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Northern Star (1837-1852), 12th July 1845, Edition 2 of 3, Page 6, AGRICULTURAL ClIrlMISTRlT. f C'ont'nitct...

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    • A TOOK FOR-THE JIILLI0X!
    • aorViwture aitir iiwttwltfav
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      A Took For-The Jiilli0x!

      A TOOK FOR-THE JIILLI 0 X !

      Ad00604

      - ^ ow ^ - ¦ lis ' iin ? , to he cons ^ ct-d sixty r , uir . * jc-rs , at feiPfa-, a : * * £ » " az ; d zlzgaxt ptriodical , Cor . dr .: uz of-= htci-n , * < -, s .-ly- ; rhitca - > sg >; s . . ' . ouale-ero-n :, . •; :. " .-..:: " ,. - - " ; := 2 . c < : will : fi-rtral snperh Hss 5 :: vh ; y 5 iy lis- 'Ml * :: n-j o - . ' k ''^ , f-iii ^ cil m . ar . ? -r sr ; : r ^ n-: c . - -, axd A' ) vr .:: rrrxr . B _ L -si " 5 ZA , i - -.. i ; ::: " : i " "c : £ t :.: sd e 1 : i- ; c " :-.-sc : " il : s si-a : ; u I - .- -LiKi , " '" ' - ti « i " - " ' " - r-trralircs < -t i 3 i * 2 '" 5 Tif 7 <* , ihvs , i .-. n ; :. ' -. f : ii : - . * Si' 5 , a * : ' - ! evt-ry cav . ' . vr of ! :: =, life c-f ; : iri :, r . ¦ Ji- I .::::- I- i ' : c ' .-a :: u ; 'j ; nl ? t . !^; - _ 'c-.-c , a ; : u Ic-iJ junny--. v- r-: i ii-r ¦• - -: ? -j ' - > i-i ; -i " --u-. rir ; s 1 ur . a -J . r . ow .. 3 . ¦ Z . » anr * r- _ * - —uivrty j . ' - ^ cs v . -i-it ^ r-i-rc = r , ;^ "ve tiixjM ; i * i'e t-:. ii " T .: t- ric . il' / s Z-lnl'M of the complete works of 11 . jl * : ^ . i : c ? ii-. -i \ ir * j j X-j * nov . " rc ^ - " y , ii . -i-jc sijii ) i .- ^ iCi : t-ai-a .

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      102 ; dOU AND : EAXCiH . "STS . 1 Dir . ECT ISDEPEX-2-JJMT IIAiT . V . ' AV ( Kstnniytan ' s Line ) , I'lS a l . ' £ Eh Gu-ovsh & s I ' iik & s lo Crem . TfMlT . Provisions ! Coiaaiiitca l « j io inform the public , Jl _ ilirtin v-j : i .- * ir . 5 t--tc .- « i" t :: ' . ' v .-ic-rtKiii : itio : i to estcml 11 m liui ft-J ' -n t " :- ir-siti lt : i ? tl : rouj : li His Potloriys to < "n : VTe . s © astoTu ' w this lt-. V ; sav taclicst t-. Ktimnuiea lian , 111 . -: otily l ) t-:-. vc- ^ : i T . ; n » lo : i ass'I - -fanvliestcr , bat also l'etTVis-. iX . itvlosiav . il I . v . -er ; Mioi ; tiwy Uava iletvirniUic-d to inrrca .: - - s ! t 2 c . -itutal t- > £ 5 , 0 'l 3 , 0 d 3 ; snd , also that tiier liava sic-voJ ; l : o co-or : jrit 5 oti of Sir John Uiir . ik ' , F . H . S , n-iiliA ! r . i ' - ? : i : histoa- ll- ; :. "r . 7 N : iTt :: sws , Secrctarr .

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      THE L 02 CD 0 X ASD AlAXCilESTER DIRECT LMS ^ l J-.- - . ili .-N i ll--iil >»» A i , IViUi a Bniiich to tl : SiajTcrd . ^ ire FoUcrics , Raningioiis Line . A T-. i H ^ s tit ^ cf ili-i lVcwwasl GJinasitta ? , lield at tlic XL c £ i- ' 05 -jf tie Cumr-any , t-9 , jIou ! - t 1 te- ? 'i-fiCt , Luncion , il ::= iinl cay of «' r . ly , ISJ . j , Colons ; th ; ilciti-juravic Lf-ccstcrStanlioiisiiaiitislecn tvll- ? u to tr . o t " aa " r ; ; It ua * ttuvei ? I > y y . . -jor Tvutlsr . K . 1 I ; ssron-Iefl % Ocnewl ? h- . lo ' : r . Toritt-r Fit = g ; i-aW , Jlart ., anil carried itnaittin jtisiy t—

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      105203 ASD MASOHESIKt BIKECT INDEPENDEXX RAILWAY , T 17 ; ri a IrarxJi to the Staffordshire Poiie .-ics { liew-jton ' s Line ) . Frovlslottally registered . —Offices of tbe Comnany , 2 P , Jlooi-satc-street , London ; Hisb-street , Bedford ; and St . Atni ' s-scuavc , l'ancbestei' . C-. ptt . il , £ v 300 , C- > j , In 10 , 000 shares of £ 50 each . —Deposit , £ 2 lis . psr snare . ACTING COSIHTKE Of 3 LiXi GE . " £ . \ T . ( "With pov . er to add to the number ) . Cc-:-: nel lie IIv : ; . I * 2 castcr Stanhope , A 5 al ; ui-:: 2 iaraHouse , Uadoa . Scacral Sir Jo ! k » Forstc-r Fitzreraid , Sart ., Usrley-strcw ,

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      C-JEAP . ELEGANT , AND EXPEDITIOUS COMMITTEES , Managers of Exhibitions , Concertrooms , Theatres , Benefit Societies , and public bodice generally , will find it much to their advantage to give their orders to T . STUTTEK , -3 and -1 , Church-row , Betlmal-grccn , London . Cards , Is . p-.-r hundred ; Handbills , by taking twenty thousand , ? s . \ icv thousand ; l ' osting-bills , 5 s . per hundred . Orders from the ' country , containing a remittance , promptly attended to . Goods delivered within five miles of Loudon . Give yottv orders to T . Stntlcv , 3 and 4 , Clravoh-vo ' . V i BatlinaUarccn , aud save at least fifty per cent .

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      FllEE TRADE . " 5 tiy in tlic cheapest market . " | A LL Persons who wish to save their money , will ' ¦ ¦ , A chasa their HATS at DUSX'S MAKr ^^^ f . ' ^" &» , Chiswcll-strcet , 1-insbury , where ,. ( V ( IP . ' ^"" ' ' - ' > profit from thc milker ' s ha' " * ,,.- * ' . c is only one I Hats from Cs . 0 d ., ~ " ' * .... weave ' s head . Silk warranted to * n ' „ f ..- ditto from 3 . ? . Gd . AU gooila ' * " ' .. ue from thc best materials .

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      COALS . 1 *^ 011 l is . fid . the half ton , very best VTalhc- ^ wc ] 1 JL screened , every sack invariably we ' ? ' ^ ' , -j ^ livery , aad warraalc-d ; Hattoa ' s , Stetvart ' * , ^ . t ^ moh ' s , two tons at ' lis . ; Newcastle ov scconit ? 0 ;; , , jcitclioia Coal , 21 s . Gd . j Coke , 17 s . Delivered ^ J ' flve raUcs at thc above prices , or within twelve ^ ] iiUes foj , „ ^ ^ ... ^ l . erton . Orders by letter prompt' , Uespatchcii . Metropolitan Goal Company , : > 7 !) Il ' gb xioiborti , nearly opposite iled Liou-strset .

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      The many thousands Who . cannot write , : ir . d arc anxious to leant , but have , ^ , pportmiUius of getting instruction from a , \ v « ting master , can now TEACH THEMSELVES by TJ 57 " ightm . ax s SELF-ixsraucrffiCr coty-Y » BOO ' aS , each containing forty pages of large post . No . 1 Contains strokes , pothooks , bangers , thc partial format" . f all the letters iu thc alphabet , and the alphabeU-ji- jipicte . * 5 o . 2 , " oincd letters , capitals , and figures . Ko . 3 , copies of text band , round baud , and small hand , No . i , copies of single , or running hand .

      Ad00614

      GEJSU 13 E TEAS AND COFFEES F 011 THE MILLION . The cheapest place in London for Teas and Coffees is at the Warehouse , 24 and 2-5 , Regent Street , Westminster , near the Vauxhall Bridge Uoad . MpHE Proprietor , E . WAIlMIJfGTOX , takes this oppor . " Ji tunify to return ( hanks for the liberal support lie lias received since he opened the above premises ; and to those who have not yet favoured him with theirpatrenage , E . W . most strongly solicits a trial , feeling assured that the articles sold at tbe warehouse , both in price and quality , will give universal satisfaction . Goods in any quantity sent free to all parts of London and the suburbs ; and persons in thc country , by remitting a Post-olHco order , wiii iisj tbeir instructions faithfully attended to ,

      Ad00615

      tNow Publishing , in Weekly Numbers , price Id ,, and in Parts , price Gd ., THE HISTORY OF TIIE CONSULATE AND EMMIE OF FltANCE , under Napoleon , by M . TiiiEES , Author of the " History of the French Itevolu' tion , " late President of the Council , and Member of tho Chamber of Deputies . Coxditioxs . —The work will be neatly printed in two columns , royal octavo , from a new and beautiful type , and on fine paper . Also uniform with the above , in Weekly Numbers , price 2 d ., aud in Monthly Parts , price Sd ., "THE PEOPLE'S

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      J l ^ ir M T ? i ¥ tt Mii / Ki ' -n . J | pjM AMERICAN EMIGRATION OFFICE , 9 G , Waterloo-road , Liverpool . THE Subscribers continue to despatch first-class Packets to NEW YORK , BOSTON . QUEBEC , MONTREAL , PHILADELPHIA , NEW ORLEANS , and ST , JOHN'S , N . B . They are also Agents for tbe New Line of New York rackets , comprising the following magnificent ships : — Tons . To Soil . Qceex of the West 1230 GtU July . Rochester 1000 Gth August . Hottinccer 1150 „ ,: : ?? U"September . LivEErool ,.,.,. „„ ...,.... 1150 .,.,,, Cth October .

      Ad00617

      NOTICE TO EMIGRANTS . THE Undersigned continue to enjrase Passengers for First-CIass Fust-Satting AMERICAN PACKET SHIPS , which average from 1000 to 1300 Tons , for tho foltarieg Ports , viz . : — NEW YORK , I BOSTON , PHILADELPHIA , KEW ORLEANS , BALTIMORE , | BRITISH AMERICA , & c Bmjgrants iu the country c . v engage passage bv letter addressed ns nmlcmeath ; in wli . cli case thCJ' need not bo Ja Liverpool until the day before tbe Ship is to sail ; and *•}• will thereby avoid detention and other expenses , lweides tearing a cheaper passage , and having tic best rths allotted to tlicm previous to their arrival . For fcrtlior particulars apply , post-pa id . to JAMES B 5 CKETT is SCR . North Aid Prince ' s Dock , Liverpool .

      Ad00618

      Holloway s Pills asd OixiMEXi . —St . George ' s Hospital . —Mrs . Sullivan , residing : itNo . 2 , Tlionin-EQti ' s-buiWings , ILammcrsmitU-ctos * , IlnHiYiiersmitti , Lad an ulcer on the instep , one on tiie shin , ami another on the ankle , for which she was admitted as out-door patient , for throe months , at the above hospital , but obtained no relief . She also consulted several eminent surgeons ^ but to no purpose ; at times her suiFcrings were so great as ta prevent her putting her foot to the ground for several days ' toseUicr . Sho lias , Lowerer , just been cured by the use iilor . c of these lavaluablc medicines .

      Aorviwture Aitir Iiwttwltfav

      aorViwture aitir iiwttwltfav

      ' ¦Field-Garden Operations; For The Week...

      ' ¦ FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS ; For the Week commencing Minday , July loth - [ Extracted from a Danv of Actual Operr Ag . y , small farms on thc estates of the late * ¦ . ' e gro near Eastbourne in Sussex ; n < ; D ' oilbcrfc , foniis on . the estotea . o the , j — Slnithwaitc in lovlcshire ^ DavtinoutU at of I- avnley 1 yaa , near ' published bv Mr . Novell , other possessors Oi un ^ owfi « Jd , in order to guide what labours oi' riol (] w . ^ n % ] showing them lands . .. ^ l . ip t .-ut to bcunilortakcn on their own lffO S- " . fl ^ £ ( . lccted as models are—First . 10 aoiW > - « don '" £ Bastdeim o

      , - »> « «• .- ;„ v a & , conducted by G . Cimttoiidou and 3 elm -: ; : ;' i' Second . Two private fnnns , ot five or six K ^ , die worked by Jesse Piper , the ether by John V . i & i-cll—tlio former at Eastdcan , the latter at f / ftngton—all of them within a few miles ot East-* v ' urns . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaith-I ' Vaitc . Fourth . Soveral private model farms near tho I samcplace . Thc ' consecutive operations in theso . reports i will enable the curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of thc south with the nortu of I EnMaiui . The , Diary h aided by '' Notes and Gbsev-| rations " from thc pen of Mr . Kowcll , calculated for i the time and season , which we subjoin .

      11 It is a very pleasant sight to see children engaged m useful and healthy labour upon a spot of ground which they can cull , their own ; they shall bo kept apart from tiic ' viee and folly of the young men of-the city . " HoTZ . —The school farms are cultivated by boys , win in return for three hours' teaching in the morning , give three ' hours of their labour in the afternoon for ) he mauler ' s benefit , which riiuhrs the schools sr . iv SL-i'i'ORTl-VO . We believe that at Farnhj Tycs rixstventha of the 2 » 'orfuce of the school farm will be assigned to the lorn , and one-seventh io the master , who will receive the usual school fees , help the boys to cultivate tkir land , and teach them , in addition to reading , writing , die ., to convert their produce into bacon , by attending to pig-keeping , which at Christmas may be divided , after ' paying rent and levy , amongst them in ] nvportion to their services , and Icmadethusindivectiy io reach their parents iu a way the most grateful to their fcclinqs . \

      SUSSEX . Moxdat— WMngdon School . Boys hoeing swede turnips , and weeding potatoes . Eastdcan School Boys digging , hoeing potatoes and turnips , nipping polatoc " blossom , gathering weeds for tho . pigs . Piper . Planting cabbages , watering them well . Jjumbrell . Hoeing potatoes , digging up rye grass . Tuesday—HY'Ziiwjrdoii School . Thc same as yesterday . Eastdcan School . Boys digging , planting cabbages , watering them with tank liquid , sowing white tur' nips . Piper . Planting cabbages : dont uno tank liquid before they get rooting . Dumbrell . Hoeing turnips , digging " up tare ground . Wbd . yssday— WMngdon School . Thc same as before . Eastdcan School . JJoys planting cabbages , and manuring them . Piper , llocing potatoes ; always hoe twice . Dumbrell . Hoeing turnips , digging up tare ground . Tiiur . sD . tt ' —Wiliinqdon Sehool . Boys hoeing swede

      turnips , earthing potatoes . Eastdcan School . Boys hoeing parsnips and carrots , thinning out the latter , bearing rejected plants and weeds to thc cows and pigs , llper . Hoeing turnips , bringing mould to tho mixen . L'umlrcll . llocing turnips , and mangel wurzel , digging up rye grass . Friday— Willingdon School . Boys wheeling manure , part of the afternoon wet . Eastdcan Scliocl . Wei weather , boys in school all day , or platting straw , spearing potatoes , or beehive making . Piper . 1 foeing turnips . Dumlrcll . 1 locing turnips , transplanting mangel wurzel , digging ground . Saturday— Wllingdon School . Boys earthing up potatoes . Eastdcan School . Boys ' hoeing aud transplanting turnips , watering cabbages , cleaning out piggery , portable pails , and school room , and turning dung mixen . Piper , Gathering dung under trees where thc cows stand to inhale the fresh breezes . Dumlrcll , Hoeing turnips , applying tank liquid .

      ., , . ,, . YOHKSHinii . Skut / uvaiti Tenants , John Bamford ) earthing cabbages , hoeing turnips , transplanting swedes to thc vacancies on thc sown rislges . C . Varley , hoeing turnips , emptying tank , Ac . COW-FEEDIXO . Ti'illingdmi School . Cows stall-fed on the second cut of clover . Bumbrell ' s . Two cows stall-fed with clover and tares for four days ; for two days upon rye grass and tares . G . Varley ' s . Cows stall-fed on tares , and small turnips .

      GUANA . [ A rustic harangue among a number of Allotment Tenants assembled at dinner , iu an old Baronial Hall . ] Sir , as thc introduction of a new manure must at all times add to thc physical comforts of mankind , I trust it may not be deemed improper to bring before your attention a few remarks on Guano , one of the most valuable manures which has been brought in aid of agriculture ; a manure , of whoso nature and properties very little appears to be known , although its value is generally acknowledged . 1 shall , sir , attempt to bring forward , in the first place , some facts relative to its natural history ; and in tho second place I shall advert to its chemical properties , and shew that it contains tlic food of plants in

      abundance , or atlcastthatsubstance termed ammonia , from which is derived tho agent , or clement , nitrogen , which has very justly been ' named the moving agent that , acting under the living principle of plants , moulds all thc other elements of their food into proper shape . It was , I believe , in the year 1803 , that M . de Iiumboldt transmitted from South America to the celebrated chemists MM . Fourcroy and Yauquclin , cf Paris , a peculiar substance termed Guano , found on those islets of Peru which , arc frequented by great numbers of birds ; and among all the objects worthy the attention of the naturalist which this celebrated traveller and philosopher . introduccd , there is hardly one of greater interest than this . It appears that M . de Humboldt having read a memoir of

      Messrs . Fourcroy and Vauqueliii , on the existence of Uric acid in the excrements of birds , thought that this substance might possibly be of the same nature , and transmitted it to Europe for analysis , with a note giving an interesting account of various particulars relative to it , which note was published and may bo found in thcoGth Vol . of the Annates do Chimie . " Guano , " according to M . de Humboldt , " is found in the South Sea , in the Ghinche Islands , near Pisco , aud on the more southern coasts and islets of Ilo , Iza , and Arica . Thc _ inhabitants of Chancay , who make Guano an object of their commerce , go to and return from the Ghinche Islands once in twenty days . Each vessel contains from' 1500 to 2000 cubic feet . Avancga sells at Chancay for fourteen livros , and at

      Arica for fifteen livvcs ( 'iouvnois ) . " Guano is dug front beds fifty to sixty feet thick ; there it is worked like the bog-iron ore . The islets are frequented by a number of th-ds , particularly of the species of Ardea and Phcenicopterus , who roost there every night ; but tho excrements of these birds have hardly formed ( says M . de Humboldt ) in threc centuries a layer of lour or live lines ( half-an-inch ) in depth , and he goes on to inquire— " Is , then , Guano the effect of some convulsion of thc globe , like pit-coal and fossilwood ? " But on this point he was evidently misinformed , as further experience tells us , for the remains of human beings , ' and parts of the wreck from an English ship have boon covered and embedded to a considerable depth in less than a ouartor of a century

      in the Guano beds ' on the African coast . M . de Humboldt further informs us , that tho fertility of the naturally sterile gyj 0 j pern is derived from Guano , wliichi ; t became an article of commerce . Fifty little vessels called ouanerns , are constantly employed in fetching this manure for the supply of the coast . Its effluvium , may be smellcd at tltc ' distance of a quarter of a league . The sailors accustomed to the smell of ammonia feel no inconvenience , butM . Humboldt says that his party could not approach it without con tinual fits ot sneezing . " Maize , or Indian cam , is the particular vegetable for which Guano forms an excellent manure . ' 1 he Spaniards in Peru learned the use of it from the Indians . If

      too much bo thrown upon the maize , tho root is burned am ! destroyed . " Thus far M . de Humboldt , writing in lSl-i-5 . Tho chemical description of this substance by MM . Fourcroy and Yaitquclin is as follows : — " Guano is of a dirty yellow colour , rather insipid to thc taste , but possessing a powerful odour , partaking of eastov and valerian . It turns black in the fire , and exhales a white smoke of an ammoniacal smell . Quo half its weight aud upwards is dissoluble in a large quantity of boiling water . " The learned authors conclude from their experiments that this powder , Guano , is composed of" 1—Uric acid , amounting to one-fourth of the whole compound , partly saturated with ammonia and lime .

      " 2-Oxalic acid ( tho sour acid in wood sorrolV partly saturated with ammonia and potass . * ' 3—Phosphoric aoid , combined with the samo basee and lime . " 4—Small quantities of sulphate and muriate of potass and ammonia , " 5-A little fatly matter . J G- ; Sand partly . qoArtzaae mi partly foruginous . " The existence of Guano in places frosuentod bv vat numbers oi birds , and the identity of its nature with that of theexcremonts of aquatic birds , necessarily throw ' consttorable light on the origin of this matterThe anal

      . ysis proves how well founded was the ingenious comparison of that learned naturalist M . de Humboldt , to whom . to are indebted for our knowledge , ©! this substance , no less useful and inter-. pstinff » ow to us than it was then , and is now to the inhabitants of Pern . It confirms thc important discovery made by thc researches of these eminent 1-rench chemists . In a word , this analysis , corroborated as it has been in a great degree by the analysis of succeeding chemists , establishes the truth of a well known maxim- " That tho sciences mutually enrich and enlighten each other , with the light they pwsesa- ' . ' -Altl-pBfilj { he scientific world M Iwv

      ^^^•"^Rr^Gfe.-..,. ,

      ^^^• " ^ rr ^ gfe .-..,. ,

      oxiV - * *' tor ncr ; , «' niiartei * of a century with the ' .-vC'le of luiinensc masses of birds' dung upon the , "<* £ « s of the South Sea , such is the ditttcuty ot introducing the suggestions of science into he practice of agriculture , that this very uselu 1 sub anceha 1 been altogether neglected , till a very lew years ago a cargo was ~ importcd into Eiycrpoo 1 , and tlisio > ed ol ,. 1 understand , with considerable dilhcultv ; and I lui c been informed by a Lieut . Colonel m her Majestf s service , that it was at his suggestion to the n . eichants that thc first cargo was sent to England ; and like alt who suggest now things , he was ridiculed , for a longcv time than ho wished , snd was rewarded with tlic coL'iionicu of ¦ Bon' Gixw . And when tu «

      importation has become immense , and the value of tho manure lias become appreciated , even wrt many people regard it as a mineral substance , while it is in realiiv nothing more or h ? s than birds' dung , but superior in strength to the dung of the'domestic fowl , or pi scon , inasmuch as thc Guano Bird that voids it lives upon stromrer aud more animaliscd food , such as sea can-ion . " In ik-t , it must possess the united virtues of both liquid and solid manure , for birds tto not void urine , and therefore its component parts must assume tiio solid form , and pass away with the other lfflcal matters . Since the value of Guano has

      become established , wc send to gather it from tic reeks , not only to Vhc shores of the ' . South Sea , but to the coast of Ati-rea ; but our supply will be . always con . P . ued to a few places in the tropical climates , where rain seldom falls to wash away its solublc ' parls , so that thosiipply cannot remain permanent , aud we ought to turn our attention to thc preparing of it at homo . As chemistry has revealed tons what it is made of , wo may hereafter bo enabled to prepare it avtiScialJy ; ami modern ' analysis hi a remarkaWc degree confirms ; the statements made forty years Rgo as to its constituents . There appeare io be some ci'At or ten substances with which , wc avc well

      acquainted-Uric acid , Oxalic acid , Phosphoric acid , Sulphuric acid , potass , lime , ammonia . Thc Uric acid is found in urine . Thc Phosphoric acid is found in bones . Oxalic acid is found in vegetables . Limo is found in bones and in vegetables . ^ The Sulphuric acid ,-oroil of vitriol , is derived from sulphur . The Potass from vegetables . Lastly , thc amjioxia , a term which you often hear , is the product of life , if I may so call it , or rather , I ought to say , of death , for it is always produced in the decay of an ' imal substances . It- is tho chief substance that plants require for food . Wo never behold it , and yet it exists . It is given off from grave-yards , and from all kinds of putrid matter . It must be present in manures , or their ciueacy will be small . The Peruvians have a saying tiiat " Guano , although , no saint , works miracles "; and truly it is a miraclo . in itself containing as it does such a large quantity of

      lhat ammonia so necessary to vegetable growth . But , without doubt , wc have at home , ready prepared to our hands , Guano as potent as that of Peru , if we only take the trouble of collecting and elaborating thc iluidand fceeal matters collected near our dwellings , made up of tho same substances , and possessing the same powers as the native Guano . Br . Buckland says , relative to this mat tor , " IVlir should wo go so far as the shores of Peru or Africa , when wc have the remedy within ourselves—the essence of ale and boor , and the quintessence of beef , and bread , and cheese ? These arc the best of all possible manures : and why ? Because they restore to the land that which the corn and thc ox have taken away ; because they restore things which the atmosphere cannot restore . That element can furnish charcoal and ammonia in part , to growing plants , it is true : but more is still wanting and must be restored ; especially that nutritious phosphate of beef and the gluten which enter into the commodities of which our food is composed . "

      Agricultural Clirlmistrlt. F C'Ont'nitct...

      AGRICULTURAL ClIrlMISTRlT . f C ' ont ' nitctJ / i'oni our last , ) CAKBOSIC ACID . 40 . "In all plants , " says Sir II . Davy , "lliorc exists a system oi' tubes or vessels , which in one extremity terminates in roots , and at tho other in leaves . It is by tho capillary action of tho roots that fluid matter is taken up from thc soil . Thesap , in passing upwards , becomes denser , and more litted to deposit solid matter ; it is modified by exposure to heat , light , and air in tho leaves ; descends through the bark , in its progress produces new organised matter , and ifcistlius , in its vernal and autumnal How , the cause of thc formation of new parts , and of

      tha more perfect evolution of parts already formed . " il . This clear and simple vicv of the economy of vegetation seems to bo founded upon thc facts most plainly established , and to lead to those practices in husbandry which at once enrich the soil , and afford the best returns to the agriculturist—practices which coually promote the interest of thc landlord and the tenant . A new theory has been advanced ) or rather an old one has been revived , by a distinguished plUlosopher abroad , and has been rather hastily adopted by Professor Daubcny , of Oxford , and others . " Wc seem , to be justified , " says tho Professor , "in attributing thc carbon which plants contains exclusively to the decomposition of carbonic acid , Which , before the leaves arc developed . i \ introduced , together with

      tnc sap , by the roots , but afterwards is obtained directly from tho air itself . " "On a well-managed farm , " ho says in another place , "even where ( being situated at a distance from a town ) it consumes 110 more manure than is obtained on thc premises ; at the end of a century , the live stock may bo increased , the crops more abundant than they were at the beginning , and yet cveryycar a large quantity of carbon and nitrogen will have been carried off in the shape of corn and cattle sold . " Ho might have added , that every living animal maintained upon the farm , is all this time exhaling carbon into the air . 42 . " It is not denied , " says Liebig , "that manure exercises an influence upon the development

      01 plants ; but it may be affirmed , with positive certainty , that it neither serves for the production of the carbon , nor has any influence upon it , because we find that the quantity of carbon produced by manured lands , is not greater than that yielded bv lands which are not manured . The discussion as to thc manner in which manure acts has nothing to do with the present question , which is the origin of the carbon . Thc carbon must be derived from other sources : and as thc soil does not yield it , it can only bo derived from the atmosphere . " In another placo the same author says , " The carbon of plants must be derived exclusively from the atmosphere—carbon exists in the atmosphere only in the form of carbonic acid . "

      43 . "Carbon , " . says Dumas , "is procured by vegetables from carbonic acid exclusively , either directly from the air , or from that other portio n which the decomposition of manures constantly affords , in contact with the roots . But it is especially from the air that plants most frequently derive their carbon . How can it bo otherwise , when wc observe the enormous quantity of carbon appropriated by ancient trees , and the limited space to which their roots can extend themselves ? Assuredly , when the acorn

      sprouted , which a hundred years ago produced thc oak we now behold with admiration , the soil into which it dropped did not contain one-thousandth part ot the firewood which the tree now affords It is the carbonic acid of the air whicli lias-supplied the remainder , that is , almost tho whole . But what can be more conclusive , in addition , than the experiment of MJJoussingauIt , in which peas planted in sand , moistened with distilled water , aud fed upon air alone , found in that air all the carbon requisite for them to grow , to flower , and bear seeds . "

      44 r > ow , m the charcoal of thc oak tree will be found , as has been stated ( par , SI ) , two per cent , of ashes , earthy and saline materials , the whole of which could no more exist in the soil at the time JTtea tboncorft w » planted , th p could the cmta itself . These ashes' eouiu ' not be derived from thc air ; how did they come to be part and parcel of this monarch of the wood ? The space to which thc roots can extend themselves is limited , —roots cannot roam in search of food ; tho food must be supplied to tho roots not b y air , but by water . Wc have taken M . Dumas s estimate of the quantity of carbonic acid in the air as one part in five thousand ( par . 34 ) : but water can dissolve five thousand times as much , and can dissolve other materials , by . means of carbonic acid , as wo have stated ( par . ^ G ) , and shall prove hereafter . The experiment ' of M . Boussingault , with the peas , though very interesting , is not likelv to be profitably repeated ona large scale .

      UME . io . lhere is no substance used by the practical agriculturist more beneficially , for the purpose of enriching and improving the soil , than calcareous matter , which gives their principal value to" mark , awl is the essential ingredient of chalk and limestones . Keeping carbon and carbonic acid still iu new , and for the purpose indeed of placing these in . 1 dearer light , wo will now advert to some properties of limo . 40 .. Marble , limestone , chalk , & c ., arc largely and widely distributed over the face of the globe and constitute many geological formations , interesting in their origin , anclliigbl y valuable in their application to the art ? . Now it is renwftnblc , that all tho S geological formations , which contain ena-hom . t « nf ); , „„

      avcfoundtocon 8 f 3 tM thcaggregatedskeletons ( slielN ) of myriads of the tribes of iuvertebrated animals which hare , existed in some former- period of fi world ' sliistory . From tho densest and hCTuest inS stone to the softest . chalk , the entire massriolvS itself ultimately into a congeries of animal ronS and hence the groat supply 0 f lime in a mineralS arises from the des ruction of its animal sourc * J w- al ' n , arb - $ imest <> ne , exposed to a full tod . heat m an open five , loses nearly half its weVht and becomes quicklime . Until a recent perioTfi ( i . « . quicklime ) was considered to be wdciKK substance one that could not be deeoSSSPS II . Davy however showed lime to be the oxide of a metal which he called cukinm-eate , being the Latin name of Lime whence the epithet wtLr ^ Tlas mXont i ' -fil ? ' W- ^ ' ¦ *)• ¦ ^ art maris containing . lime . Calcium is described bv fc ° " ^ sccn as a * Kto metal \ 8 £% S . One equivalent , or w 2 kt ^ of oxygen , mim

      Agricultural Clirlmistrlt. F C'Ont'nitct...

      50 -5 of calcium . Tho equivalent number or" H- ^ | therefore , is 23 . " 5 . . " T § 48 , If water bo sprinkled upon quieksiaie , * $ becomes vcrv hot , and tails into a line powder . ] ? S this slate it is slaked lime , or hydrate ot lime , - 0 called because water seems to combine with iE c / ,, . i mkallv . The number of water par . l J ) is V , v ; hir . j , 'M added * to that of lime ( 25 ' 5 ) , makes tho equividoaj £ ; hvdraicoflimeOT'S . ,,,,,,,. ; ^ 1 " 49 . If more water is aaded to the Iituc n v , ;» i s fluid is formed , sometimes called cream , oi" ££ . % this consists merely of water holding ^ : i : o o ;" ' ; ' ., " i lime suspended , ml a very small quaurity Ju ^;? ' & . __ .

      This cream oVlimewatevmay lie ticeari ' . eu oil " . " \ Y > , ' . ; | onlv dissolves veiy lit-r-le lime , and , what ; h vervV M markablc , boilinj- water only dissolves hail' as : )];„ "• , i as very cold water . A gallon ofiime-watc . ' dr-cs s : « - ' § contain a quarter of an ounce of lime : so that w : ^ p we have decanted the clear water on , as above , " si mav fill the bottic iu ; uiu with cold water , u \ ui obt-ain -i aiio ' thcrsunplyjustasgoudasthejast . '" ' | j 50 . Small " , however , as the quantity of Ih-ic mrv I be that is dissolved in water , wc can soon nwijc ft 1 very apparent by passing through it a few Imb ! .. ;^ $ . | carbonic acid [ r .-w . Quicklime and carbonic- acj , [ H have a « rcafc attraction the oiie _ ibr the dth « v *! j m powerful chemical ailinity ; they find cneli oti : «» v ; . ' g j in a very surprising way .- Thc chemist avail * h \ - ^ j self of this : when ho suspects thc presence of r . uii-J ; . | j lime in a fluid , lie shaken it up with some eay ' . i . ir . " ^ acid gas ; to detect carbonic acid gas , he uses lime . I water . i

      ol . Fill a phial or a gob ' ct with clear lime-wati-r , i It is perfectly limpid , and wo-dd remain so fov % years if thc air were excluded , Hold thc cud of a I quiil , or glass tube , nn -inch or two below tho surface , f " j and breathe through , it two or three-times . You wi '; ' f : sec a cloud , a vnpou ? , i ' ormed in tlic limc-warer ! jj- i miUiov . s of ntiuute particles of chalk y yet to i ' o- r , u I every one of these almost invisible particles of eiitilk , g there goes exactly one chemical atom of lime wi ^ | one atom of carbonic acid , neither more nor less . I There is no such thing as strong carbonic aeid , or f

      weak lime . When limo combines with an seid , ; is : rj carbonic acid , fo form chalk or marble , sulphuric t acid to form gypsum ( v .-hieh is suliili . ite of j ' nno ' i— | phosphoric acid to form phosphate of iime ( cr the I earth of bones)—in all these esses a deSnite qcantity il or equivalent , a chemical atom of the lime , unite .- ; I with an equally definite quantity of ( ho acid : There | may bo an excess of acid or of base—/ , e . lime but | the ono takes neither more nor loss than its vqu ' . > valcntof ' tiicotsici ' , and the compound is invariably S the same in every thc minutest portion . 1

      52 . Limestone , chalk , carbonate of lime , free from thc ' admixture of foreign matters , contain preeUeiv = 14 per cent , of carbonic acid gas . It ought , there lbi « , to hso just this xrclgiib hy heiug biirneci . . V pioco of limostono might bo weighed , licated in a furnace for some time , and weighed again , if a person wanted to know tho quantity of carbonic acid in a given piece of marble . But the march of intellect has not halted here ; the agriculturist has been taught a better method of preceeding—one requiring no lira and not much trouble , yet far more precise , founded upon that system of chemical equivalents which has been so repeatedly noticed . o ' J . "When wo drop some strong acid upon a limestone , thc stronger acid takes possession of the Jime ,

      and the carbonic acid gas flies off . This is circa found by the agriculturist to bo a sufficient i'tiide , when his object is merely to ascertain whether a sand or a clay contains calcareous matter ( par . 17 ) , or nor . lie pours a few drops of aquafortis or of spirit of salt / ( nitric or muriatic aeiii ) upon it , and if it effervesce , ho knows It to be calcareous , f . fanv salts ill a chemist ' s laboratory would effervesce ' with acids ; but the soil—the laboratory of the great chemist—affords , at least in this country , very rarely any tiling of the kind except calcareous matter , iu the form of carbonate of lime . Thc existence of barvtcs and strcntian , in tho form of carbonates , needs not to be more than mentioned hero ; magnesia is more frequent , but effervesces very feebly with acids , and dissolves

      slowly , as it exists iu rocks . Thc ilcs ; i-ec of en ' er-YCSCC 11 C 0 will show to a practised ore the proportion , of calcareous matter in tho soil , at least it will " enable thc inquirer to judge between two or three different specimens subjected to the same experiment . But , after all , it is not the ^ uantitir of calcareous mntteri " * or indeed of any thing else , which renders a soil vrr- - " luablc . More depends upon the state of division , and ' the presence of many , other ingredients . In fact , an individual agriculturist is not well employed in more chemical experiments . Anricultural experiments , guided by chemical knowledge ( or rather euavded by chemical principles from « ross aud randon blundering ) , and faithfully recorded , will most profit thc individual and the community .

      oi . Tho following are some of tho processes employed by thc practised chemist to ascertain correctly the proportion of carbonate of lime in a "iron niece ot stone , & c . ' . —Having weighed the mineral to bo examined , ho again balances it , along with a Small bottle of aeul ; _ then he drops itslmvlylnto the bottle , and waits until it is dissolved . He weighs the whole again , after the carbonic acid has been allowed to escape ; thc loss of weight shows how much has « onc oft , and from this thc quantity of calcareous matter b

      can e calculated , every 22 grains of loss in weight indicating 50 grains of carbonate of lime . 2 . Sometimes a dilute acid , the strength of which has been previously ascertained , is added by slow degrees so long as the gas continues to be given off . The quantity ot acid required gives a good approximation to the quantity ot calcareous matter . 3 . Tho most satisfactory mode of all , is to pour weak acid upon the marl , < L-e to collect and filtrate the solution , then to throw down thc dissolved carbonate of lime bv an alkaline carbonate , to collect and wci > h it . \\

      oo . e have been told ( par . 34 ) that tho air always contains a very small quantity of carbonic acid . Tliis is easily proved by pouring some lime water into a eiima . saucer , or any broad and shallow glass vessel , ilio limo m the water , though no more than ono part in about SpO , is almost immediately put in communication with the gas in the air , though thc latter exists only m tbe proportion of 1 part iu 5000 , * aud a vki-UeMm-oi carbonate of limo makes its Appearance on the surface , just where the air touches the water , and in a day or two , at thc longest , every atom of the lime m the water will have met with its atom oi carbonic acid in the air ; chalk , or carbonate of lime , wi sKbsule to the bottom of the vessel , aud the water will not contain a trace of lime .

      oG . I ' l-oin the first moment when a load of lime is rolled out from a cart upon an open field , and exposed to t io weather , it begins to undergo changes visible to the eye , such as have just been , described . It is slaked by the fiisfc rain ; hydrate of lime passes towards the state of carbonate ; every subsequent sliowcv washes it away , partly suspended , partW dissolved m water ; every blast of air that passes by servos to advance the change from caustic lime to its caropnate . This change may be finally desirable , and in some degree inevitable ; the slaked , battered debilitated shift may answer some purpose , but carc i [ u i management would accomplish much more --cod oi a smaller expenditure . Limo undergoes verf litcaincdfroin chemistry is , to keen lime under cover until it is required for use . How it is to bouacd , \ "dl be considered hereafter . £ X . IttfuUl ( To be continued . )

      Agricultural Clirlmistrlt. F C'Ont'nitct...

      * Luter writers esfimo ' o « , „ . •^ J-l tUo atmosyh ^ M ^ ^ C ^

      Vjte»?« Jimuj,:I W T -O^-What Would Folk...

      vJte »?« JIMUJ ,: i w -o ^ -What would folks fiftv Innni 1 ° *? vo ful ( asks tl , c ^ burgh A « e ) had they K & iw l T v wifll an giving of a fire l ^ vifnf - ^ ra--f « ho relics of ancient dars have Jnteij beon dmrcred in tho course of the excavation ^ now in m-osross nn tin * 17 nmA « c . un : i i ; t .

      11 . A „ 11 ,, " » .. ¦ — «**»*« , */ ( I **» tie to the north of the splendid ruins of St . . Mary's tnn l * i % •) cwe WB found neatly covered at the top and from its general appearance it is conjectured mS & SSte 1 T n ;! e P lacc wlicn this r . obte KSLfrH / lhe swate * Part of it has f IS \ bcen ^ tntfri . as it was on thc site wi & . i pieces of ancicnt coln «™ J K'sS ? fc T ° , the mmhDl' ono of the reign in Vl ,. ™ i ? i batHc - ^ e , both of which are Gallia ? S ° ° P crrati 6 n .-Z «; itv u ^ r

      minSt ^ r M r Tlie I ) twcr of a coroRer t 0 W ? IZ ' 1 VKUial ^ mdag befo re him in the i K cr tJJ « m " » a state of intoxication , was on l-Monday very properl y exercised bv Mr Poync , at ? Wli ^ T . b 0 fiTO him at «« ctteiTavern , } , 1 pS ST « ' ] hc case ' onc of aBoged child mur-S « H tS ,, ° r ^ ? od aa hOTi « S bacn instra * « , Sl « , ° Sj the ( 1 . cat ? l of -fcooMeS had been in T t wlT J ?? ' " ^ "S thc rcsult ; of th cinqnirjv « fi ? n „ t - "cP'inel , with the exception of i *> fiXr ' asemb ] ° » t tho hour appointed , and ; tltZ b " « IS moro th * * «««*»¦ of an hour , he en- ercd ttie court in a stlite of evident intoxication , saJ ^ lia wt aBioiijlus btkorjw . The corner immediately observed the dissraeofi-. l rondition in i

      I-1 „\ r Wred . and , addimiug him , inc hed lttrW ' ' ™ ?? » fit St ^ t 0 d « M 0 ° "l ' dSrlV 110110 ^ " " -- Tho defendant , withthe I biff' Yi- ° . raannw £ o Peculiar to parties in a stated half oUmousncss , mutterod out " Yos , Sir . veri fy J » . . 1 ho tone and manner , if anything further oon- clustve had been " required , were sufficient ; and the j coroner , after addressing him at some lcneth in torros condemnatory ot his conduct , which ho ' desoribod as i a gross insult to the court , committed him forth" !* ' , © the Giltspur-street Compter , to which prison 1 » i was immcdiateb-removed in thc custody of an offie * - i lhirteen juroi-s being still in attendance , the inquiry , J was proceeded with , and a vcrdiet of " Found dead" i returned . Before the close of the bquiry the core-- \ hot addressed a letter to Mr . Whithair , the gorcwiw ot triltspur-strect Compter , requesting that o ! : if * r ; to inform the defendant , when suflicientlv snlwr . ^ \ upon lus writing a letter of apology he would be < p »'* ; nutted to leave the nrison . i

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), July 12, 1845, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_12071845/page/6/