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Northern Star (1837-1852), 14th April 1849, Edition 2 of 3, Page 3, THE PBOSE WORKS OF JOHN MILTOX. "With a ...

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      April 14, 1840. . The Northern Star. 3

      April 14 , 1840 . . THE NORTHERN STAR . 3

      Sportrg.

      Sportrg .

      California i ( From , tlie New York Tribune . ) From every shore they gather in , From every clime they come , O ' er weary miles of desert land And leagues of ocean foaaa . Through the passes of the mountains Pour in an eager horde , For the first time bent on labour , E ac h savage f orest lord . The Leaver and the buffalo May unmolested run , Tor the lonely mountain trapper Has laid aside his gun ; Aside the hardy pioneer His trusty axe has cast , The iron hands of labour

      Clip the golden fleece at last ! From the sunny Southern Island , From the Asiatic coast , The Orient and Occident Are mingled in the host . The gleaming Star of Empire Has for ever stayed its way , Arid its vrestern limb is resting O ' er San Francisco Bay . A hundred sails already swell To catch the Trilling breeze , A hundred heels are clearing Through the blue Atlantic seas ; Full many a thousand leagues behind Their tardy course is borne , Joy a hundred masts already strain Revond the stormv Horn .

      Soon from the Channel of St . George , And from the Levant shore , To swell the emigrating tide Another host shall pour To that far land beyond the West " Where Labour lords the Soil , And thankless tasks shall ne ' er b e done By unrequited Toil . To the giant chain of mountains Whose summits clad with snow , Dissolve their crystal treasures On the fertile vales below ; Where the golden veins are slumbering Beneath their glistening crest , Like the rich -veins of life concealed Beneath a snowy breast . To the banks of distant rivers

      Whose flashing waves hare rolled For long and countless centuries Upon neglected Gold ; Where X a ture hol d s a dou b l e g ift Within her lavished hand , And teeming fields of yellow grain Strike root in golden sand . Like the Wand of an Enchantress Our starry Flag shall wave O ' er as fair a gift of Empire As Xature ever gave , Ami the people of the Nations From every distant Zone , Beneath its proudly floating folds Are gathered into one . It wa ves on hi gh ; responsive Peace Has breathed on land and sea :

      It wares again : responsive spring Order , Law and Liberty . Again it waves ; a State starts up " At ence mature and young , As when from out the head of Jove The full-armed Goddess sprung . Sot to luxurious Cobles , 3 fot to degenerate Kings , The Sacramento's laden ware Its precious tribute brings ; To rear no gorgeous palaces ,

      To build no jewelled fanes , The Gold of El Dorado shines Upon San Joaquin ' s plains ; But to speed the step of Progress , To nerve the arm of Strength , And yield to all a competence The time has come at length ; An image of the use it serves No tyrant ' s head shall be , The only stamp upon the ore The Eagle of the Free .

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      The Pbose Works Of John Miltox. "With A ...

      THE PBOSE WORKS OF JOHN MILTOX . "With a Preface , Preliminary Remarks , aud Notes , l ) y J . A . St . Joha . VoL I . London ; Henry Cr . Bohn , Yorkstreet , Covcut-gardcn . TOR the admirable series of works entitled "The Standard . Library , " the lovers of Literature , and all who desire the mental and moral elevation of the people , o w e a d ebt of gratitude to Mr . Boh > V Cheap literature , so called , is sometimes dear at any price . Nay , the cheaper printed trash or poison is set for sal e , the worse for the minds and morals of readers , especially those who , from lack of

      years or education , possess not the discrimination to enable them to detect or reject that which is base and deleterious . The literary (?) abominations of the " Greenacro school " might have almost tempted one to accept a censorship , had not experience declared such a remed y worse than the disease . There is irat one true way- of saving the peop le from the evils of a prostitute press , —that of supplying them with wholesome mental food , which , Inthe long run , th e y will t a ke to , and reject the garbage . By the publication of his " Standard Library'' Mr . Boux has done much—very much—towards creating amongst the masses ' a healthy appetite for a mind-invi o r a ting Literature .

      g But as wc have reason to douht that the " StandardLibrary " is as well known as it deserves to he amongst the working classes ; and as we know that many thousands of wkinff men read this journal who are not in the habit of seeing any other newspaper or literary periodical—and ,- consequently , may not have seen any review or notice of the said " Library" —we consider it a public duty to direct the attention of our readers to this admirable series , and particularl y to tho republished prose works of AliLTO > , Vol . 1 . oi which is at present hefore us .

      We suppose that most persons—even the poorest—have read more or less of Milton ' s poetry , particularly his " Paradise Lost . " But we would wager a trifle ( if we Belonged to the " sporting world , " ) that many thousands of Eng lishmen never heard tell of Milton's Prose Works . We except a great many of our Radical friends , who probably have read the Treatises ( re-published some years ago by Cleave ) , " On the Best Means of Removing Hirelings from the Church , " and " On the Libertv of Unlicensed Printing . " But we fencv that even our Radical friends ( for the

      most part at least ) have never gone farther in their reading of MlLTOX . If we are rig ht , we can inform our friends that Mr . Bohn has placed within their reach a store of intellectual wealth , which will at once delight and astonish them . In the volume hefore us they will find a whole amioury of Reason ' s weapons for the defence of Freedom against the assaults of Tyranny . After two hundred years , at the Tery time that the struggle for Liberty , which in Milton ' s life was confined to this country , is r a g ing over Europe , we see ( in the inimitable language of Bycos ) " the blind Old Man arise , Like Samuel from the grave , to f reez e once more The blood of ilonarchs with his prophecies . " Prophecies which assuredly will he fulfilled , in spite of royalist re-action and crowned consp iracies . The waters of the Seine , the Danube , the Vistula , and the Tiber , may he dyed crimson with the blood of the defenders of justice , and for a time the unjust may triumph ; hut , u freedom ' s battle once begun , Bcqueath'd by bleeding sire to son , Though baffled oft shall yet he won !" This volume contains the immortal "Defence of the People of England , " in answer to "Sahnasius ' s D e fence of the King ( Chaiu . es I . ) - " also , the " Second Defence of the People Of England" against an anonymous Lihel en-Med , ' The Royal Blood crying to Heaven fox Vengeance on the English Parricides ; ' and , lastl y , thfc celebrated "Eifconoklastes , " written in answer to a Book entitled " Eikon Basilifce , the Portraiture of His Sacred Majesty ia his Solitudes and Sufferings , " We have one , an . lbutone , regret to express , iu connexion with this edition of the great poet ' s works—that they are not republished in

      The Pbose Works Of John Miltox. "With A ...

      the order in which they Avere originally puhlished b y the author . " Eikonoklastes " placed at the end of this volume , was published a considerable time hefore the first " Defence of the People of England" was written ; and Miltox in his second "Defence , " recounts a number of works which he had published hefore he w r o te his "Eikonoklastes . " It i s qu i te imposs i ble , within the limits to

      which wc must confine this notice , to attempt anything in the shape of a " review " of the imm or tal contents of this volume , which even a T o ry cr itic ha s a cknowled g ed will he held in veneration as long as the English language endures . We must refer our readers to the volume itself . For the present we can do no more than make room fer the following extracts from the " Second Defence of the Peop le o fEng land" : —

      PATRIOTS AXD TTRAXTS . What can conduce more to the beauty or glory of one ' s country , than the recovery , not only of its civil but its religious liberty . " * * * Those Greeks and Romans , who are the objects of our admiration , employed hardly any other virtue in the extirpation of tyrants , ' than that love of liberty which made them prompt in seizing the sword , and gave them strength to use it . With facility they accomplished the undertaking , amid the general * shout of praise and ioy ; nor did they engage in the attempt so much as an enterprise of perilous and doubtful issue , as in a contest the most glorious in which virtue could he signalised : which infallibly led to present recompense ; which bound their brows with wreaths of laurel , and consigned

      their momoriestoimmortalfame . For as yet , tyrants were not beheld with a superstitious reverence ; as yet they were not regarded with tenderness and complacency , as the vice-gerents or deputies of Christ , as they have suddenly professed to be ; as yet the vulgar , stupefied by the subtle casuistry of the priest , had not degenerated into a state of barbarism , more gross than that which disgraces the most senseless natives of Hindostan . For these make mischievous demons , whose malice they cannot resist , the objects of their religious adoration : while those elevate impotent tyrants , in order to shield them from destruction , into the rank of go d s ; and , to their own cost , consecrate the pests of the human race .

      THE GLORIOUS PATRIOT , JOHN BRADSHAW . John Bradshaw ( a name which will be repeated with applause wherever liberty is cherished or is known ) , was sprung from a noble family . All his early life he sedulously employed in making himself acquainted with the laws of his country ; he then practised , with singular success and reputation , at the bar ; he showed himself an intrepid and unwearied advocate for the liberties of the people ; he took an active partinthe most momentous affairs of the State , and occasionally discharged the functions of a judge with a most invaluable integrity . At last , when he was entreated by the Parliament to preside in the trial of the king , he did not refuse the dangerous office . To a profound knowledge of tho law he added the most comprehensive views , the

      most generous sentiments , manners the most obli ging , and the moat pure . Hence , he discharged that office with a propriety almost without a parallel ; he inspired both respect and awe ; and , though menaced by the daggers of so many assassins , he conducted himself with so much consistency and gravity , with so much presence of mind , and so much dignity of demeanour , that he seems to have been purposely destined by Providence for that part which he so nobly acted on the theatre of the world . And his glory is so much exalted above that ot all other tyrannicides , as it is both more humane , more j ust , an d more strikin gly grand , judicially to condemn a tyrant , then to put him to death without a trial .

      Th e p a tr i ot Bradshaw , of whom Milton trul y says that "he has acquired a name which will flourish in every age , and in every country in the world , " died hefore the Restoration , hut by order of that loathsome miscreant Charles II ., his dead hody was torn from its resting place and hanged on a gallows at Tyburn . After hanging all day , at sunset his head was cut from the body , and the body thrown into a hole under the gallows . What finally became of the patriot ' s remains we do not know , hut the following ep itap h ( given in Mr . St . John ' s notes ) is said to have been inscribed on an American cannon : —

      EPITAPH OX JOHN BKADSUAW . Stiuxger ! ere thou pass , contemplate this cannon , nor regardless he told that near its base lies deposited the dust ef Jonx Bradshaw , who nobly superior to selfish regards , despising alike the pageantry of courtly splendour , the blast of calumny , and the terror of regal vengeance , presided in the illustrious band of heroes and patriots who fairly and openly adjudged Charles Stuart , tyrant ofEngland , to a public and exemplary death , thereby presenting to the ama 2 ed world , and transmitting down through applauding ages , the most glorious example of unshaken virtue , love of freedom , and impartial justice , ever exhibited on the blood-stained theatre of human action . Oh ' . reader , pass not till thou hast blessed his memory , and never—never forget tliat rebellion to tyrants is obedience to God . "

      Mr . St . John gives expression to many admirable sentiments iu his Preface , Remarks , and Notes . The editorshi p of this volume has b e en evide n tl y a labour of love , and he has done his work accordingly . ' We must correct one error into which Mr . St . Join * has fallen . Speaking of Dr . Sra . MOia > s ' s comparison between " Sauna sins" and Buiike , Mr . St . Joh >* observes that : "France produced no Miltox to refute Burke ; and the 'Reflections on the French Revolution' have therefore

      descended to us with the reputation of being unanswerable , because they happen to have been left unanswered . " This is a most strange ass erti o n and one which we must contradict . To say nothing of the replies written by Mackintosh a nd o thers , we mu s t o bse rve that if }~ - nee produced no Milton , England produced a AlXE , who , though not a poet , is to he n aked , as a defe nd er o f civ i l and religi o u s

      liberty , not lower than Milton . We know it is as fashionable at this time to deciy Paine , as it was in the reigns of Charles II . and James II . to decry Milton , hut Paine's reputation will outlive present detraction . Even alread y Burke ' s " Reflections" have shared thefateof theroyalistravingsof " Salmasius ;" whilst , on the other hand , the "Rig hts of Man" enjoys an undiminished—or , rather , we should say , an increasing—fame .

      Tins volume , beautifully printed , containing some five hundred p a ges , and embellished with a portrait of the immortal author , is publi s hed a t a charge which places it within the reach of the humblest . We shall take an early opportunity to notice Vols . II . and III . Li the meantime it is our earnest recommendation to our friends to make themselves the possessors of this admirable edition of the Prose Works of John Milton .

      Tiuelfe Essays. By Ralph Waldo Emeuson. ...

      Tiuelfe Essays . By Ralph Waldo Emeuson . London : George Slater , 252 , Strand . The first volume of a new venture in the department of cheap literature , entitled , "Slater ' s Shilling Series . " It is not our pmpose to sit in jud gment o n the character of Emerson as a writer , heyond observing—1 st . That we esteem his lectures much more than his essays ; and 2 nd . That we could very well afford to dispense with some of his sublimities in exch a nge f o r unmist a k a bl e co mmon sense , expressed in understandable English !

      To those who know Emerson onl y b y name , as must be the case with many thousands , and who may desire to know him as an author , this volume will he acceptable . EMERSON has many admirers , we might say worshippers ; hut even those readers who , like ourselves , will not "fall down and worship , " will find many true , beautiful , and original thoughts expressed iu these essays . From those portions of the volume which have best pleased us we give the followinor extracts : —

      Our reading is mendicant and sycophantic . In history , our imagination makes fools of us , plays US false . Kingdom And lordship , power and estate , area gaudier vocabulary than private John and Edward in a small house and common day ' s work ; r ? , ® th 5 n S hfe are the same to both : the sum total m both 5 s the same . Whv all this deference to Alfred , and Scanderbeg , and ' Gustavus ? Sup p o se they were virtuous : did tlxy wear out virtue ?

      DO WE ADVAXCE . feociety never advatieee . it recedes as fast on one side as it gams on the other . It undergoes contmual changes : it is barbarous , it is civilised , it is christianised , it is rich , it is scientific ; but this cliange is not amelioration . For everything that is given , something is taken . Society acquires new arts and loses old instincts . "What a contrast between the wcll-clnd , reading , writing , thinking American , with a waton , a pencil , and » bill of c £

      Tiuelfe Essays. By Ralph Waldo Emeuson. ...

      change in his pocket , and the naked New-Zealander , whose property is a club , a spear , a mat , and an undivided twentieth of a shed to sleep under . But compare the health of the two men , and you shall see that his abori g inal strength the white man has lost . If the traveller toll us truly , strike the savage with a broad-axe , an d in a da y or two the flesh shall unite and heal as if you struck tho blow into soft pitch , and the same blow shall send the white to his grave . The civilised man has built a coach , but has lost the use of his feet . He is supported on crutches , b ut l oses so muc h sup p ort o f muscle . He has got a fine Geneva watch , but he has lost the skill to tell the hour by tho sun . _ A

      Greenwich nautical almanac he has , and so being sure of the information when he wants it , the m <» i in the street d oe s not k now a s t a r in the sk y . Ihe solstice he does not observe ; the equinox he knows as little ; and the whole bright calendar of the year is without a dial in his mind . His note-books impair his memory ; his libraries overload his wit ; the insurance office increases the number of accidents ; it may he a question whether machinery does not incumber ; whether wc have not lost by refinement some energy , by a Christianity ( entrenched in establishments and forms ) some vigour of wild virtue . For every Stoic ivas a Stole ; but in Christendom where is the Christian ?

      TUE POWER OF LOVE . What fa stens a ttentio n , in the intercourse of life , like any passage betraying affection between two parties ?—Perhaps we never saw them before , and never shall meet them again . But we see them exchange a glance , or betray a deep emotion , and we are no longer strangers . "We understand them and take the warmest interest in tho development of ihe romance . All tnanfeinrf love a lover . —The earliest demonstrations of complacency and kindness are Nature's most winning pictures . It is the dawn of

      civility and grace in the coarse and rustic . The rude village boy teases the girls about the schoolhouse door ; but to-day he comes running into the entry , and meets one fair child arranging her satchel : he holds her books to help hor , and instantly it seems to him as if she removed herself from him infinitely , and was a sacred precinct . Among the throng of girls he runs rudely enough , but one alone distances him ; and these two little neighbours , that were so close just now , have learned to respect each other ' s personality .

      No man ever forgot the visitation of that power to his heart and brain which created all things new ; which was the dawn in him of music , poetry and art ; which made the face of Nature radiant with purp le li g ht , the morning and the night varied enchantments ; when a single tone of one voice eould make the heart beat , and the most trivial circumstance as soci a t e d w ith one form , is put in the amber of memory ; tvlten ivc become all eye when one was present , and all memory ivhen one ivas gone ; when the youth becomes a watcher of windows , and studious of a glove , a veil , a ri b bon , or the wheels of a carriage ; when no place is too solitary , and none too silent for him who has richer company and sweeter conversation in his new thoughts , than any old friends , though best and purest , can give him . a * *

      Tho u g h the cele s tial rapture f a lling out of heaven , seizes only upon those of tender age , and although a beauty , overpowering all analysis or comparison , and putting us quite beside ourselves , we can seldom see after thirty years , yet the remembrance of these visions outlasts all other remembrances , and is a wreath of flowers on tho oldest brows . Ne a tl y printed and prettil y b o und , with the a s s urance of a sound jud gment in the selection of the works intended to he re-published in this shape , " Slatek's Shilling S e ries " can hardl y fail to enjoy an extensive circulation .

      Suxshine Ajfd Shadow; A Tale Of The Nine...

      SUXSHINE AJfD SHADOW ; A TALE OF THE NINETEENTH CEXTUltY . Br THOMAS MARTW WUKELER , Late Secretary to the National Charter Association amiKational Land Company . Chapter III . " Their counter is their idol , their till their God . " —Chartist Oration . " Fair was her form , and flaxen was her hair ; Her red tips pouted like a wilful child ; Her blue eye flashed more meaning than you dnre Suppose it meant : and when she blandly smil'd She won you to her feet and kept you there , Bewitched , delighted , worshi pping , beguil'd ; A n d when a sterner mo o d s ho t o ' er her face , Though not quite pleas 'd , you thought 'twas some new grace . —Beste .

      The father of Walter North , was a wine merchant in the City ; he was a shrewd , though uneducated man—one of those characters common in the middle ranks of society—whose whole faculties are centred in tho acquisition of wealth—devoid of principle , jet following the max i m , that " Honesty is the best policy , " from a conviction of its truth , as evidenced by the events daily occurring within his circle ; he would not be guilty of any open act of fraud , but was an adept in all the tricks of his trade . No man could manufacture such an unequalled port , or pass off acid Madeira for genuine sherry , better than Joe North , or drive a harder bargain for logwood chips , an d t h e other etc e t era s of his trade ; yet Joe North was , in the world ' s estimation , a respectable

      man—that is , he kept his horse aud chaise , gave occasional dinners or suppers to his brother-respectables— -had been only twice through the Insolvent Debtors' Court , and had never been detected in committing any flagrant breach of propriety . Such is respectability . in the world ' s estimation . So long as the exterior decencies and moralities of life are moderately observed , the blackest villain that ever disgraced humanity stands well with society , and passes current through all its multifarious vocations , provided alway that he has either wealth or its outward semblance ; but woe to the poor wretch , however honest , however virtuous he may be ,- who is destitute of this essential qualification . The wife of Joseph North , was a hclpwiaio mete for such

      a man ; originally cook in the same establishment where he served as butler , their combined savings enabled them to take a small . public-house . Care and economy , at a tinw when these qualities were more attended with success than in these days of speculation , enabled them to embark in this more extensive branch of the business ; and now that rolling years had brought competence and case , the careful housekeeper was transformed into the dignified wife , forming a graceful accompaniment to his gig , a sharp mistress to his servants , and a kind mother to his children—and what did a plain man like Joe North need more ? Being an excellent manager , without extravagance , she well supported the dignity of his establishment . An educated woman would have made him feel his own inferiority ( for

      experience had taught him the value of a liberal education ); she would have assumed too much the airs of a fine lady , and looked less after his servants in the cellar and the kitchen—so , at least , Mr . North informed his brother-respectables , on one of their pie-nic days , when the wine had well circulated , and the conversation grew mellow . Whether he believed this , or not , is a matter of slight importance to our talc . One thing is certain , he knew that under the present railroad system of commerce , education could not be neglected for the juniors ; so Walter and Julia were , at a fitting ago , sent to boarding-school , to pick up such fragments of learning as their masters' skill and their own organisation would allow them to imbibe ; and wc have already said that , in Walter ' s case , his stockin-trade of this commodity was small indeed .

      Possessing good capacities—shrewd and quick m ordinary affairs—he was too sharp , too clever a boy , ( said Mrs . North ) , to need severe application to his studies ; and Walter , finding himself the most popular boy in the school , and the idol of Arthur Morton—the best scholar in it—buoyed himself up with these reflections , and : left College-house Academy with but a small addition to his previous stock of scholastic lore . His sister Julia was the reverse of Walter ; the whole intellect of the family seemed to be inherited by her . True , the share was not large ; but it was more than generally falls to the lot of females in her sphere of life . Girls of the middle classes are carefully initiated into all the accomplishments—so termed—of the upper classes ; but their intellectual faculties are less cultivated than those of the small tradesman or

      mechanic whom they are taught to look down upon with contempt ; and to frequent whose company , or to attend the same schools , would be to lose caste with their own rank in society : so strong is prejudice , that classes sprung from the same root , and not one generation removed , arc as effectually separated , in all the social relations of life , as the goddescended Brahmin from the outcast Pariah . When will the middle classes learn their true interest , and combine their worldly influence and business habits with the strong sense , the sturdy independence , and the generous enthusiasm of tho vast democracy beneath them ? when will they abandon the False and Factitious for the True and the Real ? Julia North" was a beauteous and well-trained flower , growing in a wild and uncultivated garden , in

      possessing beauty of a rare order ( beauty was - deed a characteristic of the whole family ); there was still a nameless charm about her that it was impossible to trace to any mere combination of features , a form rather short than tall hut most exquisitely proportioned , flaxen hair falling in ringlets on her delicate shoulders , eyes of tho purest blue , and a complexion in which the rose and the lily were so completely blended , thai art would try in v . ijn to imitate it . Though there was nothing decidedly intellectual in the cast of her countenance , its beauty bcin <* of the order that would attract the attention of the sensualist rather than that of tho philosopher , vet no one could gaze upon hor and not at once pronounce that Mature could noi have committed the anomaly of leaving so fair a bod y trithout ft correeponding souh

      Suxshine Ajfd Shadow; A Tale Of The Nine...

      Julia , at the time our story commences , was in nernfteenth year—mild and docile as a pet Iamb , yet with as laughing an eye as ever sparkled in the giddiest ot her seX , l > eaming resplendent in love but flashing disdainful in ire ; seldom , indee d , were glances of the latter seen , but , when fully aroused , there was a depth of feeling and an energy of expression m that ; usually retired and modest maid , which astonished those unacquainted with the varving characteristics of human nature . Possessing great natural abilities , she had improved them to , v , i t ? , nt , lct opportunities , and was well skilled m all the acquirements usual in female education , while her reading had been more extensive , and the selection of a higher order , than is common to the majority of the fair sex ; familiar with the best translations of the classics , she had imbibed from them a deep and thrilling love of libertv , and an acquaintance with ancient forms of government

      quite unusual in a female of her age and station . Gentle as the most gentle of all created things , her heart would yet beat warmly at a tale of injustice o r wron g , and want of power alone prevented her trom redressing it ; nor did ever deed ol courage or generosity fall beneath her notice but her bosom throbbed to applaud the action , and her feelings of admiration were expressed in simple but heartfelt i ? w ,. Pl'oud were the Norths of their offspring ; but Walter , with his high spirits and rattling frolics , was their especial favourite : Julia was too docile , ™ ll \ ,. s ' „ rais 0 tueir anxieties and cares , and parents generall y—and mothers in espeeial-Iove those children most who are ever keep i ng their minds on the rack with their frolics and their follies , bucli is maternal love , it clings to us under every tuije—the more unworthy we are , the more fondly it twines its affections around us ; pureand enduring above all earthl y passions , those who have not experienced th y benign cftects , know not the depths of a parent s love ! ( To be continued . )

      Social Effects Of Peasant Proprietorship...

      SOCIAL EFFECTS OF PEASANT PROPRIETORSHIP ., BY MR . TUOnSTOS . ( Extracted from an article in the Commomvealih for April . ) England was never , strictly speaking , a c ountry of peasant proprietors , but always possessed among her inhabitants a considerable class of extensive landowners . Interspersed with large estates , there were , however , throughout the middle ages , afar greater number of cottage farms held ou various conditions . So general was the tenancy of land by the English peasantry previously to the accession of th e fir s t Tu d or mo na rc h , that the converse of Goldsmith's well-known distich might then have been not inapplicable . Although every rood of ground did not maintain its man , there were few rustics who

      were not either owners or tenants , not merely of a roo d , but of several acres . Of the adequacy of these possessions to supply their oceupantsovith abundance of the necessaries of life , we have the most satisfactory proof , and for the hundred and fifty years ending with the fifteenth century , the cha i n o f test i mony i s particularl y complete . Fortescue , Lord Chief-Justice to Henry VI ., dilates with contagious exultation on the plenty enjoyed by the lowest class of his countrymen . " 'They drink no water , " he says , " unless it be so that some for devotion , and upon a zeal of penance , do abstain from other drink ; they eat plentifully of all kinds of flesh and fish . They we a r fine woollen c loth i n a ll their apparel : they have also abundance of bed

      coverings in their houses , and of all other woollen stuff . They have great store of all hustlcments and implements of household . They arc plentifully furnished with all instruments of " husbandry , and all other things that arc requisite to the accomplishment of a quiet and wealthy life , according to their estates and degrees . " Povtcscue was an avowed panegyrist , and his statements might require considerable abatement if they stood alone , but their perfect accuracy is placed beyond dispute by the most unimaginative and matter-of-fact of all compilations , the statutes at large . Repeated enactments passed during the period we are examining , use language quite as strong , and still more precise and circumstantial than that of the patriotic Chief

      Justice . In addition to laws designed to keep down the wages of agricultural labour , others were directed against the luxury of tho peasantry . In 13 G 3 , carters , ploughmen , and all other farm servants , were enjoined not to eat or drink " excessively , " or to wear any cloth except "blanket and russet wool of twelve-pence . " Domestic servants were at the same time declared to bo entitled to only one meal a day of flesh or fish , and were to content themselves at other meals with " milk , butter , cheese , and such other viands . " In 14 C 3 , servants in husbandry were restricted to clothing of materials not worth more than two shillings a yard , and were forbidden to wear hose of a higher price that fourteen pence a pair , or girdles garnished with silver . The price of their wives' coverchief or head dress was not to exceed twelve-pence . In iA 82 , these restrictions were loosened , and labourers in husbandry were permitted to wear hose as dear as

      eighteen-pence a pair , while the sum which their wives might legally expend on covering for the head was raised to twenty-pence . This legislation , considering the fall which has since taken place in the value of money , was really much as if a law should now be necessary to prevent ploughmen from Strutting about in velvet coats and silk stockings , with silver buckles in their shoes , and their wives from trimming their caps with Brussels lace . It exhibits agricultural labourers in a condition which was probably never attained by the same class in any other age or country , unless , perhaps , by the emancipated negroes of the British West Indies . Yet the d escri ption applies only to the lower order of peasants—to those who worked for hire , and had either no land or none but what was allowed them in part payment of wages . What , then , must have been the prosperity of the small freeholders and cottage farmers ?

      It is true that , in the midst of this abundance , the English peasantry of the middle ages ate off wooden platters , never knew the luxury of a cotton shirt , or of a cup of tea , and slept on straw pallets within walls of wattled p laster , and that in some counties they used barley instead of wheaten bread , But it is absurd to imagine that , because they had to put up with those inconveniences , their situation , in more important respects , was not immeasurably superior to that of their living descendants . Nothing more is to be inferred than that certain modern refinements aud coiweiYieiices were

      unknown and uncovered by them . Many advantages of an advanced civilisation , which are now within every one ' s reach , were once equally unthought of by rich ana poor . Our Plantagcnet kings , as well as their courtiers , were fain to drink beer at every meal , and to drink it , too , out of wooden bickers ; they were as ill provided with under-linen as tho meanest of their subjects ; and so little did they regard what are now considered the most indispensable requisites of domestic comfort , that the bedchamber furniture of so magnificent a monarch ns llcnry VIII ., consisted only of a couple of joint cupboards , a joint stool , two hand irons , a fire ' fork , a pair of

      tongs , a firepan , and a steel mirror covered with yellow velvet . At this day little of any grain besides oats is used in many respectable families in Scotland ; and many n continental baron , whose domain stretches for miles around his princely chateau , seldom eats any hut rye broad . This is mer e m a tter of t a st e , and no one would think of mentioning it as a mark of social inferiority ; but it would be quite as reasonable to do so as for a modern day-labourer at eight shillings a week to look back with pity on his well-clad , beef-fed ancestors , because some of his own rags are made of cotton , and because the baker , of whom he now and then buvs a loaf , sells only wheaten bread .

      jNo argument can be required to prove that English peasant properties , though subject to the custom of gravelkind , escaped tho evil of excessive partition ; for consolidation , the reverse o f subdivision , must have been everywhere adopted before the face of the country could be covered almost entirely , as it actually is , with large estates . As long as the connexion of the peasantry with tiie land remained unbroken , England was perfectly free from every symptom of pauperism , and the supply of labour , instead of exceeding the demand , was 30 deficient as to induce parliament to interfere to keep down its price . But almost immediately after the consolidation of small farms commenced , legislation took a different turn , and parliament ,

      instead of striving to curtail the labourer ' s honest earnings , had to exercise its ingenuity in providing for a vapidly increasing crowd of " destitute , for whom no work could be found . The progress of pasturage and augmentation of farms seem not to have attracted much notice until the . vear 1487 , when an act was passed to restrain them , and just seven years later commenced a scries of statutes which attest- the rapid spread of destitution . For a time , misled by the experience of the preceding age , parliament imagined idleness to be still the fruitful parent of the evil , and punishment its most effectual cure : no other asylum , t h erefore , was offered to able-bodied vagrants than the stocks , and no milder treatment than whipping at the cart ' s tail . After being " admonished" in this way , they were to be sent to the place of their birth , there to set themselves to work " as true men ought to do . " Such were the provisions of the law of the year Wi . In 153 ( 5 , h owever , it was discovered that the nforesaid " val i ant vagabond s , " after returning home could find no work to do , and the parish authorities were in consequence enjoined to collect voluntary contributions for the purpose , not only of veliovim * the impotent and infirm , but of onablm ;* the stron ° andjusty to gain a living with their own hands . In L-i 4 < , the number of beggars Still rapidly increasing , in spite of tho " godly acts and statutes" alrea d y directed against them , another was passed , which , though repealed two years afterwards , deserves to bp mentioned , not merely on account of its astonishing barbarity , but a . s showing how genuine tho distrcssea of the lower classes \ w \ m \ have kea ¦ yyUo ' i

      Social Effects Of Peasant Proprietorship...

      even such atrocious measures could not induce them to conceal . It was enacted , that every able-bodied person found loitering about should be branded with a hot iron and adjudged to two years' slavery to tho man by whom he had been apprehended , during which time he might bo fed upon bread and water a n d refuse meat , arid forced to work by beating or otherwise , that if he ran away , he should be branded a second time , and should be condemned to slavery for life , and that if he absconded again , ho should suiter death as a felon . Threatened with slavery , stripes , and death , men chose to run every danger in seeking to better their condition rather than pine with hunger at home , and beggars and vagabonds continued daily to increase . " In 15 G 2 , voluntary

      alms being found insufficient for the relief of the poor , tho parish authorities were empowered to assess persons obstinately refusing to contribute . Mendicancy and vagabondage continued still unabated ; in 157 * 2 power was given to tax all the inhabitants of a place for the relief of its poor . Other acts followed ; and in 1 ( 501 the necessity of providing employment for the able-bodied poor by means of parochial assessment was formally admitted , the famous Elizabethan law was passed , and , thanks to the abandonment of the ' cottage system , " that first step as many imagine in the improvement of agriculture , England was saddled with a permanent poors ' r a te , which has now become an annual tax of six millions sterling

      Peasant proprietors still form the bulk of the rural population in many territories , to any one of which we may turn with full assurance of discovering nnmistakcable signs of rural happiness . The bonder of Norway , for instance , have , from time immemorial , been owners of . their respective farms , which , moreover , have ahvavs been legally liable to division among all the children of a deceased proprietor ; yet the division of land has made so little progress in the course of many centuries , that very few estates arc under forty ' acres , and very many are above throe hundred acres , independently of an extensive tract of mountain pasture belonging to every farm . Some idea of the condition of the farmers may be formed from the

      following particulars respecting the farm servants . These , it unmarried , arc lodged in an outhouse adjoining their master ' s dwelling , which it resembles in appearance , neatness , and comfort ; they are allowed four meals a day , consisting of oat or beanmeal , rye-bread , potatoes , fresh , river , and salt fish , cheese , but-tei ^ and milk , and once or twice a week they have meat , sometimes fresh , but more frequently in the shape of salt beef or black puddings . At one of their meals they have also beer or a glass of potato spirits . Their money wages , in addition to all this , are about fourpenco halfpenny a day . A married labourer lives on the outskirts of the farm in a cottage of his own generally , " a good lo g house of four rooms with glass windows , " which is

      held on lease for the lives of himself and his wife , together with a piece of land large enough for tho keep of two cows or a corresponding number of sheep and goats , and for the sowing of six bushels of corn , and three quarters of potatoes . The usual rent of these tenements is from four to six dollars , and is commonly paid for by work on the main farm , eac h day ' s work being valued at a fixed rate of threepence ov thereabouts . After the labourer has paid his rent , he is allowed his food as well as tho usual money-payment for orcry additional day ' s work . It need scarcely bo said that a houseman , as a married labourer of this kind is called , is in a very comfortable situation ; in fact , he wants few , if anv . of the comforts which his master nossessos :

      his house , though smaller , is as well bvilt ; his food and dress arc of the same materials . But although the mode of life of the Norwegian country people may be somewhat rude , it would be difficult to find a happier race ; they enjoy plenty , and arc content ; they care little for outward show , and are exempt from the painful desire to outvie their neighbours , which makes many wretched in the midst of comfort . Almost the only thing in their condition which iu much to be regretted , is the deficiency of mental culture , which prevents their turning their leisure to the best account , an d hei gh tening their material enjoyments with intellectual pleasures . Would to Ood that labourers on large estates in other countries had as little to sigh for .

      The Swiss peasantry , although almost universally landed proprietors , may be divided into two classes : those who are principally or exclusively agriculturists , and those who gain a livelihood chiefly by manufacturing industry . The farms of the ' former , except in the cantons of Berne and Tossin , and a few other districts , seldom exceed forty or fifty acres , but they are as rarely of less size than ten acres , and the poorest farmer , haviiHT rights of pasturage on the common lands belonging to every parish , can afford to keep two or three cows . Members of this class are always in the enjoyment of competence , and many of thorn possess considerable wealth . Besides these , however , there is a more numerous body of smaller proprietors , whose

      territorial possessions consist only of a field or two , altogether not larger than an ordinary garden , and much too small for the maintonimce of the family to which they belong . _ Here there may seem to be an instance ' of excessive subdivision . But the owners of these patches of land are almost invariably manufacturers rather than husbandmen ; they constitute , indeed , the bulk of the manufacturing population of a country which has but two superiors m manfacturing importance . Most of the cotton and silk goods of Switzerland arc produced in the rural districts of Zurich , Basle , St . Gall , Appcnzei , and Argovia- ; and oven of those famous Swiss watches , so much admired , for their delicacy and beauty , as many come from ehalm among the mountains of Ncnfchatel ns from tho workshops of Geneva . In England , the makers of these articles

      would have been pent up m towns , and compelled to pass their days in close dismal factories ; but in Switzerland , a happy combination of circumstances permits them to practice their business without forfeiting the use of fresh air or other advantages of a country life . But , although retaining the ^ mme and all the privileges of peasants , they gain their living principally as manufacturers : land is valued by them as affording a means , not so much of employment as of amusement-, and they require no move of it than will suffice to occupy their leisure . This affords a clue to the true explanation of the minute partition which has taken place . As their plots of land are too small to afford them a livelihood without the aid of their manufacturing earnings , so would their wages be insufficient for their maintenance without the addition of their

      garden produce , while both united secure to them the enjoyment of ample comfort . * * # Switzerland , however , notwithstanding the general happiness of her peop le , is not absolutel y free from pauperism , a disease which would almost seem to be inherent in the constitution of manufacturing communities . But even the pauperism of Switzerland furnishes additional proof of the excellence of peasant proprietors , for paupers arc most rare where landed property is most divided , and arc found in the greatest number in those districts which contain largest estates . In the whole of the Engadine , the land belongs to the peasantry , and "in no country in Europe , " says Mr . Inglis , " wilt be found

      so few poor as in the Engadmc . In the Yalais , the land belongs to a few groat proprietors , and according to Mv . Bakowell , the peasantry arc among the poorest in Switzerland . Inglis , however , assigns the " bad pre-eminence" to the canton of Berne , in which he says tho greatest landowners reside , and which "for this reason , contains the greatest number of poor . " Inglis one day took refuge from a storm in the house of a peasant of tho class just referred to , and was invited to wait for dinner , which was almost ready . His host's estate consisted of no more than four acres , and he possessed only one cow , two pigs , and some poultry , yet the meal prepared for his family of six ocrsons , consisted of soup made of Indian corn and milk , a piece of

      boiled bacon five pounds m weight , a salad , bread two-thirds Indian corn , and one-third wheat , b utter , and wine of Botzcn . This is expressly stated to have been the YCgvdav vUvmev of the house , except once a week , when fresh meat was substituted for the bacon . Besides the crops raised for home consumption , a good deal of wheat and barley was sent to market , and from the proceeds after coffee , sug a r , a nd clothes w er e b o u ght , there rem a ined a s m a ll su r p lus in money , which had gradully amounted to a considerable purse . " The moment" says the same author , " wc leave Botmi and travel towards Trent , a new o r der- of things is perceptible ; the same noble-looking peasantry are no longer to be seen ; poverty begins to show itself , and tho air of comfort about the dwellings , and independence about the inmates , land in Southern

      are no longer visible . All the Tyrol belongs to great proprietors , and the peasantry have no longer an interest m the soil . It seems to the traveller , at first sight , a strange inversion of what might be expected—that m the fertile vales and finest plains in Europe , he should see so much poverty , and that , on the contrary , ivhcn he joiizvjcys among mountain regions , where excessive labour forces from the sod an unwilling cron he perceives every appearance of comfort and ease . The condition of the people in the most fertile vales of Italy , Germany , Prance , or England , will bear no comparison with that of the inhabitants of the Orison valleys , or the Oborland Bornois , or irfthoUmicr Tyrol . But t-hc difficulty is at once exnhincd when we learn that the former are labourers for toe , and that the latter labour on their own soil . " nM . ni . i .

      Curnous Witt.—Tho Following Curious Extr...

      Curnous Witt . —Tho following curious extract is from the will of William Beckett , formerly governor of Plymouth , proved in the year 1782 : — " I desire that my body may be kept as long as it may not be offensive , and that one or more of my toes or fin" -ei' 8 may bo cut off to secure tho certainty of my bem" dead . I also make the further request , to mv dcavwifo , that as she has been troubled with one old fc olj she w "> n ^ think of marrying another ,

      Iftrfrtitt.

      Iftrfrtitt .

      Jkhskcb Ot A Uovkrnment's Secnimr.—The S...

      jkhskcb ot a Uovkrnment ' s SEcnimr . —The superiors ot these babblers must know that it is raving and frenzy to affirm , that a free people can be long K ^ - ^ f tcn'ors ' ' $ M millions will T ? Z « tV ? -ft . ' •*• corruptions of a few ; ?> ., n « J V J 0 m '" theu' ™« ••* " > ' longer than the corruption lasts ; they must know tSat every day new nml greater demands will rise upon the corruptors j that no revenue ( how great soever ) will feed the voraciousness of the corrupted , and that every disappointment will make tllClll turn upon the oppressors of their coimtrv , and fall into its true interest and their own ? they must know that there is no way in nature to prevent a

      revolution in government , but by making the people easv under it , by showing them their interest in it ; that corruption , briber }' , and terrors , will make no lasting friends but infinite and implacable enemies , and that the best security of a prince among a free people , is their affections , which he can " always ga i n , by making their interest his own , by showing that all his views tend to their good . Then , as they love themselves , will they love him , and defend him who defends them . Upon this faithful basis his safety will bo better established than upon the an ** bitious and variable leaders of n few legions who may bo corrupted , disobliged , or surprised , and often have been so ; and hence have great revolutions been brought about , and g reat nations undone , only by the revolts of single regiments . —Thomas Gordon , —A Discourse on Standing Armies , 1722 .

      Natoleox ' s Baiiuer . —A stranger having entered the apartment where the Emperor Xnpolcon was shaving himself , when in a little town in Italv , ho said , " I want to see your great emperor—what are you to him ? " Tho emperor replied , " I shave him . " Mr BnuiE op a Husband . — " My love " said a very affectionate wife , as she pointed to a wreath of artificial flo wers , on hor head , " don ' t vou think these will » row to-night ? " " There ' s sap enough under ' em ! " said the mi-gallant gentleman . —Ned Jlunt ~ line ' s Own .

      The Uowxess of oi 7 B Foreruxxkus . —Cicero relates that the ugliest and most stupid slaves in Rome camo from England ! Moreover , ho urges his friend Atticus " not to buy slaves from Britain , on account of their stupidity and their inaptitude to learn music and other accomplishments . " Ciesar , also , describes the Britons generally as a nation of very barbarous manners . " " Most " of the p e op le of the interior , " hesavs , " never sue corn , but live upon milk and flesh , and arc clothed with skins . " In another place he remarks : — " In their domestic and social habits , the liritons are regarded as the most savage of nations . They are clothed with skins ; wear the hair of their heads unshaved and long ; but shave the rest of their bodies , except their upper lip : and stnin themselves a blue colour with woad , which gives them a horrible aspect in battle . " Don't , Jonathan , the negro slave despise , Just so your sires appeared in Ciesar ' s eyes .

      The OiiiGi > - or UuitAx EREEoosf . —Life aud liberty are derived from tiie same Almighty source . They are tho Creator ' s gift , which ought never to be disjointed , and never can , when not forfeited bv crimes , without offering Him tho grossest insult . ' To suppose God had g iven life to some , without liberty to enjoy it , would be to charge Him with giving a real curse , under the fair disguise of a blessing . Where slavery is sanctioned and practised , as if the arbitrary laws of men could render it lawful , the gracious giver of life is accused of injustice . Mankind everywhere are clothed by him with the same inherent privileges , which cannot be invaded without making war upon Heaven . Ice . —Three thousand tons of ice have been cut in Massachusetts in tho present rear , for homo consumption and exportation . —New York Tribune . Why are pewter pots like bail legislation '—Because they are half-and-half mecuvrei .

      Bellks and Dahlias . —A modern writer , who hns evidently deeply studied tho most charming productions of nature , says that ' dahlias are like the most beautiful women without intellectuality ; they strike you with astonishment by their exterior splendour , but are miserably destitute of those properties which distinguish and render asjrecabl \ less imposing flowers . Had nature given the fragrance of the rose or stock to tho dahlia , it would have been the most magnificent gem of the gardenbut , wanting seenrf it is like a fine woman without mind . "

      Canadian Indians . —Every m . ' . n , like Gulliver in Lilliput , is fastened to some spot of earth by the thousand small threads whicli habit and association are continually stealing over him . Of these , perhaps , one of the strongest is here alluded to . Wiicn the Canadian Indians were once solicited to emig rate , " What ! " they replied , " .-sl ,. i ] l we say to the bones of ourfntliers , ' Arise , and go with us into a foreign laud ? ' " What the Steam Engine Does . —It propels , it rows , it sculls , it screws , it warps , it tows , it elevates , it lowers , it lifts , it pumps , it drains , it irrigates , it draws , it pulls , it drives , it pushes it

      carries , it brings , it scatters , it splits , it collects , it condenses , it extracts , it breaks , it confines , it o ]> ciis , i t s h uts , it digs , it shovels , it excavates , it plows , it threshes , it separates it winnows , it washes , io grinds , it crushes , it sifts , it bolts , it mixes , it kneads , it mould s , it stamps , it punches , it beats , it presses , it picks , it hews , it cut * , it . slits , it shaves , it saws , it planes , it turns , it bores , it mortices , it drills , it heads , it blows , it forges , it rolls , it hummers , it rasps , it files , it polishesTit rivets , it sweeps , it brushes , i t scutc h es , it cards , it spins , it winds , it twists , it throws , it weaves , it shears , it coins , it prints .

      rosTies Pilate's Successor . —A barrister being concerned in a cause which he wanted to postpone for a few days , asked Lord Mansfield when he would bring it on \ " On Friday next , " said his lordship , " Will yr > U please to consider , my lord , next Friday is Good Friday ? " "I don't care for that—the better day the better deed . " "Well , my lord , you will of course do as you please ; but if you do sit on that day , I believe you will be th e firs t judge who did business on a Good Friday since Pontius Pilate ' s time . "

      Glamis Casti . e . —This ancient scat of Macbeth has lately given rise to curious conjectures in this nei ghbourhood . It appears that ' while wor k men were engaged in repairing some of the ruins in the castle , they discovered a staircase which iiad not been before known . They attempted to explore it , but from its construction and the foulness of the ' Mr , the men were obliged to give up prosecuting their arduous task . It is the belief of many -that it leads into a secret room which is supposed to be in the castle ; and it is not very improbable that something strange may turn out in connexion therewith . The Dog in Dancer . —A candidate for a scat in parliament , entering the house of a washerwoman m Yorkshire , 5 hoolv " hnnds with all the inmates , not excepting a little Cinderella on the health , and nauseated Dame Suds with his fulsome courtesies . Kicking the dog which lay snoozing by tho firo , " Get away wi' th e e , " she cried : " he'll be shaking hands wi' thee next !"

      Bather Indigestible . —The Cornovian has the following joke on a farmer , who was accustomed to come home late at night in a " barleycorn" state , taking a cold bito , which was usually set for him bv his kind and forgiving wife . One night , beside the usual dish of cabbnao and pork , she left a washbowl filled with caps and starch . The lamp had Ions been extinguished when the staggering sot ' returned home , and by mistake , when proceedimr to satisfy his hunger , ho stuck his fork into the " wrong dish . He worked away at his mouthful of caps for some time , but being unable to masticate them , he snug out to his wife— " I say , old woman , where did you get tho cabbages , tliuy are so strum I can't chew 'em ? " " Gracious me !" replied the ' good lady , " if the stupid fellow isn't eating my cap , strings and ail ' . " Never ( man-el at meal time—you might just as well feed on a cushion stuffed with pins .

      Important from the Gold Kecioxs . —Sackrymento Biggins , October 20 th , l-Si ? . —To Tim Flaherty : —AYrah thin , Tim , as soon as y ou re a d th is bit of a note come out at wonst . Rite t ' orenenst me whore I sit composing over this letther there ' s a fortune to be got for the mere sitthing . The sands is nil goohl powther . Och ' . if you eould only see how beautiful it shines in the sun . An' thin the depth of it . It coes claim down to the centre ov the world . The mountains , Tim , has rains , and ivvery vain is full of the cireulatm' majium . Wouldn't you like to bleed them vains , ould boy i Wu ' vo no horses here , ' cepting mules , and as soon as one ov the boys sets a load he puts it on the back

      ov the donkey and carries it to the «¦? . ? wjcr *; The ass sayers , ye see , is the jintlemen as ' informs ye whether the goold ' s the rale stuff , or only iron pitaties . Yon see tlwo ' s ;\ desavhv * kind o' goohl they call pitaties . It ' s an invenshun ov the ould sarpent , and iv yez put it in the fire it vanishes in a thick smoke wid an cnfarncl smell ov sultir . Ilevcn be about us ! It ' s a fine healthy reiiu is the Saekvymento . There ' s no disease ' cept the shaking ager ; and tho fits come on first rate whin there ' s any sifthinff to be done . As soon as one o' the boys gets tho shake on him he just puts the sifther in his fists , and he'll make a small fortin a-ere the trimblc ' s off ov him . We ' re all rale demmicrats out here , Tim , While I'm writ-ins ov this letther on the side ov mv

      hat—bad luek io the crown theiv 3 to it—I can see one of tho captins ov the >" ow York melisha washing the goold in the Ssackrymento with hardly a rag on him , savin' your presence . Ilemember me to Biddy , tho davlin ' , an ' toll k-i' if she'll put on the jacket and throuscrs she can make hapes of money here , for she knows how to use a spade , an' it ' . * ehsier diggin' the goold than cutting turf in Kilkenny , lint she'd letter not ho aft her natural duds , for the site ov a } H > breed a ' ruction in ttw-sittlwncnt . ^ dress vou asin shortly en the state affiilw in this country . 1 remain , VOl cozzem—Tsbence Maikwt ,

      Lie R Commontt. Vcottjga<N: " St ^Mr^ Of...

      lie r commontt . vcOTtJga < N : " ^ Mr ^ oftfffi « S »»^ ' s &^^ J ^ < £ ^ £ , ? . Vp < P-f Y >; iicr comiiTjR . r . " ^ ,, ^ ttveoat ^ nW ^^ A j £ of Ifirh ^^ rA , ;** W / 3 « PS ^^ -ig ll ^ ff *! SpltA '

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), April 14, 1849, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_14041849/page/3/