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Northern Star (1837-1852), 12th January 1850, Edition 2 of 3, Page 1, Bradford, Yorkshire.—A meeting of member...

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  • Departments (3)
    • TO THE WORKING CLASSES
    • Rational Itaiiu ( Company.
    • Chartist Intelligence.
  • Text (17)
  • Transcript

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      To The Working Classes

      TO THE WORKING CLASSES

      Mff- Uends, ; _ . . . According To My Pr...

      _MfF- UENDS , ; _ . . . According to my promise 1 went to Aylesbuiy on Wednesday night , expecting to meet Mr . Disbabii—the leader ofthe Protectionist _paJty-there , in the hope of receiving ot giving some instruction ; hut I "was disappointed , as he did notcomc . Nevertheless _^ no Scumstance ever gave me greater pleasure , or inspired me -with greater confidence , than tell wh

      that meeting ; and _I'H you - y . I never visited Ay lesbury before * and I naturally concluded that the people would have formed their opinion of my character from the Press ; and ¦ ftierefore expected , to he received with horror . However , to prove the generosity of the people , and their belief in the maxim , that the censure of slaves is adulation , I rejoice to tell you , that I never was better received , or more enthusiastically cheered , in all my life .

      _. Nowitis _ _ttch treatment _thatinspiresmewith ( if possible ) greater love for your order , and greater hope in your emancipation . The following is the resolution to which I was appointed to speak , and from it you will l ea r n ihat even Tory-ridden _Bucldnghamsitdre is beg inning to come to it * senses , and determined no longer to submit to the uncontrolled dominion of feudalism : — . That thismeeting denounces tbe attempt to re-impose a tax upon the bread ofthe people ; that the proper remedy _forthe distress of which the farmers complain is tobe found in the re-adjustment of terms between landlords and tenants , and in the reduction of taxation ; and that , to secure the latter object , it is desirable that the people should possess a complete control over the choice of the members of parliament .

      I had also great pleasure in meeting Mr . Cobdex there , because I look upon the antagonism of the leaders of parties as the greatest injury to the popular cause ; and especially now , when the peop le ' s greatest _enemies are about to establish an union , without any reference to politics , in thehopeof preserving _^ _yoor serfdom by their power , a nd if th e ir o pp o nents had not adopted tiie above resolution , my antagonism would have still continued . And in order to prove to you that this party with whom we have now associated is not likel y to retrograde , but to proceed onward in the inarch of progress , let me submit to you the following statement of the ohjects—not of Chartists—but ofthe Aberdeen Parliamentary and Financial Reform Association . Here

      it is : — THE ABE-SEES _PaiU-mestaet axd Fcakcial Refokk _Assocu-nos have agreed to the following statement ot their objects : —The objects ofthis association are to act in concert with the National Parliamentary and Financial Reform Association , in order to obtain a broad measure of reform in the Commons House of Parliament 1 . Such an extension ofthe franchise as will confer the right to be registered as an elector upon every man of faU age , not suhjectto any legal disability , who shall occupy any tenement orportionof a tenement within the district for which he Ehall claim to be registered . 2 . The ad option of the 6 _js tern of Toting by ballot . 3 . The limitation of the duration of Parliament to three years . 4 . Snch a change in the electoral districts as 6 _ all produce an eqnal apportionment of representatives to constituents . 5 . The abolition ofthe _property qualification for members of parliament . ¦

      I submitted that resolution—not for ac . 5 ption or rejection , but merely that they may understand it—to the great meeting which took p _laca at the London Tavern on Monday last ; and I stated , that if the Association would adopt it , that I would pay 100 Z . ont of my own pocket , to enable them to carry out the object , and I have not the slightest doubt that , ere long , they will adopt it However , it must he a satisfaction to you to know that they are progressing rather than retrograding . The Star of this week will be so occupied with reports ofthose meetings , that I have not space to say more than that it was my intention to have been at the Manchester meeting on Monday nig ht , hut for the following circum stance over which I had no control . The

      Committee for the arrangement of the new organisation have decided upon holding a meeting at the London Tavern , previous to the meeting of Parliament ; and , finding that they could not have that p lace any other day for the next month , except Monday , th e y took it , and appointed me chairman io preside over that meeting . I trust , however , that the Manchester meeting will add still more vigour to the new alliance , and that the working classes Trill he at their post . I remain , Tour Faithful Friend and Representative , Eeaegus _O'Co-ixob .

      Rational Itaiiu ( Company.

      _Rational _Itaiiu ( _Company .

      Chartist Intelligence.

      _Chartist Intelligence .

      The Fraternal Democrats. In A Recent Num...

      THE FRATERNAL DEMOCRATS . In a recent number ofthe Northern Star , there appeared an advertisement from the Committee of the Fraternal Democrats , m ak ing an a p peal to t h e metropolitan friends of Messrs . Ernest Jones , Fussell , a nd Vernon , to raise the n e cessary funds for the protection of those victims from oakum picking , or tbat terrible alternative the punishment under which "Williams and Sharp suffered death . In aid of our incarcerated brothers , th e Fratern al Democrats voted Ten Shillings from their " Fraternal fund . " Subsequently on the 23 rd of

      December , a deputation from the above named society attended a meeting of the "West End Chartist Shoemakers . -That patriotic body of men immediately voted Ten Shillings ; they also collected Five Shillings . The Fraternal Democrat ' s deputation a l s o co l le c te d among t h ems el v e s a nother T en Shillings , making a total of One Pound Fifteen Shillings . "Within a few days afterwards the sum of Thirty Shillings was paid to tbe officials of TothiU Fields Prison , and the remaining Five Shillings handed to the Victim Committee . Henceforth , the Victim Committee will receive and pay tbe monies to exempt the Victims from oakum picking .

      Mr . Vernon having been liberated , the trifling sum of ten shillings weekly is all that is required to exempt our brothers from the degrading toil enforced by the prison rules . The Fraternal Democrats trust that that amount will be readily and regularly supplied by tbe thousands who cherish the principles for which Messrs . Ernest Jones and Fussell are suffering the miseries of incarceration . G . Julian Harney , Secretary .

      The Vi C Tims 81 , Green-Street, Calton ...

      THE VI C TIMS 81 , Green-street , Calton , Glasgow , January , 8 th , 1850 . Sir , —I feel much pleasure in forwarding to you the sum of £ 1 3 s . Od ., per Mr . Demester , which is the product of a soiree held on the 1 st inst ., iii the Democratic Hall . You are requested to divide'both sums equally between the two funds , viz ., for relieving the Chartist prisoners from oakum picking , and the families of Messrs . Sharp and Williams . Yours respectfully , To Mr . William Rider . H . Cabrick . [ The list of names sent herewith is too long . —Ed N . S . l

      Fk &Luj- /Fc-^S"- *-**^ ' T,I'-T «R-A'?•...

      _fk _& _luJ- / _fc- _^ _S _" - _* _- _**^ ' T , I _' -T « r-A' _?•

      And Nat.0_.Ai_ Trades'_1m R.;,, ' ".J(__...

      AND NAT . 0 _ . AI _ TRADES '_ 1 M r . ; ,, ' " . j (__ L _^ __ . < _£ rr __ Fi . . ; _ ¦ -. _! . > ' ;•; ' _ - . _;^___ _'_ - _! . _? . ; : ; :.. . - : ¦ :,: ' _- .- '¦ : . ¦}¦ / ' : I- * . 1 - _% _¦? _.-. m - _£ _^ _rzkzrJte _®&* aM _? _$ _&) $ _fljfff _ffi

      Bradford, Yorkshire.—A Meeting Of Member...

      Bradford , Yorkshire . —A meeting of members was held in the room in Hope-street , on Sunday last , when it was resolved : — " That the thanks of the mem bersbegiven tothe honest allottees on tbe Company ' * estates , and we hope tbey will assist in driving the dishonest from the land of the Company . "—It was also Tesolved : — " That a meeting be held on Sunday next , to consider the business laid before tbe members by the committee concerning the books of this branch . " Woo _ tos-tjxder- - _ dge . — The paid-up members having the greatest confidence in Mr . O ' Connor , and bis brother Directors , think they are justified

      in doing all they can to stop the proceedings of Battey and Co ., and that they express their utmost indignation at such proceedings . That their best thanks be riven to Mr . "Willis and his brother allottees , for their good conduct and honesty to the company , and that they will do all in tbeir power to protect them from the intimidation of Mr . Battey and his fellow conspirators . The following letter has been received by Mr . "William Barnett from his brother , T . Barnett , at Charterrille : — "Dear Brother , —I received your hind letter and thank you for trying to get rid of my potatoes . As soon as the weather will permit me to open the pit I am to take four sacks to Chipping-Norton and one to Burford . As I cannot get them brought to you under 3 s . per sack , I must decline bringing any . I shall not have less than Ss . per sack—three bushel measure—at Norton . I shall , I think , getrid of all about here as soon as the weather breaks . "When ,

      I think I shall be able to sell enough to send my rent I expect to sell my four pigs directly . I find tbatRoihery is going to sell his allotment . He is expected to come up this week to sell . Mrs . Hotbery got tired ; he ought not to have left here . Half his carrots and mangel are yet in the ground . The address sent to Mr . O'Connor by Mr . Willis , has given snch offence that they burned his effigy and his wife ' s , they put fire-arms in about ten of tbe young lads hands , who fired more tban half an hour before his house at the effigy , and marched through the estate / firing , and beating the drum ; they say they shall not have to pay any rent , - but we that signed , shall . They talked of burning the effigies of all who signed . I hope the Land members through the Star , will acknowledge Us and Mr . Willis , and offer us protection . I should like to have a letter from you , to k now y o u r op inion on it . —Your affectionate brother , J . Benkei _..

      Belper . —A meeting was held on Sunday last , at 3 dr . Gregory's , when tiie new constitution was read and adopted . A g o od l y num b er of new memb e r s entered and paid their subscriptions , and a collection was set on foot for Macnamara _' s case , after which tbe m _. _etino adjourned to Sunday evening , at Mr . Gregory's , 4 , North-terrace . Sheffield . —The Chartists having learned with inestimable pleasure , that a deputation of gentlemen consisting of Messrs . Feargus O'Connor , Thomas Clark , and G . "W- Reynolds , would bo in Leeds on the 21 st inst ., resolved to hold a meeting on the subj e ct , whereupon the old Chartist Council and a number of friends met on Tuesday evening , at eight o ' c lock , in the democratic Temperance Hotel , 33 , Queen-street- Mr , Tiomas Renshavr in the chair . The first question considered was the probability of securing the services of the gentlemen during their

      sojorn to Leeds . After a good deal of discussion in reference to an announcement for the 22 nd inst . in the local newspapers , that E . Cobden would visit this town , it was considered tha better policy to steer dear of the sieve _gentleman ' s meeting . On the motion of Mr . Aaran Higginbottom , seconded by Mr . W . Cavil ] , the following resolution wa 3 carried unanimously : — " That tbe Chartists having heard with _unfeigned pleasure of the intended visit ofthe above gentlemen to Leeds on the 21 st , do most respectfully request that they pay us a visit on the 23 rd inst , and in accordance with that resolution Mr . G . Cavill was mstructe * to immediately correspond with those gentlemen on the subject . "—It was further agreed that a general meeting of Chartists should be held on Sunday _tvemng next . January 13 th , in the above _ra o ms , to further consider the best method of aiding the contemplated demonstration . The despatches being written and duly sent off , the meeting was j then adjourned .

      _Wesimmstjib . —This locality met on Tuesday _evening last , at the Two Cliairmen , _Wardour-•**«* , Soho . John Arnott in the chair * ten sbil-

      Bradford, Yorkshire.—A Meeting Of Member...

      lings was voted to the Provisional Committee , and ten shillings was received for cards of membershi p . The meeting then adjourned to Tuesday evening next . Natiosal Charter Association . — Provisional Committee . —Thb body met at 144 , High Holborn " , on Tuesday last when Mr . Grassby , Mr . M'Grath , Mr . Arnott , Mr . G , J . Harney , Mr . G . "W . M . Reynolds , and Mr . T . Clark were present . The important matter of local organisation , general agitation , and preparations for the forthcoming great meeting , were de ba te d upo n , and a determination arrived at to carry out all , with the greatest _snirit and

      resolution . The secretary , Mr . T . Clark , reported that tbe cards of membershi p were rea dy , and woul d b e forwarded to individuals of localities wanting them . He further _intimated , that several localities had given their alliance to the Association ; and that the subscriptions from various quarters had been promised . _Podset . —A Democratic tea party was held on New-Year ' s Eve . Four hundred tickets were disposed of . Mr . Joseph _^ Lawson was called to the chair , and the meeting was addressed by Messrs . Barker , Br o ok , and Smith . Thanks having been voted to the chairman and speakers ( some of whom had come a great distance ) , the meeting dispersed .

      Vol. M. R 638 London, Saturday,, Pm. 185...

      VOL . _M . R 638 LONDON , SATURDAY ,, _PM . 185 _J ) _.:, ,. _^ : SM _ , i i . i . _i 1—__—¦ | l . iii mi— - _—^ -im——m———m J / . F _^ ' ¦ ' ¦ ' """'" ' _^ '" " ' ' _'' ' ' '' ' _' ' ' ~~~ \ the _^ _Housfe

      The National Victim Committee To The Cha...

      THE NATIONAL VICTIM COMMITTEE TO THE CHARTIST PUBLIC , . . _-: ————— — *» _BnOTHEE AM ) SlSTEK DEMOCRATS , At the commencement of the New Tear we consider-it to he our duty to place before you our present position . Since we last addressed you we have mnch pleasure in stating , that several of our persecuted Brethren have been liberated from the horrible dungeons to which they were doomed ,

      viz ., Messrs . Leach , "West , "White , Donovan , Poole , Irons , Herbert , Vernon , Smith , and others ; and it is with equal regret that we have to deplore , that nearly thirty brave spirits are still suffering in damp and gloomy cells , and in exile , for their attachment to the cause of truth and justice ; consequently , we have now more than twenty law-made widows and fifty orphans looHng to ub for support

      "While we tender onr grateful and heart-felt thanks to those who have contributed , we call on all to assist in this cause of benevolence and humanity , and thereby wipe out the foul blot , that when the Husbands and Fathers were excited on and consigned to prison and banishment , for advocating your rights , you allow their wives and families to linger in misery and destitution .

      A deputation from the Committee of the Fraternal Democrats having waited on this committee to request that we would for the future undertake the fund to exempt prisoners from picking oaknm , we at once agreed thereto , and James Grassby was appointed Treasurer to the said fund . We rejoice to state that all arrears have heen paid , and our friends , Ernest Jones and Fussell , are exempt from that degradation till the 20 th instant .

      In conclusion , we again call on you ( we trust it will be only for a brief period ) to exert your energ ies in this good work . Contributions for both funds will he thankfull y received hy Mr . "William Eider , Northern Star Office ; and by the Secretary , Mr . John Arnott , 11 , Middlesex-place , Somers Town . Si gned on behalf of the Committee , Johj . Arnott , Secretary . IU , High Holborn , Jan . 3 rd , 1850 ..

      Triumph Of Co-Operation To The Editor Of...

      TRIUMPH OF CO-OPERATION TO THE EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN STAB . Sir , —A so i ree and ball , to celebrate the success of " The Galashiels Co-operative Provision Store , " came off with great eclat in the Bridge Inn Ass e mbl y Room , on the evening of New Year ' s Day . Tbe room was densely crowded , and harmony and good feeling prevailed throughout . As it may be interesting , and perhaps profitable , to many of your readers , to know the plan and p rinci ple on which this association is conducted , I here subjoin a brief outline : — Any person m a y b e come a mem b er on depositing one or more share , of five shillings each . Each member keeps a pass-book , into which is marked all the goods he purchases ; the shopman also keeps

      an account of what each one gets . When the value of his purchases reaches tothe amount of the shares he has deposited he is allowed no more goods on credit till he pays what he has already received . At the end of the year the books are made up , and , after deducting expenses of management , each member is allowed profits according to the amount of his purchases for the year ; and where there are n o p urchases there are no p rofit s , so that the mere capitalist has no encouragement here . "What we call g ettin g the profit , is nofc profit as the word is understood commercially , it is merely getting back what was overcharged on the goods while

      undergoing the pro _. ess of distribution ; so that if we nave been paying too high when we get the goods , it is returned to ns at the end of the year . Thus we have our provisions at wholesale prices , w i th the slight addition of paying men for dealing them out to ns , and other incidental expenses ; and although we have been getting our goods at tbe same rate as we mi ght hare had them at private .. shops , the profits tor the last quarter is sixty ponnds ; so that a private dealer doing the same amount of business as is dene at the " Store" would have cleared sixty pounds , which by combination and proper arrangements can be made to flow back into the pocket of the purchasers .

      Henceforth , let cot working men complain that they are imposed on by their grocers , or the i r bakers , or any witb whom they have to deal , as the y h a ve th e rem e d y in their own hands . To show you that our principles are becoming appreciated in this locality I may state that , between tbe two shops ( we _haye an eastern and a western branch ) there is sold goods to the amount

      Triumph Of Co-Operation To The Editor Of...

      of ene hundred andforty pounds every week . We have also a baking establishment in connexion with the "Store , " which supplies it with bread , and in that establishment there is baked every week , on a n a ver a ge , fourte e n . hun d re d quartern loaves . . Thafc will give you an idea of the extent of our operations ; and I would advise all who think they are paying too _hiijh for their provisions to go and do likewise . I will furnish any who rdiiy desire it , with a copy of our rules , or what other information they may require on the subject . When the . ' -Store '' was first started , it was carried on on the principle of distributing ihe profits in proportion to the amount of money deposited , _«*

      -dependent of purchases made by the depositors . That system had the effect of keeping down the price of provisions in the town for some time at first ; but , ultimately , those who had much money deposited began more to look at having a higher interest than keeping down provisions , while the poorer section of the members took an opposite course . Wrangling and disputes arose in consequence ,. which would soon have wrecked the whole affair , had not the present s yst e m b een a d opted . Now , however , a more flourishing concern does not exist . Mr . Saunders . 1 , _Johnstone _' _s-close , Galashiels .

      To Feargus O'Connor, Esq., M.P. _.., -Mo...

      TO FEARGUS O'CONNOR , ESQ ., M . P . _ .., -Most Noble Sm , —If I had the abilities I would give vent to my feelings ; I bave seen you of late very much abused by those to whom you rhave been more than a father . - Sir , those whom you have been so very , good tb , grumble and say their rent is too hi gh ; sir , my father had a piece of land , just one and a quarter acre , on the border of Shirley Common , and facing Southampton Common ; and , sir , I have known two men to dig potatoes on that

      land and get but five bushels a day , for several day 3 together ; and my . father built a little house on that piece of land , with two rooms only ; and no sooner w a s i t comp leted , th a n a g a r d ener c a me to h im an d bid him J 615 a year for it , and he left a constant birth and went to it ; and be has always had a large family and nothing but this land to depend on , and he is worth £ 200 now ; and when he went there about twelve years ago he had nofc as many pence . Trusting , my dear good friend , you will excuse my humble abilities and great liberties in addressing you . I remain , one of your admirers , _^—mm—m—mm [ The writer has forwarded his name and address , but does not wish it to be made public ]

      Great Meeting At Aylesbury. On Wednesday...

      GREAT MEETING AT AYLESBURY . On Wednesday evening , the County Hall in Aylesbury , one of tbe largest buildings devoted to a similar purpose in England , was crowded with an a u d ience compose d of f armers , l ab ourers , and townspeople , to hear from Mr . Cobden his opinions on Che present important crisis in the national affairs . The platform was crowded with tenant farmers and t h e respect ab le tra d esmen of ; the ne ighbourhood . Th a me , Buckingham , Drayton , Beauchamp , and even the d i s t a nt Ux b rid g e , each sent its quota , and ,

      generally speaking , there never was greater curiosity , excitement , and enthusiasm exhibited at any public meeting . Persons who are acquainted from experience with the capacities of the County Hall informed us that there were 3 , 000 persons present . From our own inspection we can say that it was densely packed , the body ofthe hall being crowded to suffocation , and even the galleries to their outside rails crowded with anxious tenants , whose _smockfrocks and bronzed countenances indicated tbeir connexion with the agricultural section of tbe community .

      On the motion of Mr . John Gibbs , Mr . Watson , of Aylesbury took the chair . The secretary read a letter from Sir G . Dashwood , w h o was a b sent on account of family bereavement . The secretary also stated that Mr . Cobden had nothing to do with tbe fixing the hour of meeting . He stated this because Mr . Disraeli , at the Great Marlow meeting made a great fuss on that point . ( Hear , hear . ) . The Chairman , _ohserved , w i th respect to one o f tb e mem b ers o f t he b oroug h , Lord Nugent , that he b e l ieve d his Lordsh ip would have been happy to attend had he been at the present moment in the country , . ( Hear , hear .

      Mr . La-Hmor- ( whom the chairman introduced to the meeting as a tenant-farmer from the neighbourhood of St . Albans ) said it was evident that if the proprietors did not pay their full share of the taxation , the greater proportion must be thrown on the industry of the country , and the industrious classes , would acknowledge that they had as much as their fair share of taxation already . ( Applause , and a cry of " Too much . " ) It was not the best tenant , but the highest bidder that obtained farms , and thafc bad tbe effect of

      enhancing rents , while , at tbe same time , real capital exempted itself from the legate and probate duty ; Mr . Spackman said , th a t the per s ons en ga ged in agriculture amounted to 3 , 3-4 , 207 . " -d that they employed a capital , of £ 250 , 000 , 000 , and he ( Mr . Lattimore ) contended thafc this large amount of Iiersons and capital possessed bona fide neither egal nor political existence . There was no such thing in law as tenant-farmers' capital . ( Hear , hear . ) Mr . Disraeli talked of going back to protection , but there was no instance in this country of legislation retrogading . Looking at all the circumstances of the case , how could Mr . Diraeli talk about the interests of the tenant-farmer and the landowner being identical ? The farmer had

      to nay rent , tithes , rates , and taxes . Ho heard to-day that there was about to be erected in tbat county a lunatic asylum . If so , who would be tbe fittest inmates for it ? ( "Hear , " and laughter . ) Those who wanted to go baek to protection . ( Cheers and laughter . ) He ( Mr . Lattimore ) would con c lude with a pp lying the words which Mr . Jefferson used of the United States , when he said , that he trembled for his country , remem b erin g th a t Go d was just , and that His justice did not sleep for ever ; for if the industry of the people were kept subjected to injustice , and if a revolution should a rise , there was no attribute ofthe Almi ghty that would side with the landowners upon thiB question . ( Cheers . )

      Mr . CoBnEN _, M . P ., who was then introduced to the meeting was received with loud cheers , ant a few hisses which were raised were met with loud laughter . He said : It gives me particular pleasure to follow a gentleman who has addressed you in the c a p a city of a tenant farmer , | a man so well entitled to speak to you on the subject of the interests of the agriculturists of this country . I remember speaking to an audience in this hall six years ago , and on that occasion maintaining the proposition that tbe corn law had not proved beneficial to any class of the community , and I ventured to say that tho country would be the more prosperous without the system of agricultural protection than it had been with it . ( Hear . ) Well , I am here now to maintain

      t h at , by every test which can proclaim thc prosperity or adversity of a nation , we stand better now without the corn law than we did when we had it . What are the tests of a nation ' s prosperity ? A declining or an improving revenue is one test . Well , our revenue ia better than it was under a corn law . ( Hear , hear . l Our exports and our imports are better than they were under the corn law . ( near . ) Take the question of pauperism . 1 will nofc shrink even from the test of pauperism in the agricultural districts ; I bave the statistics of many of your unions in Bucks and Beds , and I warn the Protectionist orators tbat when Parliament meets and Mr . Baines is enabled to bring forward the poor law statistics up to the last week *—I warn the Prote «

      tionists that , with regard to the test of pauperism even in the agricultural districts , it wil l be seen tbat things are more favourable now with bread at a moderate price , than they were in 1847 when prices wer e to th e ir h e art s' content , a nd th i s loaf was nearly double the price it is now . ( Hear . ) Tako the state of wages ; that is a test of the condition of the people . -What are the people earning now compared with 1817 , when the Protectionists were so well satisfied with their high prices % Why , as a rule , throughout the country there is more money earned now than there was then ; and they are getting the comforts and necessaries of life in many cases at two-thirds , and in gome cases at less than that , of the prices of 1847 . ( A Voice . — "It is not so with tbe

      agricultural labourers . " ) I will come to them by and by . Mr . Cobden then proceeded to enumerate the rise of wages in several trades in the neighbourhood since the repeal of the corn laws . We find meetings called , purporting to be meetings of farmers , complaining of distress ; and what is their remedy for thafc distress ? Is ifc to go and talk like men of b u si ne ss t o th ei r l a ndlords an d ask them for fr es h terms of agreement , fresh arrangements , that they may have the raw material of their trade-tire land —at the natural price , and free fromthoso absurd restrictions _^ bat prevent their g iving the natural value to it ? No . Go w a meeting where thero is a l an dl or d i n the ehair , or a Ibnd agent—his bettor half —( laughter)—and you . find them talking , b * t never as _jandlords and land agents-- ( a laugh , )— but as farmers and for formers . ( Hear , hear . ) And

      Great Meeting At Aylesbury. On Wednesday...

      _f _^^ _pieywy ? Why , _th-yisaK- _¦« Wemfi-tgo to parliament and get an act of parliament _te-rafte thep _9 Ce ;! 6 f corn , that you may . be able to pay usi _yourwnfcs . . ( Hear , hear _;; ana a laugh . ) I possess ) a _smail-estate in West Sussex , of a b out 1 4 0 a cr e s in _extendi-and a considerable part " of it in wood . In the course of the last year , however ,. I received a l etter _-from one of _mytenahts , saying , ' " When I took this land from your predecessors , ifc was upon theoaloulation of wheat being at 56 s . " a-quarter ; it is now little more than 40 _s . > and ; I should like to have a hew arrangement made . " _--I wrote in reply , _ ' The _ipronosition von make is reasonable . Wo

      will _haje a new bargain . ( Hear . ) I am willing . to enter upon an arrangement ,, _estimating ' the . future price of wheat at 40 s _.-4- ( hear , hear ;)—but whilst I am willing to take all the disadvantages of low prices , I must have the benefit of good cultivation , and therefore we willestimate the produce of the land tojie such as could bo grown by good farmers upon the " same quality of ! soil . " Now , from the moment that this reasonable proposition was made , _tbefannerson this ' small property felt themselves ho long e r , interested in the matter ef free trade and _protection ; and the labourers felt lhat , they had _' . _as good _agrospect of employment " as tliey had before , and tBfeyhad . no interest in . the _question of prbteo _? _tioUi _^ We s ettled our terms ! I have'bargaineiKfM * , my , * mt ;' . Ifdtis ; any . _satisfaction to my Pro .--. ibni .

      th a t I hav e dr a ine d the land , and given them the gam e , a nd remov ed th e h e dges , and cleared away every _heflgerow tree . What , then , becomes of the argument that it is impossible to canyon agriculture in tbis country with wheat at " 40 s * a-quarter ? ( Cheers . ) With regard to a lease , I said to both my tenants , " Either take the land from year to _year , with a n ag reement bin d in g e ach o f us to s u b m i t to arbitration the valuation of unexhausted improvements when you leave the land , or , if you like , take a lease , and I will bind you down to no covenant as to the w a y in which you are to cultivate the land

      while you possess it . " This is simply and purely a rent question . ( Hear , hear . ) And ff the farmers cannot carry on their business , it is because they pay too high a rent in proportion to the amount of their produce . ( Applause . ) I do not say that under a natural state of things all classes have not a common i nterest in the gener al prosperity of the country . Let them only act towards each other with fairness , justice , arid with honesty , —( cheers)—and they would be promoting in the end not only their own but tho general interests of the community . ( Cheers . ) We bave come here , I believe , to talk about financial and parliamentary reform , as well as other matters , and as I have been suffering from a cold , as you perhaps are awar _ . I will leave

      to other speakers to deal with those general topics , having preferred myself to touch more particularly upon the question concerning the tenant-farmers and tbe landlord . ( Thc hon . gentleman concluded amidst general cheers . ) Mr , Houghton moved and Mr , " John Gibbs seconded the following resolution :- " That tbis meeting denounces the attempt to reimpose a tax upon tho bread of the people , * tbat the proper remedy for the distress of which tbe farmers complain is to be found in the readjustment of terms between l a n d lor d s and ten a nts , and ' in the reduction of taxation ; and that to secure , the latter object , ifc is desirable thafc the people' should possess a complete control over the choice of the members of parliament . "

      Mr . F . O'Connor , M . P ., then came , forward , and was received with loud cheers . He said , that in presenting himself before them on this occasion , he mi ght perhaps be regarded as an intruder ; but as he considered that all who undertook to leg islate for the peop le should be instructed in the mind of the people , and , as he had understood that Mr . Disraeli —* the great political , Mentor — ( a laug h )—was to have attended the meeting tonight , he had come to receive instructions from that great master . ( Laughter . ) He regretted that Mr . Disraeli had not appeared amongst them ; and he also regretted tbat

      any persons in that room should have been so fooliBh as to offer the slightest opposition to a single sentence that "had fallen from Mr . Cobden . ( Hear . ) In 1834 , when the question of free trade was brought forward in the House of Commons , he ( Mr . O'Connor ) voted against it , because it was not accompanied by those prudent and timel y concessions which Lord J . Eussell mentioned in his celebrated Edinburgh missive ; and he ( Mr . O'Connor ) agreed that if they had free trade in corn , they must have free trade in everything else . For that

      reason he gave his cordial support to this motion and to this movement . ( Cheers . ) The free traders were now prepared to make those prudent and timely concessions . They were prepared to enfranchise every man of full age in this country , therefore he had joined this association because it sought to enfranchise the land , which was the raw material of labour , and to destroy that infernal feudal system which gave the country over bound hand and foot into the hands ofthe landlords . ( Cheers . ) If the landlords did not consent to the

      arrangement now offered to them , they might depend upon it , it would soon be effected for them b y roug her hands . ( Hear . ) "What an absurdity it was for them to attempt to keep rents which were arranged when the price of corn was 56 s ., up to the same rate when it was only 40 . ( Hear , hear . ) But who did they blame for this ? The tenants and farmers themselves , who , rel ying on the promises of their landlords , were lashed up to the poll like sheep to the shambles . These wero the men who were

      responsible for every grievance of which they now complained . They had been told that the land was raw material . Now , what would they think of a millowner who entered into an agreement to take his raw material—his supply of cotton—from one person for thirtyone years , at the same price during the whole of that period ? Yet this was done in the case of land . He had before proposed , and he thoug ht it a fair proposition , that every man who rented land should have a lease at a corn

      rent—that his rent should be in proportion to the price of corn , and s h o ul d not h e mea s ured by . the cup idit y of hie landlord . How was it that in Jersey the people could pay £ 6 an acre for land , and still grow a surplus of produce for exportation ? ( " We cannot do that here . " ) Nq ; and the reason was , because the landlords managed their land to suit their political interests , and not in accordance with the real requirements of the country . ( Hear , hear . ) In Ireland the landlords held out a premium to idleness , while they imposed a tax on industry ; for if the holder of a farm in tbat country , whether of twenty , of thirty , of fifty , or of five hundred acresexpended his

      , cap ital and skill iu the improvement of the soil , a tyrant landlord not unfrequently dispossessed him of his holding , and deprived him of the fruits of his care and industry . If there were a general election in Ireland to-morrow , there would bean overwhelming majority ol bull-frag protectionists coming from that country to support Mr . Disraeli and his croakers . ( Laughter . ) That would , however , be no test of the real feelings of the nation , for there were only 36 , 000 voters in that country to represent eight millions of peop le . ( Hear , hear . ) He had been delighted that day to shake hands with Mr . Cobden , after they had

      been for years at daggers-drawn on the question of free trade . ( Cheers . ) "Wh y had he been deli ghted ? Because that gentleman and his friends had now evinced their sincerity . ( Hear , hear . ) Sir Robert Peel , after carrying free trade , had declared that ho would expend 20 percent , in draining his land , and making other improvements , of which he was himeelf to have the benefit ho would make no reduction of rent . Such would be the conduct , not merel y of Sir Robert Peel , but of all the _protectionists , until the franchise had been extended . ( Hear , hear . ) Never had they seen sueii a _m-eme as there would be both in

      Great Meeting At Aylesbury. On Wednesday...

      _ ; . ; ; .,. „ _... . _........ i _^^ I 0 _^ _M _^ _0 _^ r _^ 6 m _\^^ in f of j £ or _3 i _^* _il . e r i _^ i session _^ ( Hear , hear . ) . Let nbt _' _| ffi 0 _'SimiMtii _ g . ' ' _& t-kiBh ' ' the slightest" importaiuyi _toi-fflinisy :. words . He ' had told' the gentr . i _^^ _fwSoi ; Sa . behind him in the house that _ipijie _^ _onerfiayJtleii * _. loyalty would , frizz away after them the , _uej-t- ; and they might depend upon it that the conduct of the , protectionists would be of the same kind . ( Laughter . ) Why had not Mi * .. Disraeli come to that meeting ? ( Hear . )

      _Becausfrhe knew ; that there would be more sound knowledge there than he found amongst farmers _jhScause the meeting would not have li 8 ten _^' . _to ? . _M _^ ' _mpbhAine _\ -all _^' . _ud because if he had Spoken , "thirt y _^ 6 r forty operatives would , " ifnec _essmyi ; hayei ' come from '' the body of the room '' -o ; ' _|_^ and to put the pe _^ p lei'iii ; their ' right _^ senses again . ( Laughter ;) ; Although -he ( Mr , \ O'Connor ) nad _. been * t * e _* riled ; fpr _3 ini _^ tioi- _£ he would ratter . break stones on the road , in _tKt sev _^ j Weathor than not assist a _movepaeriiiiKill _^ _conj | i $ { Q _$ _p _^

      * H 6 did : _ ao & hv- _£ f _^ but to leave the world , if possible , better than , he found it . As regarded Mr . Disraeli ' s absence on that occasion , he would ask what could have been more proper or honourable , than for a man who represented the county in which he resided , to come there to givie information to his constituents ? ( . " Hear , hear , " and laughter . ) He would not come , however , simp ly because he knew that his arguments would bo met . As the reporters present would have to leave by special train he would not proceed . ( Criesof "Go on . " ) If he must go on he would tell them what was his dail y thought .

      He was always thinking that the land ofthis country was locked up by feudal laws— - ( hear)—It was his hope to bring land now locked up by feudal laws into the retail market , so t h at every man might have his own allotment ; and then in case of foreign invasion he would readil y v o lunte e r to defend his own homestead . ( Applause . ) He was no revolutionist , by revolutions the people on the continent had always suffered in the end . The last shot which was fired was aimed at them . ( Hear , hear . ) He trusted that the good sense and wisdom of parliament—not that he p laced re l i a nc e in i ts wisdom—would prevent any such thing as a relapse to protection —( bear , hear , )—and then the

      landlords would be obliged to make proper reductions in their rents . He hailed with satisfaction that part of the resolution which referred to tho enfranchisement ofthe people as tbe means of reducing taxation . The landlords would not support that because tbey knew it was the suppression of public op inion that enabled them to elevate themselves . Let the farmers present go home and reflect on w hat th e y had heard , and let them especially cons ider th e fa c t , that so long as they were dependent on protection the landlords would preserve tbeir dominion over them . ( Hear , hear . ) Had he known that the meeting was to be held at Great Marlow on the previous day , he would , at the risk of being

      mauled by some burly farmer , have met Mr , Disraeli , and given the farmers his opinions with regard to then * position . ( Hear , hear . ) [ A . voice" Financial reform . " ] On that question he would o b serve , tbat he bad been deli g hted to find that the measures of the association did not end with a reduction of taxation , but embraced tbe extension of tho franchise to all persons of full age . ( Hear . ) It was on that ground that he had given the association his comial support . He was glad to find thafc tho resolution was so acceptable to tbe meeting . For himsel f , he would repeat thafc he did not now stand in antagonism to a great popular party , and that he could unite with the association without

      s urre n deri n g his own princi ples . He would never abandon any point of the Peop le ' s Charter —( hear , hear );—but be could not refuse to concur in anything which would , confer benefit on the , people . ( Cheers . ) The Qiieen Dowager had lately died—a good woman , and one whose conduct had been exceedingly philanthropic and humane . ( Hear , hear . ) Would any of themselves be one farthing the richer , under the present system , for the falling in of her allowance of £ 100 , 000 por annum ? ( Hear , hear . ) Nothing of the kind was to be expected . Mr .

      uoDaen represented nearly 1 , 200 , 000 population _, and yet in other parts of the country a population of 1 , 200 , 000 persons sent 246 members to parliament . ( Cries of " Shame . " ) Tlie shame was with themselves , for the fault lay in their disunion . It w as o n sl a very a nd sub s er vi ency th a t tyrants ever based tbeir power . . After some further observations _, he concluded , amid acclamations , by observing that he should come again amongst them , he hoped as a harbinger of peace , to proclaim that tbe Charter had become the law of the land . Mr . Gaskill supported the resolution .

      The r e solut i on wa s then re ad di s t in ctl y from t h e chair , and the Chairman asked if any one wished to speak in opposition to it ; and there being no rep ly to the invitation , the resolution was put and carried unanimously . Mr . Tayiob , of Birmingham , next addressed the meeting in support of the freehold land movement , as the only means of carrying financial reform . He himself was a 40 s . freeholder in seven counties , and should soon make the number ten . ( Hear , hear . ) If they w o ul d b e gin a movement i n Buck s he w oula get a vote for that county also ; George Dawson would head a number of men , who would hel p to rescue tbe county from its present representatives . ( Cheers . ) That would bo the way to carry

      financial reform . They must win the counties , " and if the _working men acquire tbe 40 s . freehold franchise tbe y could e nter th e polli n g booths and counter a ct the votes of the tenant farmers . ( Cheers and laug hter . ) Mr . Willis , a manufacturer from Luton , then addressed the meeting amidst much confusion , occasioned by persons leaving the ball . Mr . G . Gibbs then proposed a vote of thanks to tbe chairman , for his impartial conduct ; to the High Sheriff lor bis liberal grant of the use of the County-hall ; and to the gentlemen who had been present tbat night as a deputation and had addressed the meeting . The Chubman having returned thanks the meeting dispersed after giving three loud cheers for Mr . Cobden .

      Protection To Native Industry On Wednesd...

      PROTECTION TO NATIVE INDUSTRY On Wednesday evening a meeting of the working classes , convened by the National Association of Trades' Delegates , was held at the Western Institution , Leicester-square , for the purpose of adopting resolutions " in favour of leg islative protection for native industry , a g a inst tbe present unfair an d ruinous system of competition . " The chair was taken afc ei g ht o ' clock by Mr . Leslie . Mr . Tapril ( an operative carpenter ) then rose , and proposed the following resolution : — _•« That the British rarliament do not consider tbe labour question of sufficient importance for their deliberations , although there has been overbearing evidence produc e d b ythe miserable condition of our manufacturing and agricultural population ; we therefore declare

      that the eleotivefranchise should bo extended toevcry man twenty-one years of age , of sound mind , and uncontaminated by crime , for tho protection of the industrious classes from tbe b . inefml influence and monopoly of land and capital . " This resolution , they would observe , embraced the social and the political rights of the peoplo . If they gained their political rights , their social privileges would follow . The legislature had not properly considered the labour question ; and therefore no provision was made upon tho subject so as to furnish a working man with the means of living when he had no employment . It was of no use for the aristocracy of the country to endeavour to benefit tkemselves , while the rights of the working classes were disregarded . The aristocracy had noglccted their duty

      to the working men , and tho day of retribution would one day come . ( Hear , hear . ) Somo of tbo parties who opposed tnem had said _•« Look to France , and you will see that the principles you advocate , as to the suffrage question ana the ' . labour question , havo failed . " But let them stay . Tho energi es of Fr a nce had not b e en fu lly developed ; but in a short time a change would take place , and France would advecate the great princip le of t b o equalisation of labour and capital . Ho , with great _ploasure , moved tho resolution . Mr . Young ( joiner ) in seconding the resolution , said that he wished to disabuse the public miml as to the calling of that meeting . They , _wera not leagued with either Protectionists or Free-traders ; they were , as trades delegates , Protectionists , but they did not seek tho same kind of protection aa that which was given before the _ifttroduotioa of free

      Protection To Native Industry On Wednesd...

      trade _^ . what-th _^* _wmt _^ was . protection _' _-for . _- 'their own labours . ; _-vt .: f " . | tv ' - _>»¦ . ,- , _/ ., - . _? . ' Mr . Ivy ' supported _ th _. _ _- _& 6 l _ ti 6 r i .- ' He contended that the _. members of parliament instead of considering the , state ' of _the'labouring classes , had legislated for- themselves . - The people-ha _ been neglected , bub they : were now waking from their 8 lumbe . s "; iandbothtbe manufacturing and the agricultural-population felt ; that the evils of England were deeply rooted and organic ; and they s felt : that the la b our q uestion must be better understood , or the ' greatness of England would fall _^ iintopothihg _; _.-: _totowtiWi & oti _^ - ' _- _? . _£ _ _v ' -H _> ' "_ : _ . _J-2 _?_____ e 5 * it ' "li _! _nS 5 i 3 "V' _ _^ E ___! Js _ _ftiafc __ C _ . >¦ ' £ - - of- _Meep _* tott ?> Wf _$ _^ ntfi _^ _iMeu ! mi ?

      - - . _m-- o . - : _tpupiiojnoireeija _( Mr .-. "iiansara , ; uvrv ! _teradttM _. w _^ take the chair , he cbn _^ liedriwithvithb _^ equest , ; the thanks ofibfe meeting bbirie .. ' firstj' giyen _^ _b'ithe chairinah , Mr . Leslie . ) Mr . CKyddcontih' ued _.- _^ Though he was , no prophet , he would . " sayithat the' day ; was coming when gometliing _^ wpuldj _^ ' ! done for the labouring classes "; still he ' _eonsj . p | 3 d ; that the question as to labour and _capiM-jwas _^ tl ie great problem of the age ; and it '¦ required '' . that they should deeply weigh , and well consider the question . _Heabjured everything like p arty in the consideration of-fchis question . It was the association of intelligence , and the power , of mind which alone could save" the country . " He most c ordially supported the motion .

      Dr . Webb ; of Marylebone , in speaking in advocacy of the terms of the resolution , said that , ' notwithstanding _thecheaphess of bread , taxes increased in Mary lebbne ; _-andthis _; was through the great competition among all classes , which ruined many persons , aud turned the amount to be paid upon those who had the means of paying it . The _Ciiaibman * , who , in doing so , said , t h at as he had not the opportunity of being present at the opening of the meeting , he would embrace that moment to say , that the resolution , which hadbeeti prepared by the working classes , fully met with his approval . He was glad to see the spirit ifc evinced , and the benefits it bespoke .

      The resolution was then carried , there , being one . dissentient only , r ' ' Mr . "Wilson ( shoemaker ) propqsed the next resolution _^ whibh _^ was arf 61 l 6 _* _s , and'which was received with _applithse" _ _¦ - ' « That , for the . protection of ' ndu 8 try _, ; and _thejmmediate amelioration of the presentimpov _. _Tished ' and starving condition ofthe working classes , caused by unprincipled home and foreign competition , we demand that : her Majesty ' s Ministers introduco a . " bill t p Parliament in the ensuing session , for the establishment of hotnei colonies upon the crown and waste lands of tbis country . " He was quite ' sure from the experience he bad had as a trade delegate , that remedial , protective measures amongst the working classes were absolutely necessary .

      Mr . Brisck , ( cigarmaker ) in seconding tbe motion , said thafc he was brought up in Hamburg , and he knew it was said , that freo trade was good for this country : he denied it as free trade was now rendered . Mr . Lloyd Jones , sa i d , ei g hty years ago , there were fifteen millions of maohinery in this country ; but now thay had so increased the producing power of fifteen millions as against fifteen millions , to 700 , 000 , 000 , as against twenty-seven millions of consumers ; so that the result was tbat the labourerout of employment came into contact with the emp loy e d labo ur er , and low prices followed inevitably . The exports of tbe country had increased from seventeen millions to eighty millions , and ye t the

      wages paid were not half . He was in favour of home colonisation , considering , as he did , that the step was judicious , and the resolution a wise and valuable one , well fitted to carry out tbe object sought for by the promoters of that movement . Mr . Richard Oast ___ r , in rising to support the resolution , said that he appeared there by an invitation of the metropolitan trades' delegates , to speak upon what he considered to be one of the most important questions of tho present day . He stood there to advocate tho rights of thousands of working men , and _though not delegated by them he knew he was beloved by them . ( Enthusiastic cheering . ) It had been said out of doors that this Question was settled . It was not so ; and never

      should it be said tbat it was settled until the working men had been heard . He did not understand the meaning of " free trade" nor that of " protection , " but he did understand the divine law of order , wbich proved that tbe head could never say to the hand , " I have no need of thee . " He could not bear tho thought ofthe idea of one of the thankofferings of the British public , after a serious and alarming visitation , being a subscription to transp ort the sisters o f Eng land to foreign shores , No ; he would say to all present , that question should nofc be settled until the rule was set aside that there wa _sroom e noug h for them all . He mig ht be hooted , us he had been at Stepney , or have his bones broken , as they had been—still he knew thafc

      tbe men who hissed and hooted had been deceived ; yet he loved the industrious men , for he regarded the labourers of industry as the aristocracy of Heaven . ( Loud cheers . ) He had formed an opinion upon the question before them upon that occasion , and he found that it was regulation they _required for their labouring classes , and not protection , He thought that no piece of machinery ought to bave been introduced unless the parties whose labour was displaced should be provided with a position in society as _~ good as he held before , and that the provision for thafc man , or these men , should bave been regulated by » jury of neighbours selected for the purpose . Had this been done when machinery was first introduced , machinery would

      have been a blessing and not a curse . ( Cheers . ) This was not a new doctrine , it was founded upon constitutional principles . Then , as to the regulation of trade ; let boards of management be instituted , and every one arranged upon the principl es o f justice , an d then e a ch part y would find it to be their interest to exchange the different products of their industry , and if the supply was always regulated so as to be subservient to the demand , each one would have a sufficiency both of labour and wages . When they had each been thus supplied , there would be a surplus to spare ; this might be sent to the colonies , and when they had got all

      they wanted , and the colonies , let them go to trade with the universal world . If they were so , he knew there would nofc be so many large lumps of money lying idle , but shoals of misery would , he was sure , be prevented . The capital he would employ in foreign trade , tbey should remember , was surplus capital , and if they touched one shilling ' s worth of the Btock before the wants of all were supplied , they would inflict an injury upon some one or other . ( Cheers . ) Mr . Bennett rose for the purpose of moving an addenda , to the effect , " That a large reduction oi taxation was necessary to the welfare ofthe working man . "

      The motion as to the addenda having been second e d , The motion was put and carried , the " addenda being rej e ct e d , four hands only being held up for the said addenda . Mr . Read then moved the following resolution : — " That we look upon the p arty and faction fights of sectorial politicians as uninteresting , and unworthy of our attention and support ; and we aro further of opinion , that the working classes bave been too long used as tbe leverage necessary for the personal pur p oses of ambitious m e n ; and w e , therefore , call uDon the trades of England to asociate their

      influence , with a view to a full discussion of the important questions of labour , capital , and exchange , and such other relative influences as bear immediately upon their condition as producers . We further declare , that the security , c omfort , prosperity , and independence of every member of the community is tho object aimed at by the organised trades of the metropolis , and for which purpose they solicit the advice and co _* opertion of their fellow-citizens , irrespective of the distinction of creed or party . " Mr . _Delaforce having seconded the motion , ifc was adopted . Thanks were then voted to the Chairman , and the meeting separated shortly before twelve o'clock .

      Atrocious New Year's Gi_"T.—On New Year'...

      Atrocious New Year ' s Gi _ _"t . —On New Year ' s day a porter delivered to a lady , residing at 45 , Rue du Vertbois , a package , containing pastry and bonbons , which h a d been g iven to him oy a gentleman who was a stranger to him . Without giving herself any concern as to tho giver of the present , _t > he lady immediately partook of the articles , and distributed some of them to some friends who were present . In a very short time after the whole of them were attacked with violent pains . A medical

      man who w as s ent for imm e di a te ly pronounced that thev had taken some poisonous substance , and he administered antidotes . Two of thc party were afterwards taken to the Hotel Dieu , were they soon afterwards died , nnd a third , who imd groat difficulty in reaching her home , expired soon afterwards in great agony . Two others , although seriously e ffecte d , are in a fair way of recovery Tho rem a inder o f t b o arti cl es , were examined , and found to contain a largo quantity of arsenic . The police aro makinc * inquiries as to the authors of this atrocious net . —Gaiignani ,

      The Class of whwn " Jeames " is the representative suffered least from tbe _cholera in London . There aro upwards of 40 , 000 male servants hi the metropolis ; and of this well-fed order only twentyfivo died from tbe epidemic . A Verhic _. of Murder has heen returned at Warwick against a pauper named Bridget Taming , for poisoning her illegitimate child in the union house of that town . Use of a Moustache . —The editor of tho Me dical Times , referring to tho moustaches of medical student s , assures a correspondent that " moustaches have their use ; and among the most _""po" _**™' tbey are considered to point out Hie idlest , uie vainest , and most self-conceited , if sot , _prpw" ? the most dissolute in tho class . They are beacons to warn others . "

      .... .Yo >* > ' .'¦ - .;;__ _5

      .... . yO _>* > ' . _' ¦ - . ;;__ _ _5

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Jan. 12, 1850, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_12011850/page/1/