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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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France. The' Official Gazette' Of Milan ...
FRANCE . The' Official Gazette' of Milan reports that the courts of Europe have latterly received two important communications—one from Louis Napoleon , in which the result of the vote on the 20 ih of December is announced , and in which fresh assurances are given of a pacific policy ; and another from Lord Granville , on the subject of refugees in Esgland , in which Ihe new Foreign Secretary says that he will do his best to live on good terms with the European Powers . Paris , Monday . —The' Patrie' reports that a great fete will be celebrated at Paris on the occasion of the solemn proclamafos of the constitution , and of theopenrcg of tbe senate and legislative body . The President will give a grand ball at
the Tuileries . The same journal adds that it is rumoured that ihe solemnity will lake place about the 25 : h of Febinar / . Hone of the journals seem to feel at liberty to discuss the constitution . Even the « Constitulionnel' is sparing in its praises , and gives only a few lines of dry comment . The « Debats' affects to speak with pleasure of Art . 1 , which recognises , confirms , and guarantees the principles of 1798 . Various reports are current as to the personages to whom the presidincy of the Senate has been offered . Jerome Bonaparte , who , a * a marshal , is senator dejure , has been mentioned among the first . It is said that positive overtures were made to Count Mole to accept this
leading post ; but that statesman maintains resolutely the attitude of stem reserve and protest against illegality ftbich he adopted at once , without hesitation , in his letter to the « Debats / on the 2 nd December . Baroche , it is said , is to he appointed vice-president of the Cauncil of State , with a salary of 50 , 000 fr . Several archbishops and bishops are to be admitted into tbe Senate ; but all protestants are to be excluded . The President is said to he furious against the protestantSi as they have invariably voted in the departments against him . Marshal Excelmans has alreay begun electioneering ou bebalf of the government . He is tbe president of a body assuming ihe inappropriate title of the ' National Electoral Association . ' The whole of France is
already divided by this body among five electoral committees presided over respectivsly by the following staunch Bonapartists , MM . Charles Abhattncci , General Pelet , Roustain , Thill , and Napoleon de St . Albin . They will have canvassers in every commune , and inasmuch as no opposition committees will dare to canvass , there can be hut little doubt of an immense government majority in the new corps leghlatif . It is not likely that many independent men will covet the honour of a teat in this body . The government nominees will probably walk over the course in nearly every district .
The secret deed naming the person whom the President recommends to the people to choose for his successor , in case of his own demise , is already drawn out , and signed , ready to hi deposited in the archives of the Senate . The personage named is Lucien , the younger brother of the Prince of Canino , and member of the Assembly . Curiously enough the ' Messajer de Rouen' produced a codicil of the Emperor's will some time ago , expressing the wish that Lacien should succeed to him . This paragraph was preveited by the Paris censorship from re-appearing in the 'Assemhlee Nationals ; ' but it slipped into the ' Preise . This irregularity frequently happens from the multitude of different censors and their diversity of caprice . Meanwhile , in order to encourage an illusion among the legitimist parly , and take in the nations of Europe , the correspondents of the German papers have been expressly ' crammed , ' by agents of tbe government , to write that the President has recommended Henry V . for his successor .
A good deal of comment is current with regard to ihe apparent indulgence extended to two democratic chiefs who were among the most violent assailants of Louis Napoleon in the National Assembly . These are MM . Jules Fevre and Cremieux . This has been explained partially by tbe circumstance of their having been originally instrumental in procuring the assent of the democratic party to the repeal of the laws of banishment against the Bonaparte family . But it is now said that there is no doubt whatever of these exrepresentatives having sent in letters to the government disavowing in the most humble tone of abnegation all future connexion with politics , and promising to exercise their calling as advocates without meddling ia any way wiih the proceedings of the government .
. The following n a fresh instance of the persecution directed against the salons . Tbe M . rquise D'Osmond , a legitimist lady , who gives brilliant reunions at her house on the Boulevard de la Madeleine , received last week an official intimation from the Minister of the Interior that politics were not approved of by the government as a subject of the conversation at parlies , and that as many other subjects gave equal scope for social communication , there existed no necessity for discussing the acts of the government . Consequently the marquise was requested to intimate to her guests that they must refrain from talking politics . Madame D'Osmond , after receiving this notice , invited to her next
party only ladies ; but the absence of the « lords of creation did not prevent the company present from exchanging the freest criticisms possible upon the deeds of the government , aud in particular from venting their indignation , in shrill chorus , at the invasion of private society by such monstrous prohibitions . The next morning Madame D'Osmond received a note from M . de Morny begging her to name which of her chateaux the marquise would prefer for her country residence , as her sojourn at Paris any longer for the present had become impossible ; and intimating that her return to the capital wonld not be permitted without an express permission from the President of the Republic .
Stories circulate in ( he salons , and are greedil y listened to , of the snobs indicted upon the courtiers of the new power , and even upon their ladies . The other day Count Flahault paid a visit to M . Mole . Upon the entrance of this diplomatic emissary of the Tuileries two ladies rose and left the room . M . de Ffahault looked surprised , and asked why the ladies retired ? 'For the same reason , ' replied M . Mole sternly , ' that I should have retired myself , had I not been fixed to this sofa by the gout / Here is another piquant trait of the same kind . The Countess Le Hon , on paying a risit to Madame de Girardin , after the name of the Salter ' s husband had figured on one of the lists o f proscription , was received by the lady of the house standing . The visitor seems , at first , to have taken this formal postnre as a ceremonious deference to her influential position as one of the grandest ladies of the quasi-imperial court . She
condescendingly invited Madame de Girardin to sit down , and asked why one who had been upon intimate terms with her should use the ceremony of standing up in her presence * Madame , ' replied Madame de Girardin very gravely , * I am standing up until you go away . ' There has been another story afloat , about an attempt made on the President ' s life . This is said to have occurred as he was leaving the Tuileries yesterday , to take a drive iu the close chariot which cow ssems his usual conveyance . As the carriage was coming out of the Carrousel , an officer is said to have snapped a pistol at Louis Napoleon . The rumour-mongers , not content with this , go a step farther , and report , diversely , that the President was wounded in the shoulder , or that the ball was stopped by a shirt of mail . The only sort of importance we attach to these reports is the general tendency in the public mind to generate such sinister reports .
The rumours which have latterly prevailed about a probable change iu the ministry have been renewed . It appears that M . Fould , whose retreat is still spoken of , wishing to base it on an honourable motive , is strenuously opposed to tbe sequestration of the property of the Orleans , on which measure the President is said to be obstinately beat . MM . de Persigny and Drouyn de Lhuys are talked of as likely to come in . It appears certain tbat for some reason M . de Maupas , lhe Prefect of Police , is decidedly in disgrace . It is even rumoured that he will be degraded to the inferior prefecture of Versailles , now occupied by M . Arrighi de Padoue , who is once more talked of as the probable successor of Berger , prefect of the Seine .
It is said that , difficult as it seemed to surpass in violence ihe decrees already issued , others , still more atrocious , bad only been prevented at the last moment from appearing ia the "» Moniteur / A confirmation of this fact has been communicated from a reliable source . It appears that MM . Chambolle and de Remusat had an interview with M . de Moray after the appearance of the decrees of proscription , aud requested that they mig ht he allowed some respite , to wind up their affairs and make preparations far quitting Paris . The reply of M . de Morny is highly remarkable , fie said that he should he happy to do anything that cou : d in any way mit % ate th ? ir sentence ; but he recommended them , for then-owninterest , to depart . He said that it was impossible for them to know the exertions which bad
been made hy himself and other members of tbe ^ cabinet to temper the rigour of the government ; and tbat it was only by the offered resignations of himself and General St . Arnaud that decrees had heen prevented from appearing in the « Moniteur' which would have made the severest ordinances which had been promulgated mild and merciful by comparison . If he ( M . de Morny ) was compelled , as he very likely might be , to resign , aril M . de Per signy took his place , no one could possibly foresee what mig ht happen . He therefore conjured the two eminent representatives w « o listened f o him to lose no time in quitting Paris . This at < - Vice , delivered in the most emphatic manner , made an impression on MM . Chambolle and Remusat , aud they embraced with less reluctance the only alternative left to them ,
that of immediate departure . The other evening at a very distinguished house m the Faubourg St . Germain , a voongman was expressing bis political opinions rather freely . On the following day , while he was at dinner , two of the police appeared , who said that he « ust accompanv them on account of what he bad said tbe night before ; he was immediately conveyed to fte prison IrliZ & l Most of the representatives sentenced to banishment who yet remained in Paris have left either for England or Belgium .
France. The' Official Gazette' Of Milan ...
The military commission / acting for tae insurrectional affairs in the Jiira ' has terminated its examination It has sentenced several prisoners to transportation for various terms of years—some to Cayenne , and others foLarobessa , in Algeria . The papers report numerous arrests all over France as still taking place . , Advices from Bordeaux state that the chef d ' escacr ® Peyronni has been found guilty by the court-martial , and sentenced to transportation . This was of course expecteu . The judgment went on to decree that he should be degraded from bis rank of an officer of the Legion of Honour , and that his decoration should be torn off in open court . In pronouncing this latter part of the sentence ,, however , the Ziil of the court exceeded its competency . M . Faye ,
the counsel for M . Peyronni , observed , that his client bad retired from the army , and the rules of the service did not permit a court-martial to strip a man not actually in service of his decoration . The president felt compelled to admit Ibis objection . Burin * the trial an unparalleled outrage was committed upon M . Faye , whose house was searched under pretext of M . Vergne , a municipal councillor of Marmande , having been secreted there . This proceeding has roused publit opinion the more from M . Faye never having belonged to the republican party . The trial of M . Peyronni has produced an immense effect upon public opinion , in discrediting the lies of tbe government organs as to the nature of the insurrection in some ot the southern departments , aud in clearing the characters of the men who beaded the movement of resistance . Such has been the influence of the
publication of the proceeding of this court-martial , that no more judicial debates will be allowed to take place ; but a vast number of prisoners will be banished or transported without trial . At Marmande ( LoM-Garonne ) , on January 10 th , a decree was issued by the . chef de bataillon , Sarranton , prohibiting the inhabitants from quitting their houses after nine o ' clock in the evening . Any person found in the streets after that boor will be arrested . All ca ' es , public-bouses , and societies , without exception , are to be closed at eight o ' clock .
The political prisoners ordered for transportation to Cayenne , and who were first embarked at Havre , have left Brest ; but instead of going at once to their destination they are to remain at the little Isle-des-Saintes , rear Martinqne , until preparations can be made at Cayenne to receive them . M . Mestro , director of the colonies of the ministry of marine , went to see them just before their departure , and _ ascertained that the medical service had been properly prepared , and all their wants supplied . The examination into the affair of the disturbances in the
Var is drawing to an end . Out of 1 , 262 insurgents who have been lodged in the ' prison at Draguijtnan , between the 7 th December to . the 12 th inst ., 1 , 239 have been interrogated by the examining committee . 245 were set at liberty after this preliminary examination ; 599 , belonging to the categories of the arrotidissemenls of Draguignan and Brignolles , have been transferred to Toulon . There now remain only 418 prisoners , of whom twenty-three are women , in the prison of Draguignan , who will be removed to Toulon in a few days . Onlv forty . three remain to undergo their
examination . The number of prisoners in LaTour-de-Crest ( Drome ) increases daily . There ; are now upwards of 350 there . M . ' Vernet , the Major of . Bourdeaux , in that department , and a member of tbe council-general of the canton , was arrested oh the 11 th inst . M . Eugene Sue has left Paris for the lake of Geneva , where he will continue his literary labours . MM . Victor Hugo and Alexander Dumas have written to their friends to say that should they be expelled from Belgium they will reside at Homburg . A printed notice has been circulated , to announce that M . de Lamartine ' s new monthly paper , the ' Civilisaleur , ' intended to replace the' Conseiller . du Peuple / will appear on the 1 st of the next month . Each number of tbe ! Civilisateur' will contain the life and the portrait of a grand homme del'humanite .
The' Moniteur * contains a decree directing that , in consequence of the recent increase of the military divisions , the number of artillery commands in the divisions is fixed at eleven , ten for the interior , and one for Algeria ; and that there shall be an artillery , school , in each command . Tbe report of the Minister of War on which this decree ia fouaded differs from all that have preceded it , by being addrcs ? ed to the ' Prince-President , ' and beginning , ' Monseigreur / The decree of the provisional government on the recruiting of the array , ordering that voluntsry enlistments should only be for two years , is abolished . The duration of voluntary enlistment is fixed at seven yea-s . The names of the hauished ex-representatives , Charras , Cholar , Millolte , and Valentin , are erased from the army list .
It appears that a change has come over the President a mind with regard to putting into execution the decrees of transportation . It seems at present doubtful whether any more convicts at all will be transported to Cayenne . Meanwhile , orders have been given for the Duguesclin , at Brest , and the other ships destined to convey the melancholy fieight of political prisoners , to wait for further orders . This change of counsels seems to have been brought about by the marked disfavour with which the severe measures of the go . vernment have been received .
So great is the horror of the government of all free circulation of opinion , that a decree has just been issued by the prefect of police , prohibiting manufacturers and vendors of printing presses , lithographic presses , and copying machinss , from selling the above ' dangerous machines , ' without taking down the name and address of the buyer , which name is to be immediately communicated to the commissary of police of the quarter . This regulation will be very effectual in deterring those who might be disposed to wr ite circulars to the free and independent electors in favour of any opposition candidate .
The Brussels journals announce the arrival in that city of MM . Emile de Girardin , Noel Parfait , Saint-Ferreo ) , Pascal Duprat , Antony Thouret , Charassin , and other ex-representatives ; and they add that 400 French refugees had arrived or passed through Belgium since the 2 nd of December . They also say that M . Baze has applied to the Belgian government for permission to be inscribed in the list of advocates at Liege . Two sergeants have heen condemned to death by the court-martial in Lyons for ' cowardic ? , ' when acting against the ' insurgents' in tbe department of the Drome . The members of the court , however , immediately signed a petition for a commutation of the sentence .
GERMANY . AUSTRIA . —The « V ienna Gazette' of tbe loth contains an Imperial Patent , dated January 11 th , abolishing trial by jury throughout the empire . It is understood the government have declined lo accede to Louis Napoleon's request to he allowed to remove the remains of the Duke de Reichstadt to Paris . It is confidently stated that immediately after the retirement of Lord Palmerston the government sent despatches to Copenhagen , insisting on the immediate settlement of the Danish question according to their wishes , and threatening the advance of the ftderal troops in case of contumacy . Prince Schwarzenberg gave a ball in honour of Lord Palmerston's dismissal from office .
Neither the Turkish nor the American repre entative was invited . There appears to be a very hostile feeling growing up between Austria and America , and there is a report about certain despatches of a very curious nature having been recently sent from the government of the United States to Vienna . This feeling is worth mentioning , because it has only arisen lately . But a few months ago very friendly relaiious were exisiing , and one of the Austrian archdukes actually set to out on a voyage to Nsw York , and was only delayed by a violent fever which seiztd him at Trieste .
PRUSSIA . —On the Ifith inst . the Second Chamber was engaged in a constitutional debate . The report on the petition of Count Joseph Saurma , of Silesia , stood on the order of the day . This petition concludes with the following prayer : — ' Tbat the Chamber may undertake , in concert with the First Chamber , the revision of tbe constitution of January 31 , 1851 , and expunge every clause not in conformity with the situation , the traditions , and reminiscences of the Prussian state—that state which cannot maintain itself on the brilliant height which it has conquered by the firm adoption of the monarchical principle , and by the strong and excellent government of its Kings , except by the same means . ' Upon this petition the committee to which it was
referred proposed an order of the day , declaring that as a total revision of the constitution demanded by the petitioner could not be considered the proper mode of attaining tbe desired modification of the constitution , and that as , on the other hand , the petitioner had not indicated the particular portions of which he desired the modification , the chamber passed fo the order of tbe day . The report was supported by the Left and Centre , because they new tbat in a general unsettling the constitution must come down . The Right , for this very reason , opposed the report and supported the petition . After a long and able discussion the order of the day , pure and simple , was carried by 147 against 123 votes . Thus the first assault on tbe constitution has been repulsed by the united forces of the left and
centre . HANOVER . —In its sitting of the 16 th inst . the chamber took into consideration a motion by an opposition member calling upon government to give to M . Bothmar , its plenipotentiary to the Federal Diet , the most express instructions upon the necessity of maintaining the constitution of 1848 and the provincial organic law . This proceeding of the opposition owes its significance to tbe fact that M . Bothmar is one of those who with other members of the equestrian order , signed the petition to the Federal Diet impeaching the constitution and the organic law as infringements upon their rights . The minister "Windthorst maintained the prerogatives of the crown iu naming and instructing its k «
France. The' Official Gazette' Of Milan ...
presenlatiyes , but declared that the government fully comprehended the necessity of upholding-the constitution , and would act accordingly . The motion was carried by a ' majority of thirty-eight to thirty-four . BAVARIA . —In its sitting of the 14 th inst ., the Second Chamber adopted , by a very large majority , a bill for placing at the head of each district a governor , assisted by a district council , formed of representatives of . communes and towns of the land-awners , and of the universities and clergy .
HUNGARY . A very angry feeling is stated to have been occasioned in Hungary by a project of the Minister of the Interior to establish a penal colony there . The resentment of the Hungarians , however , does not seem to have had any effect in averting the threatened indignity . The colony is to be established on the same footing as one in Holland and guarded by a cordon of invalided soldiers .
ITALY . PIEDMONT . —The Thtendant-General of Genoa has issued regulations concerning the refugees residing there ' All' political emigrants' of whatever nation they may be are within eight days from the 20 th inst . to present themselves at the office . of the questorahip , there to declare the time when they arrived at Genoa , the place of their domicile , whether they possess the means ¦ ' of existence , and whether tbey exercise any" trade or profession . All hotel keepers and proprietors of furnished lodgings are , within twenty-four hours , to send in the names of all the foreigners who arrive
at or leave their houses . A permit to reside in Genoa will be furnished to the refugees , in which the place of their domicile will be mentioned . Tbey will not be permitted to change their domicile without giving notice . They must always carry their permits about-them . Searches will he made in hotels and lodging-houses , and all who may not have conformed to the new regulations will be arrested . No political reasons are assigned for these regulations . The preamble of the .. decree states that individuals usurp the quality of respectable emigrants , who are people of bad reputation in theiriown country , and come abroad to rob .
TUSCANY . —The Grand Duke-js in ecstacies at Louis Napoleoii ' s coup d ' etat , and his satisfaction shows itself on every occasion , and is founded on the comparative securitv with which , in common with other sovereigns , he considers his throne to be now environed . 'We breath freely now , ' said . he to the celebrated composer Rossini , 'and you can remain quietly with us . ' 'I shall stay no longer , than the foreign bayonets , ' replied the satirical maestro . And well might he say so , for they alone form the support of the government , and dearly are they paid for .
SWITZERLAND . By a law of the canton of Ticino all the pupils of the seminaries and public schools . of the state are drilled ami instructed in the military exercise . The authorities of the canton having lately attempted to enforce this law at the seminary of Polleggio , which belongs to the diocese of Milan , the rector of the seminary , Don Cesare Bertoglio , tefused to comply , upon which he was put under arrest . This called . forth a severe remonstrance on the part of the Arch
bishop of Milan ,. who ordered the semuwy to he dosed , and sent a deputation to the President aud Council of the canton to demand the release of the recfor . The ' Gtzetta Ticinese * of theSth now publishes a letter from the archbishop , from which we lcam that Don Cesare Bertoglio has been released in compliance with the ' request of the deputation , but that the council has refused to yield on the point of teaching the manual exercise in the seminary of Polleggio , in coiisequancc of which the archbishop siill continues to keep the serainary closed .
UNITED STATES . By the Pacific we have advices to the 10 th inst . They state that a conversational banquet was given to Kossuth at Washington , on the 7 th inst ., at the National Hotel . About 300 persons were prf sent . The Hon . W . R . King , -President of the Senate , presided , supported by Koasuth , the Speaker Boyd on his right , and the Hon . Daniel Webster onhis left . Several distinguished individuals occupied seals near ihe chair . After the usual tcasts , Mr . King gave tha toast of the evening— Hungary , represented in the person of our hon ' oure-i guest , having proved herself worthy to . lie f ree by the virtue and valour . . o ( . her . son $ , tlieJlaw of nations , and the dictates of justice , alike 'deniand ' thafshe shall have fair play
in her struggle for independence / ( Enthusiastic cheering . ) In reply Kossuth made a long speech , which he thus commenced : — 'As once Cyness , the Epirotc , stood among the senators of Rome , who , with an earnest word of . self-conscious majesty , controlled . the condition of the wir ' il , and arrested mighty kings in their march , thus ; full of admiration a . d of reverence , I stand before you . Legislature , of the new Capitol—that glorious hall of your people ' s collective majesty . The capilol of old yet stands , but the spirit has departed from it and come over to ' yours , purified by the air of liberty . The old stands , a mournful monument of the fragility oi human things—yOurs is a sanctuary of eternal ri ghts . The old beamed with the red lustre of conquest , now darkened by oppression ' s gloomy night—yours beams with freedom ' s brig ht ray . The old absorbed the world hy its own centralised glory—yours protects your own nation
against absorption even by itself . The old was awful with irrestricted power—yours is glorious with having restricted it . At the view of the old , nations trembled—at the view of yours , humanity hopes . To the old , misfortune ivas only introduced with fettered hands to kneel at the triumphant conqueror ' s heel—to yours , the triumph of introduction is granted to unfortunate exiles , invited the honour of a seat , and where kings and Csesars never are bailed for their powers , mi ght , and wealth , there the persecuted chief of a down-trodden nation is welcomed as your ( treat republic ' s guest , precisely because he is persecuted , helpless , and poor . In the old , the terrible vevictis was the rule—in yours , protection to the oppressed , malediction to ambitious oppressors , and consolation ( o the vanquished in a just cause / Kossuth then glanced nt the fate of Hungary , paid a tribute to tbe greatness of the United States developed by union , and touched upon the principle of non-intsrvei ; tion .
A correspondent of the New York Herald' says : — ' Previous to Kossuth's arrival in this country , I slated to you that despatches bad been received by the governmrnf , giving an account of his conduct on board the Mississippi , and which were calculated to damage him in the opinion of the people of the United States . With a view , probably , to avoid all appearance of hostility to the Magyar , the subject was dropped ; and , when the Mississippi arrived at New York ; one of its officers went so far as to denounce , in toto , the injurious imputations . But the subject is now attracting attention here , and there is no doubt Congress will call for
all the information in possession of the Presidrnt . Tie most important despatches are in the State Department , and they consist of communications from Captain Lon g to Consul Hodge , and the Consul ' s despatches to the department . In addition to these , the navy department has on file despatches from Commodore Morgan and Captain Long . These despatches detail a series of insults , en the part of Kossuth and his suit , to the officers of the Mississippi , which nothing but the forbearance of those insulted , the peculiar position in which they were placet ' , and the partial apologies of Kossuth , could have prevented from being summarily punished . '
Kossuth had had an interview with Henry Clay , who welcomed him cordially to America , but deprecated any intervention in ihe affairs of . European nations . The health of the venerable statesman still continues to decline . By the Canada we learn that a resolution to receive Kossuth had passed the House of Representatives . The exile had been received with an address of welcome , but was not permitted to reply . The steam-ship Cherokee had arrived at New York on the 1 st of January , after the quickest passage ou rec . erd , having left San Francisco on the ath of December . She brought two million dollars in gold dust . Tbe mining accounts received by her were excellent .
A telegraphic communication from Washington , of the date of the 9 th says : —" Henry Clay has writtten a letter in favour of General Cass for President . I state this on unquestionable authority . It is also asserted that Mr . Fillmore will soon be out with a letter declining to be a candidate , but intimating in favour of Daniel Webster . Great commotion among tho other presidential candidates . ' ' Tho report of tho late judges and other t moors of the territory of Utah , respecting the religion and polygamy of the Mormons , has been laid before the President . Accompanying this curious expose of the doings in Mormondom , was a counter statement from Governor Brigham Young and his coadjutors . The latter party , of course , charge the judges and secretary with official misconduct , but do not establish the fact that the social condition of the Mormons is any better than represented by the returned officers .
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The Number Of Refugees From The Baesea-A...
The number of refugees from the Baesea-Alpfs who have taken shelter at Nice amounts fo about eighty . The Piedraontese authorities are about to assign them a place of residence in the interior of-the country . The Statthalter of Lombardy has published a notice , tbat all krezur coins bearing the dale 181 G or 18-18 will be refused " at the government offices ; but they are still to be allowed a circulation in private transactions up to the end of the present year . The loss on these coins will beai / out 2 , 000 , 000 florins to the public .
From the accounts given in the Swiss journals , it appears that the winter has been very severe in Switzerland . On the 28 ; h ult . the thermometer stood at ei ghteen degrees centigrade below zero at St . Gall , and at twenty degrees at Appenzell . Tbe lake of Zurich is entirely frozen over . At Fribourg , the river Sarine is said to be frozen over , except where it is very rapid . What is remarkable , is that the cold is said to be less intense on tbe mountains than in the valleys ; the temperature is milder in the Gruyere than at Fribourg , aad at AUdosf th * n on the slopes oi St . Gothardand the neighbouriagmauatwuj .
Louis Napoleon's Oonsittjtion . The Foll...
LOUIS NAPOLEON'S OONSITTJTION . The following is the Constitution drawn up in virtue of the powers delegated by the French people to Louis Napoleon Bonaparte , by the vote of Dec 20 and 21 , 1851 : — The President or the Republic , Considering that the French people was called on to pronounce on the following resolution : — " The people wills the maintenance of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte , find gives him the necessary powers to draw up a Constitution , according to the laws established in his proclamation of Bee . 2 . " Considering that the laws proposed for the acceptance of the people were—1 . A responsible chief named for ten years . 2 . Ministers dependent on the executive power only .
3 . A Council of State formed of-the most distinguished men , preparing the laws and supporting the discussion of them before the Legislative Body . ' 4 . A Legislative Body discussing and voting the laws , named by Universal Suffrage , withouUcnttt ' n de liste , which falsifies tho election . 5 . A second assembly formed of all the illustrious of the country , a power intended to act as a counterpoise and guardi .-in of the fundamental compact and of public liberties . Considering that the people has responded affirmatively by 7 , 500 , 000 votes . CHAPTER I . Art . 1 . The Constitution readmits , confirms , and guarantees the great principles proclaimed in 17 S 9 , and whioh are the bases of the public right of the French .
CHAPTER II . FORMS OF THE OOVISB 2 i . Mli . VT OF THE BKPUBT . IC Art ; 2 . The Government of tho French Republic is confided for ten years to Prince Louis Napoleon Bonaparte , tho present President of the Republic . Art . 3 , Tho President of the Republic governs by moans of Ministers , the Council of State , the Senate , and the Legislative Body . Art . L The Legislative power ii exercised collectively by the President-of the Republic , tho Senate , and the Legislative Body .
CHAPTER III . OF TUB PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC . Art . 5 , The President of the Republic is responsible to tho French people , to whom he has always the right to make an appeal . . Art , 6 . The President of tho Republic is the chief of the state ; he commands the land and sea forces , declares war , reakes treaties of peace , alliance , and commerce , appoints to all employs , and makes the regulations and decrees necessary for the execution of the laws . Art . 7 . Justice is rendered in his name . Art . 8 . He alone has tbe initiative of laws . Art . 9 . lie has the right of granting pardon . Art . 10 . He sanctions and promulgates the laws , and the senatus consulta . Art . 11 . Represents every year to tho Senate , and to the Legislative Body , by a message the state of the affairs of the Republic . . ' .
' Art . 12 . He . has a ' right . to declare the state of siege in one or several departments , on condition of n & ring it to the Senate within the shortest possible dcliiy . The consequences of tho state of siege are regulated by the law . Art . 13 . The ministers depend only on the chief of tho state ; they arc only responsible for the . acts of the government as far as they are individually concerned in thorn ; there is no joint responsibility among them , and they can only be impeached by tho Senute , A ' rt . 14 . Tho ministers , the members of the Senate , of the , Legislative Body , and of the Council of State , the officers of the land and ' sea forces , the magistrates , and public functionaries take tho following oath , "I swear obedience to \ the Constitution , and fi delitylo the President . " . Art . 15 ! A senatus consultum fixes the sum allowed annually to the President of the Republic during the whole contiiiHaiico of his functions .
Art . 10 . If tho President of the Republic dies before tho expiration of his term of office , tho Senate is to convoke the nation , in order to proceed to a fresh election . Art ! . 17 . The Chief of the State has the right-by a secret act deposited in tho archives of the Senate , to point out to the people the name of the citizen whom he recommends in the interest of France to tho confidence of the people and to their suffrages . Art . IS . Until the election of tho new President of the R -public , the President of the Senate governs with tho cooperation cf the ministers in functions , who form themselves into n Council of Government , and deliberate by a majority of votes .
CHAPTER IV . OF TOE SEX . ATE . Art . 19 . The number of senators shall not exceed luO ; it is fixed for the first year at eighty . Art . 20 . The Senate is composed—1 . Of cardinal ? , marshals , and admirals ; 2 . Of citizens whom ( ho President of the Republic may think proper to raise to the dignity of senators . Art . 21 . The senators arc appointed for life . Art . 22 . The functions of senator are gratuitous ; nevertheless , tho President of the Republic may grant to senators , on account of services rendered , ei- of their position with regard to fortune , a personal dotation which cannot exceed 30 , 000 f . per annum . Art . 23 . The President and tho / Vice-President of tho Senate arc named by the President of the Republic , niul chosen from among the senators . They are appointed for one year . The salary of the President is fixed by a decree .
Art . 24 , The President of the Republic convokes and pvoroauaa tho Senate . He fixes the duration of its sessions by a decree . The sittings of tho Senate aro not public , Art . 25 . The Senate is the guardian ot tho fundamental compact and of public liberties . No law can bo promulgated without being submitted to it . Art . 20 . The Senate may oppose the proanilgationi . Of laws which may be contrary to or be an attack on the Constitution , on religion , on morals , on freedom of wevship , on individual liberty , on the equality of citizens in the eye of the law , on the immobility of property , and on the principle of the immovability of the magistr acy . ii . Of those which may compromise the defence of the territory . Art . 27 . The Senate regulates by a senatus consiliumi . The constitution of tho colonies and Algeria . ii . All that has not been provided by tho Constitution and which is necessary for its march .
ui . Tho sense of the articles c > f tho constitution which give rise to different interpretations . Art . 28 . These Senatus Comulta will lie submitted to the sanction of the President of tho Republic and promulgated by him . Art . 29 . The Senate maintains and annuls all the acts which are referred to it ns unconstitutional by the Government , or denounced for the same cause by the petitions of citizens . Art . 30 . Tho Senate may , in a vepcvl wldvesecsd to tW Prcsidolit of the Republic , lay down the basis of groat national interest . Art . 31 . It may also propose modifications in the Constitution . If the proposition is adopted by the Executive Power it must be stated by a senatus consultum .
Art . 32 . Nevertheless , nil modifications in tho fundamental bases of the Constitution , such as they wero laid down in tho proclamation of the 2 d of December , and adopted by tho French people , shall bosubmiited to universal suffrage . Art . 33 . In case of tho dissolution of the Legislative Body , and until a new convocation , the Senate , on tho proposition of the President of tho Republic , shall provide , hy measures of urgency , for all that is necessary for the progress of the Government . CHAPTER V . OF THE LEGISLATIVE CORPS .
Art . 34 . The election has the population for basis ' . Art . 35 . There will be one deputy to tho Legislative Corps for every 35 , 000 electors . Ait . 3 G . The deputies are elected by Universal Suffrage , without , the scrutin de lisle . Art . 37 . They do not receive any salary . Art . SS . They are n .-imed for six yours . Art . 39 . The Legislative Corps discusses and votes the projects of law and the imposts .
Art . 40 . Every amendment adopted by tho Commission charge j with the examination of a project of law shall be sent , without discussion , to the Council of State , by tbe President of the Legislative Corps . If the amendment be not adopted by the Council of State it cannot be submitted to tho deliberation of the Legislative Corps . Art . 41 . The ordinary sifting of the Legislative Corps lasts three months ; its sittings are public , but the demand of five members is sufficient for its resolving itself into a secret committee . Art . 42 . The account of the proceedings of the sitting of the Legislative Corps given by tbe journals , or any other chanhol . of publication , shall consist only of tl > e repvoduction of the minutes Owes verbal ) drawn out at the close of each sitting by the euro of the President of the Legislative Corps ,
Art . 43 . The President and Vice . 'President of tho Legislative Corps are named by the President of the Republic for one year ; they are chosen from amongst the deputies . The salary of the President of tho Legislative Corps is fixed by a decree . Art . 44 . The ministers cannot be members of tho Legislative Corps . Art . 45 . Tho right of petition is exercised as regards the Senate . No petition can be addressed to the Legislative Corps . Art . 40 . The President t . f the Republic convokes , adjourns , prorogues , and dissolves the Legislative Corps . In case of dissolution ; the Presidents the Republic is bound to convoke a new-one within the term of six months .
. . . CHAPTER . VI . OF THE COUNCIL OF STATE . Art . 47 . The number of the ' Councillors of State in ordinary service is from forty to fifty . Art . 48 . . The Councillors of State aro named by the President of the Republic , and are liable to removal by him . ' Art . 19 . The Council of State is presided over by the President of the Republic , and in his absence by the person whom he indicates as Vice President of the Council of State .
Art . 50 . The Council of State is charged under the direction or tbe President of the Republic , to draw up projects of law , and regulations of public administration and to resolve the difficulties that may arise in matters of administration .
Louis Napoleon's Oonsittjtion . The Foll...
Art . 51 . It maintains , in . the name of tho government , tha discussion of tho projects of law before the Senate and the Legislative Body .. The Councillors of State charged to speak in the name of the government are appointed by tho President of the Republic . Art . o 2 . The salary of each Councillor of State ia 25 , 000 francs . . An . 53 . Tho Ministers have rank , ri ^ ht of silting , and a delibcr » tc voico in tho Council of State .
CHAPTER VII . OF THE HIOH COURT OF JUSTICE , Art . 54 . A High Court of Justice judges without appeal , or recourse in cessation , all persons who shall be . sent before it as accused of crinws , attempts or plots against the President of tho Republic , and against the internal and extert-al satety of the State ., it cannot be convened , but in virtue of A dwwo of tho President of the Republic . ,. „„ ?? A Senatus- Consultus shall determine the organisation of that High Court '
CHAPTER . TILT / '' ' ' A . ^ -P 5 ? SEnM' AS » TIUNS 1 TORY PROVISIONS . ««« . «« , ! ; P ovisi 0 ! ls of tho codes , rules , and rogula-Sml XBllBR , - 'll ) , h'roiw' 0 PPt > sed to the present atcd ! m " l vlg 0 M until «» ey be legally abro-. Art . 57 . A law shall determine tho municipal organisation . Ihe Mayor shall bo named by the Executive Power , and shall be taken f . om without tho municipal Council . Art . 58 . The present Constitution shall bo in Mgour to date from the day when the Great Powers of the Statu organised by it shall bo constituted . The decrees issued bv tho President of the Republir , to commence with the 2 ndo " f . December to the present period , shall have all the force of law . Done at the Palace of the Tuileries tho 14 th of January 1852 . Louis Nie . lira Bosmaivib . '
Seen and signed with the Great Seal , The Keeper of tl >« Peals , E . RouiiiR
The Union Of Capital And Labour. [Wo Hav...
THE UNION OF CAPITAL AND LABOUR . [ Wo have been favoured with a M . S . copy of the following admirable and practical Jotter , elicited by the Groat Strike , addressed to tho ' Times , ' and which wo regret did wot reach us iu time for our last publication , —Ed . N . S . ] Sin , — -I have perused the mass of print which has appeared in the London and provincial journals , on the subject of the dispute between the " Amalgamated Society of Engineers" and their emploveri > , with a view of discovering
if any of the writers or speakers—taking a comprehensive view of the subject—advocated , what has long appeared to me to bo tho minimum measure for securing anything like unanimity and real good feeling between masters and mennot only in these , but in other industrial operations . That ; measure I take to be such an alteration iu the laws of partnership as shall render it practicable really to unite tho interests of Capitalists and Labourers . I am glad to seo that Mr . W . Bridges Adams , in his letter inserted in your paper of the olst ult ., has mooted this subject , and I trust that it will receive that attention from bot-i employer and employed whioh its importance demands .
Notwithstanding all that our Political Economists may say to tho contrary , tho interests of Capital and Lrtbour , under Competitive Institutions , are , iu practice , most frequently antagonistic . Without touching on tho vexed questions of " overtime " and " piecework , " there are many others which wuuld serve to illustrate this position . Every practical ninn in tho engineering business knows that when an establishment is full of orders , and the workmen havo no fear , on this score , of losing their employment , the work goes forward with spirit , and considerably more is turned out by the same hands in the same time . ' On the , contrary , in slack times , when masters—from mere scorn , competition , and other causes—are more interested in economising cost , littlo energy is displayed ; too often , indeed , this gives place to " skulking , " and jobs stick to the fingers of the men , when thoy ; find they are so tree adding , 1 need hardly say , considerably to their cost .
Again , —it is frequently tho interest of tho master to havo a number of apprentices , ' and to have them instructed so as to become skilled in as short a time as ponsiblo . Tho interest of the won is the reverse of this , for having no share in tho profits of the concern , and depending solely on their labour for subsistence , they see in every apprentice a rival springing up . Tlio consequence is , that frequont disputes t'llto place US to the nunibei- of / ippi-witioc-s ; ana , generally speaking , tbey are taught as little as possible . What wonder , thon , that the elaso of bad and indifferent workmen is soliWgo ? Tho master is , of course , deeply interested in . the economy of power , tools , materials , & o . ; as also in tha improvement , to the greatest possible extent , of his mnchinm-y ; all which are matters of perfect indifference to tha more workman , and much wa ? to is tho result .
Kow , for all these and numerous other evils , strikes of tho men , and combinations of tho wasters will effect no cure ; and , until steps are taken to give tho man and tho foreman , as well as the master , an interest in the net profits of a working establishment , wo shall bo continually subject to these unhappy feuds . Lasting peace and prosperity to maslers and men , can only bo rationally looked for in a scientific organization of labour and capital ; and ibis would he gradually effected , with the Lest results to nil parties , were our Partnership laws assimilated to those ot Belgium and America ; and I trust the coming session of parliament will see this effected .
Mr . Charles Bsibbngc , in tho third edition cf his " Machinery and Manufactures , " has a chapter on " a new system of manufacturing , " in which ho points out the benefits of sucu an union of capitalists and workmen r . s 1 have hinted at ; which I strongly recommend to all who feel interested in this question . He says—" ' Convinced as I am , from my own observation , that tho prosperity and success of the master manufacturer is essential to tho welfare of the workmen , I am yet compelled to admit that this connexion is in many cases , too remote to be ahvnys uridw-o'tood by the latter ; and whilst it is perfectly true that workmen , as a class , derive advantage from tho prosperity of their employci-F , I do not think that each individual partakes of that advantage exactly in tho proportion to the extent to which he contributes to it ; nor do I perceive that the resulting advantage is as immediate as it might become under a different system . " The general principles on which Mr . Babbage ' s propped system is founded , are : —
1 st . "That a considerable pan of the wages received by each person employed s'ould depend ou the promts made by the establishment ; and 2 nd . "That every person connected ivith it , should derive more advantage from applying every improvement he might discover to the factory in which he is employed , than he could by any other course . " The results o such arrangements in a factory would be : — ¦ 1 st . — "Thatevery ierson engaged in it would have a > direct interest in its prosperity ; since the effect of any sue- cess , or falling off , would almost immediately produce a t corresponding ' chniigc in his own weekly receipts . " 2 i » t \ . —" Every person concerned m ~ \\ w factory would have an immediate interest in preventing any waste or mis- - management in all the departments . " 3 rd , — "The talcuts of all connected with it would bee stronply directed to its improvement in every depart-:-ment . "
4 , _« jfono but workmen of high character and qualifiea-itions could obtain admission into such establishments ; l ; e- > cause , when any additional hands were rquired , it wonldd be tho common interest of all to admit only tho most vc-:-spcctable and skilful ; and it would be far less easy to im-iposo upon a number of workmen than upon the single pro- > prietor of a factory . " , 3 . _<< - \ vhen anv circumstance produced a glut m U : o : o market , more skill would be directed to diminishing thoio cost of production ; and a portion of the time of the men ; n might then be occupied in repairing and improving ti-eirir tiiols , for which a reserved fund would pay , thus checkwgig r / irsoiitand at the same time facilitating , production .
, Ofch " Another advantage , of no small importance ^ ,, would bo tho total removal of nil real or imaginary CJiiiseaes for combinations . The workmen and tho capitalist wouldld . so shade into each other—w « uld so evidently have a cora-umon interest ; and their difficulties and disti esses would babei mutually so well understood , that , instead of combining toto oppress ono another , the only combination which cuuldld . exist would be a most powerful union hvuvcen both y-nvncscsi to overcome their common difficulties . " 1 am , sir , yours respectfully , Seville Iron Works , Jan . 3 rd . William Pake . ,
The Australian Digoisos— The Following I...
The Australian Digoisos— The following is an oxtrachctt from a letter datwl September Mt . li , 1851 : — " There is as ai gold field about fifty miles west of Gcelong , which is drawiwing great numbers of people . Last week an infinity of par-arties , varying from two to twelve each , left this town { GeeJee long ) for the diggings- - , and next week it is expected thi-m-KE will be still greater numbers . Large quantities of » o ! it havciva been obtained under ihe most unfavourable circumstanccs ; csi for the weather has been most wet , cold , and boisterumuu !! during tho last month , and still continues so . There is . is tin
larjc tract of la : id about the diggings supposed to bt bit equally rich with them . All the journeymen carpenleivem masons bricklayers , and artificers of every description arcane leaving the town—the butchers and bakeis ditto , and shop-. opkeepers complain thev can sell nothing . I am happy tc tec think tbat this gold field , which is by far the richest in \ icj ic-itoria hitherto discov .-red , is forty miles nearer Ceelong tharhain Melbourne . Sept . lS .-Tho gold excitement is greatly in- in-, creasing . Tho town is deserted , and great qmntnm oi o . » . gold are daily coming in-some large lumps-the grour . tur . seems full of it . " ,. ,- ,
Fonsm * Police in E . ? oLAxn . -Tho . Ban lmlpende .. tM . t " mentions a fact which oug ht to be fully explained W < W «« are informed , on iinqn . w tioi . ablo authority , that an Inspecpecs tor of Customs w as down here on 1-riday and rign ! n 1 :: searched the captain nnn crow of the « Grand Turki . k : steamer from Havre , for the purpose of endeavouring tg tt find some private correspondence expecti d from Pans ! is !! but nothing was found . Ho also endeavoured to stostoi the mail bag , but tho man refused to allow hir hirr to do so till ho had placed the mails in the hands tjs cc the Post-office authorities , and consequently tho Inspi cto ctoo accom panied him to the Post-office . " A correspondent cut cc the " Daily News'' declares that the French refugees an air harassed by the surveillance cf police sent from Paris ; an- an < i < the" Leader" is ii formed that the notorious Carlier ier ii now in L mdon .
GOVEUKMEWT GnANT FOR a Catholic Chapbl . —Al-All cording to the " Morning Herald , " the Government ha baa contributed towards defraying , the expenses of thi n : w R B » man Catholic chapel recently opened at Greenwich .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Jan. 24, 1852, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_24011852/page/7/
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