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AND NATIONAL TRADES' JOURNAL. ¦ ¦ ¦¦ ¦¦¦...
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TTHE STAR OF FREEDOM.
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10 0 THE . READERS OF THE 'STAR, &£m THE...
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. [As the commns under this head are ope...
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JTwHmoALBs w Moscow.-In this city the ni...
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THE NECESSITY^OF CO-OPERATION. (iVom the...
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THE ENGLISH" FAKREDEES." (from the t)a i...
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TUB WirsBMlMtROW EMI0B4KT RSTUnSSD. —MaU...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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And National Trades' Journal. ¦ ¦ ¦¦ ¦¦¦...
AND NATIONAL TRADES' JOURNAL . ¦ ¦ ¦¦ ¦¦¦ ¦¦¦ - ¦¦ ¦ in ¦ —
— ; - - •— - -. . . R - ^ - ... : I - I ...
— ; - - - -. . . r - ^ - ... i - i ¦¦¦ -. ¦ - ¦¦ ' - - " . ¦ " - " -- - .......- > ., »» —— m ,. , .,- -- ^ tarim- ^! — - ——^»^^»—¦ ' — - —p ^——— ,. . ... YOL Df ^ P . 753 . LOHDOK , SATDRPAY , APRIL 17 » 1852 ^ Fiv 8 htw »«» a ™ ^^
Tthe Star Of Freedom.
TTHE STAR OF FREEDOM .
10 0 The . Readers Of The 'Star, &£M The...
10 0 THE . READERS OF THE ' STAR , & £ m THE DEMOCRATS X 3 F GREAT BRITAIN AND ICELAND . H Itfr j ? fiffls » s , —Nearly two years have passed ] inclaceKJiftftuflataflftes induced my secession from the JSdEditorship of this journal . It is not necessary to i janarticnlariso those drcarastaacas ? excepting to rei mound you that holding oonvictiona on certain oaes « ; actions—not of prfocipley but of -polifcy ^ at Variance i ( ritritb those of the then Fr * oprfefqr , JTelt it to be my ! lufiuty , although at the cost of n lucrative and influenifo-fial position , to resign the Editorship of the I («^« Nor th e rn T ) 'SteR * It was to me a matter of deep i regsgret to separate myself from readers and friends , wbyhose cori & aence 1 had enjoyed during a term of taonore tihan aeven years , But the voice of EDIT comfosaatided the sacrifice , and I obeyed .
Enough of the past Let me speaK of tflB present , ovDt , -ratherof the futore . This week the 'Star' passes out of the hands of ththe Proprietors who succeeded Mr-. 0 * CoN 50 B . This exchange enables me to announce that , next week I shall Mote fie pfeojare of restamsy my post as Chief Editor ' ojqf this jottrnah Trader arrangements that will enable one to give the fullest expression to my sentiments as tithe conductor ' ef the organ of Chartism and
Ultra-IBeinocracy . Most ottne readers of the 'Stat' are aware tlthat , for some time past , I have been publishiiing an Unstamped periodical , entitled ' The Friend < i « f the " People . ' That my entire tmfe , attention , and * e ' energies may he devoted to my now duties , 1 shall "f'iaerge ' The Mend of the People * into the Star . * ] Bat the tide of the l & lteV will be extended and imj proved . Henceforth this journal will appear under tthe following deBusastion ' ^ -
THE STAE Of FREEDOM With which is incorporated
THE -FRIEND OF THE PEOPLE . ' Tnearaalgaiwi'Son of the two journals will take place aext week . The first somber of the' Star of Freedom , * win l ) e published on Saturday , April 24 th . The' & . e and form of the present 'Star' will be 'fconfioued , but the price will be reduced to the charge * t which the ' Northern Star * waa published in the time of its greatest popularity . A further reduction of price could only be effected by producing a paper Inferior in size or in matter . A Chartist paper , limited to its own * class' circulation , half the size of
<« e { ' Northern ') 'Star , ' might be sold for threepence . Or a paper the size of the ' Star * might be told for threepence , if mainly filled with police intelligence ; although such papers require a sale of 30 , 000 to cover expenses . This kind of paper is not to be thought of ; and a journal onl y half the site of the'Star' would be but a comtemptible production . Democracy must have an organ capable of challenging comparison with any and every description of Jomrsd . Such teill be the * Star oFFreedom . ' Not merely a political pamphlet ; not a mere police gazette ; bat an organ of the democracy—not ' only of this but of the
country , world , ~ and , at th * -, Bvae lime , a faithful record of the events and occurences bf the time , a neiw-paper in the best g ense of the term . Such a journal , if it had its ? f 0 qoo reaaers , ( the * Northern Star , ' at 4 £ d ., ha ^ ch higher sate in 1839 . ) might be sold p tw > ence ; e aad should the circulation of tbr . « Star 0 f j- foedom ' justify the experiment , tha - ^ reauced from 4 Jd . to a lower sum . For tbe t a superior paper will V , pnbJi 9 ned J a redact 5 wi 0 ' one halfpenny on tl * ; e prica ch tl forthe'Star ' dunng several ye ^ pa [ t
THE r ^ AR OF FREEDOM
TFIM . BE PUBLISHED EVERT SATURDAY , "PRICE FOUBPEHCK-IIAJLFPEIVJVY . As regards the political character of the * Star of -Freedom , ' it is almost superfluous to say that it will not onl y be Chartist , but thoroughly democratic . As my political views have endergone no change , my past is a sufficient giiataltitee Tor my fatare . Let me , however , add , tfc & t I believe , as I have ever be « h ' eved , therei **> salvation * fof " the working classes but by and Vtfroaea them ' setves . I believe that the
best designed and best managed projects of Social -amelioration , mnst bo insufficient to change the con-• draon oftheWkers— as a class , wanting political ' power ; and that the want of that power necessarily : preveats % e realization of the nobfe-aimsof the Social J Rporraers . I belike that it is foolish , as well as , " ; ' eTons » to sacrifice prfoclpte to expediency , and that the People should never degrade themselves by ?} £ ? anymockery'tf Rigb . t-. for any nominal ji t-erly , lacking f ho adiuncts necessary to make of that liberty ia oaroe , -n verity- ^ a fact . I believe that the
jpnnciples of the-psst should be cherished , the energy ¦ of thejiast-rdwred , and the errors of the past repu « Wed . IbeSeve that Egotism , . Intolerance , andEx-*? gerationAould give place to " Self-Sacrifice , Fairiplay , and Unyielding Perseverance . The ? Star of Freedom' will advocate Democracy 'in every sense of the term—Democracy in the Work , strap as well as in the Legislature . The fullest and tort reports will be given of Chartist and © emocra-Hic meetings ; tile proceedings of Trades and Go-ope * rative bodies ; and all movements Connected with , or affecting , the Working Classes .
Gehald Masset , so welkkaown to the Democratic public by his admirable lyrics , his writings in the Spirit of Freedom , stud his coatribat / oas to variota popular publications , is engaged as Literary Editor . In addition to The Review department he will supermtendthat , portion of the paper devoted to subjects wming nader the general denomination of Social "Reform . * ° of SSE ^ J writer «^ iBtinguished for thefc «! vocacy ^ Ss Uemocratic principles , will hs engaged to Sir 's «* columns of the -Star of Free-W t t hose aIrea ^ eDgaged 3 ncluae . — lJU T * S * ' ^ echivalricEditor of the 'English ^ e paohc . The « S pwfacus - ot-eur ' Democratic Lite-M %
toiTt ^ f » » the ' Pconfe ' * Political Edono-^ bts ofVh ™ * ' dcep ' tKmkin advocate of the ^ fi ?* ?? ? » a , youn « but Ad-W ^ ter , Wf * ,, j ? . * < F"end of the People ' * atVS i- ? y adnured by the au »« ous readers of ° *? enodical . ^ , ?! ^ of Frc 8 . ^ " ^ P oudence space will fl allS fte ^ P " 5881011 of opinion on the part % »! " ^ ke ins troct and enli ghten their It ' StaJ * £ 5 f " y managementthaltne ( 'Northern' ) and truth nJ ^ femou 8 for the fulness , ori ginality , ment of twS S ° Dew 8 ' Tbo ' &***& ' dePatt-4 tt entioD j-a ^^^ wrfom ' idHIiwre my special fte » aIuaolp ,, ?™ gemeata are m progresi to obtain ^ Pondenfa : Btt ? nceof Continental and American a m e 4 ium J * * ItiB aliro intended to make the paper ^ e ^ ettnl !; ercommunication and fraternity for la S ^^ the world . ' s few . of & , ? nto P * P ° micaI features , the ^ genoelS v ^ P ° ? tafn * e " W » ' and latest **» ^ SS ^ STf ^! «*»* ftwfa . maj "eatncal ; also police , Law ,
10 0 The . Readers Of The 'Star, &£M The...
Markets , the Fine Arts , & c . ; every description of occurrences , and every passing event . 23 ^ All Correspondence for the Editor , to be addressed to No . ¦ £ , Brunswick-row , Queen-square , Bloomsbury , London , SST . All orders , applications for placards , Sic ., to be addressed to the Publisher , John Jaheb BezeH , 183 , Fleet ^ sfreet , Londoh . ^ . The best advertisement , of the « Star of Freedom ' will be the papef itself . . The Srst ilatriber wilt proclaim its uncompromising principles , ahd malrb eirideat its ciaiiritj to popular support . For myfcoU leagues , as for myself , I can unhesitatingly answer to
that our efforts will be devoted ^ making the new journal the guiding star of ttip People in flieir pursuit of Liberty and Justice . To ' old friends , and comrades , who , in defiance of disaster ^ and dlsdppoiotmsEts , haVe remained faithful to Ibe good cause , —to young and ardent volunteers * ho , in spite of present ' apathy atid diSCOUragehieilt , have perfect f & ith in the not distant fairy of the People round Freedom ' s banner , — -to each , to all , 1 appeal for their fraternal co-operation to revive the former utility of the * Star , ' with more than its former feme and in * licence . In the past it was a Nprltiem luminary
shedding its light upon the suffering and aspiring among the down-trodden of this tarid—hVL * . a pbrtibn of the human Vace . In the futttra it will " shine for all ; for our brothers in other lands as well as ourselves , — for the nations plunged into worse than Egyptian darkness by the accursed enemies of Light and Liberty . The hope shall be mine that , like ' the cloud by day and the pillar of fire by night , ' the 1 Star of Freedom' will guide the masses out of the house of bondage , ' and through the 'Bed Sea' of combat and the * wilderness' of suffering , to that 1 promised land' in which Privilege and Oppression shall be unknown , and Liberty and Justice reign for
evermore . I am , yours , as ever- * Fraternally and JOevotedly , G . JULIAN HARNEY . April loth , 1852 . P * S .- —I learn , without much surprise—having a too intimate knowledge of the character of the man —that , stealthily and te ' cretljr , EasEST Jones has sent over the country a large number of copies of a circular filled with the most malignant misrepresentation , abuse , and falsehood ; and designed to prevent the success of the' Star of Freedom . ' He will fail . In spite of Ills precautions , I have
obtained a copy of bis dastardly circular , and its misrepresentations , I will fully expose in the next ( $ a & concluding ) number of the « Friend of tho People '—No . 12 , which will be published oh Monday next . One word more : —The readers of this journal iriay fcike my solemn assurance , that neither in . next Saturday's Star of Freedom / nor any subsequent number , shall the above-nanied person , or any similar character , force me into a war of personalities . I shall be able to answer and live down calumny , without bestowing npon calumniators even one * line of that which shall be really and truly « T he People ' s Paper . *
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. [ As the commns under this head are open for the free expression of all opinions , the Editor is not re sponsible for , or committed toj any . ]
CAPITALISTS aSD ACCUMULATION OF CAPITAL , TO TUR EDITOR 05 TUB STAJl . DsAR S « , —In my last letter your readers had Sotae accouatof thelsraelitish form of SovetftftsnUs it was established by Moses , and also Adam Smith ' saccountof theprinciples and practices of the parties who have unjustly appropriated all the landsin Great Britain and Ireland , from which statements it mast be very evident to all that , so long as this SystemSoft titfues , thelabourer ' can ri ' ever receive the jus ^ and natural rewards of his labour—m ., all that ha . can by his labour find in . earth ' s bosom , grofr u ^' ofi Us surface , remodel , transform , or prodircei All metals , minerals , stonesi slates , earths , articles of food , useful animals , raw materials of every description for manufactures of all kinds , and for science , and arts , must bo dug from below ,
ormust bo produced and collected from tho surface . of the land ) and thence alone , by the labour and skill of man . And all these were , originally , freely givon by God himself , for tbe eoual use of the whole family of man . " God created man in his own image , male , and fema ' e , created he them , and God & id , Let them hare dominion over the fish of the seai and orer the fowl of the air , and over the oattte , & W 1 over all the earth , and owr every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth . " Tho original and natural state , therefore , is , that of the individual sovereignty and perfect equality of the human race , male and female , over all the earth and so wag as this state of things continued , the whole earth was a Paradise . The first introduction of evil Mo We world , was when man began to usurp ami exercise dominion oVerhisfellowmaiij and tnofirst alaaetep ***«> . thfatway . aii intend teshow plainly
UWWIUH-, wneo man ( Adam ) claimed inalienable property in , and superior power and dotoihioh over , woman ( ETe ) . S «^ Jf ?^ ' i 8 usa , rpa ,, on ? P , ace - superstition compEI w * 0 !*^ rten be ** t ° fancy that the Great Power that owtts ahd govenw the universe in the beauti-M order in % ) uch it is gov ^ r ^ ed , and ih a manner which is eren now mcomprehansiblo to nian . required outward SS ^ L'fcr Pl and ^ offe » ne of gifts , and sacriaces , to aSS . ^ 18 aD 2 < Slf - to PWpHwte h « favour ., Cain and ffi S OT " ** < "t « each other , as to whether these ffihill en 0 gS Bhoul ^ ^ i » OT wpftaWe ; ana then Ca n beeaafe so angry about it , that he killed his brother . £ ™ » i ? n , nM 2 \; "POT ^ tton destfoyed ' beauty , I 0 ve » Veace , and hwmony , and begat violence and revenue
nnnfnSn V ™ * b »«» **& ^ Ud , Strife , War , ind * ffl !^ ° v rt -f w , 0 , e / a « eoftheearthsooh followed in ., it «^ . , Dg ? on «^» t « " « lh 6 ttse and pandemonium , tLwiJ ^ Sl r i ?" thw M- ATad nothing but * tru ^ S ^ I „ if of , hainan nature , and of the lay in which human character is formed the consistent and constant aotin * upon that knowledge * and the practice of the oC « Jf aC , pI l 3 Rdfi " ** l « « tho ftapel of Jesus B ~ S ^ dttB 8 e th , s w 0 rW into * Paradise again . S ^^ % . ? * Jltttato i 8 th ^ crea * of circumstances , that his character is formed for him , and not by him , pureobanty wilUprtoirup . a well of living water , in .
vteTffin foraUlher « eof man ; a , ; d p ^ rio ^ sn , or the VieatTloving men of one country , colour , clas ' s , or religion nhrS & ZT * ** * 8 n ,, w e Shall all We onr enemies , chfldrefof aiftS \ ^ " ? that ™ ma J ™ cnuarenoi ow Father , who m n Heaven who pause * hi * sun to shine on the evil and or % h «„ j ^ ' 7 S i .- Kingdom of Heaven ffiMs V £ S $ t i - * ¦ ** he that would l * g » M ™ £ g ^ , ffi . ?^ w K > But this is a digression from the nrfn «; n » i «• . > » <> / tletter , which is from Adam SmWs S . ^ * thl ? out to you bo . ; the accumulation J ffii ! 5 ' in tne oi tne el
nanus rew , tor the emninS ^ T-T r ' upon wages , under the system fS ?]! ^' comp / eted the sabjugatiou , and dSt ^ vS - ^ B , p 1 ) t i t , 0 D ' of the labourer altogether . mit » 7 'itoe independence " Wealth of Nations . " Book 1 st fhii ¦» - „ , as stock has accumulated in the fc ^ T ^ T persons , some of tbem will muraUy J ^ itl 25 "fr work industrious persons , whom they"KM ?* terialsand > ubSistence , in order toml £ f ™ A ? Z ™ £ of tbeir work . Tbe value which tha ^ LSSS- ^ SV * 16 add to the materials , by thefr hSL ™ £ ZvL ? ° &* this case , into two parts , of which ^^ 1 'ft f . wages , the other the profits of their emnCr £ S JT whole stock of materials and wages wttvBXLS And he could hare no interest to employ tKrLtSt preference to a small one , unless m ? pUffSL £ tS some proportion to tho extent of i » 8 stock e bear m «• Tbe profits of stock it may be thought , are only a dif . t oi
ferent name jorne wages a particular sort of iabourthe labour of lospecUon or direction . They however bear no pro ort « on to thequantity , the hardshi p ) or the in genuity , of this supposed labour or direction . They are regulated altogether by the value of the stock employed , and are greater or smaller , w proportion to ( be extent of
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this stock fh ittany gftot works , almost tho wticile labour oi direction is committed to some principal clerk . His wages properly express the value of this labour of inspection and direction . Though in settling Iijg wages , some regard Is had , commonly , not Only to his labour and skill , but also to the trust reposed ih him .-yet they . never bear any regular proportion to the Capital of which Kb oterscer tho man ' agdment ! and the owrier of this capital , though heisthusdischarged of almost all laboiir , still expects that his . profits should bear a regular proportion to bis capital . In this state of things , the whole produce of labour does not . always . belong to the labourer and director of labour ; they iniist lii ihoSt case 3 sbft . re it with tho owner of the stock whwli employ s them . ' . ~ -, In airsueu eases as thdse named '* hovei is it not evident
to every working man , that all such masters are mere use .-less idlers livih | upofijtne produce of their labour ? A capital equal td Tibj > w' all fob waht , wbtkiitg men j you have ho fWd of- him . Now , suppose him to hSVh advanced £ 5 000 , to pay for machinery , materials , ami . yotir wages , till : the work is completed and paid for , what should hinder 1 . 000 working men from raising the same amount of capital , by tbasubscription of £ 5 each man , and employing tho same clerk , at the . anme salary / to manage the biis hess ijr themselves , reserving the 8 ame . pow . etthat his present mastet has , to discharge him , if he fail to do his duty ? As I have already told you , this is the way they manage the Urge manufacturing Companies or Corporations In America ; This is the method adopted by the working men . in that cAutitry to obtain their naliiral wages—viz ., all that their labour ifroduoes . fir . Adaffl
Smith says , further , " An independent manufacturer , that is , workman , who has stock enough , both to purchase materials and to maintain himself , till ho can carry his work to market , will gain both tho wages of a journeyman , who Wdrks uhdor a master , and the profit which that master makes by the sale of that journey man ' s work /' Quite true i-what should prevent it ? . Again , Smiihsays , " AS in a civilised country there are but few commodities of which the exchangeable value arises from labour only , rent and profit contributing largely , to that of the far , greater part of themi so the annual produce df its labour will always be sufficient to purchase or command attiuch greater quantity , of labour than was employed in raising , prep-ring , and Bringing that prodiioo to market . But , there is no country in which the whole annual produce is employed in maintaining the industrious ' : the idle , everywhere , consume a great part of it . "
Buck I ., Chap ., VII .-f- " It ia tho interest of all those who employ their land , labour , or stock , in bringing any commodity-to market , that the quantity never should exceed the effectual demandi If , at any tittle , it exceeds the effectual deihah J , either land , capita ) , or labour , must , be paid below their natural price . If , on the contrary , the quantity brought to market , fall short of the effectual demand ; some of tnb * component parts of its price , vii . ihnd , labour , or capital , wilt rise above their natural rate . The tendency of cither of these extremes is td cause a greater , or a smaller , quantity , of these goods to be made and bought into tho market . The natural price ; therefore , thit at which rent , capital , and . labour are fairly remunerated , is , as it were , the central price ; to which the prices of ail commodities aro continually gravitatintr .
" The occasional fluctuations in the . market prices of commodities , ^ fall chiefly upon those parts which roBolve themselves into wages and profit . That which reso We itself into rent , is less affected by them . " Chap , VIII . — " What are the common wages of labour , depends , everywhere , upon the contract upuilly made between workmen and their mas * ters , whoso interests ara by no means the same . The workmen desire to get as much ; the masters to giro as littlo as possible . The former are disposed to combine to raise , the latter , in order to lower , the wages ' of labour . It is not , however , difficult to foresee which of the two parties , must , upon all ordinary occasions , have the advantage in the dispute , and force the other into a compliance with their terms . The masters , beirie . fewer in nuntber . can combine
much more easily ; and the , law , besides authorises ; Or , at least , does hot prohibit their combinations , to the same extent . as . it prohibits those of the workmen ; We have no Acts of Parliament ( and I believe we never had any—J . P . ) again > t masters combining to lower tho price of work , but ve have bad ninny such acts against workmen combining to raise wages . In all such disputes , the masters generally can hold out much longer . A landlord , a farmer , a master manufacturer , or merohatit , could generally live a year or l * o ti . pt this Stocks whioh they have already acquired , fltit , many workmen could not subsist a week ; few could subsist a month , and scarce any a year , without employment . In the long run , the workman may he as necessary to his master as the master is to him ; but , tho necessity is not so immediate !
'MVe rarely ., hear j it ia srt'tl , of tfio combinations df masters , though frequently of those of workmen ' . But , who ever imagines upon this account , that masters rarely combine , is as ignorant of the world as . of tho subject . Masters are , always and everywhere , in a sort of tacit , but in constant and uniform combination , not to . raise the wages of labour above their natural fate . ' To violate this combination , U , everywhere , a most Unpopular action , and a sort of reproach to a master among his neighbours and equals . We seldom , indeed , hear of this combination , because it is the usual , and ono may say , the natural state of thing * , which nobody ever hears of . Masters , too , sometimes , enter into particular combinations , to sink the wages of labour cwm h & kw the usual rate * JThese are always conducted with the utmost silence and secrecy till the mo
mentof execution , and , when the workmen yield ,, as they sometimes do , withobl resistance , though severely felt by them , thoy are never heard of by other people . Such combinations , however , are frequently resisted , by a contrary , defensive combination of the workmen , who , sometimes too , without any provocation of this kind ' , cotubltie of their own accord to raise tbe price of tbeir labour . Tbeir usual pretences are , sometimes , the high priebs of provisions ; sometimes , the , great profit _ whioh their masters make by their work . But , whether their combinations be offensive , or defensive , they are always abundantly . heard of . In ordW Id bring the point , to a speedy decision , they have always recourse to tho loudest clamour , and sometimes to the most shocking violence and outrage . ( Remember , this was written by A . Smith about the
year 1780 ; Jit was true then , but , happily , not now . ) They arc desperate , and act with the folly and extravagance of desperate men , who must either starve , or frighten their masters into an immediate compliance with their demands . Tht ! masters , upon these occasions , are just as clamorous Upon the other side , and never cease to call Aloud for tbe assistance of the civil magistrate , and the rigorous execution of those laws which tiavc been enacted with' so much severity , against bbmbinatiohs of se ' rvahts , labourers ; and journeymen . ( Many of these laws'have , since he wrote , been , repealed , but still tbe laws are not in all respects equal , as between masters and workmen . ) The workmen , accordingly , partly from tbe \ ntorpo 8 iHon of the civil magistrate , partly from the superior steadiness of the masters , Hnd partly from the necessity which the greater part Of the
workmen are under , of submitting , for the wke of ptetent subsistence , very seldom derive any advantage from these violent and tumultuous combinations ; and they generally end in nothing but tho punishment or ruin of the-ringleaders . " The Doctor adds : — "But though in disputes with their workmen masters mu * t generally have the advantage , there is , however , a certain rate below which it seems impossible to reduce for any considerable time , the ordinary wages even of the lowest species of labour . A man must always live by his work ; the most comn " labourers must everywhere earn at least double 0 " ' . on maintenance , in order that , ono with anothp" - « "r own enabled to bring up two children , otln >» - ' •;¦• they may be possible for them to bring up a f >~ - \ . " **? J * ° uld be imworkmen ttould hot last ^ : y 0 Il d tf '' ¦& * J ' * ™ : te of F » c . is Bvifi « ntiv iti * \ i > - . " -yoaa wo tHst generation . This ti »* •¦ « m which is consistent b consistent
^ X ^^ - ^ «» withwmncfln humanity . " " ind l „? M t 0 r ! lk > W \ The 8 e were ywr . humane feelri # „? lfc tJ £ ! lTe bcen t ! ic feelin S * gr <* t maio-E 2 . » f Mono P ° 'l »^ nd Protectionist , master manurei"in \ 5 L i ' ¦ ""' . kndlords , f England and Ireland , in ! lnL but ba , . youhTed ^ e the vast improvements n science , machinery , steamboats , railroads division of labour , and tho partial carrying out of your favourite " winciples of Free Trade and unlimited competition , accom . panied w , tb permanent « rages for agricultural labourers , nailors , weavers , and many other trades , of from 5 s to 8 a per week , and distressed needlewomen 2 s . U . per week in England , and Irish agricultural labourers id . to 6 d . per dav as it is in 1852 , you would indeed hare said , that our capi talists , manufacturers , and farmers , are giving such waires ? . s ^ ro . inconsistent with common humanity , and , L weaitn of
. Nations " would have been a vorv different book , m many respects , from what we now find it . I aro , respectfully , dear sir , yours , LiverpooU nrillOth . Jmfa <*>
Jtwhmoalbs W Moscow.-In This City The Ni...
JTwHmoALBs w Moscow .-In this city the niehtini ? ales Si w 3 W *^ fl V •*«« £ ss nanvej woods . In the bird shops they are heard warh . mg with all the fullness and variety of tone whiS chanc tenses the nightingale in its natural state . By ra £ r beads upon their tables of tangible arithmetic , the Rus ^ siaus can make these birds sing at pleasure during the day ; but in the night they make the s treets of the eitr reiound wj { h the melodies of the forest . ? 9 ™ Clt ? 1 : i , :: I '¦* *'¦ '•
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The Necessity^Of Co-Operation. (Ivom The...
THE NECESSITY ^ OF CO-OPERATION . ( iVom the Operative . ' ) That which seem ^ evil is not at all evil . Adversi ty is not destitute of good results . Misfortune has both its uses and limits . - 'We ' alrkiiow ( hat eiperierice is the best teacher , afli it has bassed into a proverb that the dearest boug |* -ffisdorti is the best . "When wo fail wo should endeavour to learn BOffiethjng from ourfa'ilare / tpas'cer . ftafa the , cau « e 8 which knife led to it , ahd to obviate them . ^ M'defeaU come within
the range of three different datagonesi-those- which arise from the . badness of a clause , rendering it tinteBabie—tnose . which r . esulfc frbm the strength of our oppdhentflr-those which are brought about by our own weakness ' , or want of preparation . Let us analyse our position , and see to' Which of these ttiree cause * our present position is ascribable . It is useless to deny or to attempt to conceal the " fact that w ' e B ' afd suffered a defeat , tfhe contest has been manfully fought thfotighoaMiigb : aspirations have b ' eeii awakened—great enthusfasfti has ' been created—energetic efforts have been mude—considerable brivatlons have been unflinchingly borne , but they nave not availed to ensure victory . All that
could be done by men has been done , and those who have been involved in the struggle know to the full as well as we do that the leaders of tbe workmen Cannot be charged either with insincerity or selfish or mercenary motivSai St may sitit the purpose of interested parties to say so , Ut the operatives . are aware that for such ihsiimatort , there is not the shadow of truth . Those who have led and those who have folWed * , iHose who have spoken and written , and those who nave read and * listeriea , have all sacrificed something in an unsuccessful attempt to elevate their own condition , benefit the members df their trade , and assert the privileges to which the labourer is entitled .
If ; cannot be that success has been wanting because of the absence of justice in the requests of the Amalgamated Society . Still lesfi ia it true thai those requests were preferred in ah uncoiirteous manner , or urged in a dictatorial spirit . As we have often said before , there was never yet a document put forward by working men more moderate in its tone than the circular of the 24 ( h of December . If the time has come when such words may not b ( 3 addressed by one set of men ; however low , to another set of men , however high , then we had better divide society at once into masters' arid slaves . The pretence of freedom
is a more hypocrisy where the employed may not remonstrate with employers . It is bad enough to be denied liberty of action , but restriction upon the expression of opinion is almost beyond the limits of patience . Much has been said about the passage in the circular which spoke of the determination of the members of the Amalgamated Society to abolish certain practices , bnt it has bden left out of sight that in the same document the employers were entreated . to help those they employed to bring about a satisfactory settlement of a long-pending dispute ; Such an anxiety to catch at a stray passage ,
tb wrest it from its context , to divest it of the meaning it was really intended to bear " , indicates an anxiety to create a quarrel either with or without legitimate cause . It is the old story of the wolf and the lamb in the fable , where any pretext , no matter how ftivolotts ot uritrue , was made to serve the . purposo of thedestrdyer . we do not intend tb attribute such mdtives to alt the employers of engineering labour , but there were a few men . anxious to serve their own purposes , who , m ore active than the rest , led all into ah agitation , the results of which they thought caleujated to serve , their Own selfish ends ;
With regard to the subject in diflpttte-itbe questions of piecework and overtime—it cannot b & disputed by any one who looks impartially at the whole matter , that the operatives were wrong in endeavouring , to put an end to a state of things opposed to their best interests , and productive of milch suffering and misery . They did not pretend to say that when there was work to be done it should not be done . They did not assert the right or the propriety of leaving machines unfinished which were ne & flfiB & y to carry on the . m & nufactures of the country . Tb & ydid not ask to work less than a fair day in a day \ They" did riot refuse to work more whenever a necessity arose for their
so doing . They merely . stood upon the ground that while there wa « no need for any . man to work more than an ordinary day '? time while the factories were not half full ^ while thousands of men were kept in compulsory idleness through inability to obtain employment , those who were actually in work should not be called upon » forced against thair wills to labour day after day , week after week , and month after month , on extra number of hours . We look npon the ground taken by the Amalgamated Society as that of the truest morality , and the highest wisdom as well as the most expedient policy . Labour for all , instead of overwork for some , and idleness for others ,
is a requelt consonant not only with the real interests of the worker , but of . all classes of society ; and the time will come when that demand will be preferred by all tbe intelligent tollera of tho world . With respect to piecework — who can blame men for striving to keep themselves from becoming the slaves of a system in which middlemen play a conspicuous part ? Willing as we are to' allow that the use of capital must be paid for—that * ' •' risk of its employment must be remuneratp ''
the superintendence and direction of ifa'" , worthy of its reward—we look wit * ' ^ —that troduction of middlemen in an" ' . "J *« oom is industry . Those go-betw- . - J rea , \ f ? " ing , more sordid - . department of human p mnlovPrB-alw ' ; eD 8 3 re aIffays niore « P ' employers-al * ' inore tyrannical than the real fnnflr . ** ra 0 « ready to beat down prices -45 ? & fo & M ? rf rfa and the rar * rani « A \! . " ™ ea tailors of London to SlHSSft ^ SSSl " P easant ry of Ireland , the
hen that ho engineers sough t to avoTd 1 the dSS tion of a class of such evil omen wiU exoLttothlit r t 0 ry * Iabour * *¦» future , Sot ascribe to S the 4 tl ?? if' l ^ wi succeeded ; and , putting that ^ another of the cau * Tnf ' n a 8 lde ' we con 19 to of their op ^ Twfife »^ ely , the power the power of cap al . VTioo la 6 mptt 0 di 8 PUte feel it at every . ton TllJ \ a 11 around U 8 » and ganised CKSL 2 toffiZT * ?? "ftS a few small and comparative y ^ J ° Tla \ ™ tions , the capitalist h & ds in L h 2 rt iT \ f ° ep sources in the country-e on ^? h J and a 11 the retribution , and oJSn 7 or cte \ h f : dUCt ^ f dis " ployment . Comfeting tooTrt ^ eUUeS to era " selves ,. they well nJL *^??* . do a raon
theminterest , and are always in Lu ?? haTO a cla 8 S feet . Against such an opponent COmblnation to pro ' be brought to bear in order ?« great ower mmt power , however , we are iJ 5 fiureBuccess - That 5 « Ma human raw 2 "?? ? e labonri ^ able to create , t $ fo £ L ?* *! capital-are cause of UaU ^ S ^ JZ ^ drlv ^ the Iaa preparation . * ^ ant o { organisation and «** KJ ? SS S *" ,- ! * v' 11 ° >' SSUK > XStS * J ^ LC
The Necessity^Of Co-Operation. (Ivom The...
them have withstood the temptation of promotion ) and advancement to higher positions ) in their respective factories ' . Other have given up their time without hope of individual reward . The trades Wo beeri called upon , and thoy have responded to an extend unparalleled perhaps in any previous labour contest Funds have been gathered which hate enabled somewhere about £ 40 , 000 to be distributed to men whom the employers determined to keep idle . But all that was done , perhaps all that it was possible to do , was to provide the bare means of subsistence from
day to day , and from week to week . We have nob had in our hands tbe means of production , The machinery to make wealth , give , food , and create more wealth at the same time , was not ready . Ia short , we were not prepared , and in the . struggle pre- ' paration for the future was not possible . "* , ' . ' . It ifl Sot to bo supposed , however , that all has been done and borne in vain . Tho strike has done much to sharpen the perception , enlarge the logical powers , and raise ) the aspirations , not only of the members of the Iron Trades , but of all the skilled labour of the country . Evidencing , as it has
done in its progress , the fact that the whole system of strikes has been recognised as futile , and abandoning it points to a new mode by which the labourer must ( triumph . It teaches him that he must have training , discipline , organisation ; that he must be able not only to put down so much dead capital , but must have the means of vivifying it , and making it increase and multiply- It is not £ 40 , 000 to spend that will scrveHheir turn , but the ability to cause the
£ 40 , 000 to make as much more . The attention of the workers is more directly called to reproductive Co-operation than ever it was . Out of the midat of the present movement a few factories belonging to working men have sprung into operation . These must be increased as fast as funds can be accumulated . In every manufacturing district one or more of these model shops should be reared , and then if another Contfifiti should arise , if it should be necessary to defend flan' ** or avert wrong 8 > ti ~ ere will be the nucleus for Oo-operau . ' " effort , around which maybe grouped the intelligence an " ^ ™ of tl f operatives , instead oil few idle thou ^ to de I ) end u P on s 0 lo ] ^ as they can be made to last .
The English" Fakredees." (From The T)A I...
THE ENGLISH" FAKREDEES . " ( from the t ) a ily News . ) lb is now apparent to all that there is only ono man ja the Ministry who doe ' s the thinking part of tho business foY all the rest . ; . . . That the fai greater part of Ministers do not attempt to think at all , and that tiioso who try take their inspiration from Mr . Disraeli . If , therefore , any light is to be thrown on the policy of government i must be gathered from the thinking partner of the firm . Sow , in seeking to discover Mr . Disraeli's policy wo must e ' jtahiihe not his principles , nor even his professions , but tho man Himself , lie has no conception of political action bevond the making of what ho calls ' ' combinations . '' In
this he resembles bis Own Fakrede ' en in " Tariored . " Tho Emir of Mount Lebanon is , in truth , no mere fancy sketch . Tho literal exactness and graphic truth of every lineament , the intense Jove with which every pencil touch is given than helps j ; p bring put the . likeness , prove that it i 3 one of those portraits which painters only achieve after repeated attempts , by fond and persevering study of their own lineaments in a glass . , " Pakredeen , " saysMr . Disraeli , "M & tio principle ho had not a prejudice ; a littlo superstition , perhaps ; like his ptJstpotiihg a journey because a bare crossed his putti : " " He was convinced that all was a matter of force or fraud . Farkedeen preferred the latter , because it wag more ingqrious / ' 'f Though it was his profession and his pride to dissemble , ho had a native ingenuousness which was extremely awkward and very surprising , fo ? tho moment he was intimate with you ho told you ¦ everything i
Though ho intended to make a person his tool ,,, and often succeeded , such was his susceptibility , and so sir lig were his sympathetic' qualities , that he was perpetually , wuh'oul being aware of it , showing his cards . The victim though ? himself safe ; but the teeming resources of Fakrodeen were never wanting , and some fresh and brilliant combination , as he styled it , often secured the prey which 80 heedlessly ha bad nearly forfeited . " Again ; "What should I bo withoufcroy debts j " . he would sometimes exclaim ; " dear companions of my life that ^ ever desert me ! . What expedient in negotiation is unitnowh to . me ? What degree of endurance have I not calculated "What play of tlio countenance have I not observed ? Yes , ilmorig my creditors , I have disciplined that diplomatic ability that shall some d & y Con / bctad and control cabinets . '" let again ; " he was too good a statesman ever to confiscate ; he confined himself to taxation . Confiscation is a blunder that
destroys . public credit ; taxation , on the contrary , improves it } and both come to the same thing ; " And yet again : •' He became habituated to tho idea that everything oould be acquired by dexterity * and that there was ho test p t conduct except success . To dissemble and simulate ; id conduct confidential negotiations with contending powers at the same time ; to be ready to adop'fi any opinion and possess tiotie ' , tbf & lUatb the bublic humour of the Aomenfe and to evade the impending catastrophe ; to Iooit upon every man as a tool , and never to do anything that hart not a definite tboutrh circuitous purpose , these were his
political accomplishments ; and while he rocpgnisea them as the best means of success , he found m tuew - exercise excitement and delight . " One finishing touch . . •' With all his audacity , which was nearly equal to f craft , ho had no moral courage ; and if affairs went w and from some neoidont , exhaustion of the nervoi tho weather , or some of thoso slight causes ' times paralyse the creative mind , he felt * ' ° | o > nation , he would begia to cry as a e » - . ^ hich „ of any action , however base and y .. ithout % emmm himself from the impending d ' - . „ . , - * ° " " nimseuirom tne unpenning o < " . tn ( i ffas -. _ ,,.,, d f" ? aoal
The career attributed to ' - « > . ' - * " » tbe career ol the B $$ ' „ f «" ? , lIlaUD & to ^• tr , MM out in Syrian inciJ * - thu * ^ « , • " combination it , v $ ? J ' ™ ™*™ « "mpnp in sucofl *' jnfD f ^ reaeen allegoncaJiy sbndomwi as >* ' * w' 22- Asth 3 s ^ ian intrigued or ibrmeme nn "f « . S ? ° IV bmilQ P" ^ PW ' noipiip ] v-i ? ' - So the Engl'shaiaff . Tho Syrian Falcredflaranr . nrisff heES' ffideL ^ f « r " & i succession HadicWSrSn !^ , LC alled bimwlf if i the Syrian iSSLS ' f- ee T . rader ' *«« totwnnrt . A A tares to oSS ^^ St ^ i ^ A ^ ° time . As the Svrinn m 1 „! ™ i . " ok at tho ^ mam friend or prKK l ^ AS . ' ^^^ he . sitation . on has ttoowS ^^ ftf ^^^ , JW « W » Fakredeedee , purpose . Even the power 12 wiS Sfr ? "Tf M h persecuted and the squireawfi S ? . J ^ hlch Peei W £ w ; ' of the Syriaa ISrSSSJl pS » f made a ta' ^ fkftoh ^ juujviuuai laaiantsnt
« uo whom ho rlaon »; k / j i " " . kuo . ledge , Uifflhrcfi ^ u *?^ ^ *««*» ' were as vivid ss his word i W ? J ?• r ? en l era , i his gesturtur , every tone , and his mul / H i u V 01 ce « ouM tal tal I of aii his f coiwi ^ juSK ^ Wr * Itt the ffiidmid ' anguish of a sensbilhl I ! mela ?? holy , sometimes tb til devilish mockery Si flf ? r . exqulsite "' temating with ith , Itfato theXrMter ^ ' " look if they wouldK I F * kr « dP «» that the public mu mu . Mimstry , St nfe" ^ . the Polioy of the FakredredK t combinations * ££ ? 8 Im P Iy togain time and " mataa / ih Wgue " To »„ i i- h COJ »» non-place mortals call ••«•• in " •^•/ toiaia g acen ^? ' ^ P romi 8 es feqUi !; ed ffi 11 M lh cioles o ^ inf «^^ P , ll . m " combinatione , " any pnipni i Wlto ^ 5 S ,, WI , I ^ Professed ; and , when ti tin . tin . eoualifil ! ^ , 8 ent ^ i { t and promises denied wit ! wit t that * VS t Y' AU lea « ors of all parties secretly faoliovciovc c ? innfnST «' theip P ^ and their t 001 - 'i'iied' Jien mwSL ~ 4 tl , os e men , grey though some of thorn wor wet i Z / 2 l " . ^" Oraft , whom the innocent and ingenious Fa [¦ Fall aliTV *? notb 6 nd m » « ° so of wax . " At least , so FakWakn , aeen flatters himgolf ,
Tub Wirsbmlmtrow Emi0b4kt Rstunssd. —Mau...
TUB WirsBMlMtROW EMI 0 B 4 KT RSTUnSSD . —MaUV ftfnmfnn , readers will remember tho account published h 7 iU t I ? newspapers nearly two years ago , of a California emi ™ r „ nn who crossed the plains " on foot and alone , " wTthTSSe e 6 arrow , conveying ail his earthly goods , that to . hi , nr « nr « t sions , clothes , toots , & o ., in that humble veh c o 1 , J ° \ Pl 01 n stripping in bJ 8 march numbers who had s o ^ L ^ ° ^ T , land of gold with more showy and expengL SSd / or tfor tlfcl His name was Brookmire , and he ig an rJs « h PP 0 lntmenimenm Bia residence is at Warren , in PeanVvir . ' mn , n by bi , t bi , t * a wife and family in . very indigent Jl ' w , iere he li he ldi ytent . pyct the Rocky Mountain , ' ° " «» . ^ hen hen I Brookmire has lately returnp . lf ^ « , l ' ,,, s fortune ' tuiiee 15 , 000 dols . of tho " dust- ' ! n , , CaIl < brnia , with ., bot » boo out with his own hands An i ° ^ . hlch he dug and washwashh it rains , his wif 0 recPir »^ f , "„ as . ? . * y , ^ pt to pour wtur wiuiv amount of 10 000 ? n , efacffi 8 dww S / ii * absence ro U to tlti relations in s !!? . 0 ! 8 ' iUllSt 0 hw u P ° a tho death of * oa > t toua re-awns IR Seotland .-iVew rort ^«« ,
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), April 17, 1852, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_17041852/page/1/
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