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IvTay 20. 1 wp; THE NORTHERN STAB. -- --...
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State of Trade is Manchester.—The market...
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• THti NATIONAL AS-SliMBLiT. SATURDAyTma...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Mr O'Connor And His Accusers. The People...
hv able-b oied , but dontute , men and women . Thev called the Chartists rebels . He liked the ^ ro rd . At a fime when the shopkeepers were on lie verge of bankruptcy , when the manufacturers were losinir money by the million , and the working men of England knew not where to find to-morrow ' s breakr ' ast- " ^ * was a time when he cared not for being called a rebel . These things were now too much for tbe H ome Secretary . There was now tbe strictest unanimity between England and Ire l and _ nd he besged they would remember that Mr Shiel slid , on " the trial of Daniel O'Connell , that with Eng lishmen and Irishmen united , no government could withstand the pressure from without . ( Hear
hear . ) Let them remember that the umon of ihe EiirHfle and the worktop classes first brongbt oat freedom , gave them the Reform Bill , and let them remember that the middle classes were fast coming towards them . Those were now constrained by hunger who had never felt it before . Let them remember that the most powerful argument ^ was the plea of hunger , the want of bread . He wished the enfranchisement of tbe working classes , that at length this state of things might be remedied , that they might , with their political power , work out their moral and social elevation . He wished to skb
their workhouses converted into Normal seminaries for the training of the teachers of youth . He wished to see the schoolmaster displace the hangman ; for ever do away with the necessity of death punishments . He wished these things , hat he knew the meanwhile that men and women of the middle and working classes are starving , and he exclaimed , with the poet Hood—Great God ! that bread should he Bo dear . And flesh and blood so ch- ap . He therefore begged to move the resolution , which hid aireadv been read .
Mr Henry , delegate from Aberdeen , rose with great pleasure to second the resolution , which said that it was a disgrace both to their rulers and the pjople themselves , that the people were placed in so degraded a condition . Now , if it was a disgrace to them , then their conduct had not been what it ought te hare been- Were they then determined that it shOuW he 50 no longer , that they would have their own ? That was the question that evening for them . T be aristocracy had robbed them and would continue to do so—as long , as a man would let them , would they do io . Let them consider of it , and if they believed that the disgrace of England Irebind , and Scotland , was their being slaves , they had bat to determine in their own minds , and from that
hour they were no longer enslaved ; as a great philosopher and statesman in France had declaied , that for a people to be free , they had only to will it . and were enfranchised from that hour . There had been a great deal of talk as to what it was the Chartists wanted . They wished peace—peace with all menbut there could be no peace while there was starvation , and cntil there should be bread . In England veer by year the government was grinding down the people , increasing their taxation , by wrong
legislation robbing them of their labour , and as a consequence they were becoming poorer every year . In Ireland a million had died in a single year of starvation , and if the men of England wished to avoid Ireland ' s fate , ' Now ' s the time and naw ' s the hour . ' But a few months longer , and the fate of Ireland would be that of England ; they will die with bread before their eyes . He urged them to exert themselves , and promised them the aid of Scotland in their common struggle .
Dr M'Douall felt great pleasure in supporting this resolution , that had been so ably moved and seconded byMrKydd and Mr Henry . He did so because he entirely participated and concurred in the vie's of those gentlemen . He thought the time had arrived in this country when not only a change but a very great change must take place , and not so long a time either nrust elapse when that must take place . But the aristocracy will positively know these changes . They were aware of the condition of this country , and of the case of the working men , the damage that had been dene to trade , the evils and the entire disorder that existed throughout the country . No change
however was to be expected , except from the workins classes themselves . The government and the aristocracy knew that there were grievances of an aggravated character in the country ; they knew that tbe causes of these were fully ripe for change ; they knew that the most probable chance , f a remedy might arise from the telling of these g'ievances ; but to prevent people saying of them , to prevent them stating the wants of the stomach , they had stopped their month . This , in fact , was the notorious' Gagging Bill . ' ( Hear , hear . ) Sir G . Grev had passed this bill against speaking openly
sad advisedly , but he ( Dr M'Douall ) would have thought tbat the way to prevent hunger , would have been to speak outright , and that in very plain language . If sn act of oarliament will fill the belly , good asd well but . if not , any such attempt as this at maintaining the peaw of the community , would not do for the future . He begged to tell Sir George Grey that he had seen suffering and want endured by me n and women throughout the country to an amount that would put his bill at defiance . ( Cheers . ) England , after all , was not so remarkable as a manufactBring and a commercial
people , so far as factories and workshops were concerned . He did not mean to assert for a moment that they were not the greatest manufacturing and commercial country in the world , but he could point out to them still greater establishments in England than any of those devoted to trade . He would bid them look to where the factory stands , that a barracks is not far off ; that where the barracks stands a prison is not far off ; that where the prison stands near it is the workhouse , and that with the workhouse is conjoined , in nearneighbomhood , the madhouse , ^ as it singular that the workhouse , the prison , and the madhouse , should be tbe largest establishments in a country where there was no
expression of the popular will ? The workhouse stood to receive the depressed but willing labourer , driven from the factory ; tbe prison to punish deeds in him that were chargeable rather on his extreme circumstances ; the barrack to overawe all with military power ; and the madhouse to admit the members of the middle classes , who have seen their efforts unavailing and overridden . ( Hea r , hear . J He did not believe that government would contend against facts ; but they ought to remove the causes of them . Better would it be to eccnpy the people of this country than to have a numerous army , a host of special constables , and these valiant men , too , ( laughter , ) and besides a great body of police .
Would the government try to remedy the existing evils by addressing their efforts to some of the effects ? A step further would carry them to prevf nt the fertile causes from operating . Instead of that , however , they had taken away the liberty oi freely meeting to express their opinion , and to agitate for the redress of their grievances . The Chartists had sent netice to the Lord Chamberlain of their intention to present a Memorial to the Queen . ( Here a stone fell near the head of the speaker . ) That was a well-meant stone for the purpose , but a bad aim on the part of the man who threw it . " They had sent to inquire of the Chamberlain when it would be convenient for Her Majesty to receive
thdr Memorial . A note had been returned , refer ring them to Sir George Grey , and from Sir George Grey a letter had been received , stating that he alone was the person through whom the Memorial could be sent , and it must be placed in his hands . They had sent back word to him by a special messenger , not a special constable , ( laughter , ) informing him that a special committee had been elected by the National Assembly , and was intended by them to present it directly to the Queen herself , and they were not aware of any law existing ia this country to prevent them having admission to Her Majesty ' s presence . There was nothing against it but an established custom . Thev went forward with the
conviction that the Queen was the last woman in this country tbat would prevent them from having access to the throne ; she had already expressed her sympathy for the sufferings of the people of this country . " They wished to present the Memorial themselves for this reason . Also , that it prayed Her Majesty to dismiss her present ministers ; and they felt that it would not be handsome to ask Sir George Grey to be a party to his own dismissal . ( Laughter . ) The Queen was besides , though a very excellent lady , somewhat spirited , and at times arbitrary with her ministers . Now the effect of the Memorial would be to show some doings of those
by whom she was surrounded , that may induce her to snub Sir Gearge Grey for his pains . ( Laughter ) They told the ministers that the Queen , in expressing her sympathy with the workin g classes , had made a duty , a reasonable duty , tiinding upon her , to make herself thoroughly acquainted with the present condition of these classes , and that the Chartists could not now place their Memsrial ia the haads of a treasonable ministry . Now that , at least , was open and advised speaking . ( Cheers and laughter . ) It was , nevertheless , the truth . He affirmed tbat the foundation of society was rotten and unsafe . They were foremost to save society ; let them
Mr O'Connor And His Accusers. The People...
be calm , and firm , and peaceful , and they might depend upon it they would gain their object . He would leave others to pursue their own course , — the Chartists would be firm to theirs . Some were now going for the Household Suffrage . But if that were gained to-morrow , where he asked wonld be the middle-classes , the shopkeeper , the journeymen , and the men lodgers ? They would have no votethey would be excluded . What then to thesewhat to the many—was the Household Suffrage ? It made things worse than they were now . No , let him have the middle classes enfranchised ; the shopkeeper , the journeyman , and the lodger ; let him have for his intelligence the working man , the married man , the single man , and the apprentice shore twenty-one years of age , empowered with the
franchise , and then Sir George Grey and the aristocracy would be swept away for ever . ( Cheers . ) He hoped that the working men would go for the Charter , tbe whole Charter , but that they would not stop by saying , and nothing but the Charter . No , the Charter was to them a means to an end , —it was a lever in their hands to pull down the old house of corruption , and to build a nobler house . 1 hey were the men they wanted to begin it , because they could do so in a workman like manner , and they were the persons wanted to furnish it , because they could do so in a workman like way . Having concluded his speech , he called upon the multitude , who gave three cheers for the Charter and No Surrender , and three groans for the Whig government .
Mr May , in supporting the same resolution , gave an account of his having been arrested that day and bound over to keep the peace , for having attempted to advocate the cause of the People ' s Charter at a meeting held in Hanover-square Rooms , in connection with the ' Self-Supporting Village Society . ' He promised a further account of it on Bishop Bonner's-fields on Sunday next , and then retired . Mr Vervov then addressed the meeting , and said he had promised , in joining the Chartist movement , to make use of only moral means . They had lately presented a petition , and now they were engaged with a memor ial to the Queen . It was now aareed that they should adopt no more any means of this sort that if the petition and the memorial should have no effect on the government , they would have recourse to other means .
The resolution having been then put to the meeting , was carried unanimously . Mr Ernest Jones , in rising to move the adoption of a Memorial to the Queen , said , eventful circircumstances bad transpired since last they met — eventful circumstances for the government , and they had been dicing for the superiority with the means supplied them by the present condition and the present institutions of this country . Certain opinions upon the Chartist movement had been privately propagated , with a view to make them all believe that there are divisions among tbe people , and divisions among the friends of the people . But he was proud
to know and to feel , that there were no divisions among the people , or among their leaders ; they were one party , united for one purpose , acting for one end , and opposed to one government . ( Cheers . ) He could tell , them , however , that there were divisions against the government , and in the government itself . ( Hear , hear . ) Hume , Bright , and Cobden , had come out against the government ; Sir Robert Peel had come out against his late friends ; tbey were come out to scramble for the popular favour , and they would not get a single scrap of it . Tbe middle classes were now not feeling themselves very secure , and they were endeavouring to make a cat ' s paw of the working man ; but he could
assure them , if ever they tried to use them as such , these classes would find to their cost it was a paw which eould scratch . ( Laughter . ) They felt they could not do without the working men ; but he could tell them the working men were for the Charter ; they stood alone , and could effect their object . Hume had come out with his parliamentary rattle , but he was sure it was more than their Hum-on endurance . Skilful traps had been laid for the Chartists , and for the gallant men of Ireland ; and they now knew that John Mitchel had been arrested , and committed to a felon ' s cell , for a trespass against the Gagging Bill . Every step that John Mitchel took towards his purpose was as good as
though he had a regiment of soldiers at his back . ( Hear , hear . ) But they had not been fools enough to gn into it . He could tell the government that they should not catch him ; that anything of that kind was hopeless . He was , though young in the movement , too old a bird . ( Hear , hear , and laughter . ) Let them catch the Chartists in words , if they could . No ; they would go on in their movements , steadily , firmly , organising . Examples had been alluded to on the continent of Europe , and he begged to tell them that never were the men of France so miserable as they now were . How many a man awoke in the morning not knowing where to get a meal . But let
them carry out the contrast , how much gluttony was practised daily in London—in Westminster and the City . How many there were that had no bed to g ° to . But , in contrast , how many were the comfortable feather beds in the mansions of aristocracy and royalty without occupiers , empty . Why should there be these superfluities in the one case and those extremes of want in the other ; tens and twenties of beds were to be found in a single mansion unoccupied , while another without a mansion bad also not a bed ? Let them organise for their object and they would gain it . ( Cheers . ) The National Assembly had commissioned its members to go forth as missionaries to organise the several districts . They would be successful if they were active , energetic , and united . ( Cheers . ) His first effort with the men of London would be , aad was
now , to induce them to enrol themselves in the books of the local secretaries . That made them members ; there was no money required , no Property Qualification . It was the man and his mind that ' they wanted . ( Cheers . ) If they could , let them subscribe to the cause , to the Liberty Fund ; but if some could not from their poverty , they did not excommunicate them , they were still members ( Cheers . ) They bad formed an Executive , that Executive could make no promise without the peo . pie . That Executive could carry out the organisation and the order intended , and might superintend the funds , and direct the energies of the people , but the people themselves must do the rest . Only let them be true to themselves and a very short time more would suffice to make the Charter law . ( Cheers . ) He begged to move the adoption of the memorial .
Mr T . Jones , the delegate from Liverpool , in seconding the motion , very briefly addressed the meeting and recommended faithfulness to themselves in all their movements . The Chaikmak having put the Memorial , declared it carried unanimously . A vote of thanks was then voted by the meeting to the Chairman on the motion of Mr Garden , and the meeting broke up .
Ivtay 20. 1 Wp; The Northern Stab. -- --...
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State Of Trade Is Manchester.—The Market...
State of Trade is Manchester . —The market in tuU city Still continues depressed , as there are neither buyers nor sellers . The news from France , with some gloomy accounts from Leipsic and other parts of the coutinent , has paralysed all operations , and shut out all chances of immediate improvement . Such a state of things naturallv produces stagnation in all branches of trade and affects all classes of the working community . There are still from seven to eight thousand operatives wholly destitute of employment in Manchester ; bat we are glad to state that work has this week been given to about five hundred induslriouswoikpeople , who had long struggled against the poverty brought on by want of employment . The number of houses to be let in Manchester indicates too dearly tbe state of the city ; and the poor-rate , being fire shillings in the pound , is lik * lv to fe increased for the present year .
Hotal Polttkchkic IssirrDTios . —During the past week . Dr Ry » a bai been encased in delivering a c > ur « e o ^ highly Interesting les'ures on 'Domestic Chemistry . ' In hi < illu Oration of the d < ctrines and laws of heat , he has especially directed his audience to the pnenomena of radiatien , r fleition , and absorp-Hoc , as applied to the warming of public buildings . Dr Bachnoffner is engaged in an elementary course of electricity , and by the p . pu ' ar and simple manner with which he illustrates his subject , renders it hijhlj advantageous to the various classes who visit t lis estab'ishment The institution has never , since its esiablis ! meat , bsen se crowded as at pe * f nt , nor
im it er r had so large and select a combination of the works of art and ehemist ry . Many hkhly it > t-resting arts are carried on ia this estab'ishment , each as gem and seal engraving , by Mr Gifford , sculpture by Mr Riorra . glass blowing , cotton spinnine & c , * < fcc Tha addition of the specimen of English maau'actured p-rcelain , from ' he works of Alderman Copeland and others , has elicited much and drs : rved attention since the opening . The new mode of illustrating the dissolving views by histories ard goiraphicsl statistics has been found mest acceptable to the auditors . Three English Kings are buried ia France .
A London journal notes , as a curious impor tation , the arrival of a wedding cake from abroad . One hundred omnibuses pass feiisongh Oxford street , London ) eyery hour .
• Thti National As-Slimblit. Saturdaytma...
• THti NATIONAL AS-SliMBLiT . SATURDAyTmat 13 re . The Assembly met at nine o ' clock . Mr Wiiliau Dixon in the chair .
Memorial . —Adjourned Debate . . Mr Shibeoh rose to support Mr Mackintosh ' s n 0-tion , and believed it to be the duty of this A ^ aemb y to vote in favour of it . The delegates were arn there for the express purpose of seeing that Memorial presented , and were expected by the country > o present it in the way in which it was intended to have presented the National Petition . He believ . d that large parties going to parliament , or to the Queen , were not illegal in se doing If then it was legal for them in great numbers to goto her Majesty , the government woold put therase ' vea in the wranx by attempting to prevent it . The National Convention pledged themselves to proceed in a body to the House of Common ' s . He , for himself , went to
Kennington Common with the set determination to g <> on , attending the petiti'm , till they were stopped by force , and prevented go ' ws ; further . So much he ox pectsd at that time and was prepared to d »—so much the nation expected of them—and now tbe nation » x pected the Assembly would take the steps which the National Convention failed ti take , and th ret ' ore as these steps had been taken by the Conven'inn , it was their duty now to vote in favour of the motion In his opinion , now was the time for them to proceed with this great combined effort . The time would come when the organisation of the Chartist bodv would be more complete , but the Executive would then have no power te collc . t and gather an immense demonstration for the Charter .
TheCHAiKMAv assured Mr Shirron andthe Assembly that it had been declared Illegal for large bidie « to go to parliament or to the Queen . The Act of Charles II . was still unrepealed , and therefore it was unnecessary to deceive themselves . Mr Adams could not give the motion his support . He had been tauntad with a wish te put upon others a duty which he was no . pr < ptred to taken on himself . Now nothing was more untrue . He , therpp're , last night had brought forward a motion similar to this , which he waa prepared to carry out in person if it had been adopted by the Assembly , but it had been rejected . The present motion , however , put that upon the Executive , certain duties which perhaps were disagreeable , and which the delegates had no
power or ri g ht to devolve from themselves upon the Executive The Assembly ouaht not to dictate that the Memorial should be presented in a particular way , and then transfer tbe presentation in that way t > the Executive . No , bethought they must leave the Memorial in the hands of the Executive , nud leave them to t * ke such steps , at such a time as circumstances should dictate . Mr Adams then explained that he had not charged the Executive wiVi showins the white feather . His remark yesterday applied to the whole Assembly when they seemed inclined to back ont of the duty of presenting the Memorial . The Executive had hia cotifidencn as honest men , the choice of them all , and therefore he would say nothing in derogation of their honeur .
Mr Cochrane begged to move as an amendment . ' That the Executive take steps to have the Memorial presented at an early day , and that it be left to that body to say in what way it shall bo presented . ' He was astonished at what he had heard in that Assembly about processions and physical demonstrations . In opposing them now , he wa- but doing what he had always done . He was opposed to processions when they were unanimous in voting for them , and now he wag opposed to them much more when they were divided , and when the country was divided . They had already had a demonstration On that occasion he saw the power of the government , and their determination to put it into effect against the Chartists ; and if he now advocated a
orocession—if he now advised the country to join any demonstration whatsoever , be would not be sane . Any vote of tbat nature , in favour of suoh » demonstration , amounted to a declaration of war against the government , and that ought not to be made , at least until the people were armed and prepared . But let the Assembly adopt such a course now , and the consequence would be , tbat government would crash them , and either by transporting or executing gome of the members of that Assembly , the delegates would thus be the occasion of throwing back the movement . He , therefore , in the name of the
Assembly , in the nameof the Chartists , in tbe name of his country , begged that they would not now aanct : oa any such proceeding . They , as delegates , had already been in a wild-goese chase ; they had , by this course , put the Chartist movement back for ft great number of years . ( Cries of 'N " , no . ' ) He should ba happy if he were mistaken , but such was his opinion . He was sorry that parties had thought proper to occasion divisions among them . He would not name those parties , but he was quite sure that though in the meantime they had given the Charter a severe blow , they would themselves , in the end , be crushed .
The amendment having been seconded , Mr West withdrew his amendment in favour of it . Mr Peacock moved the following addition to Mr Cochrane ' s amendment : —* And that Mr Wakley , M . P ., Mr O'Connor , M . P ., and Mr Duncombe , M . P ., be requested to present it . ' As there was no seconder tha proposition fell to the ground . Mr T . Clark said , it was dangerous to play the hero , and to do the brave . It was that which made the Convention so little , and this would effectually injure the Assembly , should they attempt it . His Scotch friends had often expressed themselves disappointed . H-i gave them credit for sincerity . He
assured them they would leave the Assembly with his highest esteem and respect f r their ability and candour . They had csme np to London with certain expectations , without reference to circumstances ; but nothing was more evident than that , as a member had put it yesterday , they were not prepared to go into the streets to fight the government . He was opposed to all policy of this kind ; it would seta laree party in opposition to thera , and it would not aid their movement . It could , therefore , do them no good , and might do them very much harm . Until they had the power to make good their words , let them not pledge themselves to any course whatever . It was always dangerous to play tke hero and to do the brave .
Mr S . Kyod as one likely to be connected with the future history of this movement , was opposed to demonstrations in London . For many reasons he was opposed to them , and for this—that in London there was a little world of thieves who would always take advantage of any demonstration to steal , break windows , rob houses , and injure their neighbours , and all that would not help the Chartists . Tbe government , therefore , might be sure if they ever found him in another procession , tbat it meant actual war against them . He then alluded to and deprecated the personalities that had prevailed in the Assembly . As for the motion before them , be would say that circumstances change case * . When they resolved on tbe demonstration at Kennington Common , they
considered that the British government were opposed to the freedom oi debate , and of the subject , and in making that demonstration they were contending , as Junius put it , for the Palladium of English liberty . It was far different now . Mr Clark , however , could sneer about playing the hero and doing the brave as he called it , and thus sneer at other men ' s conduct . He ( Mr Kydd ) complained of nobody . He was op-Eosed then to the motion , because the government ad declared themselves warlike ; because , when the government made this declaration , the people de clared themselves peaceful ; because they were in a position to carry out their wishes , and becan e the circumstances which made such a
demonstration desirable had changed throughout the country . As for their Scotch friends who had exhibited their enthusiasm , they were very admirable in thsir way ; they had left their own country , it seemed , in a state ot enthusiasm ; they had come up to London with certain expectations , bat they forgot that circumstances had changed . On that account he opposed the motion . He did not think tbat demonstrations and large open air meetings would aid their causes—meetings that were far too large to be deliberative . In voting , therefore , against processions , ho waa voting in accordance with circumstances , and in consideration of his life , his liberty , and his judgment .
Mr MABsoEsdid not rise to blame tbe London men , or the h-xeeutive , or the Assembly ; he exonerated them all , and himself too . Then they might ask him whom he would blame . The fact was , they were in leading strings , and tbey had not known it . Like wild colts they had gone to the end of their tether , and without knowing it , J"ad started off still further . However the pluck back whieh threw all together on the ground , let them know their condition . That waa their position now , it was useless denying the truth , or to struggle against it . Mr Cabvbr bad been sent up , like many others , for the special purpose ofhavinga Memorial presented to the Queen . The resolutions of the last Convention showed that this was the object and end of the Assembly . The public still expected them to attend to this . His constituents would ask him why he had not presented it , and he would be happy to know what he was to say to them when he met them .
The Ceaibhax knew no better answer than that those members who were to leave London so soon , had met tbe Assembly , but could not stay long enough to effect their object . Mr Stkvesson said , it would be recollected tbat an appeal had been made from the Convention to tbe country that a certain number of delegates , ( about one hundred working men , ) should be returned to the Assembly . ^ The Assembly had met ; and now , if he were asked to say why steps had not been taken to present the Memorial , his answer was that the country was not r-presented in that . Assembly ; that there were not 100 delegates present , and , that there was no National Memorial . The narr . ea attached to the Memorial proved what he said . It was no National Assembly ; it waa bnt the old Convention , with an addition of two or three m ambers from London districts that had not sent to the Convention , tad of four or five from Scotland , , So that England
• Thti National As-Slimblit. Saturdaytma...
was u"ir . presented at all , it had nothing to do with the Assembly . This was not so much a National Assembly as the Convention was . They might call it & National Assembl y if they chose , but the fact was , he could not consider it in that light so long as denuncia i 'na poured in upon them from the country . nieht nfter night , against individual members and against th- Assembly as a whole . ( Cries of order , order , irjd considerable disorder ensued . ) Tho ^ hairmmi begged Mr Stevenson to address himself t > the motion . Mr SiKVKNaoN . —A question has been asked , and I am replying to it . The Chairman . —The question was put to roe . I have answered it , and you bave ao right to interfere . Mr Stevsnsok said he had a right , but he found now that the truth must not be spoken there , lie , however , did assert that it was no National Assembly .
Mr Basset was opposed to leaving the Memorial in the hands of tie Executive ; he was not at libarty to cive it up , and he would not give it up—he would go himoelf and present it . His constituents from time to time were asking him why it was that the Memorial wis not presented . Their duty was to present it , and ha , as a man , cmld not atrip himself •> f the responsibility of seeing it presented . Mr Leach said , he would have to face as large a number oi m ^ n , his constituents , as any ono there , hut he had no difficulty abmt facing them . He could aee a reason for the manner in which that Assembly had bxen condueted . It had been said tbat the country had called upon them to act like sensible nvmor to break up and go home . Now he ( Mr
Lwieb ) believed if their constituents from the country could only get to Fee them , —could only manage to look in ui » on them for one half . hour . —Jhey would have sent the Assembly home . They had spent m' > re time in abusing each other than they had in ihe business of the people . But he hoped that gentlemen were not now , at the conclusion of the Assfmoly , malune speeches to show that tbey were exceptions to the general mags , —that they were brave men in that London Assembly worthy , thenceforth to wear tbe laurels of heroism on their brow . He ( Mr Lea < -h ) was as much disappointed as any man preaem ; but he knew tbe canse of it , and he wag prepared to go to the country to use every effort to bring back the people to a state of preparation .
IU hoped that now , without more ado , they would come to a vote . It was no use to blink it , they were not there a National Assembly , —they did not represent Eneland . —they did not represent tho Chartist body —they did not represent themselves . They did not represent themselves , their own opinions and convictions were false They were bandying expressions from one side of tbe room to another and answering these . He had represented himself pretty wel 1 becauoe he had sat there and said nothing at all . ( L 5 Higb > r , l He » aw their proceedings with sorrow . He bad sat disgusted with the Assembly ,
and he hoped that no such Aa » embly should ever be taken as re . oresentati ? e of England again . He 'bared the blame with all of them . He would tell his constituent that they had net done their duty ; that they had been very much abused , but that he was determined more than ever , to give a higher moral and political tone to the Chartist movement . ( Hear , hear ) And he hoped that if ever an Assembly should meet Basin it would be suoh an Assembly at no government would dare to insult as they bad insulted that Assembly . He hoped now that he should see the business of the Assembly brought to a clone .
Mr Mitchkli ,, of course , was disappointed , for they met to r-lt until they got the Charter . Now he must leave the Memorial in the hands of the Executive . Mr Dohovam was glad to see they were coming to a conclusion which he offered them three days ago , and repea'ed th * i ff-r yesterday . It was something now that they w uld accept it . Some , however , preferred talking largely of things whioh they knew they could not effect , but still they would talk of it .
Mr Chub bagged to improve on the idea of the big boy in leading strings . Tbey were still to be told what to dn and how to do it . They were sent to present a National Memorial ; bat the article itself was spuriwua . It wis no National Memorial , and they could not even nay what mems they were to take t- > have it presented He would leave it with the Executive , and let the big boys go heme and learn to do better . On the motion of Mr Bassbt . the votes were reorded on the motion , which was rejected in favour ef Mr Cochrane ' s amendment by a large majority , who determined that the Memorial should bo left in the hands of the Executive .
Address . Dr M'DouAUBnid , the Address , which it was reso l ved the Execute should propose , was now ready , and he would , with leave of the Assembly , read it The Doctor then read the following Address : —
THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY TO THB PEOPLE . Fellow Couhtbyuek , We arc all ot opinion that tbe time has come when we should arrive at a correct undtrntBBd'ing as to the construction pat upon our relative position and duties , so tbat we may bob put' in the same direction , nnd not la opposite »» js to the threat detriment of eur cause and the rejoicing of our enemies . We were , an you all know , elected by a show of bands at great public meetings . It bun been admitted tbat we nere a fair representation of Chartism , It was your doty to support us , Ic was oare te represent your will . It was jour right to cenaureorreColl »» y of all of U 8 , It Is ours to o > f > ud ournehrt'S trom misrepresentation and ( gainst nnjustifii . bfe at iicko In doing so we contend for principles , and lea » e persona ont of view altogether . Oar great principle is , that all powir springs from the people . We contend , therefore , that to the puople alons we consider ourselvesrepponsible .
Wo could not , and cannot as Chartists , for a single moment acknonh-dge any other power . We believe the people are cipable of governing them . Selves , otherwise we should not now demand the Charter . Acing upon that b lief , and representing tbeir will , a majority of ua had a right to make onr decision law , otherwi » e there Is no use nhatev , r in tho existence of a representative po wer . We content that , as an Assembly , we ought only to hare been judged by our act * . What bave been our principal acts ^ lit . The summoning together of one hundred delegates , in compliance with the deliberate vote ef a prevh as representative body , and in opposition to tbe will of
tae minority . Laws made b y the minority ne concelved to be null and void , that Is to say , if we admit Chartism to be right , where It proclaims that the many shall be tbe lawmakers , instead of the few . 2 ad . We unanimously adopted a conciliatory policy with all political bodies agitating for measures abort of the People ' s Charter . 3 rd . We slmplifl- d the old plan of Organisation , and bave placed it before you In a practical ferm . for your adoption . Tbe absence of all organisation we conceived te be one of tbe mist powerful reasons for our immediately assembling in great numbers . We now equally consider tbat tbe carrying out of tbat plan is the moit urgent reason for our immediately returning to our constituencies to superintend Its practical and
tff ctual application . 4 th . We recommend a Liberty Fund of £ 10 , 000 , finding that we had no means of acting Tilth energy and deolsien without it , 5 tV We , as an Assembly , discountenanced and repudiated any attack upon Mr O'Connor , and refused to entertain any question affecting that gentleman ' s character , on the just pround tbat personalities and principles could not ee-exist la the same body , Ou this patut there must be no mistake between us . Taking that sound view ot the question , we firmly and emphatically resist the domination of small bodies of iren stsembled in private meetings , who , without
instituting any Inquiry , made an attack upon this As . sembly , aod through them upon the Immortal principles of representation and tne sovereignty of tbe people . We advise euch bodies to remember tt . at justice helds every man Innocent until , by clear evidence , be bs proved guilty , ani no recommend tham to study tbe maxim of doing unto others al they would wish others to d . ) unro them . We cannot , and will not , admit tbat tbe acts of the minority in say assembly shall betakin as tbe acts of the whole j if we did , then we should justify the opposition press In condemning the entire Chartist body because of the acts of Individuals belong i ng to it .
We cannot and ought not to put down men in an Assembly so long as they express the will and fueling ? of their constituents . If we did , then we wonld disfranchiie by such a course extensive districts and populous towns . It Is the duty of the people to recall tholr representatives If they do wronj , and thereby legitimately si / ence them—not ours to violate the liberty of speech , except where it becomes personal , wbloh we have don * . Wo trust we have now settled , on principle , the late question ef difference In our ranks , an ? that union , unanimity , and coidial co-oporaUon will be tbe universal course pursued .
UNITED WE 8 TAMD—DIVIDED WK » All . F £ lI > 0 W COCKTRVMEN , We have decided , after mature deliberation , upon returning to onr constituents and consulting with them on the propriety of summoniog another Assembly , whosje basts shall be broader in proportion as the Organisation extends , and whose power will be mere extensive , because tbey will represent greater masses ef tho people . We recommend camp and great public meetings to be held forthwith , where the plan of organisation muy be confirmed .
Having done all that our present restricted power would permit , we leavo tbe Memorial in the bands of the Executive Comoiltteo . 1 st . Because Mr O'Connor has agreed to test tbe House of Commons by a motion for the Charter . 2 nd , Because we have correct information that only a limited number of persona are permitted toprcaaataoy petition to ber Majesty at levees , and wo have refused to have it conveyed to her through the medium of her treasonable Ministers . 3 rd . Because we consider It Imprudent to resort to onj decisive course which in our present diiorganliti state , we might be compelled to abandon .
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4 ( h . Because It has pleai'e'i some of tho constituencies , without duo consideration of tho cons qu . nces , to with , draw their l epresontatives , forsofe'i their duties , em . barrage ua in tho performance of ours , and wealttn our influence with the government , and iu the eves of the public . Under such oircumstanc b , we are reluctantly compelled to refer the question to the p' oplo them , selves , to whom we shall make It our business t »> . ive A full ami satisfactory account of the true feeling in the Assembly , and a fair and honest report of Its proceedings , We rejoice , in conclusion , to be able to ann"unce « most healthy and improved ft-elin * in our fevour in the public mind , and we bave no hesitation In expressing onr dolibarate conviction , tbat if we are unit' d . roiolute . and persevering , if wo endeavour to instil a high and patriot c tone of feeling into tho nv > veo > ent , tbe Charter may Bveedllv become the Jaw , of the J . * nd .
OOD « AVH THE PCOrl * . William Dixoh , Chairman . National Assembly , Literary InetJ . ute , L „ ndon , May 12 th , 1819 . It waa then moved and seconded , 'That the Address be adopted , ' Carried unanimously , ' Mr Leach moved That 3 000 copies of it be printed and circulated . ' Mr West seconded tbe motion , which was carried unanimously . Dissolution .
Mr West moved , ' Thatthe Assembly , on its rising , da dissolve . ' Mr Pilling seconded the motion . Mr Shaw ( Barnsley ) moved , as an amendment , ' That this Assembly do adjourn , at its rising , f or six weeks , and that , in the meantime , the delegates , bo instructed to use their utmo .-t exertions in their several localities to bring the new plan of organisation into active operation , and likewise to imoress upon them the necessity of contributing a proportionate ehare towards the' Liberty Fund of £ 10 , 000 , and that the Executive be empowered to so row n ai ]
the members of this Assembly to meet on the 20 th June next , to report progress , and to take such s'e 8 as may to them seem best to secure that the People ' s Charter be made the law of the land . ' It ae < med to be the wishoftheaembergto riturrj , aid gome did not see how their continuing to ait could aid the cause of the Charter . Well , but if , instead of diaeolvinp , they were to adjourn , and go down with their aid to the country districts , they might meet again With $ reat benefit to tbe cause which brought them together . And , in moving such a motion as he had moved , he wag but obeying tha injunction of hia constituents by letter . Mr Basset seconded the amendment .
Mr Ernest Jones rose to support Mr West ' s motion , and he did so with peculiar feelings , because they had now heard tbe funeral oration fur tbat Ab sembly pronounced by its own members . Several member had joined their eloquence for the » ame purpose , there was a division amongst thera . Wl-en that Assembly met , it was then tbat tho Chartist body saw the elements of popular power gathered together and concentrated ; it was then tbat that power might have been wielded for the mivhti ^ st objects ; but amid the desertion of friends , and tho invasion of enemies , the fusee had been trampled out , and the elements ef their energy were scattered to the winds of Heaven . Reoolutions had beea received from different parts of the country—but
how got up , and in what sort of meetings , he would not aay—abusing :, some of them , certain members oi the Assembly , and others the whole Assembly itself Under theae circumstance ? , then , he decided with himself that if they started again , a * start thty must , they must start afresh , start with new power , with new energy , with new confidence , they must start fresh fr < m the fountain head of democracy . Let them not be the old shadows of a departed body . Let them be a new Aeaembly , and in caving that he cast no reflection on the Assembly of which he was then a member . Yet he could not agree with others in their strictures ; beheld , notwithstanding certain letters to which allusion had been made , that Asaerobly wag a fair and a full representation of the Na .
tioaal mind and of the Chartist bady . He was bold to affirm , and to maintain , that the Memorial was a National Memorial . It was passed at large public meetings ; it was no hole and orner production , it had not been concocted , it had not emanated from amid the smoke of sirae chimney side ; it bad been discussed and passed at large public meetings of fustian jackets and unshorn chins—the working men , the stalwart strength of England . ( Great applause . ) As for that Assembly , they were but sixty in number , they bad waited for the rema i n ing forty delegates from the other districts ; they had not gone forward with the Memorial , and that was the reason . The best thing now which they could do . was to dissolve and go to their constituents .
Their meeting had not been in vain ; they bad gained two triumphs ; first—union , and second—independence ; these were triumphs which they had achieved and which were worth maeting to achieve . Afttr theae had baen gained , he was now more sure than ever , that if the people would back them , the Charter would become the law of tbe land , ay , and tbat in as short a time as tbe most sanguine of their membera were inclined to expect They were still one , thev were still united . Notwithstanding some expressions that had fallen from members , they were still united and not weak . He would tell tbegovernment that tbey might resist them as they pleased by means of physical force , still there was a bond of union founded on principle , which would triumph
over all opposition whatsoever , and sweep away every opposing obstacle . With iheir united strength in view , with the principles which made the Chartists one , he dared to hurl defiance at the government . But he desired it to be understood that it was not by processions they were to achieve their end . Let them enrol their names in the booka , now tbe test and the sign of membership ; let every man be prepared with a musket in his hand , and he could tell thera that tho Charter would very quickly be made the law of the land . ( Cheers . ) He called upon them to make a great demonstration on Monday , to
exert themselves , to bring every man of London to ohow himself , not for the purposes of procession ; but it was doubly of use to come by thousands to Clerkenwell-green , and ahow the government that they dared , in defiance ot old laws , to meet , and discuss , and agitate for their rights . He called upon the men of England , Scotland , and of Wales , to make similar demonstrations , to keep the country from end to end in a state of endless agitation , to enrol their namea in the Chartist Associatisn , to subscribe to tho Liberty Fund , and be could assure them of success in their efforts to make the Charter the law of the land .
The motion and amendment were put to the vote , and the motion was carried by a largo majority .
Public Press . Mr Donovah moved— ' That aa all the parties in the State support their own press , the National Assembly recommend the people to use all their influence in extending the circulation of the Northkrn Stab , the Edinburgh Express , and any other newspaper , or other portion of the press tbat will support the principles of the People's Charter . ' He considered the adoption of such a motion bv the Assembly was incumbent upon it before separating . The Nohthbrn Stab had , as they all knew , done good service in the cause , and whatever difference ol opinion might exist among thera as to tbe view which its proprietor had taken as to the expediency of holding that Assembly , it ought not to make them forget his long and untiring exertions ; and when the lengthened repert which appeared in that week ' s paper was looked at , he bad done them full justice , and suffered them to speak for themselves .
Mr West seconded the motion . It was , bethought , a matter for congratulation that they possessed a real democratic press in the three capitals of England , Scotland , and Ireland . Tho NoiunKRN Star in London , the Express in Edinburgh , and the Ukited Irishman in Dublin ; and if the people understood their own interest , they would give the most strenuous support to those journals which faithfully advocated their riehtg . Mr Vebnon thought tbat the motion was one which in the present state of Chartism could lead to no positive result . He had always been the enemy of expediency , and he was so upon that occasion , because he felt tbat it waa of no use attempting to patch up & union between opposing and irreconcileable elements . There was no use in blinking the fact , that a division existed among the Chartists as to tbe b"et means ot obtaining their objects . Ono party thought
it should be done by public meetings lectures , and so foith , while the other considered that they should have recourse to bolder measures ; and he was sure that if the Assembly were , in the present divided state of thepeopls , to recommend anyone paver , thattbere recommendation would be disregarded . He did not understand Mr E . Jones when he talked about there being division but not disunion . He said that they were disunited . The 10 th of April was not a victory , as had been asserted , but a signal defeat ; ar . d it was useless to attempt to heal the sore which bad broken out in consequence of the proceedings of lint day , until they had removed the proud flenh by which it was surrounded . There were many of thera wha did not believe that the Ch « rter was to be got by petitioning and agitation . They knew that they would not get it without working hard for it ; in fact , that they must fight for it .
The Chairman called the speaker to order . That was not proper language , and its use compromised the liberty of evo ? y maa in tbat Assembly . M- Vernon was determined to express hia own opinions . The Chairhas . —Yes , you have a right to express your own opinions , hut not to compromise others , who do not as ; ree with thoso opinions . Mr Vernon wauld not persist ; but in conclusion he would propose , as au amendment , that tbe follow ing address be adopted by the Assembly , and sent round as a circular to all the Chartists : —
THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY TO THE CHARTISTS OPQRBAT BRITAIN , SCOTLAND , AND IRELAND . I 3 U 0 THEB CDABTIST 9 , ! It would be folly to endeavour to Llink tUafoet that ; the events of the Idth « f April last , have led to a diver-& t 7 of opinion omongtt us . One party proclaiming that
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n K'eat victory was obtained which bus str nmlioned tha caus ¦; the other that a signal defeat was fiuffurcd nhich has . « ith succeeding events , greatly reiardcd t o pro . gress of Cnartism . Unity is Btrenjj'h ; but union can only exist with a oneness nf th' -ueht , feel ng , and sentiment . If tho « np party rely upon what i * generally understood ns moral means—viz ., the progression of ideas , petitionin ? , mpmorittlifiinp , public meetings , acepptintr in « tal . mentis , till the whole can he obtained ; while the other party—the ' phytica ! force Chartists '—think immediate and more ietevniined measures must be adopted to afford a clntiee of obtaining the people ' s rights—it is evident ;> n rffertive union cannot be formed of these opposing elements , T .. r s . Iva this queMinn , the voire of tbe people is upneat d to hy the National Assembl y .
The secretaries and officers » f all the Chartist bodies in th ' e kingdom are required immediatel y to take the sen ^ r of their localities ar to tho side they mean to take , « r > d to t . Ttvard to the Executive Commissi n in ' andoa tbe number or iiear as can be ascertained , of the two partiei in their districts . The solving of t'os question will enable both parties to tike such measures as will place the movement on a firm baai " , and give to it a riecinYri character , that this Awmbly trust ) will end all usoles" discussion and futile apltntinn . and b . v this > neans tend lo the advancement of the oause which all Chartists 1 ave » t heart— thr obtnininsr for the entire population of these realm * their political rights , and the amelioration of their social conditiovi . Siimcd by the Chairman nf the National Assembly , or by the delegates favourable to this address . Mr Wacki ^ tosh seconded the mofi n .
Mr Ktod did not see to what particular part of the motion the oddrpwi referred to . It wa « on a different subject : altogether and he could vote for the motion and vote for the ara ^ ndm ^ nt also . M- Adam * objected to the motion of Mr D novan , KecHHftH it Cillpd on him fo givo h \» support to a n » wi < paper of w ^ fch he disapproved . He cmiM not support it , neither would be consent te be made a t . n » l of to recommend others to support a newspaper which had d < ni > nnced him an a wolf , for taking tha port he bad taken in that Assembly , Jf th « y carried that motion in suppnrfcine that paper , thoy would asree with it in calling him a wolf . ( Hear ,
and latntbfer ) The proprietor of that paper wag tbo » 'ditor aI" » o , for h bad auapended the former editors ( No , no ) Yes , he h « d publicly stated that ho had atisumed the whole editorship of the paper , ind . therefore , should be looked upon by tbat Assembly as alone responsible for wbathaH apppared in it with reference to that Assembly , and for tho censure which it had cast upon honest men , for taking an honest course . He , for one . would not be dragged . through the mire , and would give hia decided opposition to tho motion . Mr Adams concluded by moving- an amendment , leaving ont all names , and recommending all papers which advocated the People ' s Charter .
Mr Donovan said , tbat the circular proposed by Mr V' -rn'm waa no amendment upon his motion , and VJr Vrnnn withdrew it . Mr Uargreaves supported Mr Adams ' s amendment , because it would secure all the objects Mr Donovan had in Yiew , and it ¦*!»» better for them to cart , in unanimity than expend their Inst hours in . "qunhbline . No on * there could deny that the Star had done much eood , and had placed the cause of Chartism in its present proud position ; and he did n"t bi lieve tbat it was now prepared to desert thera . Mr O'Connor wa « still a Chartist , however much ha mhjht have differed mm some of them , and in his let-era had expressed different opinions to these ent rta ' meA by some of the debgrtez .
Mr M'Lean complained that the NoniHKRN Star had not fairly represented the prieeedines of that Assembly , and as a consequence he had received n letter from Alva complaining « f tbe exaegerateiJ statements made in that Antpmbly . The part of the letter to which he n ferrrtd was the following : — That we the inhabitants of Alva , in public me' tine assembled , do repudiate nnd condemn nil mere assertion and exaggeration made by any of the members of the Chartist Assembly in reference ' to the district they may have the honour to represent , whether on the moral or physical strength of the question , and we would tfall year nt tea tion to a statement in the Noithebn Stab of Saturday , the Cth inst ., relative to the physical strength oi Alva , made by yourself In the AoHembly .
Tbat there are agood many rifles In Alva . and also mem who can use them well and would also use them in any extreme case for the defence of life and property , is true , but that there are in Alva 88 n riflemen is an intolerable assertion , and , at least , thrfe-fourths exaggeration . Thntthere have bren in this place for a Ions time past , a large portion of the people involuntary idlers , and have been many of them on the brink of actual starvation , and have y < -t but very little prospect of hett mess . That there are a larjre proportion of the p-ople in this place who would be happy to see the people of England enfranchised , is also true ; but that which we , tho Chartists of Alva , want , is the Charter and a fair statement ot the mind of the peopl » in other districts towards it , ani that tbe wisdom of the Assembly may be brought together to show to the country the nature and rieht ft Chartism to every man . nnd the best method to make tha document law , and that thia may be done soon and sudden ia the earncstprayer of your anxioui cuppot'ter * . The Chartists or Alva .
He denied that he had made any such statements a those referred to , or any exaggera'ed statements whatever : and whatever others missht do , he would neither bow down to a wooden god asain , nor permit other people , as far as he could prevent them , to do so Mr Filling said , that althnuah Mr O'Connor may have diff-r d from seme of thera in opinion , he had aright to his opinions as they had to theirs , and ha maintained tbat the Star had done more for democracy than any other paper in England . It h ; . d pubblishrd addresses and resolutions of tho people , which had been sent to other papers and refused , but which pot admission in tbe Star as s ^ on as they were sent . He thought tbat the Star and the Express were papers which ought to bp supported by ad Cbartista . Io I 8 i 2 he had been denounced by the STAit . but was he therefore t'i oppose a paper , because it had exercised the right of criticising his conduct , or becomo the pergonal opponent of its proprietor ?
Dr M Douall thought that it wa < not desirabla that tbe Star or any other paper which advocated tho rights of the people should be hawked about . Ife showed want of judstnenfc on their parts to take ap such a subject , for . after all . the perp ' e would exorcise their own judgments as f o what paper they would support , and they miaht as well tell them what to eat and drink as tell them what paper to buy . He was certain it wouM do no good to the Star , and he hoped that both motions would be withdrawn , and that they would hear no more cf any newspaper whatever . ( Cheers . ) Mr AnAM ^ said , ho waa quite willine to withdraw his amendment , if Mr Danovan would withdraw tho motion .
Mr Wheblbr paid , that unless both motion and amendment were withdrawn , he should move tho previous question Mr DoKovANsaid , that unless they agreed to soma such resolution , they would show very little gratitude to the paper which had made them what they were . Mr Ktdd said , it was not true , as bad been asserted by some speakers , that tho Star had condemned all the acts of the Assembly . It had in tha leading article approved of several acts of the A . Beembly Ho contended that the writers in newspapers had a full right to criticise freely theac ' sof public bodies , and those who took offence at it , or who would not allow it , were no friends to the inde * pendenceof the press . Ultimately , for the sake of unanimity , both tha motion and amendment were withdrawn , and tha matter dropped .
Organisation of the Chartists . Mr Vernon then moveil as a substantive motion , the adoption of the circular which we have given abovo , as a means of producing a clear and distinct understacding among the parties in the various localities . They must understand clearly that there were two diffemnt bodies of Chartists , and that they were travelling in somewhat different directions . Mr Ernest Jokes rose to ooDnpe the highly im « politic and useless letter of Mr Vernon . Its adoption would widen whatever breach noir existelia the Charti-t bndv , and render it perpetual . lb- was not afraid of ' Giggi na ; Acts . ' but he was not g . nug to be fluch a fool aa to Dress his breast asainst tbe muzzle of » gun whilst be was unarmed . A very handy thing it would be for the government and for government spies to have the name of every man who
waa in favoar of physical force placed over the door in black and white . ( Hear , hear . ) He opposed the motion , because it would be useless even for tha purpose which the mover proposed to gain by it . It would not give tbe real number of physical force men , because many of them would not give their names at all . There were many men who were prepared to gain their rights by moral means , who . under a change of circumstances , miyht be compelled to become physical force men . Ft rinstanoe . if they bad domiciliary visits , tbe putting down of thoprtss , u ,. and otner apgressiona on personal and public liberty , every man would become a physical orce man . It was useless to make any distincti « n between physical force men and moral force men , and he warned them against putting such a dangerous instrument into the hands of government . He warned them against all secret organisation .
Mr Vernon . —I said nothing of secret organisation . Mr Ernest Jonks denounced dividing the people into physical force and moral force men , and tho placing tbe names in books . Mr Vbrnon did not ask for the narxes to ba enrolled
in books . The Chairman said , that the names of delegates were to bo recorded by Mr Vernon's twn proposition . Mr IIotlb and Mr West deprecated the discussion as altogether irregular and impolitic . Mr Mackintosh , who spoke amidst loud cries of ' vote , vote , ' supported the motion , which afttr a few words from Mr Wheeler , was withdrawn , Dr M'Douall then moved a vote of thanks to their respected chairman , for the impartiality , urbanity , and ability with whiih he had presided over those p roceedings , and in doing so passed a high eulogiura "ion the private w . rth and pullio ability of M * Dixon . Mr Shaw ( Barnsley ) seconded the notion , whick was carried amidst loud applause . Mr Kibd said there was another duty whfob . ft « y
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), May 20, 1848, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_20051848/page/7/
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