months he was permitted to return to Otaki , the p lace , of his ; tribe . There ho resumed his - pretensions to sanctity . " I saw , " says an

      intelligent but newly arrived clergyman , who visited him at this time , " amongst the other nien of note the old and once powerful chief of Eauperaha ; and who notwithstanding his great age ' of more than eighty years , is seldom missed from'his class : and who after a long life of perpetual turmoil spent in all the savage excitement of cruel and bloody wars » is now to be seen every morning in hisaceustomed place , repeating those blessed truths which teach him to love the Lord with" alibis heart , and mind , and soul and strength , and his neighbour as himself . " Those who knew Jiauperaha better , . " may perhaps . doubt whether , the JEtbiop had so

      coinpletly changed his skin as to justify the belief in which an enlarged charity , exercised by an amiabie man , thus led its possessor to indulge . ' A few days bafore his death , when suffering' under the malady which carried him off , tffO settlers called to--see him .. While there a neighbouring missionary came in and offered him the consolations of religion . Bauperaba demeaned himself in a manner highly becoming such an -occasion ; ' but the moment the missionary was gone he turned to his other visitors and said , " What is the use of that nonsense ? that will do my belly no good . " He then turned the conversation on the , TVaganui races , where one of his guests had been running a horse .

      • Although two sections of the volume are devoted to the physical features and natural capabilities of the country , or to the position and prospects of the settler , or to the natives in'Various aspects , the subject of . the third section is found everywhere . The government no-government , or' misgovernment of Downing-street , meets the colonist everywhere , to vex or injure . The islands were snatched , by individual Englishmen from , foreign dominion not only without encouragement from government but in defiance of the Colonial Office ; but the first settlement in NewZealandno

      sooner gave signs that it would nourish , than it was pounced upon by . ' this Office , ' and perverted to purposes of patronage ... From that day to the present hour , the public money of this country has been uselessly squandered , and the prosperity of the colonists wantonly or igno ? rantly retarded by the Colonial Secretary , or his viceroys over him abroad and at home . They have continued to unite , the evils of an established despotism with . the drawbacks of a state of one remove from nature . In New

      Zealand everything goes by the rule of contrary . From the title of his land—nay from the means of now procuring new and waste land , ( the promise of which made him a New Zealauder , ) to the providing of a passage boat—the government professes to do all , and does nothing ; nor will it allow the settler to do for himself . Amply provided with means from Eagland , raising a sufficient revenue , in the colony for its own purposes , Downingstreet wastes the whole in rank jobbery .

      . Wellington was the place chosen , by the New Zealand Company , for their first settlement . The Colonial Office in its desire tb appear wiser than the Company , made an alteration , and that alteration was to make Auckland the capital of New Zealand .. The town of Auckland is the largest and most compact in the colony . It has one or two very good streets , but the lower parts are as filthy as " Deptford and "Wapping , navy-building towns . " Very little except shopkeeping was going on at Auckland when I was there .. -The amount or cultivation was very small , and consisted almost entirely of a . few fields of grass , within four or five miles of the town , where newly-imported stock were kept alive till the

      butcher was ready to wait upon them for the benefit ofthe . troops and townsmen . In short , the settlement was a mere section of the town of Sydney transplanted to . the . shores of New Zealand , filled with tradesmen who were reaping a rich harvest from the expenditure of a regiment of soldiers , a Parliamentary grant , - missionary funds , and native trade . As an instance of colonisation ; it was altogether rotten , delusive , and AJgerine . The population had no root in the soil ; as was proved by some hundreds of . them packing up their wooden houses and rushing away to California , as soon as the news oi that land of gold arrived . In Cook's Straits not half-a-dozen persons were move'd ' by that bait . If the government expenditure - bad ceased ,

      and the troops been removed-at that time , I believe Auckland would have .. melted away . like a dream . The expenditure of . British money l ) y . the government has been enormous in this part of the colony , and easily . accounts for so large a town having so . suddenly sprung up . The troops stationed there have not expended much , if anything , less than £ 100 , Q < JG a year . Two sets of very costly barracks have been erected , with a lofty stone wall round each , which cannot have cost Iessthan about £ 100 , 000 more . The pensioners' houses at least £ 30 , 000 ; their pensions about £ 12 , 000 a year ;

      besides a variety of contingent expenses . " - From the Parliamentary grant ,. from " £ 10 , 000 to £ 20 , 000 a year expended on roads and otherwise . The revenue of the Northern Province about £ 25 , 000 a year . The outlay of the three « dssiohs , which , 1 was told on undoubted authority , amounted to the same sum . Two , men of war ([ not always , but frequently ) in harbour for long periods , in short , in addition to the local revenus , not . less than certainly . £ 200 , 000 a year of British money has , on an average , been expended annually for the last four or five years ; and one or two Jump sums ,, amounting to not less than £ 150 , 000 , in addition . - " --

      Nearly the whole population of Auckland has been imported from Sydney and . Yan . Diemen ' a Land ; TFith the exception of the pensioners , I believe only one , ' or at most two regular emigrant-shipsthat is vessels carrying bodies of men of the labouring class—ever proceeded from this country to that settlement . The returns of crime , compared with those of the . Southern settlements , exhibit fearful traces of the origin of its population , and display the great importance of colonising on . a regular system , which may insure a' pure origin for a colonv . = In the year ending December 1847 , there were no fewer than 1 , 083 criminal cases disposed of by tho Resident Magistrate at-Aucklahd , of which there were 994 inwhich Europeans , only were . con-, cerned ; ; 857 convictions , and 529 for drunkenness ; that is to say , one in sixbf the population was convicted of some-crime or other , one in eight of drunkenness .. At Wellington , ' the proportion was one in forty : at Nelson ,, one in seventy-nine . ; ;

      * Having erected a fungus capital—a town without a country—Downihg-street'felt that a rural population was needed i and , with military pensioners ( Lord Grey ' s pet project ) , ; wentto work in this wise ; - —' . ^ . • - - In April 1849 ^ 1 visited . all tbVpen sioner Tillages in ihe neighbourhood of Auckland , then four in number .. ! They had been established between one andtwoyears . The conclusion I arrived at ,. was , that whether viewed in a military or colonizing , aspect , they are costly failures , affording a most decided warning against the continuance of the experiment , or . its . renewal elsewhere .- The same conclusion is arrived at , by a careful examination ofthe few documents relating to them in the Blue Books . In a military point , of view they are altogether , useless . Placed as a sort of cordon round Auckland , to protect it from the large tribes to the south and west , but m > ng merestraggling villages without any

      sort of-fortification , if the natives should -ever wish to attach the capital , they would any morning before daylight , walk through the . whole , of . them , massacre the inhabitants in their beds , and , having seized then * arms and ammunition , proceed on their way to Auckland . . The pensioners ' are for the most part considerably beyond the middle period of life , manv o f them with constitutions shattered by cUmate and har ' d , living , and a , large proportion of them of very intemperate habits - Ee- * artfed in a colonising point of-view the Pen * sioner system Icould prove no other ^ han a failure . With the single exception of convicts , atiwould not be possJble . toselect , a worse ; class _ for emigration thauoldl broken downsodiers , stiffened into mill-Sry nabits , or" only relaxed )/ thejriceS of barracks anecantfeens , Nor are'fteir famihesbkely tobe mnch better than themselves . Then , the manner m which they are located is equally objectionable .

      The Six Colonies Of Sew Zealand. By W. F...

      Tho first essentiiil-tbcbiorikrsuWe ^ paru ^ S among the ; labouring ; class / - is -perfect ' , freedom . of action ; liberty to ? go here ; ' , ' ¦ ' or } there ; ' oieverywhere ; to follow the calling of previous vears » ° v , t « rn the hand to : any new employ moat that offers . This military colonisation is fatal to such liberty . I found the largest of these villages . ( Howick ) Iocared fifteen miles from Auckland , on a bare and poor soil , - without a stick' offirewoopd within many miles , remote from any employers oft labour , and separated from them and from Auckland by an unfordable river . Reports oi actual starvation anidng the inhabitants of this village , the' winter after I- saw it , -were circulated in the Auckland papers : and , unless it was staved off by eleemosynary means . I do uot see . how it could have failed to result from the circumstances in which the Pensionew were placed ;

      A . great charge against that incarnation of selfishness , Louis Philippe , was his corruption of : Fiance . hy the multiplication of placemen ; ' This Office' is obnoxious to the same charge / without the ; same excuses . ; ; . On the other hand there is too mrch government . The official establishments are . uHogether dispro * portioned to the community whose affairs they administer , In the , Southern Province of New Zealand there are not less ' than one hundred paid offi-. oials ( besides about forty policeman ) to govern a population ( at ? the time the . estimate was made ) of not more than . 10 , 000 . Europeans .. : This is attribu- ; table ttf two causes : 1 st , the , necessity which the weakness ' of the ' government creates , for the emi ployment of a great many hands to help it , making up in quantity what it Wants in quality ; and 2 nd , The tendency , which all despotic governments have to . buy support by patronage . Iothe Southern

      ¦ Province , in the year 1850 , with an ordinary revenue of £ 19 , 000 , ho less than £ 14 , 000 ( minus a small sum for contingencies used in the offices ) appears to . , have gone into the pockets of the officials as salary ; while nearly all the remainder was expended ' in police , printing , or other . matters involving patronage , and attaching the recipients to the interest of government . In 1 S 46 , Governor Grey proposed , the appointment of a Lieutenant Governor for the Southern Province / and pledged himself , if one was appointed , "judiciously to curtail" the existing cost of government .. .. But he has found it impossible , and will so long , as the present system exists . At the date of that . pledge , the entire an ^ nual cost of government at ^ Wellirigton was £ 4409 AL ' . eutenant Governer was " appdinted in 1848 , and the cost of government , so far from having been "judiciously curtailed , " has swelled to £ 16 , 080 While the ordinary revenue , in the Same period , has increased less then £ 5 , 000 .

      Such as the system of production ; here is the article ;;— „ ., . . -,. ¦ . , ; ; : i ....,. ' ; Patronage being so exercised , it is not surprising to hear the colonists complaining of the inefficiency and incompetency of the officials . An instance or two may be given . In January last , a deputation of settlers waited on the Governor on business of importance . The Attorney-General and' Colonial Secretary were present , officially .: To the surprise ofthe deputation , the Governor and both : the above-named ' officials ' were . entirely ignorant that the lands within the settlements which had formerly been vested in the New Zealand ' Company , had for . six months past been re-vested in the Crown . The point arose on an act of Parliament , which had been

      constantly , before them for ' three years and a half , and for some months past ought to , have " been tbeir daily study ; and it involved tho rights of tho Grown and Local Government over all the settled lands in the Southern Province . " It was not-till a correspondence had taken place with , the Colonial Secretary the following day , that , the Governor could be convinced ' of the oversight . ; A few months before this , in consequence of a dispute between a party and the Registrar of Deeds , a case was referred to the Supreme Court for decision ; when it turned out that the system of registration in force was directly contrary to the provisions of . the ordinance establishing it-that the Government bad in fact for ten years been working the wheels of its

      own machine the wrong way , and all it had done was invalid in consequence . A complaint was made against a resident magistrate . The Colonial Secretary of the Southern Province wrote' to the complainants admitting its justice . ; andjjby the same post he wrote to the Magistrate thanking him for theable manner in which he had always performed his duties . The Magistrate got a copy of the other letter , put both into an envelope , and sent them back again . The Colonial Secretary of the other prprince refused in Council to receive a protest , " because it contained no reasons in favour of the measure protested against ;'' -and the same gentleman moved to strike oufcof an appropriation bill the words " not exceeding . "

      A specimen of attention to intercommunication ... - , ¦ .. .-. ' ... ' = ¦ ; "; , ; -. v .. . '• " £ > . ' The means of communication with Auckland { the seat of Government ) are very defective . There is an overland mailj carried by a native ^ which is three weeks on the road , and affords theprospecb of an anawer in * seven or eight weeks from the date of writing " . There is alsoa Government brig , which occasionally , but with no sort of regularity , ' visits the different settlements . In fact , lor months together , no communication by sea between Auckland and the Southern settlements fakes place . On one occasion , the'Lieutehant-Governor sent despatches to the former place by way of- Sydney ; and I have

      myself been upwards-of five months in receivinga reply to a letter of pressing importance . ¦ The Government vessel might have been of considerable use in lessening the inconveniences arising from the distance ofthe capital , had she been used as a regular packet between the settlements .. The colonists , however , complain of her mismanagement , and state , tbat though ¦ ¦ her maintenance has "since the colony . was founded cost nearly £ 20 , 000 , she has-not really done work to tne value of as many shillings . She has generally been in an unseaworthy condition / and the accommodation for passengers so extremely bad , that nobody who had been once on board of her would sail in her again if ho could make the voyage in any other way ; ;

      Mr . Fox shows that this systematic misgovern ment has been perpetrated by the "Whigs , in defiance of their recorded opinions when out of ; office . In 1845 Tjord Howick— -now Earl Grey , and Colonial Secretary— -distinctly stated his opinion-to be that it was impossible for Downing-street to ruW the colonies , in a centralised system , while - Mr .- Hawesj . his under secretary , more plainly avowed his conviction , that the colonies must be emancipated from the Oolohialomce , and invested with the right of local government . Both of these individuals have now been' in office ever since 18 K 5 ; and their practice has 'been in direct opposition to their own declarations . The result is that , in almost every one of our colonies there is an incipient rebellion , and the most oftheinare only waiting the time to throw off what is a deteBtable and a de tested yoke . . '

      The United States', Its Powef And Progre...

      The United States ' , its Powef and Progress : By Gvu . iAi ; iiE Tell Poussin , Translated by E . L . Du Barry , M . D . ; Surgeon US . Navy . Delf . ¦ ¦ - - ' ¦¦ M . Poussin was the French Minister at Washington from- the - Republic of . 1848 , —and during his whole life ho has taken great interest in most American questions . The ' most important feature ih' the hook is the prominence given to the -history of the TrenCh discoveries and settlements in different parts of the " 'New World "•; and-in these portions of the narrative there is , 'as was perhaps inevitable , some jdegree of-disproportionate diffus ' eness and partiality : - \ .-. - >'>¦ - ¦ ¦ ¦ > : - - ;

      ^ M . -Poussin gives a substantially correct account of that singular and g igantic trading corporation , the Hudson ' s Bay Company- —a company which ' } 'cotfBideringthe magnitude of its power , resources , and operations / the . curious" incidents that have" marked its career , and the extraordinary character of the populations p laced under its care ~ has attracted too little notice in this country . / ' ;' ; : We must-premise'by saying that in 1819 the animosity and competition which had prevailed so long between the Hudson ' s Bay Company and the-North-Western Company was terminated by the former association absorbing the latter-: — . - : ; ' ' " - ¦ - ' :- '

      The Hudson's Bay -and the-North-West Cempanies ; as we have just stated , were merged into one , under the .-title of . " Hudson's Bay Fur : Company , to which parliament granted the entire monopoly ot the fur trade in the terms of the concession _ iuaae by Charles the Second , and 'invested , it with civil jurisdiction over all the country it occupied . i > y , virtue of theprivileges thus awarded , the Hudsons Bay Company- extended its jurisdiction , -not only over all the British . possessions in Hudson s Bay ,

      but also over all the . territory of Oregon , and . even over a paf fc ' of Califofhia . It . thus became , in relateo « to Ammca ) what the' East India Company is to the mercantile' and financiar aristocracy , of England—a means- ! of , extending its monopoly , - and to its government an element : of encroachment and usurpation ; Tliisposition , which , by-the-by . is not a novel one , and consequently should occasion no surprise , arises from the ordinary course of policy of that half-merchant and half-aristocratic power

      The United States', Its Powef And Progre...

      to Se ^? ' ^^ ^^ to ' opposeabarriei , v'"ev r'f J ^ - extension of American , demo"I- '' ¦ ¦¦ Jn U 3 b"efly . consider the presentorfanisation „ . ' tne iiudson ' s Bay ^ cJ ^ nauy * , - ; This comeany possesses iii ^ ecapital , divldeO' ^ o as many shares as there are prbpT ^ tprs ,. the greater fluu ;! ^ L ^ u * f in America , and personally watch over the interests of the Companw The ' shares f ^ nrfLw aa P « P «» l property , nor-are they » M « aWe , . aa other shares . They are held for ti I * "/ "Arable only by substitution , that is nSnS . ' * lf 3 T aten a' ^ nged beforehand with the «?« ifj ' L the Partiea . the new proprietor being piacea -in the same position as his predecessor . The chiefs or factors residing in America . aavb the title of associates or partners .. -EachPartner nlacedat

      - v-n ! * faotovies has a salary equivalent . to ? L ? Kl ° * J ^ e-twenty-five . thonsand francs ( five thousand dollars ) a year . ; the subordinate agents are entitled only to the sixteenth of a share . Ihe Prinoipal agents , hold -an annual meeting at " ^' j ? P L Cana ^ » at which tho reports transmitted-, by the subordinate agents are examined , and the administration purified , Here , they deliberate and discuss the plans of operation for the follow mg . campaien ; the new orders to be given to trap . pers ,-m short , such general , directions : as -will in . crease the profits , of the company , and tend lo the preservation of the beaver in the company ' s districts . Their , report is then sent to the directors in London for their personal examination . This company , by

      Ifclie power derived from its constitution , exercises a complete , despotism over all its subordinates , it has absolute control of the liberty of all who are in iits service , whether as sub-agents , employers , . bondsmen , or slaves—for the ' slavery which , exists in all the Indian tribes , is also admitted throughout the domain of the Hudson ' s Bay Company . The chiefs have , therefore , 4 he power , of life and death over any individual who refuses to submit to the rules of the company . They regulate , determine , or . withdraw at will the salaries of all their agents or employes . , They fix the price , of all provisions or articles of ' consumption , as also the beaver skins sold by the natives . From these purchases / and from the sale of their merchandise , they rca'iso a

      profit ot not Iessthan three hundred per cent . The labourers , who are generally natives of the Orkny Islands , or Canadians , are enlisted for a term of five years in . the . service of the company , and receive from three hundred and seventy-five io four . hundred and twenty francs a year ( from seventyfire to eighty-five dollars ) . The clerics at the posts are better paid . All are armed , . disciplined , and subjected to a rule equal in severity to that of an army . Every act of insubordination is immediately punished with death . Each trapper is accompanied by three or four slaves . The ; price of an Indian slave is from ten to twenty blankets—that of a female is higher .. If a slave dies within six months after he has been purchased , the seller is bound to

      return half the price paid for him . ; The love of gain , with respect to tho sale of a . native , is such among Indians , that the instances are frequent in which fathers sell their own sons . The company has covered the Oregon territory with factories and military posts , which serve as storehouses and rallying points for their agents , and for the Indians . The central factory or storehouse is at Vancouver , on the northern . shore , upwards of one hundred tniles above the m ' oiitb of the Columbia , and at the head of navigation ; At the southern . portion of this liver , the company has built Port Um ' aqua , near the mouth of a river of the same name . It has invaded a-part of California , and ; Occupies- an impor- taut post in the harbour of San FranciscOr-one of

      the best on the north-west coast of . the Pacific , which vessels of nil sizes can enter . It is now mistress , of more thaa five thousand square miles tb the west , and of two millions ( lye hundred thousand to the east , of the Rocky . Mountains . - In finOi as tho . u ^ h ih e territory of Oregon . were ; insufficient to satisfy the Ambition of ' England , who aspires to become absolute mistress of the whole of tho Pacific , and to be independent of the competition of Russia in tbe market of China , the Hudson ' s Bay Company , in 1842 , took alease for ten , years of altthe Russian establishments ia North America , at an . annual rent of from twenty-six to forty , thousand dollars . This treatyi-however , does not include the post , at the Island of Setka , where Russia has a very large establishment . The last circumstance we shall notice concerning the views of England relative-to

      America — a circumstance which should < justly alarm the Americans , from its tendency , to menace their powers-is , that the Hudson ' Bay Company has recently directed its attention to the permanent occupation of the Oregon territory , by founding agricultural and manufacturing establishments , and practical schools for the education of a generation it is raising with . its own ideas , and under its o . domination , ' To insure its trade with these countries , the company has a ' small naval force at , its disposal , composed of four vessels adapted for long voyages , two . sehoonbrs which sail along the coast from California to theJtussian settlements , rand a steamer . Air these . Vessels are . fully armed and equipped . Moreover , they have founded an establishment at' the Sandwich Islands , where these vessels can take in refreshments and provisions .

      This passage may he described as a favour-, able illustration of the general character of the' work—allowance being made , for the evident disposition to exaggerate . In France , M . iPoussin will become a leading authority on American questions—and he will deserve the distinction . - •• - - ¦ ¦

      . Publications Keoeived. The Girlhood Of...

      . PUBLICATIONS KEOEIVED . The Girlhood of Shakespeare ' s Heroines . Talo 9 . Rosalind and Celia ; the Friends .. By .. Mary Cowden Clarke . W . E . Smith and Son , Strand . Ke-Jfome . No : 15 . Edited by Richard Oastler , York-street ; Catherine ^ tre ' et . _ . ' . ' La , Solution Economigue Pour 1852 , ow U QrfyHit . OmtuiU Bihahilite . Par M . Ferdin , and E . A ; Gasc . Londres , Delizy , Regent-street . Robert Owen ' s Journal . Part 10 . Watson , Queen ' s Head-passage . , . .-.-:.,. .

      Scenes Is-The Spanish . Bull Circus.—Mad...

      Scenes is-the Spanish . Bull Circus . —Madbid , Jutv 20 . —Yesterday the Bull Circus of Anjurez became -the 'theatre " of a spectacle , worthier of theage of' the Romans of the Empire than of the . nineteenth century . Severral wild beasts ' were introduced successively to . * fight in the arena . The . Queen Mother- and her familys together , with ; the King and the Duke ' of iRianzares . j were , present in . the ^ Rpyal / B . ox ..- The , first , fight ; was between a' wbIf and' several' ^ pgs .. ' - Tho wolf looked at first excessively ^ Mglitened , and made several leaps to clear thei lofty iron : grating that surrounds : the arena . These efforts became desperate when he saw hound into the circus four powerful dogs , which in a few momenta , reduced him . to

      such ' a pitiful state that it was necessary to , withdraw him . The wolf stood merely on the defensive —he' shook off the dogshut did riot attack them . Next entered a hyena , against which four dogs were likewise loosed . One of . the . dogs distinguished himself greatly hi this combat , and several times mastered the hyena-alone , 'dragging hini over , to the ground , ^ but he was ao punished by the fierce bites of the . wild beast , that' he was fain to enter the arena and withdraw him from , the combat amid salvos of applause . The hyena was then withdrawn in ' rather a mangled , condition . The . next ; wild beast that appeaVed was a sturdy , surly , bear , against whom were launched as many as thirteen dogs . The enemy was now evidently of a more formidable kind , for , the dogs > were no'longer so

      eager , to grapple ., with ; the object of their attack , but contented themselvesi with barking around him inaringi -and When" any of the number ventured into ¦ closer' quarters , he - received a hug and a bite that left him'apparently lifeless during a , few seconds . ; The . public now ; 16 udly called ; for the intrepid dog who had first . maimed the'hyena . This was the first of the . pack who , dared to seize the bear with his teeth . The others , imitated his example with less pluck ; but no effect seemed to ' lie produced by any of the assailants Upon the shaggy beast , and the bravest of-them seemed baffled by the thickness of bis coat , whiehdefied the gripe of his adversaries . The last act of tbe ' spectaclo was that which had more particularly attracted crowds by railroad to Anjurez . The fi ght was now between aiion and ^ abull . ; : The first' v ^ -isone ' o ^ thefinest

      of his spoeios . No sooner was he loosed into the arena and espied the ; bull than he made towards him at once , , and attacked himwith fury . But he only succeeded in seizing the ' tail " of . his horned foe , by which he clung on with his claws . ' The bull thus attacked ; frombehind > 'was unable to defend him : self by-his horns ^ but presently ; the lion having bitten his tail off close to the rump , the bull turned on him , arid frantic with pain charged with tremendous fury , tossing the lion , notwithstanding its size

      lntothe air ; which so damped the pluck of the latter , that it became at once clear on which side the victory would be declared . The lion sat down dejected ^ nd moaning with pain , while the brill charged several times in succession ; ins ' tigatedby the crowd outside the grating , more than by his own , will , for as soon ag- the ' fion was hors de comlat the bull sought no longer . to molest him , " and-would have left him alone but for the stimulation which was applied to him by the spectators . The lion was killed . • . - .... . .. ' . - . ... ' .

      GoverXment ^ ArroiNiMESTS . —Mr . . Lewis Charles Tennyson D ' Eyneburt , " of the'Inner Temple , is appointed a police magistrate for the district of the metropolis , in the roomjof -Mr . ' Burrell / of 'the Westminster Court . Mr . Fletcher . ConyevsKortoh has been transferred as-dttoc / iefrom her Majesty's mission at Brussels , to the mission at Naples . ; Mr . Joseph . Cuffe is appointed registrar of the Supreme Court at ' i Ceylotf . s . '""" ' ' ^ - ' - '! "; ¦*¦ - ¦¦•¦ ' - The Independence , < £ Brussels , says it is very probable that tho Queen of England and Prince Albert will visit Brussels during tbe filts of September .

      Imw$.

      imw $ .

      • Happikes81—Where Ia Trim Happiness Wit...

      • HAPPIKES 81—Where ia trim happiness with certaintyto . be found 1—in the . I ) icftwiarji . . FashioiY . —What is fashion?—Dinners at mid-. n % ht and headaches in the morninsj . ¦ - "¦ QuitBA'Chukch Qv ' bstios . —What is the meaning of the word M SeeV' ^ n Ocean of money . — Punch ., ; . ¦ ;' . ¦ .-- ¦¦ ' . - '• Is nia rubber gloves are capital things for those who wish to wash themselves without wiling their hands ! Swum Gratis . —The Museum of Practical Geology , Jermyn-street , is open ( Free ) on Mondays , Tuesdays , and Wednesdays . The Inner Temple Hall , Inner Temple-lane , Fleet-street , is open ( Free ) without , tickets everyday from tentill four . ' •„ The beautiful Temple Church is also open ( Free ) every day Without orders , at the same hours .

      A Poet . —He is not worthy of the name of a poet who would not rather be read a hundred times by one reader than once by a hundred . . , Hini to Church Goers . —When you go to church go to sleep ; for philosophers say that shutting yowr eyes makes your sense of hearing more acute . The head School of Design , in London has ' 460 pupils ; the branch schools connected with it C 0 ntmn no less than 3 , 000 pupils . . " Time . ' . '—Since Time , saith Goethe , is not a person we can overtake when he is past , let us honour him with mirth and cheerfulness of heart while he is passing . »> ? r ^ LERK ° THB kcCIrtSIASTlCAL WEATnEB . — ; Mr . Horseman has been described as " a Weathercock to point out to Bishops which way the wind was blowing-over the Established Church . " — Punch .

      Advbbtiskment . —John , you are implored not to return , your mother is in perfect health , nothing can be arranged satisfactorily , and your family generally get on much , better without you—Me Month . .. . " .. ¦ A" Cutb " Lad .- " Mother , don ' t you wish you had the tree of evil in your garden ? ' '— " Why , Josh you sarpent , what do you mean ?"— " As moriey ' s the root of all evil ; if we bad the tree , couldn't we get all the precious stuff ?" I HujiAHilY for the HonsB . —A . Low , of Dundee , exhibits a mouth-bag forhorses , having a gauze wire front for facilitating respiration . It is labelled "Humanity for the Horse . This admirable improvement explains and recommends itself . . i " Darning . "—A female writer says * . —" Nothing looks worse on a lady than darned stockings . " Allow us to observe that stockings wbich need darning look much worse than darned ones . Darned if they don ' t \—Boston Post .

      Choice , Candidates . —Among the candidates . for the National Council in . the Cherokee Nation , we see the names of " Spring Frog , Spirit Pot , Laughat-mucb , and Lightning-bug . " For Sheriff , the names . of Fish-tail and Pelican Tiger ore mentioned . .. .. A SiNECt / uE . —Curran being angry in a debate one day , put his hand on his heart , saying , " I am the trusty guardian of my own honour . " . " Then , " replied Sir Boyle Roach , "I congratulate my honourable friend on the snug sinecure to which he has appointed himself . " iExniBirioy Visitors , —It is a curious fact , but

      well attested by the observations of the police , that up to tho present time the proportion of country to town visitors at the Great Exhibition has been in the , ratio : of ^ five to two , and that of the five , four bav , e been from the agricultural districts . , The ^ feat masses of the northern operatives have not yet begun to move in earnest .,, ; < A reverend sportsman was once boasting of his infallible skill in finding , a bare . "If 1 were a hire , " said a Quaker who was present , " I would take my seat in a place where I should be sure of not being disturbed by thee from the first of January to the last of December . " — ' « Why , where would you H > ? " < - ' In thy study . " ¦

      Nottingham Lack . —In the year 1813 , plain patent net la . ee . made at Nottingham was sold at the rate of a guinea a yard ; and , at the present time , owing to the use of improved mechanism , lace of the same kind , but of better quality , is sold under the satne circumstances at 3 d . per yard ; in other words , within less than forty years the price of the industrial produce has diminished to one eighty-fourth part of its original price . ' Water Ballast . —The Newcastle Tnte % encer says that the principle of ballasting vessels with water instead of by the ordinary means has been successfully carried : out at that place . The water ,

      which is admitted through an . aeetluteiu theuett & m of the vessel , is encased in bags , and is discharged through the same . aperture by means of an . imnroved patent pump , which ; in the experiment " made , worked admirably . ; ; . " .:..- . - , Hibbrnicism . —A Nottingham coach-painter made a bargain with one of his assistants to call him up every , morning during the week exactly at four o ' clock . On Monday he was punctual to n minute , but on Tuesday Patrick overslept himself . Hurrjingion his clothes as he went , the Irishman rushed to his master ' s bedroom door , nnd knocking impatiently exclaimed , " Get up , sir , directly , for it ' s an / io « r later thaii it was this : time yesterday morning . «'•• • " •'• ! ' - . . . ' ... .,.. / ..

      . Qualifications fob a Tbooper (? Robber . )—Cartouche , the celebrated French robber , who flourished in 1719 , being told a young man was desirous of . becomingamemberofhis band , took him under examination , and asking him where he had served , was answered : — li Two years with an attorney , and six months under an inspector of police at Paris . " '' Then , said Cartouche , with transport , " I shall consider it the same thing as if you had rode all that time in my troop ; " and ., the yo ' urig man took rank accordingly . . ; .. ' . ' . ,,,

      Mahommedan Reproof against Self-Righteousness . — " Having in my youth , " says a celebrated Persian writer ,- " notions of severe piety , I used to rise in the night to watoh , pray , and read the Koran . One , night , whilst deeply engaged in these exercises , my ' father / a , iu . au of practical virtue , awoke whilst I was reading . ' Behold , ' said Tto him , 'thy other children are lost in irreligious slumber , whilst I alone wake to praise God . ' ;; Son of my soul , ' he answered , ' it is better to sleep than wake to remark the faults of thy brethren . '" V Marrikd Men and Bachelor ' s . —Ilufeland

      regarded married life , and Kent celibacy , as" the more conducive to longevity . Both referred to experience in support of their views ; Jt . bc . one to the examples recorded of married' persdrisTattaining ' a great age , and the other to the healthy a ' ppearasce'df old bachelors . ! The solution of the problem is probably £ o „ be found . in the fact , that in the one case vital energy is preserved by celibacy , and ; in the other the enfeebled frame is fostered by domestic care . " The statisticians of the present day tell us tbat . unmarried-folks have the beat ofit . —Medical Times . - ¦ ; - ' ' .

      : Flying Machink . —The Patrie states that the French Academy of Sciences is just how examining a flying machine , invented by oneDon Diego de Salamanca , who declares that be can niak ' e'his ; ' way through the air as fastas a carrier pigeon . - ' : Tne ' imv chine " . consists of a case two feet long and 0 fl 6 foot wide , ; fastened by a band of leather round the waist , buckled . behind . . Two iron-rodsrfixed to ; the case support a ' smallpiece of wood on which the feet repose . '; The case contains a simple mechanism , similar tojtliat . employed to setan automaton' in motion , wovked by means of a handle , The wings are ten feet long , and made of very thin caoujehouc ; covered withfeathefsi ., :. ••¦

      Merited , Retort . —Madame D . bad a magnificent cat . M . de C . amused himself one . day by kiliingit , for want'of something else to shoot .: Madame D ; caused to be set iri lier bwnhonse , and in tbe houses of lietffriends , all sorts of mouse . traps , ? and when three or four hiindi-ed mice \? evecaug \\ t , ihe na &' tuem put into a box which was ; forwarded to Madame de C , „ at'her countryhouse . "The lady eagerly opened the box herself , expecting to find in it some new fashions . The mice jumped out ^ and presently filled the hotise ; while at the'hottom ofthe box was / eund a note | directed to Sladame de C . j-7 " Madame , your husband has killed my cat—1 " send you my mice ' . 'AlphonseKarr . •'• ' ¦ ' .. . ,.

      Longevittof QTJAKEBS . —Ithasbeeh ascertainJEd from authentic-statistics , that ofie half of the " human race dibbefore reaching the age of twenty-one years }' and the bills of mortality'published in large cities , show-that oiie half die before attaining theage of five years , j With these undisputed facts ' before us , it will seem strange thaVthe average age of Quakers in Great Britain is fifty-o ' n ' e ' y ' earsV two months , and twentyone days : TluYis , tio ' doub ' t , attributable io , the re ; straints and moderation which' the . prih ' ciples . of that sect impose ; upon- 'its members—the restraint they are under in avoiding many of the dissipations' arid pernicious indulgences that hurry thousands to premature graves . What an excellent example for the instruction of the world 1 .

      , " There ' s nae Lcck aboot the House . "—I was reading this song ' to a friend , as well as a tongue not Scottish would let me ,, when an intelligent young person , 'below the rank that is . called a lady , sat at work in the room . She smiled as ; I concluded , and said , . half ' to herself , " Singing that song got my sister a husband ! " " Is she so fine a singer ? ' inquiredjihy friend . , " No , ma'am ,- not a fine singer at all ; only someliow everybody likes to hear her , becanseske seems to feel the words she sings , and so makes other people feel them . But it waaihher

      choosing that song that won iVYsluam s love . He said that a woman who put so much heart into the description , of &¦ wife ' s , joy in getting , her . husband home again , would be sure to ^ make a ^ good wife herself . And so she does ; - ; Thereheyer were ahappier : couple . It has been ajuckly ' sbng'forthem I am sure . " Now it ; seems to . me . that this true story is ' worth all the criticisms in the world , both on this particular ballad and on the manner of singing ballads in general . Let the poet and his songstress only put heart into them , and the lady , at least sees her reward . —Miss Mitpobd .

      • Happikes81—Where Ia Trim Happiness Wit...

      Salmon- Pisubbt i > - the Thames . —This was once ° grea t importance to the inhabitants of the vilages upon the banks of the . Thames , who appear to have bad ^ each their assigned bounds for their hsher-y . In tho Churchwarden ' s Book of Wands * n ° vr t' , nder date 15 S 0 ' ia tbe following entry : — m 7 " l this >' ere in 80 mov llie fishinee Homo 61 Wandesworthe wag by certen of Putney denyed , and long sute before my L . Mavor of London continued and at the last , accordinffe to Right , restored hy the Lord Mayor and the Councell of London . And in this somer the fyshshers of Wandas , worthe tooke botweene Monday arid Saturday seven score salmons in the same fishinge , to the gret honor of God . " Ihave heard my mother say that Thames salmon was plentiful when sbo was a young woman , and that it was the most esteemed of anv . She died recently , aged eighty-nine . —Prom Not : * and Queries .

      Value of A Private SoLdikr . —The veteran soU dier , cured of his wounds , or recovered from disease , is ordinarily ' of more value than the newly-raised re-Icruit , inasmuch as he is more instructed ill his art , . inore confident inbis military powers .. It becomes , then , a measure of economy , independently of humanity , to husband tbe lives of our soldiers and our seaimen , by the best attentiori ' to health that the medical art commands . This , perhaps , may be better underjstood by a reference to pounds , shillings and pence , when it is shown , that the marketable valuable ot every private soldier dying in our East India possessions , is £ 135 ; this sum being required to train , equip , and brinj ? from Europe another man to place in his stead . —Medical Times .

      8«Oiy L£K(Ti&Gt;T10ns, Kei:V&Lt;»Vs !&Gt;Iibiiijtv, Scv'otnln, Liisc-.Ises Ofthe Bones Aud. Iilnmls.

      8 « OIY l £ K ( TI > T 10 NS , KEi : V <» VS !> IiBIIiJTV , Scv ' oTnln , liisc-. ises ofthe Bones aud . iilnmls .

      Ad00315

      jHE ROOS' CONCENTRATED } J QDTT ^ VlTiE ( or Life Li-ops ) is as its name implies ( v safe and permanent restorative of manly vigour , whether deficient from long residence in hot or cold climates , oc arisins ; from solitary habits , youthful delusive excesses , infection , Ac . It will also be found a speedy corrective ; of fall the above dangerous symptoms , weakness of the eyes , loss of hair and teeth , disease and decay of the nose , sore throat , pains in the side , back , loins , & c ., obstinate diseases of the kidneys and bladder , glee £ stricture , seminal weakness , loss of memory , nerveusness , headache , giddiness , drowsiness , palpitation of the heart , indigestion , lowness of spirit ; , lassitude and cjeneral prostration of strength ,- & c , usually resulting from neglect or improper treatment by ujercajy , copaiba ,. eubebs , and other deadly poisons ,

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 9, 1851, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_09081851/page/3/