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SWITZERLAND. The Crvn. WAB. -In the late...
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RETURN OF DR. WOLFF. Dr. Wolff arrived a...
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ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF BOOT AND SHOEMAKERS...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Faitw Fntellifftttte
faitw fntellifftttte
Switzerland. The Crvn. Wab. -In The Late...
SWITZERLAND . The Crvn . WAB . -In the latest edition of the Smr r < Sfmdav last , we informed our readers that a t ^ Sl Ui foVht atXucerne , attended with im-** w rfhfe Later accounts have corrected tte ^ tment which we gave , to theextent of skow-I£ g that the ^ com , ^ f A of being victorious , were defeated . But defeated or victorious , the political ouestion involved in the present state of affairs wmalnsthe same . We now present our readers with Tracts fi » m the French and Swiss papers , detailing the particulars of this lamentable collision . The JournalUfa Debate states that news of the defeat of the free corps was brought to Berne by a captain of the army of Lucerne , named Schnyder , who had joined the insurgents a few days before with a portion of his company . " It appears , " says the Journal des l ii
Jkbati , That the smaU cantons lost no time in forwarding the succour c » Ued for by Lucerne , that they arrived there in fime , and that it was with those reinforcements the troops of the Government were enabled to repulse the two attacks made by the free corps . As to the engagement , attended with such considerable loss of life , of which we received jesteriay a very vague account , it appears that the population of the rural districts , who had at first suffered the free corps to advance quietly upon the town , rose enmasse on their rear , and thus placed them between two fires . The artillery of me invaders was captured , several of their chiefs were taken prisoners , and the remains of the expeditionary army were retreating in the greatest disorder , pursued by General Sonnenberg . Aabac , Aran . 1 , Six © 'Clock p . m .
All is lost A portion of the expedition has re-entered the Algerian territory . I have obtained the following particulars from an eye-witness who has just returned with the first column : —The expedition left on Sunday night , and on reaching Zofingen it was attacked by a bat . talioc posted in the forest . The sharp-shooters soon drove them out of it , and our friends continued to advance in good order , constantly harassed in their march , asfer asEttiswl , where they effected their junction with another column just arrived by the Uerne-road . Here the invading force divided ; one column proceeded by the road leading to the principal bridgcacross tlieEmuie , and the other took to the right and passed the Erame at Wertheasteln . It appeals that the chiefs neglected to keep um a communication between the two bodies , and that this
was the cause of all the misfortunes . The left column , whose return I mention above , arrived at sis o ' clock p . m at the bridge of the Euinie . This bridge was known to have been fortified and undermined , and every precaution necessary for its defence had been taken . The column consequently halted on arriving within sight of the bridge . Paying no attention to the fire of a battery planted on the other side ofthe river , and of the riflemen posted behind ever ? tree and bush , the chief ordered a hundred picked men to wade across the river Eiimie , which they succeeded in doing without much loss , under a brisk fire . On reaching the opposite bank , they cleared the bridge , and flnrsouuers of Lucerne precipitately retreated . The bridge , which had been destroyed , was soon restored , and the column advance towards the towiLseizing on the
neighbsaringheights , from which they drove the sharp-shooters . There they encamped , awaiting accounts from the other column . Sight came on in the mean time , and discouragement began to spread through the ranks . The entire column , which had marched and fought without taking any rcstfortwenty-fourhours , was exhausted with fatigue . Whilst the chiefs were exerting themselves to inspire their men with ftcsh courage , arepovt of musketry and . artillery was suddenly heard . Itwasprobably the second eolumu , who , not knowing their friends , and assuming them to be the soldiers of Lucerne , had fired upon them . A panic seiu-d a portion of the first column , several portions of which gave the signal of retreat , which was followed by the Gibers . By degrees , however , they formed their ranks ,
when the > - perceived they were not pursued ; but , not knowing what had become of the second column , they continued to retreat . At break of day they were attacked by a battalion , supported by six pieces of artillery , which attempted to oppose their inarch ; but the latter fought so slovenly that the column easily routed them . They were again twice attackedin the same manner , and twice they repulsed their assailants , without , however , any very serious loss to the enemy , who always kept at a respectable distance . 'When the advanced-guard reached Zofingen the main body was still engaged with the forces of lucerne . We have no accounts ofthe second column , which may have fallen back on the canton of Berne . Bebke , April 2 .
Positive news was received here yesterday afternoon of the defeat of the free corps , in the canton of Lucerne . These are the facts which , up to the present moment , appear to be the most authentic . The Lucerne troops of the frontier withdrew on Monday , 31 st of March , before the free corps , but not without making here and there some show of resistance . The combat was engaged seriously near the bridge of the Etnme , and upon different points in the environs . Several volunteers were drowned in the Emme . Nevertheless their chief army corps , composed of Bernese , & c , and at their head the Lucerne
refugees , succeeded in arriving rery near the town of Lucerne , and took possession of Gutoch , which dominates tt . A mine which was sprung at the bottom ofthe hill made a dreadful havoc among the ranks . The soldiers of Lucerne fell upon their aggressors , the principal column was repulsed by them and the troops ofthe small cantons with loss : two companies of Unterwalden fought with extraordinary valour . Those of the volunteers who had ascended theGutoch , and had already pointed their cannon against Lucerne , and all the staff likewise there , had , according to the Yei fas & auis Jrretind , been cut offi Xothing was known of thdr fate .
The remainder ofthe troops , to the number of 2 , 500 men , had withdrawn to Zofingen , amidst continual attacks on the part of the troops of Lucerne ; they have lost a great many men . Several persons , sent fromhencc into the canton of Lucerne to get information , have not been heard of . The Government of Argovia has de-& iaa 3 «} Bos ni ^ lit , some troops to be added to those of Berne , which had sent two battalions of infantry and of
eaiSMaiers . P . s . I have just collected fresh intelligence ; the B « 51 « sb column , which had arrived the first , has suffered the most—it has lost several chiefs . The column of Zofingen was obliged to fall back , and a leitcr from Lnobersbeg , just received from Zofingen , confirms the news , that it was in a deplorable condition ; the report , which bad circulated of its having been cut to pieces , is thus contradicted . A letter from Tribourg of the 2 nd of April says , that
the volunteers arrived before Lucerne , ana summoned the town liv SUrrenAs * . Sonnenberg answered by opening fire at once on several points , and a sanguinary action took place . During the engagement , two companies of carabiniers arrived from Unterwalden , attacked the enemy with great energy , and contributed greatly to decide the fate of the day ; at this moment , the Landstunn fell upon the rear ofthe free corps , and the rout became general . These news were brought to Butwyll by Bernese dragoons , who stated that half of their detachment had been cut to pieces .
It is now ascertained that in the late battle the Lueemese , with their allies , numbered 20 , 000 fighting men , whilst the free corps numbered only between 5 , 000 and 6 , 000 . The following is from the Journal des Debats of Sunday;—AH the accounts which have reached us represent the defeat of the free corps as more complete than was at first believed . The victors have made , it is said , more than l i -5 vvprisoners . The Government of Lueune has refused to surrender them , and they are confined among the little mountain cantons , where it will be very difficult to retake them , lucerne demands to be paid the expenses of the war . The number of killed is not known , but it must be considerable from the dreadful fury of the combat . General Sonnenberg had designedly drawn the free corps into
the heart of the canton , retiring to Gutsch , a height overlooking Lucerne . When he saw them engaged he fell Tipoa them suddenly , while they were attacked upon the other £ ide m the Landsturm , who had risen behind them . The column of refugees and of Bernese free corps who had entered from this side were cut in pieces . The whole staff of the free corps who had made part of this column , were taken or killed . The victors returned triumphantly into the town , bringing back the cannon and munitions of the enemy . The column which had marched from Zofinque , composed of refugees and of Argovian volunteers , encountend another division of Lucernese
troops at Snrsee and was equally defeated ; 2 , 508 men returned to Argovia . Of the third column , which marched from Bnnach , there is no news . The Catholic party of Argovia and a part of the canton of Soleure had risen and marched to the relief of Lucerne . Listai , the capital of Bale-Campagne , and one of the strongest holds of the Radical party , was almost deserted , and the inhabitants in flight . The fear of a civil war was general , for the Conservative party of the canton of Bale were in a state Of appr ehension . The Vorort had ordered out seventeen battalions under the command of the federal Colonel ^ Donate . Our private correspondent writes thus from Aarau ApTil 2 : —
" Testerday evening the news spread that the second column had entered Lucerne , and was there closely blockaded . It was even said that a letter had been received from the Commander-in-Chief stating he could hold cm twenty-four hours . It was soon known that this wasnot the fact ; night passed in the greatest anxiety . In the morning a part of the first column , which had returned the evening before , moved off to the relief of its brethren ni arms , but arrived too late to be of service . There can be no doubt that the second column was cut in pieces . The first column having been repulsed , the lucernese bent all their forces against the second , which was at the gate of Lucerne . It is certain that the Government of lucerne had collected an imposing force .
The whole papulation of Cri , Schwytz , Unterwalden , and zng , Tsjijj mgjjy ^ fc ^ Catholics from Argovia , had answered to the call of Lucerne . It is said that the Government bad not less than 20 , 000 combatants at its disposition . The column of refugees was driven back to Matters , at two leagues and ahalf from Lucerne . There it wheeled round and faced the enemy , because it had to pass a defile which , the Lucernese wanted to get possession of . But already were the refugees and their friends surrounded . Cannon were directed upon them right and left while they were attacked in the rear , and the whole column was cut to pieces . The number of killed was enormous , and many families are plunged in despair . The towns of Zofinque and Aarau , with 1 i » e canton of Balej suffered the most , because it was the free corps of
Switzerland. The Crvn. Wab. -In The Late...
these places that fought the most vigorously . A great number of prisoners were made . " 'Hie Journal des Debate inserts the following letter from Argovia ofthe 3 rdinst : — "Abgovia , April 3 . "At each momentwe receivefresh details of theunfortunate expedition , but it is not possible at present to obtain an exact and general account of it . It is certain that on the first day ( Monday ) the soldiers of Lucerne were beaten on all points , and that neither the Government nor the Commander-in-Chief , General Sonnenberg , .. ... . _
knew precisely what direction the free corps had taken , This resulted from the contradictory orders which the battalions received at Sursee . The bulletin , published by the Governor of Lucerne , clearly shows that he was greatly embarrassed , and that he had been surprised by the refugees . But that which might have caused his ruin proved his greatest gain . If the battalions assembled at Sursee had returned to Lucerne , they would not have been able to have fallen on the rear of the refugees , and the latter might hare sustained the combat , or , at least , would have been able to withdraw in good order .
The misfortune which has happened to the free corps appears to have been caused by the death of their Commander-in-Chief , M . Ochsenbein , of Berne . It was this officer who had traced the plan of the campaign , and in whom all the soldiers had the greatest confidence . He was at the head of the right column which had crossed the EmmeatLittau . He had already occupied a part of Gutsch , an elevation a mile distant from Lucerne , and there remained , nothing more than to take possession of the commanding point . There he exclaimed , ' V , e possess Lucerne!—they have forgotten to occupy the most important position V But scarcely had he uttered these words when a battery , which they had not perceived , commenced firing . It was from the Swiss artillery
in the service of Naples . The cannon , loaded with case shot and well aimed , did frightful execution . But the brave refugees were not disheartened ; they soon rallied , and would have stormed the town , if they had received the word of command . Unfortunately , the first firing killed M . Ochsenbein ; those who witnessed it kept it secret , in order not to alarin the men , and not even the other chiefs were made acquainted with it . The whole column was then without a chief , and no one knew howto act . They had also another misfortune , for they mistook their first column for the enemy ' s troops , snd those who were placed before the gates of Lucerne were obliged , from the firing they met with from their friends , to retreat , which they executed in excellent order , although pursued and harrassed by the battalions of Sursee .
In consequence of these misfortunes discouragement took possession of all minds : tr eason was spoken of ; no one had any longer confidence , even in his best friends ; and the brave fellows , who had fought with the greatest courage , retreated in the most complete disorder . The Government of Lucerne , which was within two paces of its ruin , aud who knew it well , trembled during the whole night . It was only in the morning that it took courage , when it no longer perceived any enemies . 200 or 300 at the most remained on the Gutsch , without provisions or munitions . A great part of these brave men were killed , and the others made prisoners . The Government of Lucerne and General Sonnenberg then directed their troops upon the route of Matteys , where they reached the column of the refugees . Already the battalions of Sursee had intercepted their march . It was then easy to annihilate them—men that had passed two nights and a day
under arms , without reposing themselves , and almost without eating , always marching , always fighting , and surprised by fresh troops who had reposed during the night ; and yet the people of Lucerne did not dare to come to close quarters ; they mounted their artillery , and attacked them from afar until they saw these brave men fall from fatigue . It was only then that they fell upon them and made a horrible carnage ; a great portion of them were made prisoners , but those were still more to be pitied than their friends killed in the combat ; although disarmed and extenuated , they were bound and ill treated in the most cowardly manner . The number of the killed and wounded , as well as of those made prisoners , is not yet known . The bulletin published by the Gazette de Lausanne mentions 600 ; but since it has the impudence of affirming that they had only lost three men , it is to be hoped that the 600 is also a falsehood .
The Vorort has appointed two Federal Commissioners charged with re-establishing the general peace . The war is in the canton of Lucerne , but they are not sent there , but tO Argovia , Which has lost the elite of her inhabitants . At Lucerne the Commissioners might at least raise their voices in favour of the prisoners —they might save many lives and diminish many sufferings . Fortunately , the Grand Council of Zurich has just replaced the four Councillors of State belonging to the Jesuit parry by four Liberal members ; the latter are now to the number of eight against five ofthe opposition . It is to be hoped that this will exercise some influence over the Vorort . The fifth member who had beeu subjected to a re-election had already been replaced by a Liberal ( M . Furre ) .
OPESIXG OF THE SWISS MET . Pabis , Wednesday . —The Constitutionnel has received by extraordinary express the proceedings of the Swiss Diet , which " derive so much interest and importance from the circumstances under which it has assembled . We have received from our Zurich correspondent , by extraordinary express , the account ofthe sitting of the Diet on the 1 st instant . The countenances of the Deputies assembled wore , for the most part , an expression of painful feeling . Those of Lucerne were of so radiant a character , as to call forth the indignant shouts of the populace . The police of Zurich were obliged to have them escorted by a baud of agents in disguise , in order to protect them from the fury of the public . The discussions were less bitter than was expected , and with the exception of the speech of M . Stegward , of Lucerne , the language held was dignified and
calm . Finding it impossible to como to a decision in one sitting , the Federal Assembly has appointed a commission to present propositions suited to the exigency of the occasion . This Committee has a general authorisation , which will permit it to carry its investigation so far asitniayjudge desirable . The Liberal party succeeded in placing four members on this committee , viz ., M . Furrcr , of Zurich ; M . Weber , of Berne ; M . Kern , of Thurgoire , andM . Blumer , of Claris . The ultra-mountain party with much difficulty succeeded in appointing three—M . Schmid , of Uri ; M . Caknie , of Neufchatel ; and M . Muller , of St . Gall . The most sensible check experienced by the ultra-mountain party was the exclusion from the committee ofthe deputy of Lucerne , for it has always been customary for the members of the three directing cantons to form part of important political committees .
SWISS DIET . —Srrasc- or Arsib £ , All the deputies were present except those of Lessino and the Valais , who were expected in the course of the day . The Diet having been opened in the usual form , The President said— " Gentlemen , it is scarcely a fortnight since you quitted this hall , several not satisfied with the result of your labours , and foreseeing that grave results would arrive . But you did not think that your utmost anticipations could be exceeded . The Free Corps , irritated that the Diet was powerless in coming to a decision with respect to the Jesuits , made an irruption on the territory of a confederate state . A terrible destiny has befallen these misguided men , and sorrow has seized on many
honourable families . A federal army is ou foot to lend its assistance to the re-establishment of order in our country . The peace of Switzerland depends on what the Diet is about to do . This high assembly ought to have constantly before its eyes the importance of its mandate ; it ought to avoid entering too deeply into the causes which , have produced these events , in order not to raise up irritating discussion ; but it will examine the means of repairing the evil , and it can find them . A change has taken place in the persons composing the Directory , and has caused the resignation of our , Hon . President ; but this change will not produce any modification in the instructions given by the Grand Council of Zurich . " The reports ofthe Vorort , the federal commissar }' , and ofthe chief of the army were then read .
The report of the Vorort concludes by making known the propositions ofthe two states : — 1 . Lucerne demands that the Diet should take severe measures to put an end to the organisation of the free corps : that Argau and the Bale-Country should be called on to pay the expenses caused to the canton of Lucerne by the recent invasion . 2 . Argau demands that the Diet should come to some decision against the Jesuits , and that Lucerne shouldproclami a general amnesty . M . Weber , Second Deputy of Berne , demanded , as a matter of urgency , that the Diet should address a pressing invitation to Lucerne to accord a general amnesty — the only means , he said , of healing so nianv bleeding wounds . He proposed also that a Committee should be charged to examine the other
M . Stegwart , Deputy of Lucerne , spoke against the sending of Comnvissionei-s , and the calling out of federal troops , as useless measures . Lucerne had , he said , called to her aid the primitive cantons , in virtue of Article i of the compact ; and with such faithful confederates they considered themselves strong enough to resist anarchy . Without blaming the measures of the Directory , he praised the commissaries and the Commander-in-Chief , who did not meddle with the internal affairs of their canton . But he protested beforehand against aU intervention of the Diet in the cantonal asairs . Independently of the prepositions which Lucerne had submitted t « the cantons , be had to make another .
Switzerland. The Crvn. Wab. -In The Late...
lhe free corps , after having obtained their arms and accoutrements from the cantonal arsenals , and being fully supported , had . entered the canton of Lucerne like robbers , to the number of 7 , 000 or 8 , 000 . ( The Deputy here entered into details of the matter . According to him there were 2 , 000 prisoners , who had not been ill-treated , and 300 killed . ) It was sufficient , he remarked , to look at the men in custody to see that they were the refuse of society . ( Loud marks of indignation from the Tribunes . ) Lucerne was
obliged to quit her friends and faithful confederates to . apply to perjured men . ( Marks of disapprobation from the Assembly . ) Written proofs of the connivance ofthe authorities of the cantons could now be produced . Lucerne insisted on the demands which she made in her letter to the Vorort of March 26 ; and , in addition , required satisfaction horn the cantons of Berne , Argau , Soleure , and Bale-Country ; and if that satisfaction was not accorded , she reserved to herself to take all proper steps for her preservation . :. ' .- •'
The discussion continued for sixhours , in the midst of reciprocal accusations . At last the Assembly almost unanimously ' agreed to the nomination of a committee of seven lhembers'to examine the present state of affairs in all points of view , and to make such propositions as it might deem proper . Saxguixary Proceedings of the Governmest of Lucerxe . —An account was received yesterday from Switzerland , affirming that Dr . Stinger , one of the chiefs ofthe refugees of Lucerne , who was made prisoner at the late battle , was tried and condemned on Thursday , and immediately shot . — Journal des Debate , Tuesday . |
MEXICO . The Mexicax Advices , Vera Cruz , to the 1 st nit , state that everything was quiet . The National Congress were discussing the new constitution , which isjsaid very nearly toreseniblethatof the United States . The principal sections had already been adopted . All the decrees ofthe former Government , levying forced loans and unusual taxes for the prosecution of the war against Texas , had been repealed . Santa Anna was still a prisoner in the Castle of Perote , and the general opinion was that he would neither be put to death nor banished , but would be imprisoned for the remainder of his life . Generals Bassedre and Canalizo , Santa Anna ' s principal minions , had been removed to the fortress of Chapultepec . The Texas question was still agitated in many of the Mexican papers , the editors appearing to oppose the right ofthe United States to annex that country as strongly as ever .
CANADA . Tub Caxadux Intelligence by the last arrival is unimportant . The Houses of Legislature had presented addresses of congratulation to the Governor-General upon his elevation to the peerage .
UNITED STATES . Liverpool , Tuesday , Half-fast One p . m . —The packet ship Montezuma , Capt . Lowber , has arrived , bringing us New York papers and letters ofthe very late date ofthe 18 th ult . Annexation . —Washington , March 11 . —It is understood that a reply has been made by our Government to the protest of General Almonte , and that it has been framed upon the precept that a " soft answer turneth away much wrath . " The Mexican Minister spoke of the annexation of a province of Mexico as an " unparalleled outrage . " There is great anxiety for the accounts from Mexico after the intelligence of annexation shall have reached there . Yet it can hardly be supposed by any one that the universal expression will be other than that of rage and resentment .
Tub National Reformers . —We have received several copies of the New York Working Man ' s Advocate , one of them containing an interesting letter from Frances Wright ; but the press of Swiss news compels us to postpone extracts .
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- "' ¦ ' VOL . Tin . NO . 387 . LONDON , SATURDAY ; APBIL 12 , 1845 . y . JgS . TSSg t- ~ • ————^—¦—^ - ^— ' ' * i
Return Of Dr. Wolff. Dr. Wolff Arrived A...
RETURN OF DR . WOLFF . Dr . Wolff arrived at Southampton on Wednesday . He brings some relics of the unfortunate Captain Conolly . A long letter addressed to Captain Grover from the Doctor has appeared in the daily papers detailing the particulars of his long and harassing journey , and hair-breadth escapes .
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Annual Conference Of Boot And Shoemakers...
ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF BOOT AND SHOEMAKERS . ( Contmned from our IdKt , ) Fifth Day ' s Sitting , Saturday , Apbil 5 . —Mr . Hyde resumed the chair . Moved by Mr . Pratten , seconded by Mr . Johnson , " That a pnblie meeting of the trade be held to-morrow ( Sunday ) evening , April 6 th , at the Parthenium Club Room , 12 , St . Martin ' s-lane , the chair to be taken at seven precisely . The delegates of this Conference to attend . " Carried unanimously . The equalisation of districts was then proceeded with . On the motion of Messrs . Pratten and Charles , it was resolved , that the Devonport district stand as it is . On the motion of Messrs . Williams and Watson , it was resolved , that the town of Mertkyr Tydvil be added to the Bristol district . On the motion of Messrs . Smyth and Charles , it was resolved that three delegates be appointed to audit the General Treasurer ' s account . Messrs . Smith , Steel , and Page , were appointed auditors .
Sixth Day ' s Sitting , Monday , Apbu . 7 . —All * . Hyde resumed the chair . On the motion of Messrs . Smyth and M'Lean , it was unanimously resolved— "That each delegate give In a statement of the amount ol wages paid in each district , and the time devoted to labour . " The motion was unanimously adopted , and it was resolved to appoint a Committee to receive the reports . Messrs . Malcolm and Starkee , auditors , produced and read the Executive ' s balance-sheet . Mr . Kems moved that it be received . Mr . Pratten seconded the motion . Carried unanimously . — After , ternom Sitting . — -Mi ' . Hyde resumed the chair . —The
"Last . "—Mr . Smytnnioved , "That the items respecting the Last be struck out of the accounts , as there was no authority in the laws to sanction the production of such a publication , or to appoint such an officer as an editor . " The motion was seconded by Mi-. Whitehead . Mi " . Malcolm moved the following as an amendment!— " That this Conference admits the auditors' report , and perfectly exonerates the Committee of Management from all blame as regards the expenses incurred on the Last ; " which was seconded by Mr . Scott . Six voted for the amendment , and thirteen for the original motion .
Seventh Day ' s Sitting , Tuesday , April 8 th . — Mr , Hyde resumed the chair . On the motion of Messrs . Smyth and Page it was resolved— " That the number of levies laid on the Association by the Committee of Management , from the time of their taking office to the present period , be laid before the Conference , with the dates of such levies and the amount on each member . " On the motion of Messrs . Fricker and Good , it was resolved— " That each and every application that has been made to the Committee of Management for sanction of strikes be read to the Conference . " On the motion of Messrs . Good and Watson , it was resolved— " That this Conference call on all districts to transmit , within three months , the back levies due to the Association , or after that time
they will not be considered as belonging to the Mutual Assistance Association . " Mr . Quinn , Bradford , broughttho Bradfordstrike before theConferenee , reading a mass of letters and other written documents complaining of the conduct of the Managing Committee in relation to that matter . —Mr . Smyth , Bradford , moved the following resolution : — " That the members of this Conference sympathise with the men of Bradford in their recent defeat , and regret exceedingly the untoward conclusion of that strike . Mr . Whitehead , Manchester , seconded the motion . — Mr . Hanlev , West-end Men ' s-men , moved— ' Ihat the subject " ofthe Bradford strike be dropped forthwith . " Mr . M'Lean , Preston , seconded the amendment . —Mr . Hanley having withdrawn his
amendment , the motion of Mr . Smyth was earned . —Mr . Skelton asked permission to address the Conference . Leave was granted . —Mr . Skelton then read the following address to the Conference shopmates i— " lhe very critical and dangerous position in which our trade is placed at the present time , through the variety of conflicting interests with which it is surrounded , has induced me to address to you a very few remarks , under the hope that they may serve in some measure to assist in your future deliberations , in devising the best policy necessary to be pursued for the guidance of'the movement now in progress . Shopmates , I need not detail to you the many serious injuries that have been inflicted upon the trade through must
hasty . and inconsiderate strikes . Experience have impressed this painfully upon your minds . I he many recent attempts that have been made to withstand the inroads which Capital has been making upon us—the complete failures of such attemp tsbacked by the expenditure ef thousands , aye , tens ol thousands of pounds , within the last twenty years , are more than sufficient to satisfy the minds of all ( who think ) that the continuation of such policy tor any length of time must go far to destroy us , as a society , altogether . In fact , I may say ( and that without fear of contradiction ) , that , although nominally in union , we are nevertheless virtually without union , and that we are incapable of effecting the object for Yrhich our society was established , viz ., the
Annual Conference Of Boot And Shoemakers...
protection of our wages . We arc completely at the mercy of the Capitalists , who , backed by society , countenanced by the legislature , and supports by tho surplus labour which is continually crowding the market , and are always in possession of the means necessary to render abortive any such attempts to better our condition ; what , then , should be our first consideration ? What means have we of meeting and overcoming the evils which encircle us on every side ? Methinks I hear some cry " Union ! strengthen our Union ! " " Reorganise the Irades' ! " cries another ! "Centralisc !" saysathird . "Consolidate the masses ! " says a fourth ; and thus do we bandy words about , as if the sounds had a magical power which would have the effect of drawing the
multitudes into a bond , against which the shaf ts of tapital would fall harmless . I ask , arc we still to content , ourselves with sounds , still to follow in the same beaten tracks ; or shall we , wisely using the lmowleuge acquired by past experience , seek another more sale and certain road for the attainment of our rights , and with the moral daring becoming men engaged iu the work of regenerating their order , resolve to obtain them ? I now beg to submit to the consideration of this Conference a few general ideas , upon the necessity of practically creating ' the union so long required in our trade . First , I recommend a uniform payment of threehalfpence per week , per member , to all the districts composing the Union or Association—one halfpenny to be employed for all immediate local and general purposes , the other penny to go towards the creation of a general fund , to he disposed of by the Conference at its annual sittings . Second , the establishment of
a Trades ' . Journal , to be published weekly in London , aijd'to be the property of the trade ; such journal to fee edited by the General Secretary , such Secretary to jfrcceive for his conjoint services £ 2 per week . Thirdly , the suspension of all strikes until the next meeting of the Conference ; the payment of all debts contracted by the Association ; that meetings for the conducting of trade business beheld in private rooms wherever practicable , but where it is not practicable to obtain private rooms , that no drink be allowed during the hours of business . In submitting the foregoing recommendations to the Conference , I do so under the hope that they may serve as assistants to the Union , so greatly to . be desired and so much needed . " The reading ofthe address was listened to with attention , and at the close , on the motion of Messrs . Scott and Fricker , it was unanimously resolved , " That it be entered on the minutes for the consideration of Conference . " *
Tuesday Afternoon and Wednesday Morning . — Mr . Hyde in the chair . —On the motion of Messrs . Grove and M'Lean , it was resolved , after learning that the secretary was liable for a certain sum by virtue of his office , "that he be relieved from such liabilities , and that a portion of the back levies be devoted to defray the same . " —The Conference then proceeded to revise and . amend the laws of the CokdwAixEns' Mutual Assistance Association . The following are the rules , as revised : — General Laws . —Article I . A ' ame of Society , Eligibility of Membership , and Nature of Sections .
That this societ y be called " The Cordwainers' General Mutual Assistance Association , " and that all journeymen following the trade in England , Scotland , Ireland , and Wales , he eligible to become members by joining auy section of the same ; the journeymen of any town , district , or branch of the trade , to have power to form themselves into , and to he admitted as a section , with liberty to act on their own hye-laws , when these are not proved inimical to the general principles of the association . 2 . —Objects , The objects of this association are—First , the promoting ofthe general well-being of all its members , in justice between the employed and the employer , as also to the public , or the consumer of the various articles of our manufacture ; and , secondly , to create and support a system of mutual assistance , when labouring under any illness that deprives the sufferer of following Ids usual employment . 3 . —Means towabds Ihpbovement .
The means to the bettering of the condition of our trade are , severally , the production of a Trade Fund , by individual payments ; an equitable regulation of wages between the workman and employer . The secondary ones are those of securing , as far as possible , less objectionable places to meet in than public-houses , where liquors are sold and allowed , and by enforcing a stricter system of order in all our meetings for the transaction of trade business , in respect to the duties we have at such times mutually to perform .
4 ' , —Aomission or Members . That any person wishing to join this Society shall pay the sum of one shilling , with the exception of members of old Trade Societies , who shall be admitted without fee . Apprentices shall be admitted free , by applying within two months after the expiration of their servitude . All persons admitted after that date to pay 2 s . Gil . 5 . —Cards . That any person joining this Association shall not be allowed a card until he has been three mouths a member , except the late members of old Trade Societies , who shall be entitled to a card at the expiration of one month from the time of their entering the Association .
6 . —Certificate of Membership . That there shall be one common card or certificate of membership . The general secretary to make the first numbering on the right hand corner , on the face of the card , and every sectional secretary on the left , on the face likewise , with the district namein connection , That every sectional secretary , or president , make , through the medium of the district secretary , every quarter , at least , before each assembly of the committee of Conference , a ftui and distinct return of his card issues for the preceding quarter ; and the general secretary accounting to the members of Conference for the particular and coUective amount of these issues , and of the number which may remain in his possession . All cards are to be transmitted from the general secretary to the sectional secretaries , for the use of the sections .
7 . —Annual Conference . , That the supreme government of the Association be vested in a Conference of delegates from such districts as now or hereafter may be agreed on ; each district numbering 500 members or less , to return one member . Any district comprising more than 500 members to return two delegates to Conference . The next Conference to be held on the first Monday in May , 1846 , and the period of business at no time to be longer than five clear days . Each delegate to furnish his own separate information , as relative to the desires , views , and circumstances of the district whence he has been sent ; the number of members , rates of wages there , and every other necessary information . The general secretary to make minutes of these
statements , to arrange and classify tho matter with the assistance of a subcommittee appointed from the Confer ence . A report to be drawn up from the chief facts and proposals so gathered together , and this report to be printed for the information of the whole Societ y . The Conference to have likewise the power to alter or amend any of the general laws , or to make new ones ; to direct , limit , or control the proceedings of the committee of management , whenever they see any just or pressing reason for such interference . They are also to take recognisance ofthe true bearings of all such strikes as may transpire from sitting to sitting , with power , when they | so choose , to recommend any partial or general strike . All expenses attendant on the Confev & nefc to ht j >& l < l out o £ tW general income .
8 . —District Meeting . In the election of delegates to the district , each section comprising one hundred members , or under , shall send one delegate ; above one hundred members two delegates : the election to be in accordance with the district laws . 9 . —Ejection of Delegates . The delegates to the annual Conference to be elected from the delegates at the annual district meeting . 10 . —Seat of Government . That London be the seat of Government , and that the Executive Committee be elected by the Conference . Ninth Day ' s Sittlvg . —Mr . Hyde resumed the chair . The revision ofthe general laws was pvoteeded with , and the following adopted : —
11 . —StaiKEs . That any section requiring a strike against a reduction of wages , shall write to the district secretary , stating all particulars and probable expense of the same , when the district committee shall authorise one of its own body , with one from the nearest section thereto , to inquire into the nature of the dispute , and report to the district committee ; that committee to be authorised to grant the same , by application to the general secretary , always providing the levies , then in existence , do not amount to more than threepence . 12 . —General Secret art . That the Association will only recognise one paid officer—viz ., the general secretary , who shall be allowed £ 110 s . per week for his services . 13 , —duties of secretary .
That the district in which the general secretary resides be empowered to appoint two persons to audit the accounts once in every quarter , and that the general secretary shall transmit printed balance sheets of the same , to the district secretaries , in the ratio of one for each section , within ten days of the time of auditing the same . That the Secretary have all accounts prepared for presentation to Conference pa the first day of its sittings . All applications for levies to be made on a printed form ; such applications to be sent to all the sections through the medium of the district secretary . In case of the death , resignation , or suspension of the general secretary ,
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the district in which ho resides at the time to be em powered to elect a general secretary pro tern .
14 >—Annual District Meeting . Each district is to have an annual meeting ofthe delegates , from the sections in the district ; which is to take place , in all cases , six weeks before the Annual Conference , and at which district meeting , all the special and general matters ofthe district are to be made known , aud all such information collected as will be required for the purposes « f the Conference : the district secretary to be obliged to transmit to the general secretary , within the first fortnight after , all such returns or facts as he may be there ordered to do , or as shall be required . Each district to pay its own delegate , and all other expenses of the meeting , by an equal levy on the members of the district . 15 . —District Secretary .
That every district town have the election of the secretary - to the district , who is to bo paid out of the district fund . The duties of the district secretary are to transact all the general correspondence of tho district ; to take minutes of the proceedings of each annual district meeting , and to transmit every matter he may be there ordered to do , to the general secretary , and the secretaries of his section , lie is also to obtain from the latter every requisite [ fact to be known , such as the number and names of each section , disposal of cards , receipts aud disbursements of monies for general purposes , and every other particular which is necessary to be laid before the members of the Annual Conference . 16 , —Eetubn or Cleau and Unclear Mesibe & s to the District Secretary .
That a quarterly return be made from the secretary of every section to the secretary of his district , stating the names of all the clear and unclear members , and also those who hare become scabs or refractory , oue wcelcaftev each quarterly meeting ; aud for each neglect to be fined 2 s . 6 d , Afternoon Sittixq—Thursday , Apbil 10 . 16 , —General Fund . That the income ofthe association be " all such sums as will he necessary to meet the expenditure common to the combined interest of its members , in levies , or any other
payments . The available general fund is always to be considered as averaging sixpence per member , and a levy , more or less , to be put on whenever it is required , to keep it up to this amount ; but that each district have the keeping of its own portion of this general fund , being only compelled to transmit such part of the same as may be needed for the current purposes of the association ; any district or section not remitting such levies when ordered , within one month from the date thereof , shaU be suspended until such time as they shall have complied with the rule .
I " , — General Treasurer . That a general Treasurer be appointed by Conference ( subject to re-election ) and in whose report the financial state of the association be | duly set forth , the said treasurer not to hold more than £ 50 at any one time . In the event of death , resignation or other casualty , the district officers , where the treasurer resided , shall be empowered to appoint a treasurer pro tern .
18 . —Security of Funds . That , as the general fund is the joint property of the society , every branch shall be accountable for any defalcation occasioned by the officers it may appoint .
19 . —HOTICE OF CHANGE OP PLACE IN SECTIONS . That on any section being about to alter the regular place of its meeting a notice of the same is in all cases to be sent a week ( if possible ) before to tho district Secretary , so that no interruption may happen in the proper and regular transaction of business ; all neglect in this instance to subject the party to a fine of two shillings and sixpence for any such offence , 20 . — . False IIbtukns . That no secretary , sections , or district , make , allow , or connive at , any false or imperfect returns , such as might lead into any wrong calculations , or entail any loss on the rightful income of the general fund ; and that all such conduct shall be dealt with by the members of Conference as maybe there thought best , having authority to impose such penalty or penalties as the case or cases may demand . 21 . — Division ok Branches — When to be Allowed .
That in all sections , where the members are both Men ' s Men and Women ' s Men , and the number above fifty each , it shall be allowed for the parties themselves , if they so please , to become separate sections , on application to the general secretary , and who shall sanction . the same , provided there be an equitable adjustment of money matters between both parties .
22 . —Contribution to Sections . That each section be allowed to determine upon the amount of the contribution of its own members , in accordance with then- bye laws . 23 . —Payment of Old Society Derts . That all societies formed under the old system and new modelled on tho present , and indebted to any other society or section , are to be considered as specially answerable for the liquidation of the same from their own particular fund , should the lending society , or societies , think it necessary to demand such debt . 24 . —Strikes against . Reduction . That in all cases of reduction , every matter concerning the same is to be laid before the committee of management , and no strike is to be allowed without their having sanctioned it .
25 . —So Purchase Money to be Given , That any workman or workmen acting contrary to the interests of this Society , when any shop or shops are on strike , is on no account to be paid any money for leaving the same . 26 , —Payments on Strike . That there shall he two ways allowed of paying members on strike ; the one general , and the other optional . The first to be paid out of the general faud , which is to be as follows : —For a single man , leaving on strike , ten shillings ; for a married man , five shillings ; and for a wife , seven shillings per week ; and one shilling and sixpence per week for every child under fourteen years of age . The optional one to be such other sum , in addition , as any section or branch of the trade may think proper to
allow from the funds supplied by their own bye-laws This support to continue until the district committee , upon enquiry , shall see the necessity of countermanding the same . On a member going on strike , and leaving a family behind him , the same will be entitled to one week ' s pay at the expiration of six days from the commencement ofthe strike ; but if the strike be concluded before the ex . piration of that time , the secretary of the section shall give Information ofthe fact , and when the payments will be as here stated , on such member being ordered to return . If one hundred miles away , or any other intermediate distance , he will be allowed one week ' s pay ; one hundred and fifty miles , two weeks' pay ; but no more than two weeks' pay is to be allowed , whatever distance he may be .
27 . —Striking President . In case of any strike or strikes , the officer or officers who may be engaged in carrying out the same , to be paid by the section or sections where such strike or strikes takes place . But in case of general strikes one officer to be employed , and paid one guinea per week from the general fund . 28 . —Strike Card . All cards given out on strike are to be stamped with the word " Strike , " along with such other devise as may , from time to time , be thought proper to protect against any attempt at imposition .
29 . —Trampino Mosey . No man to have tramping money until forty-eight hours from the time the shop has been struck , nor to be entitled to receive the same after the shop has been struck six days . 30 . —Branches to Strike at the same time . That all shops were Men's-men and Women ' s-men are employed , should the Men ' s-men be put on strike , the Women ' s-men shall also strike , 31 . —IMTOSITIONS ON STBIKH . Should any member be detected in giving a false return of his family , or getting support from a shop he did not work for , he shall be fined ten shillings , and be made to refund whatever sum he has fraudulently received . 32 . —Bloccing Towns . Thai no town shall be Mocked previous to a stxlke , nor above six weeks after tho conclusion of a strike .
S 3 . —Regolation of Tramping . That any member going on tramp , in addition to his general Card , be provided with a small entry book , In which is to be written the place and date wherein the bearer has been relieved , and that the payment on these occasions be made at the rate of fourpence at each section , and a bed for his wife , provided he stay the night ; and no continuous tramping support to be given after two months ; any individual suspected of making a regular livelihood by being on the tramp , and proved guilty of the same , is to be dealt with as the section , where the detection takes place , may think proper to determine . Tenth Day ' s Sitting , Frida y , April 11 . —Mr . Hyde resumed the chair . The consideration of the laws was continued . 38 . —Tramping without Cards .
Any member going on tramp without his card , shall have his debt written about by the secretary of the section that he may join ; and he must pay , in addition , such charge as the bye-laws ofthe section may authorise . 39 . —Losing Cards . Should any member be proved guilty of disposing of a card to another , he shall be fined ten shillings , _ and the party so obtaining such illegal card shall pay five shiling 40 . — Delivery of Cards . Any member coming into townwifh a card , and not delivering it to tho proper authority within three days
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shall pay a fine of sixpence for each day ; and if married , or on strike , the same to be stopped from his family ' s pay . Any member drawing a card and keeping it . by him without going on tramp within the period above specified , to be subject to the like fine . 41 . —Embezzlement- of MAiERiAtSi No member shall make away with the materials of any boots or shoes which he may have received to makeup , under pain of subjecting himself to a penalty of five shillings , and to make good the amount of such material . 42 . — Superannuated Members
i i Any member arriving at the age of fifty-Aye tobe const dcred superannuated , and shall pay no general contributlon or levy , providing he has belonged to the society for five successive years previously ; that , he be not ' allowed to take any trade office ; and in case of strike , he shall receive ten shillings per week for himself aud wife / and the relief for children . If single , seven shillings and six . pence per week , if he remain in town ; he shall not , however , he allowed to work .
43 . —Power of ' Appeal A member , in case of any unjasfc exercise of authority against him by any trade officer , section or sec tions , may appeal against the same to the district Committee ; or if he pleases , to the Conference , and who are empowered to see justice done him mth the least possible delay . ' 41 . —Purchase of Books of General Laws . Every member of this Association is to be put in possession of the general laws , for which he is to pay the sum of one penny . —Breach of General Laws , That no breach of these laws be allowed-, and . where no penalty is expressed , the same is to be decided by the section or district where any such offence has been Committed . End of the Rules .
National Tiudes' Conference . —Bradford- Woolcombers' Meeting . —A numerous meeting of the above trade was held at the Temperance Hall , Leeds Road , oh Monday evening last , to hear the report of the delegates to the National Trades' Conference . Mi-. Field was called to the chair ; and after explaining the object of the meeting , called on Messrs . White and Mullen to address the meeting . Mr . Mullen read from a written paper the various propositions agreed to in London , and concluded by exhorting them to assist in carrying them intooffeefc . Mr . George White also addressed the meeting . He remarked on the spirit which animated the delegates , ami dwelt on the all-important questions which had been discussed at the Conference , lie depicted the
manifold grievances of the . Bradford Woolconibers , and suggested the remedies to be applied . He spoke strongly in favour of Local Boards of Trade , to be composed of an equal number of employers and workmen , for the regulation of wages and the settlement of disputes . He recommended the establishment of shops as a remedy for the present degrading , demoralising , and unhealthy system of converting their bed-rooms into workshops , and recommended that the Woolconibers should call a public meeting of the whole to cany out those desirable objects , and be resolved to be treated like human beings , instead of quietly suffering their present degradation . He read an extract from Mr . Duneombc's opening address , which pointed out the necessity of the people
struggling for their political rights , and concluded by explaining the part he had taken in tho Conference , and finally exhorted them to unite firaaYy , and apply their resources in common with the Trades generally to effect their emancipation . His address was loudly cheered throughout . On the niotion of Mr . Mullen , seconded by Mr . White , a committee of nine were formed to canvass the town in aid of the Buncombe Testimonial . It was also resolved to forward their proportion of the expenses to the Central Committee . Thanks were voted to tho delegates and to T . S . Buncombe , Esq ., M . P . ; and after the transaction of some local business the thanks of the meeting were voted to the chairman , and the meeting , which was an animated and well-conducted one , departed , highly pleased with the proceedings . Nottingham Framework-Knitters . —At a general meeting of all branches of Framework-knitters , held
at the King George on Horseback , Nottingham , on Monday evening , the 7 th inst ., called for the purpose of the delegate to the Trades' Conference givmg in a report of the proceedings , Mr . J . Barber was called to the chair , when the delegate delivered in iis report , The following resolutions were passed unanimously : —Proposed by Thomas Stone , and seconded by Thomas Upton— "That a levy of one penny per frame be made , in accordance with the desire of the Trades' Conference . " Proposed by Thomas . Upton , and seconded by Joseph Stafford— "That the levy now made be paid on Saturday next , the 12 th inst ., and that the Committee sit to receive the same from four o ' clock until eight in the evening . " The im « portance of union having been fully shown by several speakers , it is hoped that those' branches who have discontinued their organisation will again organise without loss of time , if there remains amongst them any desire to ameliorate their condition .
Stalybridge . — A public meeting of the Trades was held in the Foresters ' ' Hall , ' Staley-bridge , on Tuesday evening last , April 8 th . 1845 , to hear the report of Mr . Brookbank , one of the Miners' delegates to the late Trades' Conference ; also , to take into consideration the necessity of those who live by their labour uniting to protect each other ' s interests ; likewise to enter into arrangements for the support oi tiie Coal Miners late in the employ of-. Messrs . Swire and Co ., of Dukinfield , who are now in the seventh week of their strike against unjust and tyrannical conduct . Tho meeting was called for eight / o ? clock , at which time the splendid and spacious hall was crowded in every part . On the motion of Mr . William Dixon , Mr . Brookbank was unanimously called
to tho chair , who opened the proceedings by giving an account of the business transacted in the Trades ' Conference . He concluded' by introducing Mr . < 3 Parkinson to the meeting . —Mi . Parkinson addressed the assembly at considerable length on the necessity of the working millions uniting for the protection of their labour . —The Chairman then introduced Mr , William Dixon , of Manchester , who spoke for neartwo hours on the Labour question , and concluded by allowing the tyranny practised' by Messrs . Swire and Lee towards their workmen . ' It was said by those gentlemen that "the men had nothing to strike for " —that " they Svere not reducing ( their wages " —but what was the fact ? Formerly , the men had 17 s . 6 d . for entering a " gig brow "—now they must only have 10 s . Was that no reduction ? In the nextplace , it had been the custom , when the Miner came in contact with any of those impediments which abound in the mineral
world , called "faults , " steps , ! and ' /«<«/»«• , " which entail oh the men a great deal of . work beside getting coal / to allow . 4 s . per day for this work . But now they must do it for nothing ,: or just so much as the creature ' of Messrs : Swire and Co . said they must have for it , The week before the men struck , several of the men had been-thus employed for five days . The underlooker had the face to say they should have one day ' s wages each for the five days . But , perhaps , his conscience smote him afterwards , for he paid them two days' wages for the five days ' work . And yet thoy had nothing to complain ofji Mr . Dixon concluded by making an earnest appeal on behalf of the men to those present , who , we are happy to say , pledged themselves to render them every assistance in their power . The thanks of the . meeting . were given to the chairman , and threa hearty cheers for the amalgamation of the Trades . The meeting broke up at near eleven o'clock . ;
Lancashire . —Misers ^ IjiiBitieEseis . —The nexb General Delegate Meeting of Lancashire Miners * will be held at the Farmers' Arms , Darcy Lever , / near Bolton , on Monday , April 21 st ; chair to ba taken at eleven o clock in the forenoon . There will also be a public meeting , which will be addressed bj W . P . Roberts , Esq ., and several other gentlemen J , The levy , for the fortnight , will be Is . Cd . pi x member . Yorkshire Miners . —The next General Deleg < tte Meeting of Miners will be held at the house of . j \ fr . Samuel Rowbottonii the Unicorn Inn , Adwalton , on Saturday , April 19 th , to commence at eleven o */ jiock in the forenoon , when it is expected that ( every Society will have a delegate in attendance to f aceive the resolutions of the General Conference .
Dinner in Honour of the Visit of " ( y p _ Roberts , Esq ., to the Little Hoxtc-. v Dis . ' rn . icT .-l On Monday evening last the Coal Miners of Little Hulton district dined together , for the p m . p 0 se of doing honour to their indefatigable legal a ? iyiser , W . P . Roberts , Esq . Mr . Roberts had been ir wited ' aiid had promised to be present ; but busines a 0 f an j ^ portaut nature prevented that gentlem an froni a {„ tending . The dinner was provided by the n 03 £ 0 f the Poor Dick Inn , and consisted of a pi' . jntiful supply of roast beef and plum pudding . Amp . ' , justice having been done to the good things , air d an declaring themselves satisfied , the tables were ; amoved , and a working Miner was called upon to preside . Ha opened the business by briefly adverf jug to the gloom ¦
, which pervaded the company when ^ known that Mr . Roberts had not arrived . Hot , revcr flewa 3 g j a ( j to sec them now so comfortable ( this was after dinner ) , and he could assure them that Mr . Roberts ' absence had arisen from his ha ying h een detained longer than he anticipated in dr 'fending one of their brethren , who had been snmmoi ieil before the magistrates at Hyde . He should ca Jl upon Mr . Grocott , their secretary , to address tb . em for a short time Mr . Grocott spoke for a few in ? inutes on the many and important services which Mr . Roberts had rendered to the working classes generally , and to the Miners ' Association in particular . T he health of Mr Roberts was drank with the utmos't enthusaism , the whole d checm
company rising an tg most lustily . Dancing commenced with great spirit , and was kept up for some time . Several songa having been sang , and the time for parting having come , Mr . Prvco rose and proposed the best thanks of tho meeting to the proprietor and editor of tho Northern Step tov their talented and consistent advocacy of tl ^ e ' rights of the productive classes . This was secr , ^ f v „ epn tl man in tho room , and carriedI wP ihout a iim ^^ Three cheers were then given f 0 . , the NmUrn f ^ se arated Association ; and the company Birmingham Trades' Df ^^ Meetxto .-A de . egato meeting of the y , rions Trades will ^ £ M a * the sign of the Grand ' f urk > BeU-streeCoXnday evening next . Mess ^ . Mason and KnigWX e K elected , to represent , ^ Cordwainers S * aYC m *
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), April 12, 1845, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_12041845/page/1/
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