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doubt hisinand heihtened every pleasure ...
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^miltuw ari& horticulture
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FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS. For the Week co...
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AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. (Continued from ...
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Gtetfet JttUlltahue.
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ROUEN, FRANCE. The Chartist Land Plak in...
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PROCEEDINGS AT A PUBL I C M EE TIN G, CO...
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WUV^^^r^.¦^^^^VM^ rwrrfM^'^i*^^ fy. _ 'i...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Doubt Hisinand Heihtened Every Pleasure ...
_ . _ Jftv 10 , lgie » TBJ , NORTHERN STAR v ¦ _ ¦ - ¦¦ _ ¦ _¦• _ . .. -.-. . -.- ... - , 1 ¦ - ¦ » ga ^^^ SiS ^ SS - - - — - t I
^Miltuw Ari& Horticulture
^ miltuw ari & horticulture
Field-Garden Operations. For The Week Co...
FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS . For the Week comatndng Msnday , MyZith , 1843 . lExtactedfromaDuBTof Actual Qperatfon * onfive Bmallfannson thecsUtes of the late Aire . D . bilbert , near Ea st bourne , in Sussex ; and on several model farms on the estates of the Earl of Dartmouth at SlaJthwaite , in Yorkshire , publi s h e d b y Air . Sowell , of Faruley Ty a s , near Uuddcisueld , in order to guide other possessors of field gardens , by showing t hem what labours ought to be undertaken on their own lands .- The fanns selected as models are—First . Two school farms at Willingdon and Eastdean , of
live acres each , conducted by G . Cruttenden and John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse l'iper , the other by John Dumbre ll—the former at Eastdean , t he la t ter at Jevlngton—all of them within a few miles of Eastbourne . Third . An industrialschool farm at Slaith--waite . Fourth . Several private model farms near the somep lace . Theconsecutiveoperationsinthcsercports will enable the curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of the south with the north of England . The Dunr is aided by "Notcsand Observations " from the pen of Air . Kowell , calculated for the time and season , whieh we subjoin .
"The jojs of these little ones shall he continually in the hoped for success of their labours ; their thoughts shall be turned anay from what is evil to that which is SOOdV Bote . —The school farms are cultivated ou boys , who in return for three hours' teaching in the morning give three hours of their labour in the afternoon for the master ' s benefit , which renders the schools selfsupporhso . U ' e beli ev e that at Faml y Tyas sixstventli * of the produce of the scltod farm will be assigned to tlie boys , and ons-tsventh to the master , who will receive the usual school fees , help the boys to ctdtivate flteir land , and teach them , in addition to reading , writing , dsc ., to convert their produce into lawn , by attauiing to pig-keeping , which at Christmas may be di v id e d , afUr paying rent and levy amongst them in proportion to their strviees , and be made tliut indirectly to reach their parous in a way the most grateful to theirfeelings . ]
SUSSEX . Meson—WilUngdon Softool . Sixteen boys digging and applying liquid manure for while turnips , after spring tares , l'iper . Doing the same . Dumbrell . Sowing turnips and hoeing potatoes . Tcesd . it—H ' tT / uiorfon School . IJoyscmp loyed thesame as yesterday . Piper . The same as yesterday . Dumbrell . Hoeing turnips and potatoes . ffsosEsosx—Willing don School . Boys emp loyed ^ as on Monday . J"i pcr . fleeing turnips , and mending the lucerne with liquid manure . * DumlreU . Hoeing turnips , t lunning mangel wurzel , and mixing dung and mould .
Thcrsbat—Wiltitigdon School . Soys employed as on Monday , l'iper . Hoeing lib thirty rods of swedes , sown about the middle of May . Dumbrell . Hoeing turni ps and digging up tare ground . Fbidxx—Willingdon Sdiool . Boys dressing the ground , and sowing whi t e turnips . Itpe r . Digging where the underground-onions came off , and sowing white Sorfolk turnip seed . Dumbrell . Hoeing turni ps and carrots , di gging up tare ground and sowing turnip seed . Saturday—Willingdon School . Boys earthing up potatoes after rye . l'iper . Digging the ground where the turnip s e ed wa s r a i s ed , and mending a rod of lucerne . Dumbrell . Thinning and hoeing carrots .
COW-FEEDIXO . During this week one of D u mbrcW s cows grazed during the day and was fed in the stall at mora and even with UlSts . of Italian-rye-grass ; his other cow and heifer , altogether stall-fed , with 13 ? lbs . of tares , and 27 fts . of Italion-rye-grass , Piper has fed his cows with tares and lucerne , cut , as it always ought to be , a day before it is g iven to "iripm .
ELECTRICITY ON VEGETATION . [ A Rustic Harangue to a company of Manufacturing Allotment Tenants , dining in the Old Baronial Hall of their Landlord . ] Sin , —The times in which we live are truly won--derful , and pregnant with great events . We already fendour thoughts with the speed of the whirlwind throug h galvanic wires ; and by means of galvanic wires , we arc , it appears , about to increase the powers of vegetation . A drop of water cannot evaporate without a disturbance of electricity ; and -when it has gone into the air , we have , since the time of -Franklin , occasionally fetched it down again by the electrical bite ; but now , it appears , we are going to hang wires on high to catch the errant
elecineifyol the air , and bring it silently to the earth , setting it to work to promote the growth of our corn . For several years past various experiments have been in progress on this curious subject ; and the application of the galvanic battery has been for some time made subservient to the growth of garden vegetables , by having a galvanic chain in action excited by acids in the usual manner . Four years ago I was invited to witness the results of an experiment made at his residence in Shropshire , b y a philosophical gentleman of that county , but I was unable to avail myself of it . lie had a galvanic battery in full activity in his garden , and on a small scale was producing most luxuriant crops of garden vegetables , cucumbers , cresses , mustard , salad , herbs , and even corn . When we consider that electricity has an
undoubted influence on vegetation , we shall cease to be surprised at the results above mentioned : for the electrical , the galvanic , and tbe magnetic fluids are mere modifications of one another , and under certain circumstances , mutually convertible and adapted to the same purposes . In France , the electricity of One atmosphere has been withdrawn artificially in some localities by the erection of electrical rods or conductors upon the mountains . By this means the electrical fluid passes silently to the earth . Thus they avert with success , sudden discharges of it ; and storms of hail and rain , which formerly destroyed the whole crops in vineyards , and in the fields in the southern provinces of that country , are greatly prevented , l ' erhaps u-c may see the day when storms of hail , thunder , and lightning will be almost
unknown ; and when even rain is brought down , not in heavy drops , but in the form of dew or mist , or luxe , to enter the earth gradually and unnoted , but still in a manner not the less efficacious . These are matters , however , of mere philosophical speculation . Inconsequenceofthei ^ esearchesofFrofessorijChristie , Barlow , and others , it is now proved that there is a constant current of free electrical fluid in motion round the earth fro m east to w e e t ; and it has been found applicable to the electrisation of portions of the earth nndcr particular management , which I shall endeavour to explain without attempting to explain the philosophical theory of it now . It seems that the excitement of galvanic or electrical action by artificial means is not necessary , as we have a continual store of it circulating in the circumambient air ,
provided we hang np wires to catch it . At the last meeting of the West Riding Polytechnic Society , a communication was read describing an experiment made last year by Dr . Forster , of Findrassic House , near Elgin , and stating that he had threshed , weighed , and measured his elctlm-euhured chevalier lariey , and the produce of the portion of the ' field cultivated by electricity was 104 bushels , 54 ilbs . to the bushel , or 13 quarters per acre . The tail corn was not measured . The weight of the straw was 9 , 3001 bs . per acre . The produce of the remaining portion of the field was the usual quantity of 5 to 6 quarters to the acre . Evenif we allow a very handsome discount from this statement there can be no excuse for-our not trying the experiment on a small scale , as it is not an expensive one . I wished myself , to avoid the sneers of " wi s e peop le , " and did not venture upon making it this year ; but a friend of mine , Mr . Josep h Thornton , his bold ! v put up his electric rods at Paddock , near Huddersfield , which
you may see , and make yourselves acquainted with the results . The following account of the result of an experiment on a small scale is taken from the Economist of A pril 26 th : — " Two small parcels of mustard seed were sown : to one electricity- was applied i fheothc * was left io lis astral course . The result was , that while the former grew 3 * inches the latter grew only 1 inch . " Mr . Solly and Sir . Sidney have lately made interesting experiments at the garden of the Iloyal Horticultural Society in London ; and it has been found that potatoes , mustard and cres s , cwerarias , fuchsias , and other plants lave tiimr development , and in some instances , their productiveness increased b y beingmade to grow between a cupper and a line plate connected bv a conducting wire , while , on the other hand , geraniums and balsams arc des troyed by the same influence . - The question as to agriculture may be decided when more expedients arc tried , and the philosophy of the expcnnicnts folly determined . £ I £ CIBIC 4 L ARRAXGEHEXT . A G B < + ¦ IS ; c : « " ¦ Jfortb . E ^ v - _ ^ f ^~^ F South . ' » } lards . I 5 < ( 2 < C " u T ~ D
A field is divided into oblong squares , 70 Yards long and 40 yasds wide , and therefore containing just one acre each . At each of the points A , B , C , and D , pegs are driven into the ground leaning outwards around these four pegs a square of wire passes in one continued line , and , s burieds meats helm the surface &* 9 T ^ C A i ^ e p 0 , nte E and F P ° lcs 15 " f « A high arc fixed firmly m the ground . At the point E a wire is connected with the cross wire buriedl be-^ 1 ^ 5 ^ ^ » art , which never W > h * I ™ " ff ? V ' I , c S r 3 SS » ¦^ . *^« m * U ^^^* *^
Field-Garden Operations. For The Week Co...
neath the ground ; it is then carried up the pole , and passed through a hole at the top , and then forwards , hanging over the ground to the other pole ; 76 yards distan c e , through a hole at its top down the pole , and connected with the cross wire beneath . The wire between the poles must hang loosely , so that by changes in the weather any variation in its length may not cause it to break . This iviremvst hang in a line due north and south , by which means the current ofelectricitv , which is continuall y passing from east to west , will be arrested , and carried down the poles to the wire forming the square , and the space included will thus be in a different electrical condition . The line H G must be p laced as well as the ends A , C . B , D , due west . To determine the p lace of the Place
poles to the northward fix upon a point E . down the pole , and when the sun is on the meridian ( twelve o ' clock at noon by the sun dial ) , let an attendant hold the other pole towards the south , vary-In- his position , till you find , by looking from the first , that the other is In an exact line with the sun . When the position is found mark the place , and fix the pole there ; afterwards comp lete the s q uare and the other arrangements . In this respect I am sorry to say that Mr . Thornton ' s a rrangem e nt i s im p e r fec t , his line being 10 or 15 degrees in error , which will , I fear , diminish the effect It is found that immediately above the buried wire the effect is much greater than in the intermediate parts of the square , and that the crops grow there with great luxuriance . If it thereafter found that by thus acting the part of Prometheus , and stealing lire from above , the inhabitants of the mountains suffer from want of rain , wh y , then , science must be called to our aid , and we must make electricity artificially . It has been ingeniously proposed that for this purpose it will only be necessary to bury a b a g of charcoal in the ground at the point G , and platesof zinc at the point H , and connect the two by a wire passing oyer two poles similar to those at E and F , and crossing the square in a direction east and west , by which means we should let alone the atmospheric electricity , and dispense with its assistance . When we consider "these things , and witness the astonishing progress of discovery , we cannot fail to be struck with the fact , that at the time a manure wherein great power is contained in small compass , is becoming exhausted , our attention is directed to the conversion of things that have been greatly neglected into purposes of utility , and our domestic manures are likely to be properly husbanded ; and science just at the ri ght time , too , g ives us the means of making subservient to our wants a mighty power , the electricity of the atmosphere , so that we are likely to receive a full compensation for the exhaustion of Ichaboe and the rocks of Peru of their stores of guano .
Agricultural Chemistry. (Continued From ...
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY . ( Continued from our last . ) CAKBOSIC ACID . ST . We . have learnt , that by simpl y breathing through a portion of lime water , a white cloud is formed , consisting of carbonate of lime ( par . 50 ) . An experiment still more instructive , is the passing of a continued stream of carbonic acid gas through Jime water a little diluted . The first bubbles of the gas cause some carbonate of lime to manifest itself in the form of a white cloud ; this becomes more and more opaque and milk y , until the whole of the carbonate separates , and some of it begins to subside . Let the stream of carbonic acid gas continue to flow through the li quid , and b y slow degrees the cloudiness will
pass away , the water becoming bright and clear as before . It possesses no longer the properties of limewater , but consists now of water holding carbonate of lime in solution , bymeans of carbonic acid ( par . 30 ) . This property of carbonic acid—its enabling water to act upon some salts of lime , and other matters insoluble in pure water—is one deserving the agriculturist ' s profound attention , and will be adverted to hereafter . 53 . The attraction of quicklime , hydrate of lime , . fee , for carbonic acid , being so powerful , the tendency of lirno to pass rapidly into the state of carbonate or mere chalk being so strong , it is natural to inquire , what is the use ol burning lime at all for the purposes of agriculture f Carbonic acid being so eminently subservient to the feeding of plants , why need we expel it by fire from its domicile in the limestone ? To
these interesting questions , we can only obtain satisfactory rep lies by a continued inquiry into theproperties of caustic lime , i . e . lime which , though slaked ( 48 ) , still retains its avidity for carbonic acid . . 59 . The direct influence of caustic lime upon organic matters , does not seem to be ascertained with precision . Limeisgencrallyconsideredtobeofitsclf a powerful agent in promoting the decomposition of dead animal and vegetable matter ; on the other hand , some experiments of Dr . John Davy are adverse to tha received opinion . Sub the process of decomposition itself must be investigated before we can safely draw a general conclusion ; and then it will appear probable , that caustic lime does not produce so much effect upon organic matter b y any action of its own as b y promoting the agency of potash , soda , and
ammonia . _ 60 . The manufacturer of soap mixes together caustic lime and barilla . The principal ingredient of barilla is carbonate of soda . When water is added in sufficient quantity to a mixture of barilla and quicklime , tho latter takes carbonic acid from the carbonate of soda contained in the former , and becomes carbonate of lime , and the soda , in turn , losing its carbonic acid , becomes caustic soda or soap-ley . If pcarlash or potash be thus mixed with caustic lime and enough of water , caustic potash is the result . The carbonate of lime subsides , and the water dissolves a ley of potash . With a carbonic of ammonia , caustic ammonia is produced in like manner . Caustic soda , caustic potash , caustic ammonia , act with far
greater enerey npon organic matters than the carbonateof soda , ofpofasb , or ammonia , can do . These caustic alkalies are more easily soluble in water than their carbonates ; they also enable water to dissolve manysubstanoes , andtodeconipose many others , which would not be influenced so much , if at all , by water itself , or by water only holding mild alkali , t . e . a carbonate in solution . 61 . Caustic lime abstracta not merely the carbonic acid ftom ammonia but separates that alkali from its combination with other ^ aeids , as will appear ' hereafter . Caustic ammonia , thus separated by lime , being extremely volatile , Sir H . Davy showed that an addition of lime to animal matters in a state of decomposition , must have the effect of driving away their most valuable ingredient .
62 . Lime , in its caustic state , contributes power * fully to render some salts of iron favourable to vegetation , that would otherwise be injurious . 63 . It is important , therefore , to form a dear idea of the distinction between the effects of lime in the caustic state and in the state of carbonate . Its use in the former state would seem to be exclusively applicable io soils containing an excess of unprofitable and insolublevegetablematter , as peat ' moss , theearth of old fences , & c . In the state of carbonate , lime forms an essential ingredient of every good soil ; indeed it is considered by some to be a sortof connecting link in the chain uniting the organic with the inorganic kingdom , and it is ultimately in the state of carbonate , finely pulverised , that bv much the
most considerable portion of aU the lime that is burnt for agricultural purposes becomes available to the use of the farmer . We have seen the effect of carbonic acid upon finely divided carbonate of lime ( 57 ) . The same effect is finall y , though very slowly , produced by the agency of the weather upon the hardest marbles and limestone rocks . "Whoever examines the marble statues in the British Museum , which have been removed from the Parthenon , will be convinced that they have suffered from this agency : and an effect distinct in the pure atmosphere and temperate climate of Athens , must be upon a hig her scale in the vicinity of other great European cities , where the consumption of fuel produces carbonic acid in great qnantitie &"—( Davy . ) Marble monuments .
erected in our churchyards , manifest signs of the influence of theskies upon them in the course of years . Slow as such influence appears to be , it is constant ; and this may tend to explain why limestone gravel basin some instances been considered a beneficial application topeaty soils . Chalk , however , in many districts and ia some districts marl , containing carbonate of lime in a state of finer division , are still more generally and more beneficially employed . It is cviaent , however , that the calcareous portion of marl must constantly diminish in quantity , and it may consequently happen , that where the other ingredients of a marty day are of indifferent quality , the land may be left in a few years less fertile than " it was before the marl was first applied , and every renewed application of marl must tend finally to deteriorate the soil . In these cases the application ol lime itself is obviously requisite . 64 . Hydrate of lime , made into a paste with water , constitutes the substance generally known and employed as mortar . If lime be allowed to pass into the state of mortar on the field , it continues to retain its caustic state in some degree for a considerable time . It is about three months before slaked lime regains more than fourth-fifths of its carbonic acid . This may seem at variance with some facts stated before ( 55 , 56 ); but the truth is , that when air and moisture obtam access to lime , it rapidl y passes into the state of carbonate ; if either ofthese beexcluded , itretains its caustic state for a longer or shorter period , according to circumstances . CS . ^ With regard to fie burning of lime , aprocessso essential to the prosperity of agriculture , it is desirable that the best method should be pursued , and in even district experience teaches the most economical * fPhftion of the material employed . It is often stated that the steam of water , passed through a lune-kiln , conduces powerfully to the success of the process . B y heating carbonate of lime to redness , it is resolved into lime and carbonic acid ; but if the carbonic acid be not removed , the decomposition would immediately cease , and the carbonate of lime mightbe mel ted without being decomposed . The removal of the carbonic acid is accomplished , in burning lime on the large scale , by the limestone being lieatedin a kiln through which there is a continuous Irau g ht , by which the carbonic acid is carried off as t is formed . The necessity of removing the carbonic tcid may be shown by placing bits of white marble in i porcelainiube , heated to redness in a furnace , con-
Agricultural Chemistry. (Continued From ...
nected witti a pneumatic trough , and fitted to a retort at the other end , by which steam may be passed into the tube ; at first scarcely any carbonic acid is set free , but by keep ing up a supply of steam the gas is rapidly produced , and the lime becomes very soon completel y caustic . . , \ 66 . Carbonic acid consists of carbon , one equivalent , united to two equivalents of oxygen , or sixteen therefore the equivalent of carbonic acid is twentytwo . 67 . Perhaps this is the best place for introducing a few words onmagnesian limestone . This is distinguished from common limestone by dissolving
more slowly in acids , as before stated ( 53 ) . When burnt to lime , it absorbs carbonic acid gas from the air more slowly than common lime ; and this is one reason why magnesian limestone , when burnt or calcined , has been supposed prejudicial to vegetation . But neither the fact nor the explanation seems very conclusively established . For - magnesia , burnt to lime , is merely calcined magnesia—a bland , tasteless , insoluble powder , very unlikely to injure vegetation . Magnesia ismuch moresoluble than lime in excess of carbonic acid ; whether in this state it is capable of acting in one way or another , does not seem to be generally known . ( Tobc continued ) .
Gtetfet Jttulltahue.
Gtetfet JttUlltahue .
Rouen, France. The Chartist Land Plak In...
ROUEN , FRANCE . The Chartist Land Plak in France . —A meeting was held on Friday , July the 4 th , 1845 , at the house of Mr . John Sidaway , Nailors ' Arms Inn , for the purpose of forming a branch of the Chartist Co-operative Land Society . Six members paid up their snares in full , viz ., £ 1514 s . The address of the directors was read , and gave general satisfaction . also the many cheering accounts of meetings held in England . The secretary , Mr . John Sidaway , was instructed to send off the money to the general treasurer , and to write for the laws of the society . The Land question was discussed , and after a lengthy and p leasant meeting the members separated , each determined to do everything in his power to destroy that system which has driven honest and industrious artizans to seek that subsistence abroad which has been : denied them at home . We say to all other exiles on the Continent ,
go and do likewise . The meeting also were of opinion that if an agent were appointed for France , and his appointment duly announced in the Northern Star , that a goodly number would be enrolled as members , there being many English workmen employed in France who would g ladl y embrace the present opportunity of returning once more to the place of their birth if they , could be made aware of the advantages arising from the Chartist Co-operative Land Society . [ The directors of the Chartist Cooperative Land Society have appointed Mr . John Sidaway , of the Nailors' Arms Inn , Rouen , as agent for France , who is duly supplied with rules , cards of membership , and other requisites for enrolling members . Mr . Thomas Blyth . ot 30 Rue du , Moulin aVapeur , Capecure , Boulogne Sur Mer , is also appointed agent for Boulogne and district , and is also duly appointed to enroll members . By order , T . M . Wheeler , Secretary . ]
ABERDEEN . Co-opbrativk Soirbe . —A soiree of the members of the "Association of producers and friends of Cooperation" was hold in the Temperance Hall , 205 , George ' s-street , on the evening of Friday , July 4 th , for the purpose of celebrating the anniversary of the establishment of that Association ; Mr . John Fraser , president , in the chair , supported by the board of directors ; the number of producers present were upwards of three hundred , besides several staunch friends ofthe ^ working classes and their cause . After the good things were disposed of , and the tables cleared , the chairman opened the business of the meeting in a neat and effective speech , showing from Parliamentary reports the great value of the annual productions of the producing millions , and the small
share of that produce which came to the working man , and concluded by introducing Mr . James Deack to the meeting , who in a speech of some length showed the value of co-operation and its capabilities , and sat down amidst the applause of the meeting . After an air from the orchestra , Mr . Patrick Ironside , the respected salesman of the association , gave a song in fine taste and feeling . Mr . R . M'Intosh was then introduced , and entered at some length on the objects of the present meeting , showing that it was for the purpose , first , to increase the social and friendly feeling among working men and women , nnd to benefit each other by the mutual interchange of thought . There had been a great many schemes proposed for the benefit of the working , classes , and the one that ^ ! **«*« 1 «« . J «_ am ^ ^«« AB «_« A « J . A J ? A ** A / W * I \ A . ***« M * VlS \«* Airtluvit iu ui i iiumum
******* iiukj u » uppuri > noa uuc « mc , Co-operation , if carried out , and properly conducted , is one of the greatest means that can be used for the bettering of the people ' s condition . Impressed with this , they had opened a shop for the sale of food and clothing , to members and others , the profits to lay and accumulate , until they were enabled to carry out the p rinciple to the fullest . extent . They had not begun to sell any hind of drink , as they believed that drinking habits were incompatible with the wellbeing of society . -. After Mr . M'Intosh's speech , Mr . James Robertson gave an excellent song amidst much app lause . Mr . R . Robertson then came forward and addressed the meeting in nearly . the Mowing terms . After congratulating the meeting on their happy appearance , he proceeded to lay before the
meeting the objects of the association . He said the association was formed for the purpose of giving employment to all its members , and securing to themselves the full measure of the benefits arising from their own industry ; and that they should at the same time have all the profits' arising front all articles of consumption used by themselves , and all others who wished to deal with tfieni . He called on those to come forward who had not yet joined the association , as it would not cost them anything . They had onl y to purchase what they consumed , which could and would be supplied to them as good , and in many cases better , and cheaper , than could begotanywhere else . When the profits amounted to the sum of five shillings , or when made up to that amount ; they would be entitled to all the privileges of membership .
and have a right to all the benefits arising from the association . Mr . Robertson then went on to state many of the difficulties they had , as an association , to contend with / arising from a want of experience , the want of public op inion , the want of money , the want of credit , and the want of similar associations throughout Scotland and England . After having gone over this part of the subject at great length , he then entered into the prospects of the association for the future , and showed that the prospects of the association were excellent . The number of members had increased ; as the members ^ increased so did the money , and as both increased so did trade . In fact , the association is now in such a prosperous state , that a sub-committee had been appointed to make inquiry and report on the best possible way of
ex-, tending the trade of the association toother branches of industry , in order that employment might be given to more of the members . In conclusion , he remarked that God helps them who help themselves ; and until such time as the working classes beg in to reform themselves , and do their own work , they could never nerer think of succeeding . Let the watchword be " onward , onward . " Mr . M'Intosh then sung a song called " . Burk ' s Address to the Swinish Multitude , which was much applauded . The chairman then called on Mr . Henry to speak to the question of "Whether the producers or non-producers were best entitled to remuneration ? " which Mr . Henry handled in his usual eloquent and powerful manner to the satisfaction of all present , and sat down amidst the cheors of the audience . The chairman then called on Mr . Maitland from the body of
tho hall , a gentleman who is president of tho Temperance Society in this town , and who carries on an extensive business , and one who takes a prominent part in every plan for the bettering the condition of the working classes . His speech ^ extended to some length in praise of the co-operative principle . He pronounced a hig h eulogium on the managers and salesman of tlie association , and concluded amidst the plaudits of the meeting . The chairman then called on Mr . Lowrey to address the meeting , which he did in a powerful and argumentative speech . After speaking at great length on these subjects he sat down amidst the repeated p laudits of the meeting . Mr . Macphcrson commenced by saying , that at that advanced hour of tbe evening , and after the many able speeches they had heard , were he to consult his
own feelings , he should have abstained from addressing them , aad allowed the remainder of the evening to bftspentin social enjoyment ; he , however / thoug ht that it was a good thing to blend instruction with amusement , and he was of opinion that they would think nothing worseof the night ' s enjovment that it afforded some food for reflection ; he would , therefore , advert for a short time to the principle of the association , and show how well it was calculated to im-Srove the condition of the working classes . Mr . lacpherson said that the principle of the association was that every one be lib own cap italist , his own merchant , and his own banker ; in fact , that he hare a beneficial interest in everything that affects in any way the value of his labour . In starting this association , he said , they had ^ not endeavoured to create a great sensation and excitement , th a t mi g ht afterwards die away and leave nothing but
digappointment ; they had first laid down a sure and fixed principle as a guide to their future action , and thus , although their beginning was small , and their progress ati first slow , it was at the same time certain . All the ground they got they kept ; every step they took was a step in advance , their progress was therefore steady and undeviating . A single glance at the transactions of the association during the twelvemonths of its existence would convince them of this . They had commenced with a capital very limited ; indeed it oould scarcely procure for them the most limited supply of the articles they were to deal in , yet they had turned over in bus ' incss upwards of £ 1500 ; and altlioagh the greater part of the members had never paid away money as a share , but had merely paid one penny for a book in which an account of their purchases was kept , the greater part even of these were mny possessed of shares in the capital , and had a share' . in the management of the associa-
Rouen, France. The Chartist Land Plak In...
tion . " They had also established about three or four months ago a savings bank , and , notwithstandin g the short time it had been in operation there had already been deposited in their hands upwards of one hundred pounds ; and all this out ol tbe hardearned pence of the working classes . This savings bank acted better than the usual dcposite for the working man , as he could just put in his small savings as he found he could spare them . A sixpence would be received , and no abatementmade upon them either for management or fines , for falling back with the usual payments , as was the case in deposit societies . Thus it was well adaptedfor those who wished to lay by something for rent , or to purchase clothes , or . for any other purpose . It was always making something , and the association at the same time had the advantage of the use of it . Mr . Macphcrson nroceeded to say that the association would be open
for the middle classes whenever they chose to avail themselves of it ; this , however , they could not do so long as they expected to make a profit from the labour of others , and it was the original and fundamental principle of the association that every oneway to receive the full advantage of all the benefits flowing from their own labour . When these principles were carried full y into effect , then would come the happy period when virtue and happ iness would cover the face of the whole earth , as the waters cover the channel of the sea ; when every man could sit under his own vine and under his own fig tree , none daring to make him afraid . Mr . Macp herson , who had been listened to with great attention , the n sa t d o wn a midst loud cheering . After Mr . Macpherson had concluded his address the younger portion of the audience enjoyed themselves with dancing for several hours , and then disp ersed , highly pleased with the entertainments of the
evening
LONDON . Mr . Wheeler lectured on Sunday evening to agood audience , at the Assembly Rooms , King ' s-cross , on the subject of the Land . The chair was occupied by Mr . Arnott . A friendly- discussion followed , in which Messrs . Humphries , Tucker , Lowrie , Wheeler , and others took part . H STRATFORD-ON-AVON . The Co-operatine Land Society held their monthly meeting on Monday , July 7 th , at the Temperance Hall , Great William-street . We have now nearly fifty members . The committee meet every Monday at the Stratford Arras to enrol names , and explain the objects of the society . The next public meeting will take place the first Monday in August next , at half-past seven o ' clock presisely .
OLDHAM . Lecture—On Sunday last Mr . W . Dixon delivered a very interesting lecture in the Working Man ' s Hall , on "Trades Unions , the Land , and Machinery . " He was listened to with great attention , and his addresses gave general satisfaction . A number of shares in the Land fund were taken .
BARNSLEY Thk Land . —At a weekly meeting of the Chartist Land Society , it was agreed that as soon as the time could be ascertained that Mr . O'Connor intended to be in Barnsley , preparations should be made for having a public dinner on the occasion of his visit . A working man , named Owen M'Donnell , paid in £ 5 , he having previously paid in 4 s . 4 d ., so that he stands clear for two shares . Three hearty cheers were given for M ' Donnell , when the secretary announced to the meeting the above fact , i MANCHESTER . Carpenters' Hall . —A lecture was delivered in the above Hall on Sunday evening last , by Mr . James Leacn . At the conclusion of the lecture fourteen members were enrolled in the Co-operative Land Society , and paid their first deposit on their shares . We have now , in tho Carpenters' Hail branch , 113 shares taken up .
MR . DOYLE'S TOUR . To the Chartists op England . —Friends , —In despite ail the opposition offered , and the obstacles thrown in the way , with a view to impede the progress of the " Chartist Co-operative Land Plan "—in despite of the insidious and cowardly attacks of mean and mercenary scoundrels—in despite their spleen and venom thrown at the piepounder , I am happy to say that that p lan has spread through the country , more especially the manufacturing counties of Yorkshire and Lancashire , with a rapidity truly astonishing , and at tho same time highly gratifying to every man desirous of seeing his fellow operatives extricated from irksome drudgery , galling slavery , physical want , social misery , and mental and moral
deprivations . Yes , friends , I say again , in desp ite of the Carpenters , the Hills , and suchgentfemen , our society has extended in a few weeks through Albion ' s Isle-Albion's isle did I say ? Why , brother democrats , it lias been wafted on the pinions of the wind to the ( once republican ) soil of France , and we now find it has taken deep root in Rouen and Boulogne . But , my friends , it has not stopped there , for we also find , from Mr . O'Connor ' s letter in the Star of the 12 th inst . to "William Wish-I-may-get-it" ( who , by-thebye , seemed to be very fond of getting what he had no right to ) , that it has taken wings , crossed the Irish Channel , and reached safe and sound the town of Drogheda , in Erin ' s isle . I wonder what friend Carpenter ( whom O'Brien designates " low born , low
bred , " and " a brother of the vile wretches who sack from six to ten guineas a week for bolstering up the Leaguers , and soaping the usurious oppressors of the poor ) will say to that ? Ah ! my friends , Mr . O'Connor never was more correct than whan he said the opposition of Carpenter and Hill would be an assistance to our society , though I am very sure the gentlemen never intended it . Twill now give a brief sketch of my tour in Lancashire as far as I have gone . I lectured in Ashton twice , and though the meetings were not large , yet what was wanted in numbers , was made up by the unanimityof sentimentsand action which pervaded the individuals present on both occasions ; as a proof , I mayjnention that the sum of £ 56 was subscribed to the Land Fund in four weeks , and out of the eighty-one persons that took out shares during the above period , tivelve of them paid no their full shares . —There . Messrs . Carpenter
and Hill , are facts for you , which , no doubt will be wormwood and gaul to your very delicate stomachs . I hare also addressed meetings in Staleybridge , Mottram , Manchester , Todmorden , Rochdale , Oldham , Blaekstone Edge , Bolton , Radcliffe , Hey wood , Stockport , and , if I recollect right , Hcbden Bridge , Yorkshire , and in every one of which places the Land plan was received with universal approval or nearly so ; and I believe at present there is . a branch , or rather a district board , in each and every of those places . Bolton , a town that has for the last two years been politically dead , owing to causes which I cannot in this letter enter into , even this town , my friends , or the people of it , have shook off their p lumber , and came forth with spirit and vigour to give their support to OUr Land scheme . One gentleman paid me his full share , expenses included . Friends , hoping that you will continue to aid and assist the board of directors in carrying out the plan , I remain yours , in Freedom ' s cause . Christopher Dotlb .
HUDDERSFIELD . The Land . —The Committee of the Co-operative Land Society for this district meet every Tuesday evening at Turner ' s Temperance Hotel , Ch ape l Hill , for the purpose of receiving contributions and enrolling new members , when every explanation of the views and objects of this society will be given to those who are desirous of taking shares .
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PROCEEDINGS AT A PUBL I C M EE TIN G , CONVENED BY THE MEMBER S OP THE INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD-FELLOWS , LATELY HELD IN THE MEAL HOU S E , NICHOLAS CROFT , MAN' CHESTER . [ Wc have received requests from Manchester and Huddersfield to publish the following report of a meeting , as it is deemed to be of great importance by a considerable number of members of the Order of Odd Fellows . Much dissatisfaction exists respecting the mode in which the business of thatjlnstitution is conducted by the " ruling few ; " nnd a recent decision of the "Annual Moveable Conference , " lately assembled at Glasgow , is held to be contrary
to the General Laws of the Order ; and , therefore , « breach of the faith entered into with each member when he joined the brotherhood . Comp liance with the ; allegcd " illegal" resolution has been refused by many "districts ; " and this has been followed by " suspension from benefits" by the general secretary and ho a rd of direct o rs . The Manchester and SaHbrd ; districts , numbering sonic 13 , 000 members , are " suspended . " In Liverpool , out of 133 Lodges , 130 are " suspended ; " and also the whole of the lod ges ' of Wigan . The Lodges in the Huddersfield district , with an exception scarcely worth naming , have shared a similar fate . The breach , therefore , is a wide one : one that will take much adroitness and finesso to heal . The ground of difference is such as
almost to preclude compromise . The " dominant party " proclaim the rule of " passive obedience " and " non-resistance ; " and the pay ing members have raised the standard of self-government . The two principles are thus at war : and there can be little doubt as to the result . It cannot be expected that those who pay will submit to every requirem e nt which an almost absolute and irresponsible authoritv demands of them . The following report will show the manner in which the question haa been taken up in Manchester and Salford , and the sort of puiscip les of actios which Hie " suspended" Lodges advocate as the rule of governance . Next wook we shall give the report of a second meeting ; and if any of readers
our can aid us to the necessary documents and information , we will give a history and account of the whole dispute , and offer such suggestions to those who are battling against usurpation and unjust interference as the case seems to call for . ] Mr . Bam ., of the Salford District , was nnarimonslv called to the chair , and opened the meeting by staling that they had met that evening for the purpose of dinging some measures b y which they mi ght again call themselvci and meet together , as Odd Fellows . There was a time when he could apply that term to the whole of the meeting ; but recent occurrences had taken place which prevented them meeting together as such , and tho pleasure lie felt / u sgain meeting them was real and gntifvine He then introduced Me , Dixon of Wigan .
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Mr . Dixon commenced by saying ho had no doubt his motives would be , impugned by interested parties in hi J appearing beforethem that / evening j but the circumstances which actuated him in thus presenting himself tD their notice , ought to stimulate every member of the Order to do likewise . He said a very strong blow had been struck at the independence of the institution , by which the Order was bereft of manyof its fairest features , and its usefulness and benevolence impaired , and Us sphere of doing good narrowed and limited . He came forward to defend the sound principles of the Institution , which , in thousands of instances , had made the widows heart to dance for joyi made merry and glad the hearts of many orphans , and stretched out a hind and warm hand to the helpless and afflicted ; and base must be tho heart . . . ,.. _
of that man who could attempt for a moment to oppose pure Odd-fellowship , or endeavour to destroy that principle of independence by which it hadever been distinguished . He would ask what was it that brought the Order of Odd Fellows into existence ? It was a strong conviction of the necessity which existed for the union of nil for the purpose of accomplishing whit they could not achieve by individual exertions .. It was that they might alleviate the sorrows of each of their members when on the bed of sickness , a nd assist his re l a t ives t o pay t he la st tribute of respect to his remains should death snap the cord which bound him to them as a father and brother . It was that they might assist his sorrowing relict , when they had closed the grave over his remains , that they might stretch out a willing hand to help her to shield her
tender offspring from the snares which beset unguarded youth . It was that they might mitigate the severity of that man's sufferings , who , in ranging the country with despairing mind and breaking heart , wearied and travelworn , penniless and friendless , had expended his last psnny , and was still unsuccessful iu obtaining bis object ; that they might step in here , and though they might not be able to assist him to achieve his object , they could at least procure him the means of subsistence on bis journey . With objects such as these their Society bad progressed in an aniazing manner , and received the respect and admiration of all . Bad men had crept in , and b e en invested with power to exercise for the benefit of aU . They had misused that power , and legislated for the
advantage of themselves , reckless and careless of what became of the Institution , so that they themselves mightbe enriched . ( Great cheers . ) What nave they done ? They have taken away our independence . They h ave succeed ed in obtaining a measure passed by which lodges are disfranchised . They have succeeded in obtaining the means to silence every member who dares to stand up and defend bis independence . If a man attempt to urge upon the attention of the members the gross wrongs continually perpetrated , he was met by sneers of this official , and jeers of that official j he was told that he might appeal to this Committeee and to that Committee if things did not suit his taste , and wore no t mana g ed , as he presumed to think they might be . Bu t wh at chance had any m a n who hazarded himself in such a struggle ? He could be
suspended by one Secretary without a trial ; and the rest of the members were forbid to communicate with him . The managers had completely succeeded in getting every thing their own way , to the manifest injury of the Order , and great injustice to the members . But we have a remedy for all this—a simple , easy remedy—we have only to return to the principle of self-government , t hat anci e n t a nd p rimi t iv e princi p l e of the Ord e r ; and I t ru s t t hat every member here present has come determined to use his best exertions to return to the primitive principle of self-government . We are met , not for the purpose of vituperation , or for dishonourable objects of party spleen and peevishness ; not for the purpose of indulging in a little party opposition and wilful slander , but with the worthy intention of regaining for ourselves , that
which has been voted away from us—to resist the ncroachments made upon our liberties . We are told that the law for disfranchising Lodges was passed at the annual meeting in a regular manner . But I would ask , has any man a right to vote away my independence ! T h ey h are a curious wa y of doin g business a t a n annu a l meeting . I ask , is it not a fact that nearly the whole of the im p ortan t business is ke pt bac k un t il t he l a s t day o f the meeting , and the best portion of the time wasted upon frivolous and vexatious topics ; and then the business , really affecting the prosperity and peace of the Order , is hurried through without that due deliberate consideration which it ought to receive at the hands of such an as . sembly . It is a fundamental princip le of t h e In s titu t ion that no question shall be discussed without notice of such
being given , and the different Lodges being made acquainted with it . Have they acted upon this plan % And I ask , if they had done so , would they have been as successful in doing what they hare done ? I ask also , did they act in accordance with the principle of the Institution when they issued their mandate from a Committee from which there was no appeal , to interfere with the exercise of Lodges in their benevolence , and demanded to have a report of how much they had accumulated , and how much they had expended ? What right had they with that ? They talk of the equity of the measure . Is there any honesty in refusing the right of appeal , and then suspending members who objected to abide by their dictum 1 We must nud it out how all this is effected . There must be some influence and patronage
at work to accomplish all this . ( Loud and continued cries of" hear , hear , hear . " ) Patronage is a very curious thing to talk about ; . and in this there is much to complain against . We do not object to any one of those who serve the Order with materials , as such ; but ; we do object to their being judges of their own work , and judges of Other men ' s work in the bargain , We say that it is not right that they should have any kind of influence or power in the management of the Institution . We object to their being legislators in any form , We have been told that there has been an increase of business in the Order ; and that with certain parties the increase is so much that they deserve an increase of salary , Well , it is only right that an increase of work should bring an increase of remuneration ; but increase of work ought also
to bring an increase of profits , whereas , we find an increase of salary , and a palpable decrease in the honey store , Patronage in any institution is highly wrong and reprehensible , and ought never to be placed in the hands of any . officer of any society . , It corrodes and wears away the best intentions and the best will . [ Mr . Dixon here read the secretary ' s salary , and theamount of profits to the Order for the last six or seven years , to show that what he had stated was true , namely , that for an increase of salary there had been a decrease of profits to the Order . He then continued : J But the business had so increased that this Inst year his salary was to be raised still higher : yet it was a notorious fact that for whole days he absented himself from his office , and had honoured Epsom , Chester , and elsewhere with his presence , and
left his business to be traasacted by another . But the result of patronage did not stop there . I said that we did not object to anyone of tlie parties who served the Order with goods , or to the quality of their articles ; but we objected to their being judges of their own work , and the judges of other men ' s work too . Why , bad as the government of the country may be , the practices of the Independent Order are worse . If a Surveyor of the Highways had twenty horses idle in his stablei be dared not contract for the mending of the highway over which lie was Surveyor , under a penalty of £ 5 for every offence . Not so in the management of the Order . We maybe told that individuals obtain their orders by an honourable estimate . Estimating , it is true , prevails in one department , but not in another . But even in estimating
, he chances are in their favour . An honourable firm lately estimated for work . Their sample of articles was sent in to the proper quarter ; and when the time for the decision came , their sample was replaced by an inferior one ; and their one sent in as belonging to another , who , by it , obtained the estimate . The inferior article was sent back to the firm , who returned it with a message that such rubbish was not theirs . By maaauvring of this kind it was quite possible that even the Estimate Committee mightbe deceived and trifled with . It was high time that some plan was adopted , that an Institution of such immense ; benefit to the community at large might be freed from charges of so gross a character , and productive of so much wrong and injustice . [ The speaker here read a list of the various sums which
eight individuals have received for goods furnished by them to the Order , amounting , in seven years , to the sum of £ 36 , 000 12 s . 5 } d . ) Well , what remed y is there for these evils ? He answered , self-government . It may be said that grievances accumulated under the full exercise of that principle . The answer is , that with the experience we have had it is impossible that such can be again the case . But the greatest of our grievances has not taken place under the exercise of that principle . Could they have ventured to enforce n groator amount 6 f eonli-i button for a less value in return , if we had had a fair chance of electing our own representatives ? It may be said , if we resist these laws for increased contribution , and a reduced amount of benefit in return , we shall hecome suspended , and lose our share in the general fund . What is the amount
of the available fund of the Order ? £ 7 , 000 . Why , thatisjscarcely sixpence per member ; and surely that is hardly worth while considering . A subscription of sixpence would put you in possession of as great a fund . It is nothing , as one is said to have expressed it , for al l to divi d e , it might do good for five or six . But mark ; having once centralised the power in the hands of Hie District , is it not marvellous how they want to centralise the funds ? Seeing that the profits of goods do not exactly answer their purpose , they endeavour t o work a no t h e r mano e uvre , which will be successful unless you do your duty . An ActofParliamentistobeuiipliedfor to enable them to doby that means what they dare not atl tempt by any other . Should an Act of Parliament be obtained the subjugation of the Order will be at once perfect . ( Hear , hear , hear . ) Without an Act of Parliament , they have control only . vera small p ortion of the funds of the Order , but with an Act they would be enabled to gat withia their own power the whole of the funds of the
Lodge . There is another grout and mighty evil—an increased contribution , and a decreased amount of benefit It is not sufficient for them to demand how much we have given to this distressed brother ; or how far we have re-Si . TT ? 1 widow ;~" it is "ot « ough for them to know that all just and equitable demandt have been pa . d to ml who bad aclaim upon us ; -itisnot enough for them to know hat every penny of their demands have been discharged ; that we are accumulating large funds and prospermg m every shape and formf and tha ? wc have pounds per man in the hank-yes pounds per man m t he ban k , and not sixpences I -it is not enough for hem to be assured of all this from stubborn figures , but they takeaway from the poor ,,, „„ the means of interring , m a . becoming manner , the wife of his bosom ! They must reduce the amount from ten pounds to five . Thev ask to deprive the industrious arti / . an of the ability to " pay proper respect to Hie shaver of his joys and sorrows , his hopes and anxieties , who sweetened every joy that lie participated
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in , and heightened every pleasure he enjoyed , wblch . kindne * s and affection so richly deserved athishan (} 8 j ! is not sufficient for them that he must bear with 60 ' 5 and severe a stroke of Providence ; but the affliction must be made heavier by their meddling , and the means of m ,, nifesting his esteem must be just as they may seem dig . posed to allow . It was all very line to make long calcul . tions in figures with arithmetical precision andcxuctnes , and to bewilder nien ' s understandings with subjects en * tirely foreign to the purpose for which Odd-fellowshi p Waj benevolently designed ; and under the pica of «< , ¦ „ , „ , vency" endeavour to increase the contribution and r « w the amount of benefits , so that with a special act ofin corporation they may be enabled to raise an enormouj and : „ and hilrhtened everv pleasure he eniovertA .. i .:-t .
amount for their management disposal , f Mr . Dj , concluded by strongly urging the members to do all iu their power to return to the principle of self-government by which alone they could retrace their steps , and aga , ^ become a united and respected body , associated for tho highest endeavours for which man could use tlie abilitics with which Providence had blessed them , and concluded by moving the following resolution which was una ^ mously carried : That this meeting is of opinion that it ij the ina l ienable r ight of every man , and every body of mcn to enjoy the blessing which self-government affoids ; »„ , } and that it is a duty which we owe to ourselves and tlie Order to which we belong , to preserve that ri ght entire and defend it from the rude aggression of ambitious and designing individuals . " )
" Mr . KicnABDSON , of Salford , in proposing the second resolution , said—his resolution affirmed that self-govern , ment was the inalienable right of every society ; and it wag for thatmeeting to say whether , as Odd Fellows they would maintain that right , nnd whether they would return to tha primitive principle upon which the Institution was founded and by which it has so long been distinguished . Take ' away that power , and what means had they of defending themselves ? Let a member offer to defend the princi plesof the Institution , and proclaim against any wrong done ; let him appeal to the Annual Committee ; and what a miser , able chance he had of having even a fair hearing EyWT member knew wh e n t he ter m "independent" was firs t used . It was laid hold of at a time when the power of the Society was invested in what was called the Grand
Lodge , which , attempting by arbhary and absohito authority , t o lord over t he res t of t h e S oci et y , caused a resistance to their demands , by which the Grand Lodge was abolished , and the term " Independent Old Fellows " was seized upon to distinguish and mark their detcmiina . tion to have a voice in the management of tlieir own money , and the appropriating of their own savings . Wa have similar times now ; and we must have similar efforts , and similiar results will follow . We have new a Grand Lodge sitting daily in Aytoun-strcct , who mrnuigo every thing , cut nnd select the propositions for the Annual Committee , and nominate the duputies by whom they are passed . ( Loud cheers , and cries of " hear , hear . " ) Mr . Radcliffe , who generally indulges in a great deal of rhodomontade and rhapsodism , said he could work tho
Order with the interest of £ 20 , 000 . This amount could not be got from the profits of goods ; and therefore they must have an Act of Parliament to centralize the power , and to centralize the funds . But he hoped that such an event would be for ever prevented frcm taking place . Let them once get the sanction of the Order to such a measure , and farewell its " independence , " and for e ver farewell tbe management of their own funds . They had begun already , £ 7 , 000 was already invested as a " surplus fund ; " and gradually , unless prevented , they would go on , and get the whole amount . The next step , seeing that profits were not capable of effecting the object , would be a levy perhaps of some trifling amount ; which would not be felt at first ; but it would grow ' until too hard to bear . But then the mischief would be done . He had
often been in conversation with Mr . Radcliffe upon these matters , and he could read him well ; and every word that he had now said was true . Mr . Dixon had directed at . tention to the amount paid to various individuals ; and it was said that these individuals paid a large amount of "interest" to the Order . But how do they pay it ? Itr « . minded him of an anecdote of a grocer , who on taking in a bill , was asked to take off the interest , ) and replied , " Oh ! give me back my bill , I forgot to put it on . " Wh y these very men charge two shillingsfor sashing which could be bought for one shilling and apenny per yard . Cannot they afford to pay good " interest" to the Order ? But there is occasionally a Cabinet Dinner held in Stcvenson's-square , which generally takes place when the Auditors and Ap . peal Committees are in town . How do you think it is
paid for ? Why , by those very men who supply the Order with goods . They each give so much out of their profits to feast those gentlemen . When , by accident , an unfoc tunate circumstance gets another individual on the Ap . peal Committee , contrivances arc set afloat to get him in the same boat with themselves . When he is at Stevenson's-square , every attention is paid to him , and , unsuspectingly , he gets into thesame boat with them . If he be stubborn , a Cabinet Dinner at Monton-grcen finishes him off . [ Mr . Richardson concluded by urging upon every member present to use his best exertions to return to the principles of self-government , and concluded by moving the following resolution , which was unanimously passed : — " That this meeting is of opinion that the attempts lately made by certain portions of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows to interfere with the financial ar .
rnngements of . Lodges , is a violation of the principles of j self-government , and utterly destructive of the fundamen-1 tal principles upon which the Order was originally based ; | they therefore protest , in the strongest manner , against | such interference , and resolve to resist it by every honour , j ? able means in their power . " ] | Mr . Behj . Stotx proposed the next resolution , anil in j doin g s o s a id , he thought it was the duty of every member ;• of the Order to stand out in defence of the principles of | the Order wh e never a n ' opportunity presented itself ; audi he stood forward as an individual in benefit , and not as a | suspended character , to advocate the full and freecxer- f cise of the principles of the Order . He knew something f about A . M , C . 's , and he would give them a little of ! ii » | knowledge . There were 255 , 000 members in tho Order , and the- Annual Meeting at Glasgow was composed o ( S about 130 deputies , When the Newcastle Committee said 1 that Districts should send one deputy for every thousand | membersthev said also that those Districts which bad i
, not a thousand members should send one too . Murk the I advantage . There were districts that did not contain at | many members as scores of Lodges in his district . Well , | the managers of the OrJer went to Chowbent and got cum to suit them there . Then they went to Keajslcy , a litt !«| place between Manchester and Bolton , containing well more than 300 inhabitants in all the vUlage , and succeeded ! § in getting a suitable representative there , Then thtf | went to Pcckforton , a village with about as many incni-i bers as the other place , and were successful there . Tlieyl had also two amiable folk from Stepney—Stepney , yoaS know , is in tho vicinity of London , and thus their m . ijority was obtained . [ Mr . Stott concluded by proposing t !«| following resolution , which was unanimously passed :-" That a Committee be appointed to raise subscriptioiip to carry out the foregoing resolutiens , "J | Mr . WniTT ^ KEB saconded the resolution , and , in doitjl so , urgently besought the members to take the obserri'li tions which had been made that evening to their hen « t | and meditate and reflect upon them . Much blame , t' ^ said , was attachable to the members themselves for tliij
lamentable causes which had brought them together *! that meeting . The Quarterly Reports were careless ' ) rend in Lodges , and heedlessly attended to by member-- ! and from tlieir inattention to these matters had grown i ? s these great oppressions , against which they now con-l plained . Abandon , for ever , he said , the tawdry anil ffi | seemly " Tomfoolery" of sashes , & c , which , at best , wl make the wearers seem not like , men but monkenl ( Hear , hear , and cheers . ) Ho . strongly urged the meif hers to achieve for themselves independence and ti $ oo uemment , and said that the business of Lodges would ! much better conducted in places separate from puWifj houses , and concluded by seconding the resolution . I The members then proceeded to the appointment of'I Committee to carry the resolutions into effect ; and nt'm a vote of thanks to the Chairman , the meeting separate' after expressing their gratification at the proceedings , m
Wuv^^^R^.¦^^^^Vm^ Rwrrfm^'^I*^^ Fy. _ 'I...
WUV ^^^ r ^ . ¦^^^^ VM ^ rwrrfM ^ ' ^ i *^^ fy . _ ' i FmJKcn "Warfare is 1510 . —A Parailel .- " party of citizens and of inhabitants of tbe neighb ^ ing plains had chosen another place of refuge . Int-I mountains , at whose base Vicenza is situated , i' !| vast cave , named tho Grotto of Masano , or \ % gara ; .... This cave having a narrow f | j trance is easy of defence , and in the prccc ^ campaign it had served as a , refuge for the ncik § bouring people . 6 , 000 unfortunate beings Iiad % tired there with all their goods ; tlie women * : ¦* children were at the baekof the grotto , and the * :: ; guarded its entrance . A captain ef French i ^ M turers , named L'Herisson , discovered thisicW ? and with his troop made vain efforts to pencil * into it ; but foiled by its obscurity audits win ' ' ! he
resolved to suffocate all within it . Ho filled v ; faggots the part he had occupied , and set fi « \ them . Some nobles of Vicenza who were among refugees , now intreated the French to make an ception in their favour , and to let them if . themselves , their wives , and children , and all of * Wood . But the peasants , their companions i « . fortune , exclaimed that they should all p erish ol ; , saved together . The whole cavern was now in ^ and its entrance resembled the mouth of a W & The adventurers waited tillthe fire had finis ^ l terrible ravages , to enter the cave and withdra'S ; booty which they had purchased by such « ^ cruelty . All had perished , except one young % who had placed himself near a chink through J a little air had reached him . None of the Sj were disfigured by tho fire ; but their atf'lg
sufficiently indicated the agonies they had uniic || before death . Several women were delivered mm torments , and their infants died with them . ] ' m theadventurers brought back their booty to tbe c - | p and recounted tlie mode of their obtaining § jm excited universal indignation . The Chevalier &< m ] went himself to the cavern with the Provost r £ | fS and caused him to hang in his presence , an % f |' '' midst of this scene of horror , two of the ** ffiwho had kindled tlie fire . But this punish ^ M ; not sufficient to efface from the minds of the i" fp . the memory of so groat a barbarity . " " *"' " ft Hist . Rep . leal ., vol . 14 , p . if . j | Sinccxab Fate op a Psbudo KKG . - ^ mi Thierry , who attempted to establish hinf'l ^ p iiidepcndenji sovereign in New Zealaw . ^ iM disappointed or given umbrage to h ' , J « g || subjects , was recently killed , cooked , and ^ . ||| | tliem at a solemn public banquet . —Mm ' - mm oertiser . 3 m
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), July 19, 1845, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_19071845/page/6/
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