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Northern Star (1837-1852), 19th April 1845, Edition 2 of 3, Page 1

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  • Departments (3)
    • -TO TflE CHARTISTS. '
    • f$wm Iitteufgowt
    • totos? iHofammte
  • Text (10)
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      -To Tfle Chartists. '

      -TO TflE CHARTISTS . '

      Mf Beat Feesbs. -011 Monday Next Root Re...

      Mf Beat Feesbs . -011 Monday next root reprc-Wafi ^ fflmeetin London , for the purpose of b - o alive their title to civil and religious liberty . irSwkoare elected to that honourable ' post will in ieBlace of meeting by calling at the Louse of lS ^ Wheeler , 24 # , Temple-bar . Although upon it necasions the number of delegates may Terr many " «**¦ - * . - ° . * we been artater , yet in defiance of every descrm-. jfiosiilitr to . Chartism , I proudly assert that at ^ Lrfoi of its history did those elected to represent ¦ js " principles" erer represent so large an amount of democracy- In 1839 , when the working classes of i

      shouted and applauded the speeches Chartist orators , they hailed them rather as the antagonism of jjjjngs that were , than as the exposition of Chartist princes- In 1839 there may hare been five thousand of an audieneelisteningto five speakers ; and yet of the five thousand who cheered those speeches , few , toy few , had attached themselves to the pritidples of Chartism . They were then too new , and but tittie anderstood , althoughlong propounded . Speeches aloneneverean establish aparty ; andfor this reason i because one leader may be propounding one ' policy , and another leader smother policy , in different places at the same time : and no systematic course of action Uglier SBCn circumstances can be possibly devised .

      Since 1839 , however , the people have been taught to read alike , and soon began to judge alike ; and the jeFjJiof that judgment has been , that their leaders have been either compelled to speak alike upon all material points , or to abandon the ranks if their notions so far interfered with general impressions as lo neutralise general action . This is the secret of establishing a national party : First , to agree upon the principle ; then npon the organisation of . that force , by which , it is to be att » mpn ^ hed ; and then upon the direction of the power for its attainment . I assert then , without fear of contradiction , that we have progressed ft ? this extent-- that while "the

      outward and visible agffi ? ' of Chartism Me not as abundant as they were in 1839 , yet the "inward and spiritual grace" is very much more abundant . 1 farther contend that the unadmitted and unconfessod power of Chartism has driven Sir Robert Peel to look among his old enemies for new friends , until at lensth he has stumbled upon the expedient of coalescing with Mr . Daniel O'Connell as his last resource in the fettle of " might againstright . " There being no such thing as political principle in Ireland , Mr . O'Connell ha & seized the bait effe ^ him . by Sir

      Robert Feel to foster and encourage a more deadly hos tflitv than he has been yet able to create between the English and Iri * h working classes , and especially between the English and the Irish resident in England . Jlismind , & roaghout his chequered political life , has been directed to this one object , and for this sole reason , because be knows that an infusion of English democratic principle into the Irish mind would be destructive of his vacillating , sordid , jugglingpolicy He never had so great a god-send as the present offer of Sir Robert Peel to corrupt the Irish Catholic

      priesthood . J select this subject to write on , because it is very lik ^ yio creates civil war : and if anything could justify a war , it would be resistance to any further connection between the State and any other Church Asyet the contest has been confined within the walls of Parliament : but , erelong , the battle will rage in every 3 > isscnting meeting-house ; in every State Charch , and in every free Church in Scotland . It is right , therefore , that the people of England should

      understand , asd that the people of Ireland should understand , who have been the promoters of the strife . Sir Robert Peel and Mr . O'CoiuieU must bear all the responsibility and the odium of whatever may ibl / ow : Sir Kobert Peel for the imbecility of endeavouring to perform an impossibility for the mere purpose of attempting , by an expedient , to " m & E the TiiKG iiST his hme ; " and 16 * . O'Connell , for the treason of having sold his country to an English Minister , in the hope that the deadly result mav not be discovered during " ms hme . "

      However , Mr . O'Connell and the Irish Catholics may have led to the belief that they were opposed to the endowment of the Catholic Church , or to any measure that would corrupt the Irish priesthood , this question of endowing Maynooth will be most powerful in his hands for causing dissension beiwc ™ the English and Irish ppoplc l ' ou cannot point out one atugie instance , from his invitation to the Attorney-General to proy > ente ns for high treason down to his command to the Irish in England to join the Anti-Corn-Law League against the Chartists , without comiagtothccoiitlusion that the " one thing" that has haunted Lis subtle mind more than another , ha ? been the growth of Chartist principles and the dread lest they should snread in Ireland .

      There is little doubt that the English working classes Vill be called on to speak out upon the . question of endowing the Catholic Church out of that fund supplied by a tax npon their industry ; and I We as little doubt that they wfll speak out like men . You may believe me , that if this measure is carried , Sir Robert Peel will derive an amount of temporary support from those calling themselves " Irish liberals , " which , though perhaps less dangerous In his hands , would nevertheless be a power against whkli we should find donoer axA difficulty m contending : and as I generally come in for one man's share of both oik and the other , lhave a right to arm myself with as strong a protective force as can bcpoanblv mustered . I tell you candidly , that

      the success of the Maynooth project would throw the cause of democracy back for years ; and therefore , at the hazard /»? Iieing- held up to the enthusiastic and excited mind as a bigotted opponent of my CatholiefeUow-countrymen , I am prepared to offer to it all the resistance in my power . I trust that , wherc ever public meetings are held for the purpose of discussing the subject , the Chartist speakers , at all events , will abstain from uttering a single expression calculated to aid Mr . O'Connell in . his attempt to make it a further cause of strife between the people of both countries ; while , at the same time , I trust thai they tvfll be prepared to resist ftk measure by all theconstitutionalmeansintheirpower . "Whatthose constitutional means may be , Sir Robert Peel must decide .

      Hoping thai our coming together may have the effect of Jurthering the principles of Chartism , and believing that the day is not iar distant when the disappointed of all parties must rally round our standard ; and trusting that the day may come , and at speedily , when priests of all denominations may paid by those who desire their services , I remain , Tour faithful servant , Feabgcs O'Connor .

      F$Wm Iitteufgowt

      f $ wm Iitteufgowt

      Eranoe..C Fn" " ^ Jg1ir 0f Petition.—The...

      ERANOE . . c fn" " ^ JG 1 Ir 0 F Petition . —The Debuts announces ssioHocs the decision of the Council of Prefecture on ^ .. V- ^ tion of the petitions of the officers of the "Wm & i Guard against the arming of the fortifiea j £ 2 ' . l > r is : _ " Of the several officers of the J "; ™"" "hard nrosecutedforhavingsi gned petitions gj ^ ukeattasmentofthe fortifications of Paris , rv . * " . have already been brought before the wii by

      « tlf fljp prefect ^ presided over Count ] S"J » ia person , and coroposedof Messrs . de la iW ; La & aA ^ Ladebat , de Mannas , Lucas de tWy . a * i Molin . The officers were defended by Cw £ ** ? oJu \ and M . Joly , both members of the «™ " * tfltepntie 5 . It was not till yesterday that of J ? ^ d pronounced its decree . Thirty of the ^^ .-rted ajg suspended Aom . the- exercise of the SW'fcM & m ^ fbflrn ^ but " « nvi others , lavmfegrfensl ^ ctolryexp lanations , th ^ : iK ^^ ii « e fi ^ ae com ^ plamtlaid against

      tlreS ^ 'i ?' —Tie hsst ^ e controversy between a fi ^ , i I , rofessors mi tne JnBuits , has received Pee ,, ^?* " , us from a discussion in the Chamber of the JtS * u P ° petition fiom Marseilles against IfesaKS ? taught in the College of France by ahW' Si ! ecfl itel and Quinet-rdoekmes which are flotL l » v snoversive of ffieSfemaiuCatholie wdiranee iffi * been admifl » a ' : ihatthe College of tion izuh * fr ¥ the University , - ;• was an jnstituim „_ ue P * ouent nf fh <> ftfntp .: and- resting

      Power jflJ ??* * tbundation , fte state fcadp & D oy the ^ Pressors beyond that which is given tf penS ^^ of the country over all teachers aecd ^ «? e trinc 3 . M . Co usin , in defendmg ^ aiSSl ?^" ? against ^ Count Montalem ruia Italri " ^ Jesuit commumty , which he saia land , -n ? ?? l Selg 5 nm , eansedcivil warin Switzer-The dT ^ ^ Kin # ' s Government in check , result rta " ? ' ^ tbongh it Jed to no practical W W- » T «? ^ promptly public feeling takes fire fooacl d tJmverdty and Jesuit controversy is

      Eranoe..C Fn" " ^ Jg1ir 0f Petition.—The...

      SWITZERLAND . Tbicuph of the . ZcBicH Ramcais . —That the Swiss Eadicals are not at all likely to relax in their exertions to achieve the objects they have in view , is shown by the recent and important changes which have taken place in the canton of Zurich . A letter from Zurich of the 3 rd , says : — The Federal Executive Council , -which is at the same time-the Cantonal Executive authority of Zurich , was composed of thirteen members , eight of whom belonged to the dedied Coasm & tivfc party . The period of the re-election of five amongst them having arrived , the Grand Council put aside four strong aristocrats , MM . Wild , Sponli , Kundig , and Kienst , in order to replace them by four decided Liberals , MM . Dcegeli , Sutzer , formerly Prefect , the ex-Councillor of State Fierz , and Tf ieland . The fifth of the outgoing members , It . Mousson , President of the Directory of the Diet , found favoui by a very small majority , owing to the esteem which his personal character inspires . But his friesd , head of the

      Conservative party of Zurich , the celebrated Dr . Bluntsli , enraged at the result of these nominations , having given in his resignation , Sf . Mousson followed his example , and was immediately replaced , in quality of burgomaster in charge , by D . Furrer , chief of the Liberal party , who in this ^ U & Utj ViU \ preside from the present moment over the Diet . M . Esslinger replaces if . Bluntsli . Thus all the men that the re-action of 1839 had placed aside return to power , which proves that the canton of Zurich , in the critical circumstances in which the country happens to be placed , will not separate from the policy of Berne , which had no adversaries more intractable than the Conservatives of Zurich . Thus the Liberals of Zurich { the friends of Strauss , the champions of philosophy , and the relentless enemies of the priests ) are once more in the ascendant ; and will , we trust , by the side of the Radicals of Berne , form the all-powerful defenders of the liberties and independence of Switzerland .

      Report of ihb Federal CoionssiosEns . —We have received the report addressed to the Vorort by the Federal Commissioners . It is addressed Aarau , April £ & , and expresses great uneasiness , the commissioners being forced to acknowledge that in general they have met with obstruction and opposition from the Government of Lucerne and its allies . The commissioners declare their apprehensions that Lucerne and the lesser cantons will refuse to place their troops nnder the Federal command . They leave it to the Diet to decide whether the Federal troops , lately

      called out , shall be disbanded or not . This will depend much , on the manner in which the prisoners may be treated . The commissioners say : — " In judging the prisoners by the usual tribunals , the Government of Lucerne is only exercising its legitimate right ; but it ought not to be ignorant that the application of excessive penalties to poUtical crimes has but too often produced a contrary result to that which was expected . This Government should convince itself that the death of sever *! hundred victims may be looked upon as a sufficient expiation of their crimes . "

      The Prisoners at Lucehxe . —The Ami de la Constitution says , that there are in Lucerne 1602 prisoners in all , and that the number of wounded volunteers there is 150 . The dead have been buriedthirty at Matters , forty at Littom , and nine at Lucerne . Several persons , it is said , perished in the Enune . Amongst the prisoners are 180 Bemese and 694 Argovians . No person whatever is admitted to see the prisoners . Zurich , Araii 7 . —The successful party at Lucerne is hastening as much as possible tne trial of the three principal personages of the insurrectional anny . The first and civil chief of the expedition is Dr . Stelger , a man universally esteemed throughout Switzerland , and who , after occupying the most

      distinguished posts , withdrew from public affaire and entered on his medical career , in which he has gained a great reputation . Several times elected as Deputy , he contributed greatly in procuring relief for his canton , before Lucerne passed into the hands of the Jesuits . He took no part in the movement of December 8 , but was nevertheless kept under arrest for twonionths , in order to paralyse the influence he might have otherwise exercised . The heart-breaking spectacle of so many persons proscribed , or thrown into prisons , induced him to head thelate expedition . Pr . Stciger might have escaped from the rout of his associates , but his resolution to watch over the wounded was the cause of his being taken prisoner . On his way to the town , he was most cruelly insulted . His wife , a

      person of great merit , is interceding in his favour ; but the most active interposition win not , in all probability , prevent sentence of death being passed upon him . Dr . Steiger ' s two colleagues , in the Committee , M . Bauman , and M . Buhler , both former ) ^ Counsellors of State , have been lulled . The most important prisoner , after Dr . Steiger , is M . Rothpletz , a Federal colonel and inspector of the troops of Avgau . He is a man of talent , and of noble heart : but having consented to play a subordinate part in the enterprise , will dearly pay for the fault . Various influences are also being used in his favour . The third person , whose fate is being hurried on . is M . Gugcr ,

      director of the police of Soleure , formerly in the French service . The preliminary proceedings are being carried on against these three eniefe witn a rapidity that indicates the feeling of profiting by the present excitement to obtain a capital condemnation . If this should take place , the indignation of all Switzerland will be roused , and perhaps another and more formidable expedition set on foot . If , then , the Government of Lucerne shows its clemency , it will be for her the wisest and best policy . " The Swiss Diet . — The following is a report of the sitting of the 10 th , when the report of the committee so anxiously looked for was presented : —

      M . Kern , deputy of Thurgau , read the report of the committee , which he had been appointed to draw up on the points which appeared to it mostpressing . The points considered of secondary importance are to be reported upon , however , without delay . This report is of considerable length . The following is a short analysis of its contents . The committee commenced by obtaining accurate notions of the state of facts . It first of all heard the federal commissioners . These expressed a fear that some capital executions might take place at Lucerne in course of the week . The accounts of the state of the prisoners were not very favourable . Huddling them together in a way to engender sickness was particularly complained of ; the wounded were better treated . After having heard the federal commissioned , the committee sent for two of the deputies of

      Lucerne , MM . Siegwart and Attenhofer , who declared that it was impossible that executions or even judgments could take place during the week ; that the proceedings and their consequences would demand several weeks . The deputies of Lucerne took this occasion to express a desire that the Diet should not adopt any measures likely to attacktt fautonal sovereignty . This cumstance engaged the - mmittee to examine the question of the amnesty in aU points of view , and it came to the decision that the most efficient means of arriving at favourable ground for this question was , to propose measures in completion of the decree of March 20 , respecting the free corps , and to order the political refugees to be removed from the Lucerne frontier . The first decree which the committee proposed unanimously , is the following , concerning the free corps : —

      " The i ederal Diet being desirous of adopting measures which , in consequence of the events fhathave lately taken place in the canton of Lucerne , appear necessary for the purpose of maintaining and consolidating the peace of the country , considering the agitation which prevails amongst a great part of the population , after having examined the report of the federal commissioners and the propositions of the committee instituted April 5 , 1845 , decrees"Art . 1 . The federal commissioners will so act that there be immediately adopted in the sense of the decree rendered bj- the Diet concerning the free corps ( of March 20 last ) such measures as shall seem necessary to protect thepubncpeaceagainstallnewpertarbation . TneyshaJl , in particular , insist on the political refugees of Lucerne not heing permitted to sojourn within a certain distance of the frontiers of the canton . Two federal commissioners shall see that this order be put at once In execution .

      " Art . 2 . The Directory is charged with the task of watching , and , if necessary , of giving assistance , to have the above-mentioned decree relative to the free corps punctually executed in all the cantons . It shall send in a report on the subject to the next ordinary Diet . " The second decree proposed by the committee concerns the amnesty for those implicated both in the recent affair and that of Dec . 8 . The committee here split in two parts , though the difference of opinion is less in principle than inform .

      The proposition of the majority , MM . Furrer , Weber , Sern , and Blumer , runs thus : — "The Federal Diet , considering tfca ^ shore all , it is its duty to prevent the agitation which reigns in a great part of the Swiss population from receiving any fresh aliment , considering besides that a rigorous application of penal enactments against the individuals implicated in the late events would he of a nature to compromise peace afresh in the confederation ; after having examined the reports of the federal commissioners , and the proposition of the committee of April 5 , decrees : —

      "Art . 1 . The high state of Lucerne is invited in a pressing manner to accord an amnesty for all matters relating to the events of December 1844 , and of March and April 1845 ; and at all events not to carry into execution the capital sentences which have just been pronounced . "Art . 2 . Two commissioners shall communicate this decree to the authorities of the canton » f Lucerne , and shall in person strongly support it , "

      Eranoe..C Fn" " ^ Jg1ir 0f Petition.—The...

      The otiier proposition . of II . MuUer was thUP : "The Federal Diet , with a view to employing " all means authorised by the compact that are of a nature to contribute to the pacification of the ' country ; -and to prevent 'fresh perturbation , considering that after the numerous victims that have fallen in the last enterprise against public order , the moderate use which Lucerne shaU make of her right to punish / cannot but exercise a salutary influence j after having heard the report , andthe propositionofthe committee of the diet , decrees , " Art . 1 . The Diet addresses to the state of Lucerne an amicable and confederate recommendation to use with moderation the right which it possesses to punish persons that have taken part in the attacks on public peace , committed in December , 1844 , and in March and April , 1845 ; to accord , without delay , as comprehensive an amnesty as possible , and , at all events , not to bare the condemnations to death that have just been passed executed ; aU with a view to a general pacification of the public mind .

      " Art . 2 , The federal commissioners are charged to com . - municate this recommendation to the Government of Lucerne , and to support it in an amicable manner ' . "/ Two members of the committee , MM . Schmid and Calame , declared that personally they desired : that no capital executions should take place , and that mildness should be exhibited ; but the right to punish being entirely ' within the privilege of the cantonal sovereignty , they were of opinion that the Diet could not interfere in any manner . > ' > ^ C- ' The third proposition , made unanimously ^' hau fofits

      object the allocation of a credit of 250 , 000 francs , to meet the expenses occasioned by the troops placed at the federal service . - -ww ^ crrziaBzz ^ -rrrMK ^ zrt-The fourth proposition , also made unanimously , l : adfor its object the confirmation , by the Diet , of the nomination made by the directory of the federal commissioners , of the commander-in-chief , of the staff , and the disbanding of part of the troops that had been called out . According to this resolution , two federal commissioners are to proceed , without delay , to the cantonment of the federal troops , and are to make to the Diet , for the beginning of next week , a report touching the ulterior reduction of the

      troops . The fifth proposition made by four members , MM . Furxer , Vf eber , Kern , and Blumer , are composed of the following articles : — "Art . l . The high states of Avgao , Tessino , and the Valais , are earnestly invited to grant an amnesty for the political offences , which refer to the events that have passed in the cantons within ihe last few years . " Art . 2 . The Directory is charged with the execution of the present decree . " M . Kern's report was listened to with the utmost interest , and after it came very long discussions ( from nine in the morning until five in the evening ) on the two propositions first presented by the committee . That of the free corps met with but little opposition , even on the part

      of the states which rejected it three weeks back , but it called forth violent recriminations between the deputies of Lucerne and Argau , on the part taken by the volunteers in the last troubles . In this discussion , the exultation of the victors was manifested without concealment ., The proposed decree did not , please them , because , in their opinion , it did not go far enough , in not placing a direct responsibility of a character sufficiently strong on the cantonal governments which might tolerate the free corps . The deputies of the cantons favourable to the Jesuits , therefore , all demanded modification of a more severe tendency . But they could get together only seven or eight votes , and they were obliged to fall back on the plan proposed by the committee , and which was supported in its ensemble by the votes of all the cantons except Glaris and Vaud . All the states called by the Liberals Ultramontane pronounced in favoui" of the Diet ' s abstaining from all proceedings relating to the amnesty , contesting its

      authority to meddle with that question ; adding that , even if it had a right to interfere , the moment was iuopportunefor doing so . The mostpowerful considerations found , on the contrary , eloquent interpreters in several deputies , and , amongst others , those of Claris , Thurgau , Vaud , and Zurich . Some other deputies , who spoke in favour of the same considerations , desired to see some changes made in the wording . On the vote , eight states and two half ones pronounced in favour of not meddling with the matter . Nine states and one half state voted against the proposition of the majority of the committee . Three other states kept the protocol open . Thus , there was no majority either one way or the other ; but it was supposed that in the next sitting these three states would vote for the proposition of the majority of the committee , and close the affair in favour of an amnesty . The other propositions of the « omraitte , a v ;< ivft to \ st dsseusseu on the 11 th . All the members of the diplomatic corps were present at the sitting .

      Sitting of April 11 . —The questions of the order of the day were the propositions No . 3 , % and 5 of the committee . The President proposed to send back to the committee the project No . 4 > that it might examine the conmiander-in-ehiefof the troops at present in Zurich , on the question of ascertaining whether there was good reason for operating a reduction in the army . This proposition was combated by Lucerne and her adherents , on the ground that the question , being political , did not come within the sphere of the commander-in-chief . The other states gave their assent to the opinion of the President , for various reasons ,

      and , amongst others , for this , —that the Confedera tion could not in a measure be placed at the mercy of Lucerne , which would be altogether incompatible with its dignity . This view of the question was voted for by thirteen states : Berne , Soleure , Schaf hausen , St . Gall , Tessino , Argau , Geneva , Vaud , Thurgau , Grisons , Bale , Glaris , and Zurich . M . Nceff , the deputy of St . Gall , next made a new proposition relative to the amnesty to be demanded from Lucerne . It consisted in introducing into the project of the majority of the committee the reasons set forth in that of the minority , and in substituting the word "recommend" in Art . 1 , for the word "invite . "

      The discussion was not long , the greater number of deputies having expressed their intention of adhering to theirformer votes . The deputy of Lucerne made against this proposition the same reserve as against the original ones . He again declared that the veritable means of not obtaining what was desired was to come to a decision , since it looked on every measure of this nature as an attack on its , sovereignty . The new plan thus presented did nevertheless obtain eleven votes , and afterwards twelve , by the accession of the deputy of Tessino , who had at first declared Mmseff in favour of leavine the

      matter open . The states which have voted for the amnesty are the same as voted for the suppression of the convents of Argau . Proposition No . 3 , relative to the allocation of a credit of 250 , 000 f . Swiss ( about 400 , 000 f . French ) to meet the military expenses , was voted without much observation . The states of Lucerne , Uri , and others , reserved to themselves the right of presenting at a later period their observations on the measures of the Vorort . The first article of the proposition No . ^ concerning the confirmation of the federal commissioners , j > f the commander-in-chief , and of the chief of the staff , was adopted by all the states except Lucerne .

      The proposition No . 5 , presented by four members of the committee relative to the application for an amnesty to be addressed to the cantons of Argau , Tessino , and Valais , gave occasion for some discussion ; Lucerne could not vote for this demand , not wishingto do toothers what she was unffilUng should be done to herself . Vaud proposed that Tessino should be excepted from this measure , the proscriptions which have taken place in that canton being but few in number , and not affecting the tranquillity of Switzerland . The deputy of the Valais , who is distinguished by the eccentricity of his speeches , pretended again that the refugees had come and organised themselves in the canton of Vaud , which drew forth a sharp reply from the deputy of that canton . On the vote , the proposition of No . 5 obtained only seven votes and a half '; Schaf hausen , St . Gall , Geneva > Thurgau , Grisons , Outer-Appemell , Glaris , and Zurich .

      Finally , the question was discussed whether the number of the federal commissioners should be augmented . This proposition was postponed as useless at present . m POLAND . The SMouxnEniNG Fibe . —The ( Paris ) Presse of Monday speaks of the discovery of some revolutionary movement in Poland , prompted by some German lamihes of note , and which , .-iccording to this journal , will require a large increase of military force in that country .

      UNITED STATES . Livebpooi ,, Sunday , —The British and North American Royal mail steam-ship Cambria arrived in the Mersey at four o ' clock this morning , bringing advices thirteen days later than those received by the Montezuma , and her full complement of passengers . r ANNEXATiou . -An attempt to bind President Polk to consYumnate annexation , through the treaty making power , had failed in the Senate on the 10 th

      alt . beneral Almonte , the Mexican Minister , had oubushed a protest against the annexation scheme . It is now said that he intends to remain in New York until he receives fresh instructions from the new Jt ™ % Administration , and he expresses openly his belief that war will ensue . It appears , from the New Orleans hedj / une of the 12 th ult . that the Mexican consul in . that city t Senor Ahangoiz , has also closed his relations with the United States . Movements of the Operative Classes . — The National Reformers . - ^ uition of the operative

      Eranoe..C Fn" " ^ Jg1ir 0f Petition.—The...

      classes of New York arid other large hives of human bees , appears to be anything but what it ought to be in a country like the States , so favoured by nature , and governed by republican institutions . In proof of this we may state , that early in March a meeting of 700 females was holden in the City Hall , for the purpose of organising themselves into an association for the protection of their industry . A number of most distressing statements , descriptive of the unnatural condition of the female workers of New York , were laid before the meeting . A convention of the working men of New England was to assemble at

      Lowell on the 18 th of March , The national reformers are progressing ; their pr inciples appear to be rapidly spreading in Pennsylvania , Massachusetts , & C . In the former state , in the town of Birmingham , the national reformers had carried the entire ticket at the recent Charter election . A convention of Trades' Delegates ( New York ) was to meet on the 17 th of March "to consider the National Reform remedy for the evilsnow existing in all branches of industry . " The . association has also summoned a convention . to meet on the Sth of May , We give their address : —

      national Reform Convention , —The National Reform Association invite their brethren , the Reformers and Movement men throughout the United States , of the east , of the middle , of the south , and of the west , to assemble in National Convention , at Crotton Hall , in the city of New York , on Monday , the Sth of May , 1845 , and consult over the evils of these present times . ; In the progress of the human race , certain great truths have at last come to light , and received intelligible , utterance in the 19 th century , on the practical , successful application of which does now depend the political and social redemption of man . From the building of the temple of Belus ) 4000 years ago , to the recent building of the Mammon temple in WaUStreet , all progress has been made through slavery . The Stupendous piles of architecture , the splendid works of

      art , ancient and modern , are but the transmuted sweat and blood of the children of men . The builders laboured not for themselves , but for the master few . Wo admire the pyramids ; but lot us remember that vast provinces were robbed of their able-bodied men , families , communities , almost kingdoms , starved to death , that a few pitiful creatures , colled in tlus world kings of Egypt , might tkevevft be buried . One would suppose that the world had had time 'to improve a little since then , 3000 years ago . Doubtless time has not been wanting ; but the improvement , chat has been and is wanting . Arc the masons and others of the present day interred in the costly tombs that they themselves have fashioned Are the magnificent results in the sciences , the arts , the reduction of the elements to the control of man ,

      that are now daily wrought out in our civilisation , for the use and enjoyment of the millions who labour ? Who comes and goes , through the portals of the modern temples raised unto the worship of the money god ; the carman who brought the stones ; the cutler who , with cunning skill , shaped them ; the mason who fixed them in their places , or the rag money individual who is innocent of having done one useful thing under the sun ! Certain visible badges of servitude have indeed become offensive , and are now in Christendom somewhat obsolete , such as the branded arm , the brazen collar , and such like ; but practically , as yet , small good has come of it . Gurth knew his one master , and therein is his advantage over the slave of wages in our day . The general rule was , it is reasonably supposed , that Gurth

      did , at night , actuaUy get some parings of Oednc ' s pork ; in modern England , the general ruleis that the descendants of Gurth do get no pork parings at all . Up to this time there has been nothing more , any where , than a speculative emancipation of the masses . But it is declared in this country that man possesses certain natural rights which are inalienable . With whatever of utmost might wc have in us , let us hold on to this truth , lest in some oblivious movement our countrymen let it slip . It has taken the world some time to find it , at the bottom of much conventional rubbish ; it might , no doubt , lose it in half the time . Having this truth now duly admitted , let this generation set about to make a practical application

      of it , and probably the discovery will soon be made that if a man has a right to life , he has , by inevitable conseguencc , the right to the elements of life , to the earth , the air , ' and the water . It will be discovered that if man has a natural and inalienable right in these , then that no man has any sort of right to monopolise them ; that Government has no such right ; that the right of monopoly belongs to the Supreme Being alone , for it is He that has formed these things , and not we ourselves . Here true reform must begin . The broadprinciple once established , of the rig ht of man to the material elements , and first to the earth , strive , then , to make it avoidable to the race . How can this best be done 1 On this question , " come and let us reason together . '

      AtVAN E . B 0 VAY , SEC '? OF THE N . It . A . The Anti-Reni Wak . — The anti-renters appear by no means to be put down . They are about to establish a large weekly paper at Albany , for the support of their interests , to be placed under the management of Mr . Devyr , editor of the Williams burg Democrat . We give the following paragraph from the New York News : — " In TaghkaniC , Columbia county , a few days since , a crowd of about 150 persons , several of whom were armed , and disguised as Indians , collected about a house , where a sale upon an execution for rent had been advertised to take place , no doubt with the purpose of preventing it . For some reason or other , it was resolved not to make the proposed sale , and as the Sheriff did not appear on the premises , no violence of anysort was committed . This only shows that the bad spirit of lawlessness has not , by any means , been suppressed yet in

      Columbia county . Some signal example ot the power of the hvr will be found neccssavyto curethe disease . " Commenting on the above the editor of the Working Man's Advocate says— " If the above had appeared in any English Tory journal it would not have been surprising ; but for a leading democratic paper to call tor bloodsMd in defence of Feudalism , to urge the shooting and bayonetting of those who are contending for the rights asserted to be theirs by the declaration of independence , is certainly somewhat out of place . If the spirit shown in Columbia county is a ' disease / then was that spirit a 'disease' that threw the teachests overboard at Boston , and that threw monarchy overboard at Bunker Hill , and the ' disease' is one and the same precisely . But it was not a' disease , ' but pure patriotism that upset monarchy and that now wishes to destroy its progeny . "

      More Ann-HENr DirFiotrMiHS . — The New Tori Herald of March lfth , contains an account of the preliminaries to the trial at Hudson , of Dr . Boughton , alias " Big Thunder , " one of the chiefs of the ( Anti-Rent ) "Indians . " We give the following extracts , reminding our readers that the Herald is no friend to the Anti-Hesters . — -HunsoN , March 16 . —Upon the whole , there is a strong feeling prevalent in relation to the anti-rent trials , and I expect the throng will be immense in this city in the course of a few days . Popular opinion here , and in the whole of the northern portion of Columbia county , is hostile to the cause of the anti-renters , and it is looked upon as little better than revolutionary , as it certainly is short-sighted and dangerous . In the other section of

      the county , however , the spirit of resistance to authority , as it has manifested itself already , is deeplooted and unquestionably general ; and it is the opinion of persons who have given much attention to the matter , that , if it be not arrested by the timely hand of legal justice ^ for which a good opportunity ' is now presented , it will become a far more potent element for evil in this state than has yet been dreamed of , even by those who are disposed to look with the eyes of alarmists upon the movement . Judge Parker organised the court by charging the grand jury at three o clock . There was nothing very remarkable in the charge , but he made an allusion to the trial of

      the anti-renters , characterising it as of the utmost moment to the commumity , and such as to exact all their efforts to investigate properly . He spoke of the universal persuasion that the wisest policv was that which legislated , litigated , and interfered with the rights of the citizen least ; but he at the same time enforced the truth , that law had for its prime end the safety of the citizen in person and property , and when that was not secured , it was imperfect and void ; above all he exhorted them to discharge every personal feeling from their minds , and consult above all , and before all , the peace and safety of the commonwealth .

      News came here this morning , from Delaware county , of a further outbreak of the Indians . On Friday last a posse made an incursion into the infected district and made several arrests , one for tarring a man named Corbin , besides seven men in disguise— -all of whom they lodged in Delhi gaol , upon which an attack is apprehended . The accounts represent the country as in an extremely unsettled condition , Ahti-Uest Difficulties m Delaware—Capture of . Twelve "Isdians . "—Demi , March 15 th , ten o ' clOCK , P . M . —Dear Sir : —Yesterdav mnrnino' hflinff

      the day after the return of the sheriff ' s posse from Kortnght , another posse of about eightv mounted men , in two detachments , under the command of deputy sheriffOsnian N . Steele and E . S . Edgerton , started from Delh for Roxbury , by different routes , for . the purpose 0 f making arrests . As that town is the most turbulent part of the anti-rent district , where large numbers of disguised men are frequently collected , and as the roads are exceedingly bad , some anxiety has been felt to-day as to the success of the expedition . The party has just entered the village with twelve Indians , whom they have taken prisoners , disguised and armed . After they had last evening

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      arrested Preston on a bench warrant , the blowing of horns and other movements in the neighbourhood announced great preparations for an attempt to rescue the prisoner , who was strictly guarded during the night . In the morning , after some reconnoitering , a party of about 130 Indians , well armed , were discovered , and immediately cliargedupon by officers Steele and Edgerton , and about forty oi the mounted men , and they fled to the woods . During the skirmish there was some firing by Indians , one of whose shots narrowly inisssed , E . S . Ed ^ erton ( who grappled an Indian , and disarmed him ot his pistols , which were found loaded with balls . Officer Steele

      also closed in with another , who was armed to tne teeth , and on stripping off his sheepskin mask , found he had captuveda ctmsiable and collector of Roxbury . The eight Indians , with the prisoner apprehended on the bench warrant in Roxbury , and four others taken at Bloonivillc on their return , iare now lodged in gaol . The sheriff is now at the courthouse , detaching men to guard the gaol and the village during the night . At the same time boms are blowing and guns are firing on the mountains opposite the village , informing us of what we may expect if the insurgents can muster in sufficient number to put their threats in execution . —Albany Argus . Marchlf .

      . BRITISH AMERICA . New Brunswick . —The town of Portland ( suburb of St . John ' s , New Brunswick ) had been the scene of afieree . riot . Four men were shot , one of whom is beyond recovery . - The Royal Artillery , with fieldpieces , were called out , but before their arrival the ground was in possession of two companies of provincial troops , which restored order . The cause of this riot is notexplainedin theprovinealpapers . Religious prejudices are hinted at as the primary cause .

      TEXAS . Opposition to Annexation . —Later intelligence had reached from Galveston , Texas , and there seems to be every certainty of the Texan annexation being rejected by that country . It is certain that the Texan Government is strongly against the proposed annexation . The National Register , the Government organ , thus speaks out on the question ;— " We have always been a warm and hearty advocate for the cause of annexation , but never did we dream that the approval of the people of Texas would be required to a proposition so absurd , so degrading as the one propounded . Our space does not now admit of further detail . Suffice it , that we contrast our present elevated position as a people , secure in the enjoyment of peace , and in the speedy acquisition of acknowledged independence ; secure in the wealth which the commerce of Europe is about to pour in our lap , and in the increasing- value of our lands , arising

      trom extended occupation , and the investment of foreign capital : secure of becoming 'the most favoured' by those powerful and wealthy sovereignties , whom both interest and policy impel to cherish our prosperity and growth , that their markets may be supplied with our staples ; and , secure that the increase of commerce will speedily render no less consistent than desirable a great diminution of the present tariff , with the alternative presented by this resolution , of Texas divested of all these high privileges and advantages ; shorn of her attributes as a nation , crippled in her commerce , in her prosperity , in her domestic resources ; depressed by the burdens of public debt and direct taxation ; her land in consequence depreciated in value ; and in the event of final annexation upon the proposed basis , our public domain not only razed and mortgaged to . secure the payment of our debt , but even eviscerated of its mineral wealth , to swell the federal treasury . "

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      National Conference Of The Tailors In Co...

      NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE TAILORS IN CONNECTION WITH THE PROTECTION SOCIETY OP GREAT BRITAIN . A Conference of delegates , in connection with the above Society , opened its sittings on Monday morning last , April ldth , 1845 , in the large room of the Eagle Inn , Hardman-street , Manchester . Shortly after ten o ' clock , Mr . Eames , president of the Executive Committee , was unanimously called to the chair , who opened the meeting in a neat and appropriate speech , in which he congratulated them upon having present not only delegates from the extreme points of England , but also persons representing the interests of their brethren in Scotland and Ireland . This was very cheering , and he trusted that the

      fruits of their debberahons would be the extension of the Society into the most remote parts of the united kingdom . The chairman then entered into an explanation of the business transacted by the Executive , and defended the line of policy they had pursued as being the best that could be adopted for the benefit of the Society . Delegates from the following p laces delivered in their credentials : —London , Stratford , Maldon , and St . Alban ' s , Mi . Hanningbn ; Croydon , Surrey , Mr . Eames ; Bradford , Yorkshire ( two Societies ) . Mr . J . O . Hustler ; Jersey and Southampton , Mr . Maunder ; Leeds , Mr . Crawley , Birmingham ( two Societies ) , Mi-. Russell ; Maidstone and Gravesend , Kent , Mr . Sullivan ; Oldham , Lancashire , Mr . Dunn ; Middleton , Mr . Steeple ; Bury , Lancashire ( two Societies ) , Mr . Bradley ; Preston and Lancaster , Mr . Kirby ; Todmorden , Lanooshire , Mr . Land ; Ashton-under-Lyne , Mr . M ' Grath ; Bolton , Mr . Lafant ; Leicester , Mr . Antcliffe : Norwich

      and Yarmouth , Mr . Shaw ; Hyde , Mr . Leach ; Warrington , Mr . Dramgoolej Huddersfield , Mr . Newsham ; Bolton , Mr . Clark ; Leamington , Mr . Cannon ; Hull , Mr . Allen ; Macclesfield , Mr . Parker . Many other delegates arrived during the day , but we could not get their names , nor the places they represented . ' Dublin , and other places , were represented by Mr . B . Fallow , Mr . Kelley , and Mr . Leonard . The Executive Committee , Messrs . Eames , flannington , Cotter , Mackay , and h % P ^ rfter , general secretary , were in attendance . Mr . Maunder moved , and Mr . Leach seconded , the following motion : — " That a committee of three be appointed to receive and examine credentials , and to report thereon to the Conference . " Carried unani- ^ mously . The following motions were also agreed to : — "That the Conference meet each day at nine o ' clock in the morning , and adjourn for dinner at one ; re-assemble at two o ' clock , and dissolve each evening at six . "

      Mr . Shaw moved , and Mr . Connor seconded" That no person speak more than once upon any motion , except the mover in reply ; and that each speaker be limited to ten minutes . " Moved by Mr . Leach , seconded by Mr . Dramgoole — "That the different sections surrounding Manchester , who are desireus pf holding meetings , report the same to the Conference , and that some of the members of the Executive Council be requested to attend such meeting . " Executive Levies were then paid in , up to the 14 th of April , from Maidstone , Norwich , Oldham , Jersey , MacclesfieUL and Manchester . Messrs . Russefl , Dramgoole , Maunder , Crawley , Laffon , M ' Grath , Clark , Cotter , and J . W . Parker , were appointed to attend a meeting to be held on Monday evening , at the Wilton Amis , Mays-street , Manchester . It being six o ' clock the Conference adjourned .

      SECOND DAT 8 SITTING . The Conference assembled on Tuesday morning at nine o ' clock , when the roll was called . The secretary read the minutes of the former sitting , which , on the motion of Messrs . Cotter and Land were confirmed . Mr . Anteliffemoved , andMr . Land seconded , " That each delegate be fined one shilling if not present when the roll be called at each sitting , unless a sufficient apology be made . " Mr . Kelly , from Rochdale , was then heard by the Conference .

      AfteiMvhiehit was agreed , "That each delegate ™ e t ° J"s , section , strongly recommending the strike at Rochdale to their consideration . " The credential committee then gave in their report , when it appeared that new delegates had arrived—viz ., Manchester , Mr . James ; Yeovil , Somersetshn-e , Mr . Milburn ; Wigan , Mr . Banney . Mr . Anteliffemoved , andMr . Sullivan seconded , " That the report be received . " On the motion " that the report of the committee be adopted , " a lengthy discussion ensued , owing to Bolton having sent two delegates , and not being entitled to that number . It was agreed that the two delegates retire and arrange the matter between themselves .

      Mr . Dramgoole moved , and Mr . Mackay seconded , " That a financial committee of three persons be appointed ; " agreed to . The following gentlemen were then elected : Messrs . Crawley , Maunder , and Dramgoole . . Mr . Leach moved "That Messrs . Maunder and Eames attend a public meeting at Hyde , on Wednesday evening . " Mr . Cotter seconded the resolution , which was carried unanimously . Mr . Antcliffe moved " That each delegate present give in a report of the position of their respective sections . " Mr . Leach seconded the motion . Mr . Dramgoole moved , and Mr . Bradley seconded , the "following amendment : — " That we do now enter into the consideration of the first proposition in the programme . " After a somewhat lengthy debate , the amendment was earned by a majority of nine . The first proposition was moved by Mr . Dramgoole , to the following effect . -. " That no member be allowed relief on his card who has not been a member

      National Conference Of The Tailors In Co...

      at least two months . " A warm discussion ensued , and the Conference adjourned for dinner . TUESDAY AI'XERKOOiT SIT . IIKG . The Chairman took his seat at two o ' clock , ihe secretary then called over the roll , after which the adjourned debate upon the first proposition was re sumeil . -. - ' ; , v t j Mv . Dunn moved as an amendment , and Mr . Lana seconded— " That the time should be three months , instead of two as providedin the programme . " After an animated discussion Mr 7 "Dunn ' s motion for three ninths Iras earned 'by aiarge majority . ' . . The next proposition onthe programme was— ' rhat all persons wishing to become members shall paj 2 s . Gd . entrance , instead of one shilling , as heretofore . Mi ' . Crawley moved the folloiring amendment , winch was seconded by Mr . J . P . Hustler : — ' That as all sections ousht to nav alike to the Protection

      fund , a hxed sum of protection entrance , and weekly protection contributions , it being money especially iunded lor the protection of our trade , and not tobeexpended m any way without the consent of the union generally : the entrance shall therefore be for the future one shilling to the Protection fund . And that towns be allowed to charge what local entrance they think proper in addition . " The amendment was agreed to nem . con . Mr . Dramgoole moved , and Mr . Bradley seconded , the adoption of the third proposition on the programme . Mr . Banney moved , " That any member having been erased from the books must pay one shilling entrance and three months arrears before he can reenter . " Mr . Russell seconded the motion . Mr . Laffan and Mr . Jones moved and seconded the following amendment : — " That any person erased from the books shall pay all arrears and one shilling

      before he re-enter . " Mi . Dramgoole , moved the following rider : — "That they shall pay the local entrance , and three months ' arrears . " Mr . Parker moved , and Mr . Goto seconded , "That each section send a report quarterly of-the number of members , to the Executive , —namely , on the 25 th of June , 25 th September , & e . " Agreed to . Messrs . Leach , Jones , Hannington , Antcliffe ^ Hustler , and Crawley were then appointed a committee to draw up a plan of organisation . The next question brought before the Conference was the amount of contributions to be paid into the Protection fund . Mr . Shaw moved , and Mr . Cotter seconded , " That the contribution be one penny per week , instead of

      three-halfpence , into the Protection fund . Mr . Maunder moved the following amendment : — " That the members each contribute one penny per week , out of which one penny per month be paid to the Executive Council . " The amendment , upon being put to the vote , was carr ied by a large majority . The next proposition was , "That the delegates adopt some planfor the appropriation of tbeProtection fond : such plan to be submitted to the different sections for discussion during the present year . " The time of the Conference adjourning having arrived , and the question being an important one , it was agreed that it should stand over fer , the present . The Conference then adjourned .

      WEDXESDAV S SITTING .. The Chairman took his seat at nine o ? elock , when , the roll was called , after which the Secretary read the minutes of the preceding day ' s sitting , which were confirmed . Mr . Dramgoole moved , and Mr . Maunder seconded , " That Mr . Clark be considered the legal delegate for Bolton ; and Mr . Laffand for the 15 th Section , and Southampton Protection Society . '' Mr . Parker moved the following amendment : — " That both delegates be received , and all matters in dispute be referred to the Finance Cummittee . " Mr . James seconded the amendment , . which was agreed to . Mr . Anteliffemoved , which was seconded by Mr . Crawley , "That the Executive oit in London for the present vear , instead of Manchester . " Carried

      nem con . The 10 th proposition was struck off , as was also the llth ; the 12 th was to stand over for the present ; the 13 th was struck off , and also the 14 th and 15 th . Mr . Maunder proposed , and Mr . Parker seconded the 10 th proposition— " That a weekly unstamped paper be published at a small charge , as the organ of the trade . " Agreed to . The 17 th , 18 th , and 19 th propositions were re « fcrred to the organisation committee . The 20 th-was struck off the list . Proposed by Mr . Crawlev , and seconded by Mr . Antcliffe , " That each ? section throughout the Union draw up their petition from the printed form , to be forwarded to the members of each Parliamentary district for presentation to Parliament . And further ,

      that the Executive inform the different sections of the time it would be most advisable that the petitions should be forwarded to the different members , and that evidence be collected in the' mean time by committees in the various localities . " On the 23 rd and 24 th propositions , Mr , Parke * moved and Mr . Antcliffe seconded— " That a committee of seven persons be appointed to draw up a plan of relief for the society , and devise such , means as may be deemed necessary to effect an union with the Southampton Protection Society , and all Provincial Societies throughout the kingdom . " Agreed to unanimously . The following gentlemen were elected on the com-\ mittee ;—Messrs . Shaw , Antcliffe , Eames , Laffan ,

      Hustler , Russell , and Allen . Mr . Laffan was then appointed to sit on the Organisation Committee instead of Mr . Hustler . The next question brought before the Conference was— "That the trade of Jersey be taken into special consideration , together with the causes which led to the late lamentable strike . " Mr . Maunder , the delegate from the Island of Jersey , said , it was not the desire of the men of Jersey that the Conference should give them any pecuniary assistance at present , but that the Conference should express its opinion , and that the grievances of the Jersey Tailors should , be reported in the English press . They had one unprincipled master amongsfc them who had effected the ruin of . the trade . This

      man ' s power , on account of his wealth and influence , had been the means of breaking up two societies in the town . Tie old society was established in 1838 , and one of the rules was , that when the funds were reduced to twenty-five pounds no relief could be granted , as they were obliged by rule to always have this amount in the bank . On the llth of February , 1843 , another society was established , as the old one did not work well , the principles oi win . ch were of a more general character . The master ' s name , to whom he had alluded , was Bissau , and this man ' s conduct was the cause of the strike . Owing to the price of provision a few years ago , the men presented the masters with an advanced Usfc of prices , which they all agreed to . The list was

      presented to Mr . Bissau , who agreed to it in a moment . The advance the men thus obtained would enable them to get something like 3 ( te , per- Week , but ill fourteen days after this , Mr . Bissan broke faith with the men , and out of the 20 s . he took , in some instances , according to the jobs , from eight to ten shillings . The honourable masters paying the advanced list without a grumble . A deputation waited upon Mr . Bissan to remonstrate with him upon the injury he was not only doing the men , but the other masters in the trade . He spurned the deputation , and said he was the only judge of what journeymen Tailors ought to receive lor the work they did for him , and he would follow his own plans in spite of either the other masters or the men . And such were

      the robberies he committed , that in three months he took from the men in his employment £ 1919 s . 2 d . In this manner he continued to act , week after week , until the workmen were brought to that state that they never knew what they had to receive until they got it into their hands . Bissan cut out by pattern , not being able to cut by system , and when the garment was made , and it did not fit , the poor workmen had to suffer for it by having their wages cut down . Discontent spread rapidly , and he ( Mr . Maunder ) got the committee of tne old and new Societies together , the foreman of which had about £ 40 in hand , and it was agreed at a public meeting that the next time Bissan cut down the wages of the men that they should strike . The week following he took from them £ 118 s . 5 d ., and the men refused to take their money . He said if they would not take

      that they should have none . They knowing the villany of the man , took it , and came away . The men then struck , and were out for two months , during which time several deputations ' were sent to mm , all of which he treated with contempt . He set off for London , and from two houses of call , got six men . They were to be supplied with two coats a week each , at 12 s ., plain , and to be paid for all extras . But three of them , to their honour be it said , did not start , whilst the other three did . The press of the Island was teeming with the " Revolution of the Tailors , " and the " danger of unlawful combinations of workmen , " for the purpose of protecting their labour . However , they got a letter written by Mr . Hughes , a respectable master , and inserted in the Impartial , a French newspaper . The following is a copy ;—

      To the Editor of the Impartial . Sib , — Owing to the 'various reports which are circulated concerning Mr . Bissau's strike , we feel it our duty for the public interest , as well as ourselves , to make known the full particulars . Yon must be aware that , four years ago , there was a general strike throughout the trade , on account of provisions being so dear . - The masters of this town , seeing that the men ' s demands were very reasonable , conceded them . Two weeks after this Mr . Bissan , as on all other occasions , departed from his promise , and we now feel it a duty incumbent upon us to resist the violation of

      his own agreement . When we have , stated the particulars of our grievances , which have caused the strike , we feel assured that no man can reasonably say that our resistance embraced any intention o £ disturbing the public peace ; but wc feel assured ; on the contrary , that they will applaud our resolution We leave it to a generous public to judge of our position , when we state , and can prove ( if the books be produced ) , that we underrate the truth , when" we say , that , in the course of four years , with from eighteen to twenty men , he has paid his workmen km less than they were entitled to by the regular ( Continued in our fifth page .

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  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), April 19, 1845, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_19041845/page/1/