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Northern Star (1837-1852), 16th February 1850, Edition 2 of 3, Page 3, XOTHI&f/TOjpd ! A SOXG Fda', PAfctlAMEKT...

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      Febrfary 16, 1850. ''T'^ - ' '^'J' 2 --—...

      Febrfary 16 , 1850 . '' T' ^ - ' ' ^' J ' 2 -- — ^ ,. ™ ,-. -- ~ - ^ v—~ - ^ -:: ' ^ .

      ^O Ew^. :

      ^ o ew ^ . :

      Xothi&F/Tojpd ! A Soxg Fda', Pafctlamekt...

      XOTHI & f / TOjpd ! A SOXG Fda ' , PAfctlAMEKT . nhg TJmM of Thursday , the ] 24 th ult , contained the remarkable statement , that during the approaching session , Parliament will find 'nothing to do . * Pasqeuj begs to remark , en feasant , before he begins his song , that te considers the present government just the boys to Tcse—Hunting the Hare . Members of parliament . ' cwntyand borough , men ,

      All in St . Stephen ' s Ring licensed to spar , Tories , Reformers , half-measure and thorough men , 3 £ ake yourselves happy , and stay where you are . Shoot and enjoy yourselves , Freely employ yourselves , You ' ve to annoy yourselves , Troubles but few ; Stick to rusticity , Bural felicity , For you ' ve , in this city , Xothtxg to no .

      Let the press-writer , the speaker and demagogue , Prate about evils we ought to remove ; Who cares a straw for the wrongs that set them agog , yothing worth naming is left to improve ; ~ Though , tliaftaxation is Great , and starvation is Rife in the nation , is Possibly true ; Hang each sad story , boys , Radical—Tory hoys , Think of the glory , boys I NoTHTXG TO-DO . : "

      < 3 obden and Co . may go mad otf expenditure , Rave of the millions they lavish and throw Ifloseljfiway ev ' ry year ; let ' em spend it , you ' re Sot to he troubled with matters go low . * - ¦ ¦ £ . - Bother the window tax . * " -: ( Lisht as a tinder tax !) ' - - > " Famine—gaunt skinn'd—attacks , Ireland ' s sad crew ; Still let ' s make light of it-Try and lose sig ht of ifc— - For there ' s *—in spite of it—NOTHING TO DO .

      "Then drink , at your leisure , continued prosperity , Joy and bright days to a nation so blest , That its principal organ declared as a verity ^ All its abuses are fully redressed . - ^ Times we the best are in ; - * j | p Colonies festering , - # ' Ignorance pestering , * Treat with Pooh I pooh ! Obsolete these have got , We at our ease have got , Since the M . P . * s have got , s 7 * Sothtsg to do . -Tatquin ,

      Song Op The British Slates. When Adam De...

      SONG OP THE BRITISH SLATES . When Adam delved , and Eve spaa , "Who was then the gentleman ! Arise 1 arise ! ye British slaves , Cast off your yoke and he ye free ; Burl bold defiance at the knaves , And claim your share of Liberty . Why still in bondage ever toil , And wear the slaves" degrading chains ; Or ply the loom , or dig the soil . If tyrants only share the gains ? TJnbounded as the ocean ' s wave The right of ev ry sun of earth—We all are equal in the grave , The same as at our smiling birth . "Why still in bondage ever toil , & c .

      JiO more be trodden , like the worm , Beneath the tyrants' feet of steel ; But boldly show a manly form , And let them know that ye can feel . "Why still in bondage ever toil , & c . The force of Nature ' s sacred law , That stamps one image on mankind ; TVhose noble works have not a flaw , Save that which springs from tyrants' mind Why still in bondage ever toil , & c . Arise 1 ye bondmen , to a man , And boldly dare assert your right : And heed not what ihe despots' plan . For yours alone is sov ' reign might . Why still in bondage ever toil , & c .

      It needs , but then , that ye should will , Aud then your bondage is no mora ; In spite of your oppressor ' s skill , Who only mocked your strength before . Why still in bondage ever toil , Aid wear the slaves' degrading chains , Or ply the loom , or dig the soil , If tyrants only share the gains ! Wausbeck .

      2.Ieweoj9.

      2 . ieweoj 9 .

      Hichard Oastler's Reply To Richard Cobdm...

      Hichard Oastler ' s Reply to Richard Cobdm ' s Speech at Leeds , lSlk of December , 1849 . London : W . J . Cleaver , 46 , Piccadilly . Taktx g into account Mr . Oastler ' s age , Ms long and arduous stragglesas a public man , and the personal and domestic afflictions under which he has suffered of late years , it must be acknowled ged that the energy he still exhibits in support of his favourite principles and the performance of what be deems Lis duties , is extraordinary and astonishing . The late decision

      of ihe judges as to the intent and meaning of the Factory Act will , undoubtedly , bring our venerable friend once more on the stage of action ; and Ave should not be at all surprised if his share in ihe agitation about to open should seriously abridge tbe remaining days of the " Old King ; ' * for to " die in harness" rather than neglect his duty , seems to be tbe settled resolve of the Factory Workers' Champion . May ihe last day of his earthl y toils be far distant , for tens of thousands -will mourn when

      that day comes . There is much in this pamphlet which the author will not expect us to accord with , but there is mucb also that has our heart y concurrence . His exposure of ihe inconsistencies of the great captain of the Free Traders is conclusive , and bis challenge to that personage , aays much for the mettle of the good * ' 01 d King . " The comments on ihe " new { lod ge" played off at the Stepney meeting , lire exceedingl y happy . , The following extracts are all we can una room for : —

      AN rBISII LANDLORD . I have the honour to know only one . He is a pattern of kindness and benevolence . He resides on his estates , beloved by his tenantry and his neighbours . He is the friend of all—Shahuan Crawtobd . That Irish landlord may be , I dare say he is , losing property ; but he is one of a noble class of patriots , —braving all difficulties , —striving to be a real blessing to those around him— -nourishing Ms tenants—encouraging his neighbours—aud setting -a bright example to his brother landlords . OCR COLONIES .

      The gravest error we have committed in the management of our colonies , is , in our Laving dis-• eonraged tliere—the native manufacturing industry , that we might obtain the profit thereof here—in Manchester especially . A most striking and destructive proof thereof is exhibited , in the almost entire destruction of tho native spinners and weavers in India ! They have been superseded by those of Manchester ! In their absorption into other branches , " thousands upon thousands of them died of want 1 The Governor-General declared in his despatches that "their bones whitened the plains Y Thus , the cotton

      aystem has been made to kill at both ends : it kills theworkers , and it kills the wearers ! Truly to please the "Manchester men , " and spread the sale of their calicoes , our colonies have S „! Lj eMlyimsmana Sed ; and , still more to ha ^ eplored , our national character has received the teand of h ypocrisy J After giving £ 20 , 000 , 000 to emancipate our own slaves , to please such men as yourself ; by extending the operation of the principles of Free Trade ; we have ruined our own emancipated colonies to encourage and enrich their rivals , who now , instead of our own colonists' free labour produce , sell us the produce of slaves !—we , pretending all the while to hate slavery 1

      BICHABD oasxlebs challenge . I propose to you , that you and I , Richard CoBDEx andKicHAHD Oastiek , ( assisted by one or two friends each , if you prefer it , ) shall visit every Market Town in the West Riding of Yorkshire , ( also of Lancashire , if you are so disposed , ) and at reatt y public meetings , ( I should prefer them out of doors , that there maybe none excluded , ) discuss ^ Jjhole question of FsEE Acnoy , or as you term * ti Free Trade : viz . —Its effects on the Internal or ~ ° mestic exchanges , on the Colonial exchanges , anci on th e Fore gn exchanges , of the products of f ^^ K and skm - Also , its results , as practically S ^ t ed by the operations of machinery ; and 4 . 7 ? ? a " especial reference to its operation on ™^ ™ ° * tlabour and tkiU form their only ttoch in

      lm « s ^* « * " *** , maintain that their condition flere , in the Colonies , and in Foreign countries , will OBOevated and improved by the operation of Free Action or Free Trad » . I shall endeavour to prove the contrary . " Will this challenge be accepted ? We apprehend not . Class-ascendancy , not the

      Hichard Oastler's Reply To Richard Cobdm...

      general welfare , is the object of Richard Cobden and his party ; and a discussion on the grounds laid down by Richard Oastler , would not be very likely to advance the interests of the "Manchester School /'

      Practical Suggestions For The Establishm...

      Practical Suggestions for the Establishment of National Cemeteries . By George Alfred Walker , Surgeon . London : Longman , & c Paternoster-row . The author of this pamphlet is well known to the public as a writer and lecturer against the existing system of burials in towns . In the work before us he proposes that the government should take on itself the charge of organising and administering a general plan for the burial of the dead throughout Great Britain . It is impossible for us to follow his suggestions from first to last , but Ave will extract those relating to the erection of

      NATIONAL CEMETERIES . A celebrated heathen philosopher would not permit fields fit for tillage to be employed for the purposes of inhumation ; and it would he difficult , I think , to produce a valid ohjection to the appropriation of comparatively valueless common lands , in the neighbourhood of London , for such a purpose . More especially as there are / large available tracts of such land in the immediate vicinity of the railways , admirably adapted , both as to soil and site , and sufficiently capacious to receive the dead of this metropolis for many centuries to come . The South Western Railway runs through a vast tract—Woking Commou . There are other localities which will readily present themselves ; for

      example , on the Eastern Counties line , Hig h-beach and Wanstead-flats . The Surrey side of the river affords peculiar advantages for the erection of mortuary stations—as the Nine-elms , also approachable by the river Thames , and the now unused ( excepting for goods transit ) South Eastern branch line—the Bricklayer ' s Arms station . Let those who may object to the apparent boldness of this scheme reflect that railways offer the readiest , aud by far the most economical , mode of conveyance ; that the necessity is urgent—nay , imperative ; that the change would effect an incalculable sanitary and moral reformation ; whilst the appropriation of land , as 1 have said , comparatively

      valueless , would be a wise and prudent measure , in anticipation of the prospective requirements of a vastly , increasing . population . These cemeteries should be open to all , withbut distinction of class or creed . They should he , in" the strictest sense of the term , general , or national cemeteries . * They might be placed , where practicable , between lines of rail , branch lines , or sidings , conveying the funeral train into the cemetery itself . . Receptionhouses , as I have said , would be required at both extremities of the line . Under certain circumstanes it might be necessary to remove bodies to the cemetery some days previous to interment , and accommodation would be required for mourners , robing-rboms , and other purposes .

      It has been proposed to erect a number of mortuary houses for the temporary reception of the dead previous to burial . The objects of such arrangements are , to avoid the danger of premature interment , and to relieve the poorer classes from the necessity of retaining the corpse in their crowded habitations for a prolonged period before burial . The latter object is certainly a most desirable one ; but it may be questioned how far the advantages may compensate the increased expense of such buildings .

      As to the danger of premature interment , it may be obviated by the appointment of special officers , whose duty it shall be to ascertain and verify the fact of death , and without whose certificate no corpse shall be removed for burial . These officers might be medical men ; and modern science enables them to ascertain , without a shadow of doubt , whether or not life has become extinct . The office might be conjoined with that of " registrar of births and deaths , " and in this way a staff of competent officers mig ht be obtained at a moderate cost . For

      many reasons , I do not think that they should interfere with the service of the administration ; nor do I think that the dignity of the medical profession admits of its being mixed up with the calling of an undertaker . It aprears to me that all the expenses of the national system would not only be abundantly covered by the receipts , but that a large and an increasing surplus must accrue ? Even with a most liberal expenditure , we shall still have an economy of 50 per cent , on the present system .

      For further developements of Mr . Walker ' s plan , we must recommend the reader to the pamphlet itself .

      Sketch Of The Life Of Charles Fourier. B...

      Sketch of the Life of Charles Fourier . By the Rev . J . li . Morell . London : J . "Watson , 3 , Queen ' s Head-passage , Paternoster-row . We are toolittte acquainted with the works of Fourier to warrant any attempt at criticism on his system and views in general , as set forth in those works ; but whether as a Reformer he was wise or foolish , it is certain as a man , he combined extraordinary capacity with most generous and disinterested p hilanthropy . We ¦ elect from this pamphlet a few

      ANECDOTES OF POUBIEB . Being an ungovernable child , he happened one day to give a correct report concerning the commercial transactions of his parents . He was punished for this , and from that day he regarded trade with hatred and swore to modify it . All his writings prove how faithful he was to this his first oath ; and the anecdote will not fail to remind the reader of a similar event recorded in the life of Hannibal , with this difference , that Fourier swore to exterminate what he considered the bane of humanity , whereas the Carthaginian looked not be « yond his own country ' s weal or woe .

      During many years the future reformer gave away his breakfast to an infirm beggar who used to station himself near his house , and whom he met on his way to college . On the occasion of a temporary absence of his benefactor , this poor man , thinking that he was ill , came to inquire about his health , and thus disclosed his unostentatious charity . * * # * Being at Marseilles , in 1799 , he was commissioned after a long famine , to cause a cargo of rice to be

      cast secretly into the sea , which cargo the heads of Ms firm , who were speculators in corn , had suffered to rot in their warehouses rather than lower the price by selling it . This last crime of commerce disgusted him . He resolved to modify a system in which lying is necessary , and in which the misery of a whole people may be worked upon as a " good spec . " This was the starting point of his theory , to which he consecrated from that day all the force of his intellect .

      The widow of an officer , reduced to the last degree of misery , had sold , one alter the other , her furniture , the arms and the clothes of her husband , and was at length forced to part with a bust of the Emperor , to whom she was greatly attached . Fourier , happening to learn these circumstances by circuitous channels , purchased the bust for seventy francs—a large sum for his limited means—and under the pretext of having to change houses he came to an agreement with this lady that she should keep his new purchase till he should require it . A week having expired , the poor widow thought that she was bound to restore the bust to Fourier , who refused it , and complained in strong terms about this breach of the treaty . He thus concealed under an affected bluntness the exquisite delicacy of his beneficence .

      Amidst continual cares and labours the health of Fourier declined . His disciples began to remark this as early as 1835 . In 1 S 36 he became worse , and in 1837 he was obliged to keep to bis room and bed . But his lucidity of mind , and his incredible energy never abandoned him a single instant . His anxious friends begged him to suffer them to watch by his bedside , but he would never allow it . " I don't wish , " he said , " that the people should put themselves out about me . " The only thing that could be wrung from him was , that the wife of tho porter where he lodged should go every hour , during the night , to see how he was , and attend to his

      wants . When she entered his room at five a . m ., on the 8 th of November , Fourier was no more . He was found dressed , and kneeling by the side of his bed , which he had been unable to reach , being overcome by death . Madame Clarisse Vigoureux and M . V . Considerant being informed with all speed of the event , came to perform the last offices to him , and two days after , his body having been previously embalmed , was interred in the cemetry of Montmartre , where an humble stone" covers his remains , until the monument is completed that his disciples ( perchance humanity ) will one day raise hima smiling world . . .. f

      "Thus , ' writes the author of this sketch , "lived and died on © of the best men and thinkers the world ever saw . He lived before his age ; this was the misfortune of his whole life—his crime in the eyes of some people . It will , possibly , be his glory with posterity . " This Sketch has been written as an introduction to Fourier ' s Treatise on the Human Soul , which , translated by Mr . Morell , is at present in the press , and will very soon be published by subscription . Aware that the doctrines of Fourier have made considerable progress on tho continent , and in the United States , we cannot but regard the publication of bis works ,

      Sketch Of The Life Of Charles Fourier. B...

      in the English language , as an important ervenfc in the history of philosophical literature and social progress . Cordially we concur with Mr . Morell , -when he says , " Let the writings and system of Fourier : be weighed in a just balance , and if their fallacy is proved , let them serve as a caution ; if their truth is established , let us rejoice and be exceeding glad , for then the ni ght is far spent , and the day is at hand . "

      The Condition Of England Question. (Cond...

      THE CONDITION OF ENGLAND QUESTION . ( Condensed from the Horning Chronkh . ) "HOMES" OF THE LABOURERS IN THE COUNTY OF DORSET . An open ditch , which served as a slusrgish drain for the meadow , after touching one i » t" the back corners of the house , which was a thatched mud hut , turned at a right angle , aud extended along the back of it , right under the wall . The character of this ditch was indicated by the vegetation which thickly incrusted its stagnant contenst . A little in front was another ditch , filthy in the extreme , though not quite so bad as the other . In front ' of

      the house was a ash-heap , whore ifc would remain until the farmer chose to carry ifc away . The pig stye was behind , leaning against the wall of the fuel-house , which formed part of the building . So low was the hovel situated , that whenever it rained heavily it was completely inundated , Some time ago , after a heavy thunder-storm , the intrusive waters took possession of the whole floor , invaded the cupboard of the dresser , and rose , in an inner room , "halfway up the legs of the bed . " Ifc was a long time afterwards ere the house got dry—indeed , it was not thoroughly so ere it was again flooded . It was about three years since the family had entered the house . They had all had ague shortly after doing so . The youngest daughter ,

      the one then at home , had never been rid of it . Her sunken cheek , languid motions , and jaundiced complexion , all but too well attested the presence of the disease . The smells , I was further told , were sometimes very bad , but they were thankful that they were neither so numerous nor so offensive as those to which they had been accustomed to at Newton , some miles off , where they formerly lived . There they had occupied a house from which the ague was never absent . Such was the domicile which they got rent-free , instead of an extra shilling in the shape of money-wages . But had they had two extra shillings , the poor creatures knew not where to get a better house , for there was none vacant in the district .

      My next visit was to a hut but a few yards removed from that just described . It was one of a row consisting of four , being all thatched , and the crumbling walls constructed of mud and brick . In front of the door was a small close porch entered from the side . From this porch I stepped into the hut , in doing which I had to descend a step . The situation is as low and damp as that of the other cottage , nor was the house improved in this respect by the step down which had to be taken to gain the floor . There were but two rooms , one below and one above , which , as usual , served as the sleeping apartment . The lower room was dingy in the

      extreme , its dimensions scarcely ^ exceeding twelve feet by ten . The floor was composed of small , rough , and irregular flags , and so close were the two floors together , that I had barely room to stand erect , without my hat , between the beams supporting the upper one . The tenant ' s name was Stockley , a common name in these parts . He was six feet two inches high , and had never stood erect in his own house . There was not a corner of ifc in which he could do so . All the woodwork was blackened with smoke , and clammy with moisture . The wall was bulging in on all sides , and seemed scarcely capable ot supporting the crazy roof .

      They all slept in the apartment upstairs . It contained two bedsteads , in addition to which a bed was made on the floor . One corner of the sleepingroom had to be avoided , on account of the floor having given way ; it hung partly down into the lower room , so that the wei g ht of a child almost would have brought it down altogether . About the middle of the floor the rents were so large , that I could see almost the whole of the sleeping-room through them . But the most extraordinary feature

      connected with this house was the provision made by the inmates for baling the -water out , when the hut happened to be flooded by it . For this purpose , three of the flags were kept movable . I desired them to be lifted , and on their being so , discovered under each a large hole scooped out in the clay , each hole capable of containing about a gallon . When the water began to rise on the floor , which was not unfrequently the case , to a height which threatened to extinguish the fire , these flags were raised and the intrusive flood was drained into

      the holes in question . From these it was easily baled eut by means of a tin dish . But for this device , the floor would be frequently several inches under water . When tho water subsided the flags were replaced , not te be removed again until the next heavy rain should be followed by a tide within the dwelling . One of the three holes , which Avas under the only table in the house , was deeper than the others , and had always more or less water in it . But for this , the floor would never be dry . It was very damp when I saw it , but Mrs . Stockley called it dry . For this wretched den no less than £ 3 a year is paid as rent to Mr . Denis Brown , of Wareham . There is much , however , which might be done to it to render it more comfortable than it is .

      As it now stands , the whole fabric is scarcely worth one year ' s rent paid for it . I inquired why the family stayed in such a hole , and was informed that they had no alternative but to do so , as it was the only house they could get " convenient to their work . " The ague was seldom out of it . Both father and mother had it on first taking the house , and not a year passed without some of the children being for a time stricken down by it . The youngest was just recovering from a severe attack of the smallpox . The mother was still annuall y attacked by premonitory symptoms of ague , but she was now accustomed to the disease , and stifled it at once by the use of active remedies . The other three houses of the row were somewhat larger and drier than

      this ; but they , too , were damp , dark , filthy , and unwholesome . The whole row was not much more than fifty feet long—it contained in all ei ght rooms , and accommodated twenty-three people . They all slept in the roof of their repective domiciles , so that if the whole roof were thrown into one elongated chamber , and the occupants of the four houses lay side by side across the floor , each would have a strip of little more than two feet wide ; in other words , they could scarcely so lie without touching each other . Distributed as they were , each sleeping-room averaged about six occupants . At the village of Stoborough to do justice to the filthy aggregate of human dwellings passing under that name , is scarcely possible . There are hardly

      half a dozen houses m it fit to be inhabited , and yet almost every hovel swarms with more than its proper complement of inmates . Here , too , you have the farm labourer , the bargeman , and the dayman together . Here , too , you have different scales of wages giving rise to but slight differences in condition . The street , on either side , is one line of dung and ash-heaps . The cottages , which seem to be centuries old , have a dangerous and tumble-down look about them ; and , indeed , most of them would by this time have been among the things that were , but for the stout brick buttresses which have recently been built against the walls for their support . There is a sink , with a light iron grating over it , before most of the doors , from which odours aseend ,

      in hot or moist weather , of no very desirable kind . Notwithstanding this , there is much stagnant surface-water generally in the street . At the upper end of the village the houses seem actually rotten with awe . Before one is a filthy duck-pond full of slime and garbage . A little way further up is a horsepond , in which turnips are sometimes washed before being given to the cattle . When I was passin " , a boy was paddling in the water in search of the turnip-tops , which he was to take home to he cooked and eaten . .... -i This scarcity of cottages is a complicated evil . It sometimes drives families to the workhouse who would otherwise not be there , and , at others , serves to kfiim them nernetually on the parish , after

      distress has once thrown them upon it . In the Wareham workhouse , for instance , was a woman with her six children , her husband being at the time at work , and in the receipt of wages , but staying with his mother bec ause he could not procure a cottage for himself and family . The woman herself evidently felt h er situation very much . She and the whole family would leave the workhouse if a cottage could be procured . Again , take the case of a man whose family is thrown into distress from a temporary suspension of his emp loyment . On applying for relief , he is told by the guardians that they can do nothing for him unless he comes into the house . To this he has many ob jections , one of which is , that he has his cottage and his furniturepoor and scanty though it be , ifc is his own ; and if establishment will

      he goes into the house his little be broken up , without the least chance of his recovering ifc when he comes out again . But the guardians are inflexible , and he must either starve or comply with the requirements of the law . At last he Inters the house , and his little establishment is broken up . Some time afterwards he hears of employment , and leaves . But his cottage is now occupied by others , or it has in the meantime disappeared . He cannot find another in which to shelter his family , and has to return to the workhouse , ile is thus converted into what he never meant to become—a pauper ; and being so , he makes up nis mind to make the most of bis pauperism . Ihe chances are that he never makes another ettorc to retrieve himself , but remains with his family a permauent charge upon the rates , Taw w not an

      The Condition Of England Question. (Cond...

      imaginary sketch of the pauper ' s progress / but ono < drawn to me as true in but too many instances , by one who had for years been the relieving officer of a district not far from Wareham . . One house I inspected was occupied by a family Of the name of Brett , It had four rooms , two below and two above . Ifc was very low , and the upper rooms were wholly in the roof . One of the lower rooms would , as regards size , have afforded tolerable accommodation to a small family . The other was a mere closet , the floor of which was almost Wholly covered by the bed which occupied it . 'A child lay sick in the miserable and mouldy chamber I ascended to the upper chambers , ihey had been plastered and whitewashed many

      years ago , but were then wholl y out of repair . 11 iu ° ro , se on either side from the very floor , so that the onl y perpendicular walls were at the two ends , if walls can be called so which have not known the perpendicular for years . Had the two rooms been thrown into one , they would not have afforded available room more than sixteen feet long and ten wide . In the centre of the room I could stand erect , but nowhere else . Indeed , they virtually formed but one room , the thin deal partition between themnofc rising to the roof , and tho door through it being too small to fill the doorway . In several places whole yards of the lath and plaster seemed to be hanging to the rafters only by hairs . At the farthest end ot the inner room I

      touched the plaster thus situated with my stick . Down instantly came a large quantity of black dust , which formed a tolerably sized heap upon the floor . I touched it in another place with a similar result , the rotten thatch and clay falling , in this instance , on one of the beds . I was told thai ; when the wind blew very hard and shook the house they cop '" sometimes pick up " near a barrow full" of this debris in the room . When it was wet , too , for any length of time , the rain percolated through the rotten thatch and yawning plaster . In these two rooms , or rather in this one room , were four beds , which were occupied by twelve people . The whole number inhabiting this wretched tenement was fourteen . There were two families in the

      housetwo sisters , with their husbands and children . These made thirteen ; the fourteenth being the brother of the two sisters , a man tolerably advancedJn life . One of the sisters occupied , with her husband , the small room below . The other , with her husband and six children , together with the five children of her sister and her brother—that is to say , the uncle of all the children—occupied the upper room , or rooms , if they could bo called so . Several of the children were grown up , and one , who was then in the house , was a girl of seventeen . In winter , notwithstanding the number occupying it , the upper room was often bitterly cold , and no wonder , for one of the end walls seemed to have parted company with the roof , and

      leant outwards considerabl y . In summer , again , it was perfectly stifling , the small windows not sufficing to ventilate the room . Had the walls been perpendicular on all sides , they thought that they might get on , but the space being contracted , from bei » g entirely in the roof , they were sometimes nearly choked * ' with our own breaths , " as they said . The rent paid for this hovel was Is . a week . In one house a family of eight had but two small rooms—the bed-room being off the common room . Ifc contained but two beds . The father , mother , and three children slept in one bed—the children being put at the foot ; the other three , all girls , occupied the other bed . The eldest girl was sixteen , the eldest boy at home eight . The family had

      occupied the house for sixteen years . The mother had never been well since she entered ifc . No wonder , for the house was cold -to a degree . There was a cellar below , which had formerly been occupied , but which was now nailed up . There was no ceiling below , and the wind came up through theflooi' . The window was almost half gone . Ifc had originally consisted of twenty-four small panes , ten of which were broken—both glass and casement . It had been in that condition for more than five years , and was covered with brown paper or stuffed with rags . In the bed-reom there was no casement at all . The hole which served as a window was ni ghtly covered by a piece of bagging " to keep out the wet and cold . " The rent charged is £ 3 per annum .

      THE FEMALE SLOP-WORKERS OF LONDON . A woman who bears an excellent character gave the following melancholy account of her calling : — She makes various kinds of garments . Scarcely a garment that is to be made but what she makes ; works for various slop-sellers ; makes shirts , drawers , trowsers . blouses , duck frocks , sou - westers , and oilskin waterproof coats , some in a rough state in the calico before they're oil'd . Works first hand . For shirts she gets 2 s . to 6 s . a dozen , that ' s the highest ; there are some lower than that , but she generally refuses those .. The lowest are Is . a dozen , or only a penny each . Of the 2 s . a dozen she can make about three in the day—the day being from eight in the morning to ten in the evening .

      She usually makes eighteen in the week . Shirtmaking is generally considered the worst workhas to find all her own trimmings , all the thread and cotton , everything , excepting the buttons , out of the 2 s . a dozen . This price is paid for rowing shirts , called " rowers , " with full bosom put in , just the same as the 6 s . a dozen ones , only the work is not so good . Of the 6 s . a dozen she can ' t make more than one in the day . They ' ve white collars and wristbands . Has to find her own trimmings . Is forced to give security for about £ 5 . Those who cannot get security must work for " sweaters . " Flannel drawers are some 2 s . 6 d . a dozen , and some 3 s . Some are coloured and some are white flannel ; the . white are 3 s „ the coloured 2 s . 6 d . Has to find

      her own thread . Can do three pair in a daymaking Od . at best work , or 7 id . at worst , out of which there is to be deducted Hd . for one ounce of thread . Moleskin trowsers , and beaverteen , like the other articles , vary in price . The lowest price for moleskin trowsers is 6 s . a dozen pair—the highest 10 s . The beaverteen the same . Can't make more than one pair of either the high or low priced ones in the day . The trimmings for each dozen pair come to Is . 6 d . Tho highest priced ones are all double stitched . Blouses are from 5 s . to 7 s . a dozen . Can ' t make two of the lowest price in the day . Might make one of the highest . Trimming for a dozen comes to about Gd ., because it ' s chiefly cotton that is used in blouses . Duck frocks

      are 2 s . to 2 s . Gd . a dozen . May make about a dozen and a half of those in a week if she sits very close to it . " During the course of years , " she said , " that I have worked at the business , I find it ' s all alike . Tou can't earn much more at one kind of work than you can at another . " Sou ' -westers are lOd . a dozen ; from that to 3 s . Can make one in a day of those at 3 s ., and of those at lOd . she makes half a dozen in the day . Oilskin waterproof coats , ready dressed , are Is . Cd . each ; and the others , undressed , from 4 s . to 6 s . per dozen . She has to find all her trimmings out of that . Can make one of those that are dressed in two days , and of those that are in the undressed state , a dozen in the week . " Upon the average , " she says , " at all kinds of

      worki excepting the shirts , that I make , I cannot earn more than 4 s . 6 d . _ to 5 s . a week — let me sit from eight in the morning till ten every night ; and out of that I shall have to pay Is . 6 d . for trimmings , and 6 d . candles every week ; so that altogether I earn about 3 s . in the six days . But I don ' t earn that , for there ' s the firing that you must have to press the work , and that will he 9 d . a week , for you'll have to use half a hundred wei g ht of coals . So that my clear earnings are a little bit more than 2 s ., say 2 s . 3 d . to 2 s . 6 d . every week . I consider the trowsers the best work . At the highest price , which is 10 s . a dozen , I should make no more than ei ht of them in a week ; that would give me 6 s . 8 d . The trimmings of that eight pair would cost me

      Is ., the candle Cd ., and the coals Od .. for pressing , leaving 4 s . 5 d . clear—and that is the very best kind of work that can be got in the slop trade . Shirt work is the " worst work , the very worst , that can be got . You cannot make more of those at 6 s . a dozen thauHone a day , yielding 3 s . a week . The trimmings would be about 3 d . for the shirts , and the candle Cd ., as before , making Od . to be dedueted , and so leaving 2 s . 3 d . per week clear . I have known tho prices much bettor when I first began to work at the business , some nineteen years ago . The shirts that they now give Cd . for were then Is . ; and those now at 2 d ., were 8 d . The trowsers were Is 4 d . and Is 6 d . a pair , the best—now they give only lOd . for the best . The other articles are down equally low . "

      " I cannot say , " she added , " what the cause may be . I think there are so many to work at it that one will underwork the other . I have seen it so at the shop . The sweaters screw the people down as low as they possibly can , and the masters hear how little they can get their work done for , and cut down the sweaters , and so the workpeople have to suffer again . Every shop has a great number of sweaters . Sometimes the sweaters will get as much as 2 d . or 3 d . ; indeed , I ' ve known'em take as much as 4 d . out of each garment . I should suppose one that has a good many people to work for her—say about a dozen—I supposa ^ hafc she'll clear from £ l to £ l 5 s . per . week : oufc , of their labour . The workpeople are very dissatisfied , and very poor indeed—yes , very poor . There is a great deal Of

      want , and there is a great deal of suffering amongst them . I hear it at the shop when I go in with my work . They have generally been brought up regularly to the trade ., It requires an apprenticeship . In about three months a person may learn ifc , if they ' re quick ; and persons pay from 10 s . to £ 1 to be taught it , bad as the trade is . A _ mother has got two or three daughters , and she don't wish them to go to service , and sho puts them to this poor needlework ; and that , in my opinion , is the cause of the destitution and the prostitution about the streets in these parts . So that in a great measure I . think the slop trade is the ruin of the young girls that take to it—the prices are not sufficient to keep them , - and tho consequence is , they fly to the streets to make out their living . Most of the workers are young girls who have nothing else to depend upon , and there is scarcely one of them virtuous . When

      The Condition Of England Question. (Cond...

      they / come on first they are very meek and modest iff'their deportment ,, but after a little time thcy ' ssb connected with the others and led away . There are between 200 and 300 of one class and another work aVmy shop . I dare say of females altogether there ' areupwards of 200 . Yesterday morning there were seventy-five in the ' shop / with me , and that was rib eig ht' in the morning , and what there may be throughout the day it ' s impossible to form an idea . Theageof the females in general is about fourteen to twenty . '" My- daughter is a most excellent waistcoat hand .. lean give you an account of her work , and then ,, of course , you can form an opinion of what everybody else gets . The lowest price waistcoafis 3 s . perdozen , and the highest 9 s . They are satin

      ones . She can make one satm per day , and three of the 3 s-.. ones . Sho earns , upon an average , about 4 s . per week : deduct from this , trimmings about 6 d . for the-lowest , and about Is . per week for the highest price . As we both sit to work together , one candle does for the two of us , so that she earns about 3 s .. per week clear , which is not sufficient to keep her even in food . My husband is a seafaring man , or I don't know what I should do . He is a particularly steady man , a teetotaller , and so indeed are tho whole family , or else we could not live . Recently my daughter has resigned the work and gone to service , as the prices are not sufficient for Food and clothing . I never knew a rise , but continual reductions . I know a woman who has six children , and she has to support them wholly on slop work . Her husband drinks , and does a day ' s work only now and then , spending more than he brings home . None of her children are able to

      work , i don t know how on earth she lives , or her little ones either . Poor creature , she looked the picture of distress and poverty when I last saw her . This woman I had seen away from her home , so I requested my friend to lead me to the dwelling of one of the shirt workers , one that he knew to be a hard-working , sober person , so that I mi ght judge of the condition of the class . The woman lived over a coal and potato shed , occupying a small close room on the " second floor back . " It did not require a second glance either at the room or the occupant to tell that the poor creature was steeped in poverty to the very lips . In one corner of tho apartment was rolled up the bed on the floor . Beside the window was an oyster tub set upon a chair . At this she was busy washing , while on the table a small brown pan was filled with the newly-washed clothes ; beside ifc were the remains of the dinner , a piece of dry course bread , and half a cup of coffee .

      In answer to my inquiries she made the following statement : — " I make the « rowers , ' that is tho rowing shirts . I ' m only in the shirt line . Do nothing else , The rowers is my own work . These ( she said , taking a cloth off a bundle of checked shirts on a side table ) is 2 d . a piece . I have had some at 2 * d ., and even 3 d ., but them have full linen fronts and linen wristbands . These are full-fronted shirts—the collars , wristbands , and shoulder-straps are all stitched , and there are seven button-holes in each shirt . It takes full five hours to do one . I have to find my own cotton and thread . I get two skeins o cotton for Id ., because I am obliged to have it fine for them ; and two skeins will make

      about three to four shirts . Two skeins won't quite make three-and-a-half , so that it don't leave above seven farthings for making each of the shirts . If I was to begin very early here , about six in the morning , and work till nine at night , I can't make above three in the day at them hours . I often work in the summer time from four in the morning to nine or ten at night—as Jong as I can see . ily usual time of work is from five in the morning till nine at night , winter and summer ; that is about the average time throughout the year . But when there ' s a press ot business , I work earlier and later . I often gets up at two and three in the morning , and carries on till the evening of the following day ; merely lying down in my clothes to take a nap of

      five or ten minutes . The agitation of mind never lets one lie longer . At the rowers work I don ' t reckon I makes 5 s . a week at the best of times , even working at the early and late hours , and working at the other hours I won't make above 3 s . Cd . Average all the year round I can't make more than 4 s . a week , and then there ' s cotton and candles to buy out of that . Why , the candles will cost about lOd . or Is . a week in the depth of winter , and the cotton about 3 d . or 4 d . a week , so that I clears about 2 s . 6 d . a week—yes , I reckon that ' s about ifc ! I know it ' s so little I can't get a rag to my back . I reckon nobody in the trade can make more than I do—they can ' tand there ' s very few makes so much , I ' m sure . It ' s only lately that I found a friend to be security for the rowing shirts or else before that I only

      received l * d . for the same shirts as I now have 2 d . for , because I was forced to work for a sweater . These prices are not so good as those usually paid in the trade ; some houses pays 3 s . a dozen for what I have 2 s . for . A few weeks—that is , about six weeks ago—the price was 2 s . 6 d . a dozen ; but they always lower the prices towards winter . Never knew them to raise the prices . I have worked at the business about eight years , and when I first began the ' rowers' were at 3 s . 6 d . a dozen—the very same article that lam how making for 2 s . They in general keep the sweaters employed in wintersome call them the ' double hands , ' and they turn off the single hands first , because its the least trouble to them . The sweaters , you see , take out a groat quantity of work at a time . The sweaters , many of them , give security to £ 20 . I ' ve known some of them tnke out as much as a chaise-cart full

      of various sorts of work , according to tbe hands they ' ve got employed . One that I knows keeps a horse and cart , and does nothing himself—that ho don't . I suppose he ' s got near upon a hundred hands , and gives about S . 50 security . He was a pot-boy at a public house , and married a shirtmaker . The foremen at the large shops generally marry a shirt-maker , or some one in the line of business , and then take a quantity of work home to their wives , who give it out to poor people . They take one-fourth part out of the price , let it be what ifc will . "

      She can't say why they get so little—supposes it's owing to tho times . But one cause is the Jews going to those in the trade and making their brags how little they can get the shirts done for . The original cause of the reduction was their being sent to the unions and the prisons to be made . This is now discontinued . " I find it very hard times , " she said , " oh , very hard indeed . If I get a bit of meat once a week I may think myself well off . " ( She drew a bag from under tho table . ) "I live mostly upon coffee and don't tast a cup of tea not once in a month , though I am up early and late ; and the coffee I drink without sugar . Look here , this is what I have . You see this is the bloom of the coffee that falls off while it ' s being sifted after roasting ; and I pays Cd . for a bagfull holding about half a bushel . " ( To bt Continued . )

      Ahu&Uc Mmuwttuirt*

      aHu & Uc mmuwttuirt *

      Haymarket Theatre. On Monday Ni G Ht Cha...

      HAYMARKET THEATRE . On Monday ni g ht Charles XII . was played at this house , most of the principal characters being sustained by the same actors as at Windsor . The Adam Brock of Mr . J . Wallack is a reading of the part different from that which has been generally adopted . The hearty honesty of the worthy farmer is plainly brought forward ; hut the comic side of tho character , originated by Mr . Liston , is kept down . Mr . Webster ' s Charles , which is carefully dressed and acted , is based on tho version of Mr . W . Farren . Miss K . Fitzwillian is a pretty , unaffected Endiga , and she sang " Rise , gentle moon , " very nicely , though it loses somewhat of its character by its transposition from the contralto . The pompous ofliciousness of Mr . Tilbury as the Burgomaster created some amusement .

      Sadler's Wells Theatre. Mr. George Benne...

      SADLER'S WELLS THEATRE . Mr . George Bennett , an old favourite of the public as an actor , has also essayed his talents as a dramatist , and a five-act play , written by him , ie now being played with success at this theatre . It is called Retribution , and ifc claims the merit of enforcing in its action a moral which may be inferred from its title . The action occurs during tho great civil war . Sir Robert Raby , a Cavalier , has resolved to marry his daughter Alice to a young gentleman ( Philip ) whom he has from infancy , and when left at his gate on his wedding-day , adopted as his forster-son . Sir Baldwin Briarly , a protesting Roundhead , but in reality a traitor to both partifes ; has a young son , who is pining with love for Alice , but who she only regards as a brother . This son ho resolves to induce or compel her to marry , and the action of the play consists in his plottings to effect this object , even to the extent of compassing the death of Raby and his adopted son by , false evidence of treason . The mystery surrounding the

      latter serves to introduce another character , one Blackbourn , the seeming agent of Brialy ' s villany , but , in fact , one whom he had deeply wronged twenty-years before ; and who , by frustrating his plans , becomes the instrumeat ofthe " retribution . At the moment when Briarly ' s son dies of a broken heart at his final rejection by Alice , Blackbourn reveales his real name and character , and c laims Pbili as his own son . This is but the bare skeleton of a plot which is in the dramatic evolvement so overlaid with incident and so ; needlessly complicated , thatnothing but the P i ^ ' fnxf * Mr . Bennett , and the precision with which he defines from scone to scene , could have preventedUts being cumbrous and un intelligible , ^ There , are three fine dramatic scenes-one ^ ere Bbckbonrn beingihun . ted to the death as a supposed murderer byT ? hilip discovers he is his son ; another where Blaokhourn in a dungeon triump hs by moral power over Briarly ; and a third where this last is unmasked and de-

      Sadler's Wells Theatre. Mr. George Benne...

      nounced by Alice . In the latter scene Miss Glyn displayed great energy , and her acting throughout was dignified ahdi well discriminated . ' The ' character of Rlackbourn , wfro effects a sort of blunt humour in his assumed vilany , but is torn by the deepest passion , is exactl y suited to Mr . Phelps , who played rt with intense power and effect . Briarly is a villain sc-mewhat of the old melo-dramatic type , but withal apowerfull y drawn character , of which Mr . George Bennett made the most . The other characters are vrell drawn , and were well acted by some of the favourite members of the company . ' Wo nroghdto congratulate Mr . Bennett on the deserted success ot this piece . The language is in many parts powerful , and the lllustrations-though homely-bold , and in good keeping . '

      Astley's. On Monday Evening Was Presente...

      ASTLEY'S . On Monday evening was presented , for the first time , a grand equestrian and romantic spectacle , entitled Com de Leon ; or the Brigand of Savoy The principal characters , were sustained by Messrs . Hicks , Crowther , Barry , and Johnson . Misses Loveday and Lane , and Mrs . Moreton Brookes . The piece is full of interest and romantic adventure , interspersed with gorgeous processions and terriffie combats of horse and foot , and embellished with tho appropriate and grand scenery of Savoy . Tha last scene , the tournament is brilliant in the extreme . The spectacle was well received by a crowded house . The Artistes of the arena gave general satisfaction , and were severally recalled to receive the justly merit plaudits ofthe audience . The entertainment concluded with the Christmas Pantomime , being the last week of its performance .

      Varimt*.

      varimt * .

      Monancnx.—If Systems Of Government Can B...

      MoNAncnx . —If systems of government can be introduced , less expensive , and more productive of general happiness , than those which have existed , all attempts to oppose their progress will in the end be fruitless . Reason , like time , will make ita own way , and prejudice will fall in a combat with interest . If universal peace , civilisation , and commerce , are ever to be the happy lot of man , it cannot be accomplished but by a revolution in the system of governments . All the mon « rchial governments are military . . War is their trade , plunder and revenue their objects . While such governments continue , peace has not the absolute security of a

      day . What is the Jiistory of all monarchial governments but a disgustful picture of human wretchedness , and the accidental respite of a few years ' repose ? Wearied with war , and tired with human butchery , they sat down to rest , and called it peace . This certainly is not the condition that heavon intended for man ; and if this be monarchy , well might monarchy be reckoned among the sins of the Jews . —Paine ' s Rights of Man . * The following advertisement appeared lately in an Irish newspaper : — " This is to notify to Patrick O'Flaherty , who lately left his lodgings , that if he does not return soon , and pay for the same , he shall be advertised . "

      " Why does father , call mother honey ? " said a small boy to his brother . "Spo ' se it ' s cos she ' s got sich a large comb in her head , " was the rejoinder . A petulant old lady having refused a suitor to her niece , he expostulated with her , and requested her plainly to communicate her reasons . "I-seq the villain in your face , " said she . " That is a personal reflection , madam , " answered tho lover . Tub most luxurious smoker I ever knew ( says M . Paget ] was a young Transylvanian , who told me that his servant always inserted a lighted pipe into his mouth the first thing in the morning , and that he smoked it out before he awoke . " It is so pleasant , " he observed , "to have the proper tasto restored to one ' s mouth before one is sensible even of its wants . "

      Fobejcv Intelligence . -- The latest advices received from California are , to get there as soon as possible . When too are in at a neighbour ' s in the evening , and a man asks his wife how long before she is foing to bed , you may safely conclude that you had etter leave . Gastronomy and astronomy are different , although both are illustrated by a series of plates ; yet persons who have been indulging in the pleasures of the table are very apt to see stars , and examine intently revolutions both of celestial and terrene bodies .

      Royal Theatricals . —This is a title which may be interpreted into meaning theatrical performances by royal personages . If anything ol the sort is in contemplation , let us recommend a good cast . What does the public say to King Otho of Greece as Tony Lumpkin ; with the song : " 6 f Ihe Maniac , by way of interlude , sung ( in character , of course ) by the Emperor of Austria ! Old Bavaria would do the elderly lovers and ci-devant jeunes hommes to admiration ; and old Louis Philippe ( still royal , " by virtue of his cunning and meanness ) might be dragged from his present obscurity to do the heavy business . Probably our friend Louis Napoleon already fancies himself nearly enough royal to be qualified for an engagement—only that ifc is less

      impossible to determine which part he really plays best , knave or fool ! Our partiality to Hollands ( oh , oh !) induces us " to recommend the King of Holland to employment ; while the Queen of Spain ought certainly to be taken on the list to play sonbrettes , intriguantes , and demireps . There is one Prince whoso game in life ifc seems to he to playdummy ! him we can recommend to nothing . Very Consoling!—A young female upon the verge of Hymen received the other day a communication from her future lord , informing her—not that he had bought the wedding-ring , or taken a house , or furnished ifc . Perhaps he had insured his life ? So ; he had been more considerate still , he had enrolled his future wife in a burial club .

      Q , uitb Right Too . —We understand that her Majesty ' s speech is to be sent to the " exposition " of arts , as a beautiful specimen of English stereotyping . - The dressmakers are the best supporters of newspapers—they 2 > attem-ise every one which falls into their hands . Definition of Ttranny . —I call him a tyrant , who either intrudes himself forcibly into the government of his fellow-citizens , without any legal authority over them ; or , who having a just title to the government of a people , abuses ifc to the destruction , or tormenting of them . So that all tyrants are at the same time usurpers , either ef the whole , or at least of a part , of that power which they assume to themselves ; and no less are they . to be accounted rebels , since no man can usurp authority over others , but by rebelling against them who had before , or at least against those laws which were his superiors . Abraham Dowley . A Discourse concerning the Government of Oliver Cromwell . 1660 .

      The Royal Baby- Jumper . —We have heard a great deal about baby-jumpers lately ; but the most astonishing of all baby-jumpers is her Majesty ' s eldest son , who at his birth jumped into the principality of Wales , the Duchies Of Cornwall and Rothsay , the Earldoms of Chester , Carrick , and Dublin , the Barony of Renfrew , and the Great Stewardship of Scotland . Mr . Thomas Rejjdel , who steered the Victory at Trafalgar , is living on the Strand , at Topsham , Devon , and has lately received a . medal for that action . Lord Nelson's family had given him a medal shortly after the battle .

      A New Persuasion . — " Of what persuasion is your intended brother-in-law ? " asked a lady of the younger sister of the bride . " O , ma ' am , " replied the giil , " naething wad persuade him to tak Jeanie , for he just beet to hao her . " A Jewel of a Wife . —A wife who , whatever may be the journey , copies the sagacious elephant , and travels with a single trunk . —Punch . There are three companions with whom a man should always keep on good terms—his wife , hia stomach , and his conscience .

      What is the difference between keeping a saddlehorse and wearing a pair of tight walking shoes ?—When keeping a saddle-horse , you have to buy your corn ; when wearing a pair of tight walking-shoes , you grow your own corns . Royal Wisdom . —It appears that £ 16 , 000 has been spent in tho Palace in eggs , bacon , and butter alone . At all events , this shows that there is no occasion to teach the Grand Mother ofthe British people "how to suck eggs ! " ... . Asia of Guiana . —In the far extending wilds of Guiana , the traveller will bo astonished at the

      immense quantity of ants which he perceives on the ground and in the trees . They have nests in the branches four or five times as large as that of the rook , and they have a covered way from them to the ground . In this covered-way , thousands are passing and repassing , and if you destroy it , it 13 without loss of time rebuilt . Other species of ants , again , have no covered-way , but travel , exposed to view , upon the surfaceof the earth . \ wx will sometimes see a string of these ants a mile long , each carrying in its mouth to its nest a green leaf , the size of a sixpence . It is wonderful to observe the order in which they move , and with what p : dns and labour they surs ^ ount the obstructions of the path .

      —11 atcrton . A slight difference between a wife rith a turnup or pug » ose , and a husband with a Roman or descending nose , is thus poetised : — Kate ' s nose was rctronsSe— her husband ' s was Roman .

      One day in a passion he bade her begone ; "Which way shall I go ?"—" Which way , silly woman ! , . ,. Why , follow your nose , " cried the husband in scorn . Kate laugh'd , as she whisper'd , " The taunt is It uffia such a compliment , dearest , you I'U foflowmy nose , sir , with pleasure-to . Heaven . If you'll follow youra—to tho regions below .,

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Feb. 16, 1850, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_16021850/page/3/